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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Subdivision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>As food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Medical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approved_topical_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approved_topical_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Approved topical medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approved_topical_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_traditional_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_traditional_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Research and traditional medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_traditional_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Use in musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Birch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk" title="Berk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Berk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birke" title="Birke – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Birke" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8D%88%E1%88%A8%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%85_%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9D%E1%8C%AD" title="የፈረንጅ ልምጭ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የፈረንጅ ልምጭ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A1hi" title="Suáhi – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Suáhi" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="قضبان (نبات) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قضبان (نبات)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Мах – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Мах" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toza%C4%9Fac%C4%B1" title="Tozağacı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tozağacı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Ҡайын – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡайын" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бяроза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бяроза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Бяроза (дрэва) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бяроза (дрэва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бреза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཤིང་སྟག་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཤིང་སྟག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza" title="Breza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Breza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezv" title="Bezv – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bezv" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Хуһан модон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хуһан модон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoll" title="Bedoll – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bedoll" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BD" title="Хурăн – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хурăн" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%99%C3%ADza" title="Bříza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bříza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedwen" title="Bedwen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bedwen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birk" title="Birk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Birk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soagit" title="Soagit – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Soagit" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baerickebaam" title="Baerickebaam – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Baerickebaam" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birken" title="Birken – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Birken" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%CA%BCishch%C3%AD%C3%AD%CA%BC" title="Kʼishchííʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kʼishchííʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kask" title="Kask – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kask" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B7%CE%BC%CF%8D%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Σημύδα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σημύδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Килей – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Килей" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulo" title="Betulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urki" title="Urki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3_(%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA)" title="توس (درخت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توس (درخت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouleau" title="Bouleau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bouleau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bjirken_(skaai)" title="Bjirken (skaai) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bjirken (skaai)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith" title="Beith – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beith" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beih" title="Beih – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beih" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beith" title="Beith – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beith" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidueiro" title="Bidueiro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bidueiro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌺𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%91%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4%EC%86%8D" title="자작나무속 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자작나무속" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B9%D5%AB" title="Կեչի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կեչի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="भूर्ज – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूर्ज" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%9Bza" title="Brěza – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brěza" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza" title="Breza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Breza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birko" title="Birko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Birko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burja" title="Burja – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burja" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B7" title="Бæрз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бæрз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birki" title="Birki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Birki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%93%D7%A8_(%D7%A2%D7%A5)" title="שדר (עץ) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שדר (עץ)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98" title="არყი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არყი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A3" title="Қайың – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қайың" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Кыдз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Кыдз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darberk" title="Darberk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Darberk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кайыңдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кайыңдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Куги – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Куги" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedoi" title="Bedoi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Bedoi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B8" title="КӀялагьи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="КӀялагьи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%93rzi" title="Bērzi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bērzi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C5%BEas" title="Beržas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Beržas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birk" title="Birk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Birk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ny%C3%ADr_(n%C3%B6v%C3%A9nynemzets%C3%A9g)" title="Nyír (növénynemzetség) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyír (növénynemzetség)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бреза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D" title="ബർച്ച് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബർച്ച്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قضبان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قضبان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Келу – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Келу" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81" title="Хус – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хус" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berk" title="Berk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Berk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birk" title="Birk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Birk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0" title="सउर – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सउर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%8E%E3%82%AD%E5%B1%9E" title="カバノキ属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カバノキ属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkebuumer" title="Birkebuumer – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Birkebuumer" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rkeslekten" title="Bjørkeslekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bjørkeslekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rkeslekta" title="Bjørkeslekta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bjørkeslekta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%A7" title="Beç – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Beç" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Куэ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Куэ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qayin" title="Qayin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qayin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%86" title="برچ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برچ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Кыдз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кыдз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulh%C3%A9" title="Boulhé – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Boulhé" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzoza" title="Brzoza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brzoza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9tula" title="Bétula – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bétula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesteac%C4%83n" title="Mesteacăn – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mesteacăn" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awidul" title="Awidul – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awidul" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Берёза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Берёза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%A5" title="Хатыҥ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Хатыҥ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betulla" title="Betulla – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Betulla" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birch" title="Birch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Birch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza_(rod)" title="Breza (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Breza (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza" title="Breza – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Breza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%B0" title="Брѣꙁа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Брѣꙁа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Бреза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бреза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breza_(biljka)" title="Breza (biljka) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Breza (biljka)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koivut" title="Koivut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koivut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkar" title="Björkar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Björkar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Каен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%8A" title="เบิร์ช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบิร์ช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D1%81_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82)" title="Тӯс (дарахт) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯс (дарахт)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%9F" title="Huş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Huş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%A3" title="Хадың – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Хадың" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BF%D1%83" title="Кызьпу – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кызьпу" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Береза – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Береза" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koiv" title="Koiv – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Koiv" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi_C%C3%A1ng_l%C3%B2" title="Chi Cáng lò – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chi Cáng lò" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey%C3%B4le" title="Beyôle – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Beyôle" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berke" title="Berke – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Berke" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betula" title="Betula – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Betula" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%A6%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%9E" title="桦木属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="桦木属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%BA%E6%A8%B9" title="樺樹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="樺樹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C5%BEos" title="Beržos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Beržos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A1%A6%E6%9C%A8%E5%B1%9E" title="桦木属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="桦木属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25243#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Birch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Birch (disambiguation)">Birch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Birch<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Ypresian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.04615384615px; width:18.953846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.04615384615px; width:16.953846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Betula_pendula_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/220px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/330px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Betula_pendula_001.jpg/440px-Betula_pendula_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="3444" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a> (Silver birch) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Betula" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betuloideae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betuloideae (page does not exist)">Betuloideae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Betula</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subgenera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Betulenta</i></li> <li><i>Betulaster</i></li> <li><i>Neurobetula</i></li> <li><i>Betula</i></li> <li><i>Chamaebetula</i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Areal_bereza.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areal_bereza.png/220px-Areal_bereza.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areal_bereza.png/330px-Areal_bereza.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Areal_bereza.png/440px-Areal_bereza.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="406" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Range of <i>Betula</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Betulaster</i> <small>Spach</small></li> <li><i>Apterocaryon</i> <small>Opiz</small></li> <li><i>Chamaebetula</i> <small>Opiz</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>birch</b> is a thin-leaved <a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">deciduous</a> <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">tree</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><b>Betula</b></i> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="/tj/: 't' in 'tune'">tj</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the family <a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a>, which also includes <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">hazels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hornbeams" class="mw-redirect" title="Hornbeams">hornbeams</a>. It is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> family <a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a>. The genus <i>Betula</i> contains 30 to 60 <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy of Betula">known taxa</a> of which 11 are on the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 2011 Red List</a> of Threatened Species. They are typically short-lived <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a> and are widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>, particularly in northern areas of <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climates and in <a href="/wiki/Boreal_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal climate">boreal climates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Birch_wood" title="Birch wood">Birch wood</a> is used for a wide range of purposes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birch" title="Special:EditPage/Birch">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Birch%22">"Birch"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Birch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birch%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Birch%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/170px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/255px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg/340px-Birch_bark_front_rear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2438" data-file-height="4468" /></a><figcaption>The front and rear view of a piece of birch <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Birch species are generally small to medium-sized <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>, mostly of northern <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> and boreal climates.