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There has been an inexorable rise in the size and reach of the national security bureaucracy" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://chicago.academia.edu/TomGinsburg" /> <meta name="description" content="As noted by President Obama’s recent Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, pervasive state surveillance has never been more feasible. There has been an inexorable rise in the size and reach of the national security bureaucracy" /> <title>(PDF) [Dis-]Informing the People's Discretion: Judicial Deference Under The National Security Exemption of the Freedom of Information Act | Tom Ginsburg - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/76750118/_Dis_Informing_the_Peoples_Discretion_Judicial_Deference_Under_The_National_Security_Exemption_of_the_Freedom_of_Information_Act" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'c7c923e13c2d00b99cbe85c9159af2026a636b1c'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732702429000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732702429000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"As noted by President Obama’s recent Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, pervasive state surveillance has never been more feasible. There has been an inexorable rise in the size and reach of the national security bureaucracy since it was created after World War II, as we have gone through the Cold War and the War on Terror. No one doubts that our national security bureaucracies need to gain intelligence and keep some of it secret. But the consensus of decades of experts, both insiders and outsiders, is that there is rampant overclassification by government agencies. From its inception in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has presumed disclosure. And from its inception, Congress intended the federal courts to act as a brake on unfettered agency discretion regarding classification. But courts have not played a strong role in this regard. This Article examines the interplay of overclassification, excessive judicial deference, and illusory agency expe...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Tom Ginsburg"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-04-17","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2017-01-01","headline":"[Dis-]Informing the People's Discretion: Judicial Deference Under The National Security Exemption of the Freedom of Information Act","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Law","Courts","Administrative Law","Judiciary"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"Center for Open Science"},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/76750118/_Dis_Informing_the_Peoples_Discretion_Judicial_Deference_Under_The_National_Security_Exemption_of_the_Freedom_of_Information_Act","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"chicago"}]}</script><link 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{"work":{"id":76750118,"created_at":"2022-04-17T15:55:32.707-07:00","from_world_paper_id":202174157,"updated_at":"2022-05-04T04:34:24.416-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"As noted by President Obama’s recent Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, pervasive state surveillance has never been more feasible. There has been an inexorable rise in the size and reach of the national security bureaucracy since it was created after World War II, as we have gone through the Cold War and the War on Terror. No one doubts that our national security bureaucracies need to gain intelligence and keep some of it secret. But the consensus of decades of experts, both insiders and outsiders, is that there is rampant overclassification by government agencies. From its inception in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has presumed disclosure. And from its inception, Congress intended the federal courts to act as a brake on unfettered agency discretion regarding classification. But courts have not played a strong role in this regard. This Article examines the interplay of overclassification, excessive judicial deference, and illusory agency expe...","publisher":"Center for Open Science","publication_date":"2017,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"[Dis-]Informing the People's Discretion: Judicial Deference Under The National Security Exemption of the Freedom of Information Act","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [3808603]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":84892923,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “[Dis-]Informing the People's Discretion: Judicial Deference Under The National Security Exemption of the Freedom of Information Act”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/84892923/mini_magick20220707-32612-1oqqksv.png?1657261112" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">[Dis-]Informing the People's Discretion: Judicial Deference Under The National Security Exemption of the Freedom of Information Act</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3808603" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/TomGinsburg"><img alt="Profile image of Tom Ginsburg" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3808603/4244859/9211711/s65_tom.ginsburg.jpg" />Tom Ginsburg</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">As noted by President Obama’s recent Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, pervasive state surveillance has never been more feasible. There has been an inexorable rise in the size and reach of the national security bureaucracy since it was created after World War II, as we have gone through the Cold War and the War on Terror. No one doubts that our national security bureaucracies need to gain intelligence and keep some of it secret. But the consensus of decades of experts, both insiders and outsiders, is that there is rampant overclassification by government agencies. From its inception in 1966, the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) has presumed disclosure. And from its inception, Congress intended the federal courts to act as a brake on unfettered agency discretion regarding classification. But courts have not played a strong role in this regard. This Article examines the interplay of overclassification, excessive judicial deference, and illusory agency expe...