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simple <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> are alternate, singly or doubly serrate, feather-veined, petiolate and stipulate. They often appear in pairs, but these pairs are really borne on spur-like, two-leaved, lateral <a href="/wiki/Branchlet" class="mw-redirect" title="Branchlet">branchlets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Keeler-1900_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keeler-1900-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fruit is a small <a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">samara</a>, although the wings may be obscure in some species. They differ from the <a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">alders</a> (<i>Alnus</i>, another genus in the family) in that the female <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a> are not woody and disintegrate at maturity, falling apart to release the seeds, unlike the woody, cone-like female alder catkins. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">bark</a> of all birches is characteristically marked with long, horizontal <a href="/wiki/Lenticel" title="Lenticel">lenticels</a>, and often separates into thin, papery plates, especially upon the <a href="/wiki/Paper_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper birch">paper birch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distinctive colors give the common names <a href="/wiki/Gray_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray birch">gray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper birch">white</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_birch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black birch (disambiguation)">black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver birch">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yellow_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow birch">yellow</a> birch to different species.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The buds, forming early and full-grown by midsummer, are all lateral, without a terminal bud forming; the branch is prolonged by the upper lateral bud. The wood of all the species is close-grained with a satiny texture and capable of taking a fine polish; its fuel value is fair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flower_and_fruit">Flower and fruit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flower and fruit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flowers are <a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">monoecious</a>, and open with or before the leaves. Once fully grown, these leaves<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="?missing text?? The leaves are much larger than stated and not borne witihin the inflorescence (October 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> are usually <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>3–6 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span>–<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) long on three-flowered clusters in the axils of the scales of drooping or erect <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a> or aments. Staminate catkins are pendulous, clustered, or solitary in the axils of the last leaves of the branch of the year or near the ends of the short lateral branchlets of the year. They form in early autumn and remain rigid during the winter. The scales of the mature staminate catkins are broadly ovate, rounded, yellow or orange colour below the middle and dark chestnut brown at apex. Each scale bears two bractlets and three sterile flowers, each flower consisting of a sessile, membranous, usually two-lobed, calyx. Each calyx bears four short filaments with one-celled anthers or strictly, two filaments divided into two branches, each bearing a half-anther. Anther cells open longitudinally. The pistillate segments are erect or pendulous, and solitary, terminal on the two-leaved lateral spur-like branchlets of the year. The pistillate scales are oblong-ovate, three-lobed, pale yellow-green often tinged with red, becoming brown at maturity. These scales bear two or three fertile flowers, each flower consisting of a naked ovary. The ovary is compressed, two-celled, and crowned with two slender styles; the ovule is solitary. Each scale bears a single small, winged nut that is oval, with two persistent stigmas at the apex. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birch" title="Special:EditPage/Birch">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Birch%22">"Birch"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Birch%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Birch%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Birch%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Birch%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision">Subdivision</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Subdivision"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Betula_species" title="List of Betula species">List of Betula species</a></div> <p><i>Betula</i> species are organised into five subgenera. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DosenmoorBirken1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/220px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/330px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/DosenmoorBirken1.jpg/440px-DosenmoorBirken1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Birch leaves</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_(Betula)_-_Ystad-2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/220px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/330px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg/440px-Bj%C3%B6rk_-_Birch_-_%28Betula%29_-_Ystad-2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption>A birch-curtain in November in <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stam_van_een_Berk_(Betula)._07-02-2024._(d.j.b).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/220px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/330px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg/440px-Stam_van_een_Berk_%28Betula%29._07-02-2024._%28d.j.b%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3359" /></a><figcaption>Lying trunk of a birch (<i>Betula</i>) in total decomposition.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Birches native to <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> include</dt></dl> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_albosinensis" title="Betula albosinensis">Betula albosinensis</a></i> – Chinese red birch (northern + central China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_alnoides" title="Betula alnoides">Betula alnoides</a></i> – alder-leaf birch (China, Himalayas, northern Indochina)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_ashburneri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula ashburneri (page does not exist)">Betula ashburneri</a></i> – (Bhutan, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan Provinces in China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_baschkirica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula baschkirica (page does not exist)">Betula baschkirica</a></i> – (eastern European Russia)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_bomiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula bomiensis (page does not exist)">Betula bomiensis</a></i> – (Tibet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_browicziana" class="mw-redirect" title="Betula browicziana">Betula browicziana</a></i> – (Turkey and Georgia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_buggsii" title="Betula buggsii">Betula buggsii</a></i> – (China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_calcicola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula calcicola (page does not exist)">Betula calcicola</a></i> – (Sichuan + Yunnan Provinces in China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_celtiberica" title="Betula celtiberica">Betula celtiberica</a></i> – (Spain)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_chichibuensis" title="Betula chichibuensis">Betula chichibuensis</a></i> – (<a href="/wiki/Chichibu,_Saitama" title="Chichibu, Saitama">Chichibu</a> region of Japan)<sup id="cite_ref-Kinver-2015_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kinver-2015-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_chinensis" title="Betula chinensis">Betula chinensis</a></i> – Chinese dwarf birch (China, Korea)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_coriaceifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula coriaceifolia (page does not exist)">Betula coriaceifolia</a></i> – (Uzbekistan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_corylifolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula corylifolia (page does not exist)">Betula corylifolia</a></i> – (Honshu Island in Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_costata" title="Betula costata">Betula costata</a></i> – (northeastern China, Korea, Primorye region of Russia)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_cylindrostachya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula cylindrostachya (page does not exist)">Betula cylindrostachya</a></i> – (Himalayas, southern China, Myanmar)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_dahurica" title="Betula dahurica">Betula dahurica</a></i> – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_delavayi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula delavayi (page does not exist)">Betula delavayi</a></i> – (Tibet, southern China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_ermanii" title="Betula ermanii">Betula ermanii</a></i> – Erman's birch (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Korea, Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_falcata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula falcata (page does not exist)">Betula falcata</a></i> – (Tajikistan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_fargesii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula fargesii (page does not exist)">Betula fargesii</a></i> – (Chongqing + Hubei Provinces in China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_fruticosa" title="Betula fruticosa">Betula fruticosa</a></i> – (eastern Siberia, Russian Far East, northeastern China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_globispica" title="Betula globispica">Betula globispica</a></i> – (Honshu Island in Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_gmelinii" title="Betula gmelinii">Betula gmelinii</a></i> – (Siberia, Mongolia, northeastern China, Korea, Hokkaido Island in Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_grossa" title="Betula grossa">Betula grossa</a></i> – Japanese cherry birch (Japan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_gynoterminalis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula gynoterminalis (page does not exist)">Betula gynoterminalis</a></i> – (Yunnan Province in China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_honanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula honanensis (page does not exist)">Betula honanensis</a></i> – (Henan Province in China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_humilis" title="Betula humilis">Betula humilis</a></i> or <i>Betula kamtschatica</i> – Kamchatka birch <i>platyphylla</i> (northern + central Europe, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Mongolia, Korea)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_insignis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula insignis (page does not exist)">Betula insignis</a></i> – (southern China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_karagandensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula karagandensis (page does not exist)">Betula karagandensis</a></i> – (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_klokovii" title="Betula klokovii">Betula klokovii</a></i> – (Ukraine)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_kotulae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula kotulae (page does not exist)">Betula kotulae</a></i> – (Ukraine)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_luminifera&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula luminifera (page does not exist)">Betula luminifera</a></i> – (China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_maximowicziana" title="Betula maximowicziana">Betula maximowicziana</a></i> – monarch birch (Japan, Kuril Islands)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_medwediewii" title="Betula medwediewii">Betula medwediewii</a></i> – Caucasian birch (Turkey, Iran, Caucasus)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_megrelica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula megrelica (page does not exist)">Betula megrelica</a></i> – (Republic of Georgia)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_microphylla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula microphylla (page does not exist)">Betula microphylla</a></i> – (Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a></i> – dwarf birch (northern + central Europe, Russia, Siberia, Greenland, Northwest Territories of Canada))</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a></i> – silver birch (widespread in Europe and northern Asia; Morocco; naturalized in New Zealand and scattered locations in US + Canada)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_platyphylla" title="Betula platyphylla">Betula platyphylla</a></i> – (<i>Betula pendula</i> var. <i>platyphylla</i>)—Siberian silver birch (Siberia, Russian Far East, Manchuria, Korea, Japan, Alaska, western Canada)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_potamophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula potamophila (page does not exist)">Betula potamophila</a></i> – (Tajikistan)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_potaninii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula potaninii (page does not exist)">Betula potaninii</a></i> – (southern China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_psammophila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula psammophila (page does not exist)">Betula psammophila</a></i> – (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_pubescens" title="Betula pubescens">Betula pubescens</a></i> – downy birch, also known as white, European white or hairy birch (Europe, Siberia, Greenland, Newfoundland; naturalized in scattered locations in US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_raddeana" title="Betula raddeana">Betula raddeana</a></i> – (Caucasus)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_saksarensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula saksarensis (page does not exist)">Betula saksarensis</a></i> – (Khakassiya region of Siberia)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_saviczii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula saviczii (page does not exist)">Betula saviczii</a></i> – (Kazakhstan)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_schmidtii" title="Betula schmidtii">Betula schmidtii</a></i> – (northeastern China, Korea, Japan, Primorye region of Russia)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_sunanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula sunanensis (page does not exist)">Betula sunanensis</a></i> – (Gansu Province of China)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_szechuanica" title="Betula szechuanica">Betula szechuanica</a></i> – (<i>Betula pendula</i> var. <i>szechuanica</i>)—Sichuan birch (Tibet, southern China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_tianshanica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula tianshanica (page does not exist)">Betula tianshanica</a></i> – (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang, Mongolia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_utilis" title="Betula utilis">Betula utilis</a></i> – Himalayan birch (Afghanistan, Central Asia, China, China, Tibet, Himalayas)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_wuyiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula wuyiensis (page does not exist)">Betula wuyiensis</a></i> – (Fujian Province of China)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_zinserlingii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula zinserlingii (page does not exist)">Betula zinserlingii</a></i> – (Kyrgyzstan)</li></ol> <p>Note: many American texts have <i>B. pendula</i> and <i>B. pubescens</i> confused, though they are distinct species with different chromosome numbers. </p> <dl><dt>Birches native to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> include</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_Trees,_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/220px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/330px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg/440px-Birch_Trees%2C_Ten_Mile_Estuary_State_Marine_Conservation_Area-L1004571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8610" data-file-height="5381" /></a><figcaption>Birch trees in the Ten Mile Estuary State Marine Conservation Area south of Newport, California</figcaption></figure> <ol><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis" title="Betula alleghaniensis">Betula alleghaniensis</a></i> – yellow birch (<i>B. lutea</i>) (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, upper eastern US, Appalachians)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betula_caerulea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betula caerulea (page does not exist)">Betula caerulea</a></i> – blue birch (northeast of North America)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_cordifolia" title="Betula cordifolia">Betula cordifolia</a></i> – mountain paper birch (eastern Canada, Great Lakes, New England US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_glandulosa" title="Betula glandulosa">Betula glandulosa</a></i> – American dwarf birch (Siberia, Mongolia, Russian Far East, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, mountains of western US and New England, Adirondacks)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_kenaica" title="Betula kenaica">Betula kenaica</a></i> – Kenai birch ( Alaska, northwestern North America)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_lenta" title="Betula lenta">Betula lenta</a></i> – sweet birch, cherry birch, or black birch (Quebec, Ontario, eastern US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_michauxii" title="Betula michauxii">Betula michauxii</a></i> – Newfoundland dwarf birch (Newfoundland, Labrador, Quebec, Nova Scotia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_minor" title="Betula minor">Betula minor</a></i> – dwarf white birch (eastern Canada, mountains of northern New England and Adirondacks)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_murrayana" title="Betula murrayana">Betula murrayana</a></i> – Murray's birch (Great Lakes endemic)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a></i> – dwarf birch or bog birch (also in northern Europe and Asia)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_neoalaskana" title="Betula neoalaskana">Betula neoalaskana</a></i> – Alaska paper birch also known as Alaska birch or Resin birch (Alaska and northern Canada)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_nigra" title="Betula nigra">Betula nigra</a></i> – river birch or black birch (eastern US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_occidentalis" title="Betula occidentalis">Betula occidentalis</a></i> – water birch or red birch (<i>B. fontinalis</i>) (Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, western Canada, western US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></i> – paper birch, canoe birch or American white birch (Alaska, most of Canada, northern US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_populifolia" title="Betula populifolia">Betula populifolia</a></i> – gray birch (eastern Canada, northeastern US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_pumila" title="Betula pumila">Betula pumila</a></i> – swamp birch (Alaska, Canada, northern US)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betula_uber" title="Betula uber">Betula uber</a></i> – Virginia round-leaf birch (southwestern Virginia)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Birch" title="Special:EditPage/Birch">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The common name <i>birch</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>birce</i>, <i>bierce</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *<i>berk-jōn</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i>Birke</i>, <a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_language" title="West Frisian language">West Frisian</a> <i>bjirk</i>), an adjectival formation from *<i>berkōn</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <i>berk</i>, <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> <i>Bark</i>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> <i>birk</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a> <i>bjørk</i>), itself from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *<i>bʰerHǵ-</i> ~ <i>bʰrHǵ</i>-, which also gave <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <i>béržas</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <i>Bērzs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> <i>берёза (berëza)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> береза (<i>beréza)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <i>bredh</i> 'fir', <a href="/wiki/Ossetic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossetic language">Ossetian</a> <i>bærz(æ)</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a> <i>bhurja</i>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> <i>brzoza</i>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i>fraxinus</i> 'ash (tree)'. This root is presumably derived from *<i>bʰreh₁ǵ-</i> 'to shine, whiten', in reference to the birch's white bark. The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">rune</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Berkanan" title="Berkanan">berkanan</a></i> is named after the birch. </p><p>The generic name <i>Betula</i> is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which is a <a href="/wiki/Diminutive" title="Diminutive">diminutive</a> borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> <i>betua</i> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <i>bethe</i>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> <i>bedw</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/220px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/330px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg/440px-Betula_leopoldae_SRIC_SR02-22-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>Fossil leaf of <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_leopoldae" title="Betula leopoldae">Betula leopoldae</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Within Betulaceae, birches are most closely related to alder. The oldest known birch fossils are those of <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_leopoldae" title="Betula leopoldae">Betula leopoldae</a></i> from the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Mountain_Formation" title="Klondike Mountain Formation">Klondike Mountain Formation</a> in Washington State, US, which date to the early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Ypresian</a>) around 49 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/170px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/255px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg/340px-Frosty_Birches_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Frosty birches in <a href="/wiki/Kangasala" title="Kangasala">Kangasala</a>, Finland in February 2013</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hankasalmi_stream.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/220px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/330px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Hankasalmi_stream.jpg/440px-Hankasalmi_stream.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6142" data-file-height="3882" /></a><figcaption>Birch trees by a river in <a href="/wiki/Hankasalmi" title="Hankasalmi">Hankasalmi</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/220px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/330px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg/440px-Stand_of_birch_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>A stand of birch trees</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/220px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/330px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg/440px-S%C3%BCgise_m%C3%A4rgid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3333" /></a><figcaption>A birch tree in autumn</figcaption></figure> <p>Birches often form even-aged stands on light, well-drained, particularly <a href="/wiki/Soil_ph" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil ph">acidic soils</a>. They are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_species" title="Pioneer species">pioneer species</a>, rapidly colonizing open ground especially in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_succession" title="Secondary succession">secondary successional</a> sequences following a disturbance or fire. Birches are early tree species to become established in <a href="/wiki/Primary_succession" title="Primary succession">primary successions</a>, and can become a threat to heathland if the <a href="/wiki/Seedling" title="Seedling">seedlings</a> and saplings are not suppressed by grazing or periodic burning. Birches are generally lowland species, but some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_nana" title="Betula nana">Betula nana</a></i>, have a <a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">montane</a> distribution. In the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, there is some difference between the environments of <i>Betula pendula</i> and <i>Betula pubescens</i>, and some hybridization, though both are "opportunists in steady-state woodland systems". <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycorrhizal fungi">Mycorrhizal fungi</a>, including sheathing (ecto)mycorrhizas, are found in some cases to be beneficial to tree growth.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large number of lepidopteran insects feed on birch foliage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birke_Multiplex.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/220px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/330px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Birke_Multiplex.JPG/440px-Birke_Multiplex.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Birch plywood</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vihtoja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/220px-Vihtoja.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/330px-Vihtoja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Vihtoja.jpg/440px-Vihtoja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2165" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Bath_broom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath broom">bath broom</a> called <i>vihta/vasta</i>, braided from birch twigs</figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the hardness of birch, it is easier to shape it with power tools; it is quite difficult to work it with hand tools.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Birch wood is fine-grained and pale in colour, often with an attractive <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a>-like sheen. Ripple figuring may occur, increasing the value of the timber for <a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a> and furniture-making. The highly decorative Masur (or <a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a>) birch, from <i>Betula verrucosa</i> var. <i>carelica</i>, has ripple textures combined with attractive dark streaks and lines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Birch <a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a> is made from laminations of birch veneer. It is light but strong, and has many other good properties. It is among the strongest and dimensionally most stable plywoods, although it is unsuitable for exterior use. Birch plywood is used to make <a href="/wiki/Longboard_(skateboard)" title="Longboard (skateboard)">longboards</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skateboard" title="Skateboard">skateboard</a>), giving it a strong yet flexible ride. It is also used (often in very thin grades with many laminations) for making <a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">model aircraft</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Extracts of birch are used for <a href="/wiki/Flavoring" title="Flavoring">flavoring</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">leather oil</a>, and in cosmetics such as <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">shampoo</a>. In the past, commercial oil of wintergreen (<a href="/wiki/Methyl_salicylate" title="Methyl salicylate">methyl salicylate</a>) was made from the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_birch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweet birch">sweet birch</a> (<i>Betula lenta</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a> or Russian oil extracted from birch bark is <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> and waterproof; it was used as a <a href="/wiki/Glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glue">glue</a> on, for example, <a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">arrows</a>, and also for medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fragrant twigs of wintergreen group birches are used in <a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">saunas</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Birch is also associated with the feast of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> in Central and Eastern Europe and Siberia, where its branches are used as decoration for churches and homes on this day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Ground birch bark, <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(biochemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (biochemistry)">fermented</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>, is used for seasoning the woolen, hemp or linen sails and hemp rope of <a href="/wiki/Nordland_(boat)" title="Nordland (boat)">traditional Norwegian boats</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Birch twigs bound in a bundle, also called birch, were used for <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birching</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Physical_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical punishment">corporal punishment</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Many <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples in Canada</a> prize the birch for its bark, which because of its light weight, flexibility, and the ease with which it can be stripped from fallen trees, is often used for the construction of strong, waterproof but lightweight <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoes</a>, bowls, and <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">wigwams</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Hughes_H-4_Hercules" title="Hughes H-4 Hercules">Hughes H-4 Hercules</a> was made mostly of birch wood, despite its better-known moniker, "The Spruce Goose".</li> <li>Birch plywood was specified by the BBC as the only wood that can be used in making the cabinets of the long-lived <a href="/wiki/LS3/5A" title="LS3/5A">LS3/5A</a> loudspeaker.<sup id="cite_ref-Prakel-1979_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prakel-1979-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birch is used as <a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">firewood</a> because of its high <a href="/wiki/Calorific_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Calorific value">calorific value</a> per unit weight and unit volume. It burns well, without popping, even when frozen and freshly hewn. The bark will burn very well even when wet because of the oils it contains. With care, it can be split into very thin sheets that will ignite from even the smallest of sparks. Birch wood can be used to smoke foods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Birch seeds are used as <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> in miniature terrain models.<sup id="cite_ref-Joyce2010_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joyce2010-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Birch oil is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Russia_leather" title="Russia leather">Russia leather</a>, a water-resistant leather.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_food">As food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The inner bark is considered edible as an emergency food, even when raw.<sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be dried and ground into flour, as was done by Native Americans and early settlers. It can also be cut into strips and cooked like noodles.<sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Birch_sap" title="Birch sap">sap</a> can be drunk or used to make <a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">syrup</a><sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">birch beer</a>. Tea can be made from the red inner bark of black birches.<sup id="cite_ref-Angier-1974_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Angier-1974-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>White-barked birches in particular are cultivated as ornamental trees, largely for their appearance in winter. The Himalayan birch, <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_utilis" title="Betula utilis">Betula utilis</a></i>, especially the variety or subspecies <i>jacquemontii</i>, is among the most widely planted for this purpose. It has been cultivated since the 1870s, and many <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> are available, including 'Doorenbos', 'Grayswood Ghost' and 'Silver Shadow'; 'Knightshayes' has a slightly weeping habit. Other species with ornamental white bark include <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_ermanii" title="Betula ermanii">Betula ermanii</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_papyrifera" title="Betula papyrifera">Betula papyrifera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_pendula" title="Betula pendula">Betula pendula</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Betula_raddeana" title="Betula raddeana">Betula raddeana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bartlett-2015_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bartlett-2015-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical">Medical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Approved_topical_medicine">Approved topical medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Approved topical medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the European Union, a <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription</a> <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> containing birch bark extract (commercial name <i>Episalvan</i>, betulae cortex dry extract (5–10 : 1); extraction solvent: <a href="/wiki/N-heptane" class="mw-redirect" title="N-heptane"><i>n</i>-heptane</a> 95% (w/w)) was approved in 2016 for the <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical treatment</a> of minor skin wounds in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropeanMedicinesAgency-2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanMedicinesAgency-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although its <a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">mechanism of action</a> in helping to heal injured skin is not fully understood, birch bark extract appears to stimulate the growth of <a href="/wiki/Keratinocyte" title="Keratinocyte">keratinocytes</a> which then fill the wound.<sup id="cite_ref-EuropeanMedicinesAgency-2016_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EuropeanMedicinesAgency-2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ebeling-2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_and_traditional_medicine">Research and traditional medicine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Research and traditional medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preliminary research indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betulin" title="Betulin">betulin</a> and possibly other <a href="/wiki/Triterpene" title="Triterpene">triterpenes</a>, are active in <i>Episalvan</i> gel and wound healing properties of birch bark.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebeling-2014_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over centuries, birch bark was used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a> practices by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American indigenous people</a> for treating superficial wounds by applying bark directly to the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Ebeling-2014_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ebeling-2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Splint_(medicine)" title="Splint (medicine)">Splints</a> made with birch bark were used as <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_cast" title="Orthopedic cast">casts for broken limbs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper">Paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_document" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch bark document">Birch bark document</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_bark_document_210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/220px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/330px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Birch_bark_document_210.jpg/440px-Birch_bark_document_210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5883" data-file-height="3592" /></a><figcaption>A birch bark inscription excavated from <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, circa 1240–1260</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">Wood pulp</a> made from birch gives relatively long and slender fibres for a <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a>. The thin walls cause the fibre to collapse upon drying, giving a <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> with low bulk and low opacity. The birch fibres are, however, easily fibrillated and give about 75% of the tensile strength of softwood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The low opacity makes it suitable for making <a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">glassine</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the birch (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>: भुर्ज, <i>bhurja</i>) holds