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":84892923,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76750118/_Dis_Informing_the_Peoples_Discretion_Judicial_Deference_Under_The_National_Security_Exemption_of_the_Freedom_of_Information_Act"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":84892923,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/76750118/_Dis_Informing_the_Peoples_Discretion_Judicial_Deference_Under_The_National_Security_Exemption_of_the_Freedom_of_Information_Act"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="84892923" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/76750118/_Dis_Informing_the_Peoples_Discretion_Judicial_Deference_Under_The_National_Security_Exemption_of_the_Freedom_of_Information_Act" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="44696448" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44696448/Striking_a_Balance_Between_National_Security_and_the_Civil_Right_to_Privacy_Improving_National_Security_Intelligence_Oversight_in_the_US">Striking a Balance Between National Security & the Civil Right to Privacy: Improving National Security Intelligence Oversight in the US</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="80673372" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/JackMagnus">Jack P . 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="5186718" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5186718/FOREWORD_THE_NSA_AND_THE_LEGAL_REGIME_FOR_FOREIGN_INTELLIGENCE_SURVEILLANCE">FOREWORD: THE NSA AND THE LEGAL REGIME FOR FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33534" href="https://osu.academia.edu/PeterShane">Peter M Shane</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper introduces a symposium, published in Volume 10, Issue 2 of I/S: A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, entitled, "NSA Surveillance: Security, Privacy, and Civil Liberty," which is available at http://moritzlaw.osu.edu/students/groups/is/volume-102/. The paper traces the history of electronic surveillance law by way of explaining how our laws have evolved to a stage where lawyers could plausibly defend the government’s entitlement to capture and store an immense volume of our telephone and online communications, as well as metadata about both. It goes on to introduce the other papers in the symposium and concludes by arguing the importance of executive branch acquiescence in such statutory limits as Congress may impose on national security surveillance as it affects Americans. Keywords: NSA, FBI, surveillance, warrantless surveillance, foreign intelligence, fourth amendment</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FOREWORD: THE NSA AND THE LEGAL REGIME FOR FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE","attachmentId":53999206,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5186718/FOREWORD_THE_NSA_AND_THE_LEGAL_REGIME_FOR_FOREIGN_INTELLIGENCE_SURVEILLANCE","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5186718/FOREWORD_THE_NSA_AND_THE_LEGAL_REGIME_FOR_FOREIGN_INTELLIGENCE_SURVEILLANCE"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="99809899" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99809899/The_NSA_s_mass_surveillance_program_illegal_and_opaque">The NSA’s mass surveillance program: illegal and opaque</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="230812549" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ToniLocy">Toni Locy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">On May 7th a panel of judges of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ruled that the National Security Agency’s bulk collection of telephone metadata violated the law. Toni Locy writes that the decision is significant in that it would not have occurred but for Edward Snowden’s revelations over this mass surveillance, and that it refutes the government’s arguments that the mass collection of phone records is instrumental to its anti-terrorism efforts.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The NSA’s mass surveillance program: illegal and opaque","attachmentId":100799515,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99809899/The_NSA_s_mass_surveillance_program_illegal_and_opaque","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99809899/The_NSA_s_mass_surveillance_program_illegal_and_opaque"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="9780772" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9780772/The_NSA_and_the_Legal_Regime_for_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance">The NSA and the Legal Regime for Foreign Intelligence Surveillance</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33534" href="https://osu.academia.edu/PeterShane">Peter M Shane</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper both introduces the first major academic symposium on the NSA surveillance programs disclosed by Edward Snowden and lays out the evolution of constitutional and statutory law that positioned the NSA to argue that its programs are lawful.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The NSA and the Legal Regime for Foreign Intelligence Surveillance","attachmentId":35957382,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9780772/The_NSA_and_the_Legal_Regime_for_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9780772/The_NSA_and_the_Legal_Regime_for_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="29025183" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29025183/Getting_from_May_We_to_Should_We_at_the_NSA">Getting from “May We?” to “Should We?” at the NSA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33534" href="https://osu.academia.edu/PeterShane">Peter M Shane</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Jotwell the Journal of Things We Like, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Getting from “May We?” to “Should We?” at the NSA","attachmentId":57814016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29025183/Getting_from_May_We_to_Should_We_at_the_NSA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29025183/Getting_from_May_We_to_Should_We_at_the_NSA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button 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