great historical significance in the culture of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, where the thin bark coming off in winter was extensively used as writing paper. Birch paper (Sanskrit: भुर्ज पत्र, <i>bhurja patra</i>) is exceptionally durable and was the material used for many ancient Indian texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh-1990_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-1990-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> period <a href="/wiki/Vindolanda_tablets" title="Vindolanda tablets">Vindolanda tablets</a> also use birch as a material on which to write and birch bark was used widely in ancient <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> as notepaper (<i>beresta</i>) and for decorative purposes and even making <a href="/wiki/Footwear" title="Footwear">footwear</a> (<i>lapti</i>) and baskets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_musical_instruments">Use in musical instruments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Use in musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birch wood is sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Tonewood" title="Tonewood">tonewood</a> for semiacoustic and <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_guitar" title="Acoustic guitar">acoustic guitar</a> bodies, and occasionally for solid-body guitar bodies. It is also a common material used in <a href="/wiki/Percussion_mallet" title="Percussion mallet">mallets</a> for <a href="/wiki/Percussion_instrument" title="Percussion instrument">keyboard percussion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Drum manufacturers, such as <a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamaha_Corporation" title="Yamaha Corporation">Yamaha</a>, have been known to use birch wood in the construction of drum shells, owing to its strength and colour which takes stain in an appealing way, and which can also amber over very well, while also giving the drums an appealing tone which changes depending on the type of birch used.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/220px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/330px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg/440px-Warszawa_Polska_1939_Henryk_Podd%C4%99bski.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2647" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Birch trees in spring in a park in Warsaw, Poland (1939)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/220px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/330px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg/440px-Birch_tree_ishkoman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3468" /></a><figcaption>Birch tree forest at Ishkoman, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birches have spiritual importance in several religions, both modern and historical. In Celtic cultures, the birch symbolises growth, renewal, stability, initiation, and adaptability because it is highly adaptive and able to sustain harsh conditions with casual indifference. Proof of this adaptability is seen in its easy and eager ability to repopulate areas damaged by forest fires or clearings. Birches are also associated with <i><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADr_na_n%C3%93g" title="Tír na nÓg">Tír na nÓg</a></i>, the land of the dead and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sidhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidhe">Sidhe</a></i>, in Gaelic folklore, and as such frequently appear in Scottish, Irish, and English folksongs and ballads in association with death, or fairies, or returning from the grave. The leaves of the silver birch tree are used in the festival of St George, held in <a href="/wiki/Novosej" title="Novosej">Novosej</a> and other villages in Albania.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/150px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/225px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg/300px-Karjalohja.vaakuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>Birch leaves in the coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Karjalohja" title="Karjalohja">Karjalohja</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The birch is <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>'s state tree and the national tree of Finland and Russia. The <a href="/wiki/Betula_alleghaniensis" title="Betula alleghaniensis">yellow birch</a> is the official tree of the province of Quebec (Canada). The birch is a very important element in Russian culture and represents the grace, strength, tenderness and natural beauty of Russian women as well as the closeness to nature of the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It's associated with marriage and love.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are numerous folkloric Russian songs in which the birch tree occurs. The <a href="/wiki/Orn%C3%A4s_birch" title="Ornäs birch">Ornäs birch</a> is the national tree of Sweden. The <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> word for the month of March, Březen, is derived from the Czech word bříza meaning birch, as birch trees flower in March under local conditions. The silver birch tree is of special importance to the Swedish city of <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a>. In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5_city_fire" title="Umeå city fire">Umeå city fire</a> spread all over the city and nearly burnt it down to the ground, but some birches, supposedly, halted the spread of the fire. To protect the city against future fires, wide avenues were created, and these were lined with silver birch trees all over the city. Umeå later adopted the unofficial name of "City of the Birches (<i>Björkarnas stad</i>)". Also, the ice hockey team of Umeå is called <i><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkl%C3%B6ven" class="mw-redirect" title="Björklöven">Björklöven</a></i>, translated to English "The Birch Leaves".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>"Swinging" birch trees was a common game for American children in the nineteenth century. American poet <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Larcom" title="Lucy Larcom">Lucy Larcom</a>'s "Swinging on a Birch Tree" celebrates the game.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poem inspired <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frost" title="Robert Frost">Robert Frost</a>, who pays homage to the act of climbing birch trees in his more famous poem, "Birches".<sup id="cite_ref-Fagan-2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fagan-2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frost once told "it was almost sacrilegious climbing a birch tree till it bent, till it gave and swooped to the ground, but that's what boys did in those days".<sup id="cite_ref-Parini-1999_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parini-1999-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark_manuscript" title="Birch bark manuscript">Birch bark manuscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_Betula" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy of Betula">Taxonomy of Betula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=21065">"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew"</a>. <i>apps.kew.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.kew.org&rft.atitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families%3A+Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.kew.org%2Fwcsp%2Fsynonomy.do%3Fname_id%3D21065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> 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(2013). The genus <i>Betula</i>: a taxonomic revision of birches: 1–431. Royal Botanic Gardens. Kew.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thespruce.com/twelve-species-cultivars-of-birch-trees-3269660">"11 Birch Trees Common to North American Landscapes"</a>. <i>The Spruce</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jbjs.org/article.aspx?articleid=8666">the original</a> on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 2,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Another method cited was that of splints made of birch bark soaked in water until quite soft. They were then carefully fitted to the limb and tied with bark thongs. On drying, they became stiff and firm. There is no record of the use of extension, but, nevertheless, very few crippled and deformed Indians were to be seen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Bone+and+Joint+Surgery&rft.atitle=History+of+fracture+treatment+up+to+the+sixteenth+century&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-62&rft.date=1937-01-01&rft.au=William+Arthur+Clark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjbjs.org%2Farticle.aspx%3Farticleid%3D8666&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNankoButton,_AlanHillman,_Dave2005" class="citation book cs1">Nanko, Hiroki; Button, Alan; Hillman, Dave (2005). <i>The World of Market Pulp</i>. US: WOMP, LLC. pp. 192–195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-615-13013-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-615-13013-5"><bdi>0-615-13013-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Market+Pulp&rft.place=US&rft.pages=192-195&rft.pub=WOMP%2C+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-615-13013-5&rft.aulast=Nanko&rft.aufirst=Hiroki&rft.au=Button%2C+Alan&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sanjukta_Gupta-1972_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanjukta Gupta, "Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text", Brill Archive, 1972, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03419-6" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03419-6">90-04-03419-6</a>. Snippet:<i>... the text recommends that the bark of the Himalayan birch tree (bhurja-patra) should be used for scribbling mantras ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-1990-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh-1990_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amalananda Ghosh, "An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology", BRILL, 1990, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09264-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09264-1">90-04-09264-1</a>. Snippet:<i>... Bhurja-patra, the inner bark on the birch tree grown in the Himalayan region, was a very common writing material ...</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerra2022" class="citation web cs1">Cerra, Steve La (2022-01-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hub.yamaha.com/drums/stage/a-brief-guide-to-drum-tonewoods/">"A Brief Guide to Drum Tonewoods"</a>. <i>Yamaha Music – Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yamaha+Music+%E2%80%93+Blog&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Drum+Tonewoods&rft.date=2022-01-21&rft.aulast=Cerra&rft.aufirst=Steve+La&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhub.yamaha.com%2Fdrums%2Fstage%2Fa-brief-guide-to-drum-tonewoods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052232/http://www.rasp.org.al/oldevents.html">"Traditional celebrations in Novosej"</a>. RASP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rasp.org.al/oldevents.html">the original</a> on December 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Traditional+celebrations+in+Novosej&rft.pub=RASP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rasp.org.al%2Foldevents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kurochkaclothing.com/news/birch-tree/">"The Birch: Russia's Tree | News & Info"</a>. <i>kurochkaclothing.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kurochkaclothing.com&rft.atitle=The+Birch%3A+Russia%27s+Tree+%7C+News+%26+Info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkurochkaclothing.com%2Fnews%2Fbirch-tree%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeissKandinsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Peg; Kandinsky, Wassily (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kandinskyoldruss0000weis/page/36"><i>Kandinsky and Old Russia : the artist as ethnographer and shaman</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kandinskyoldruss0000weis/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300056478" title="Special:BookSources/0300056478"><bdi>0300056478</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30701876">30701876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kandinsky+and+Old+Russia+%3A+the+artist+as+ethnographer+and+shaman&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30701876&rft.isbn=0300056478&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Peg&rft.au=Kandinsky%2C+Wassily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkandinskyoldruss0000weis%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfileger" class="citation web cs1">Pfileger, Pat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merrycoz.org/folks/BIRCH.xhtml">"Our Young Folks: Swinging on a Birch-Tree, by Lucy Larcom & Winslow Homer (1867)"</a>. <i>Merry Coz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merry+Coz&rft.atitle=Our+Young+Folks%3A+Swinging+on+a+Birch-Tree%2C+by+Lucy+Larcom+%26+Winslow+Homer+%281867%29&rft.aulast=Pfileger&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merrycoz.org%2Ffolks%2FBIRCH.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fagan-2007-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fagan-2007_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagan2007" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Deirdre J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iA70iL5LnEIC&q=birches+frost&pg=PA42"><i>Critical Companion to Robert Frost: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0854-4"><bdi>978-1-4381-0854-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Companion+to+Robert+Frost%3A+A+Literary+Reference+to+His+Life+and+Work&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0854-4&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Deirdre+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiA70iL5LnEIC%26q%3Dbirches%2Bfrost%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parini-1999-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parini-1999_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParini1999" class="citation book cs1">Parini, Jay (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertfrostlife00pari"><i>Robert Frost: A Life</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Halt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertfrostlife00pari/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-3181-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-3181-2"><bdi>0-8050-3181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Frost%3A+A+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Halt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8050-3181-2&rft.aulast=Parini&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertfrostlife00pari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlow1997" class="citation cs1">Furlow, John J. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103887">"<i>Betula</i>"</a>. In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EBetula%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Furlow&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D103887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiSkvortsov" class="citation cs1">Li, Pei-chun; Skvortsov, Alexei K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=103887">"<i>Betula</i>"</a>. <i>Flora of China</i>. Vol. 4 – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EBetula%3C%2Fi%3E&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Pei-chun&rft.au=Skvortsov%2C+Alexei+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D103887&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimshaw2009" class="citation book cs1">Grimshaw, John (2009). <i>New Trees, Recent introductions to cultivation</i>. <a href="/wiki/Kew_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kew Publishing">Kew Publishing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanical_Gardens,_Kew" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew">RBG Kew</a>. pp. 163–174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Trees%2C+Recent+introductions+to+cultivation&rft.pages=163-174&rft.pub=Kew+Publishing%2C+RBG+Kew&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Grimshaw&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Birch"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Birch">"Birch" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Birch&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Birch&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/trees_Betulaceae.htm">Tree Family Betulaceae</a> Diagnostic photos of many species, <a href="/wiki/Morton_Arboretum" title="Morton Arboretum">Morton Arboretum</a> specimens</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichhorn2010" class="citation web cs1">Eichhorn, Markus (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.test-tube.org.uk/trees/video_birch.htm">"The Birch Tree"</a>. <i>Test Tube</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Test+Tube&rft.atitle=The+Birch+Tree&rft.date=2010-07&rft.aulast=Eichhorn&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.test-tube.org.uk%2Ftrees%2Fvideo_birch.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABirch" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sources_of_tannins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tannin_source" title="Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tannin_source" title="Template talk:Tannin source"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin_source" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tannin source"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sources_of_tannins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Condensed_tannin" title="Condensed tannin">condensed tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Areca_catechu" title="Areca catechu">Areca catechu</a></i> seed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arecatannin" title="Arecatannin">arecatannins</a></li></ul></li> <li>Broad bean <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba" title="Vicia faba">Vicia faba</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">Grape</a> <ul><li><i>Vitis vinifera</i></li></ul></li> <li>Mimosa bark <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_mearnsii" title="Acacia mearnsii">Acacia mollissima</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrtan or black marlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_redunca" title="Eucalyptus redunca">Eucalyptus redunca</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebracho_tree" title="Quebracho tree">Quebracho</a> wood</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources of<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysable_tannin" title="Hydrolysable tannin">hydrolysable tannins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a> wood</li> <li>Dhawa <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anogeissus_latifolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anogeissus latifolia">Anogeissus latifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Myrobalan fruit <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_chebula" title="Terminalia chebula">Terminalia chebula</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Oak bark">Oak bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a> wood</li> <li>Valonia oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_macrolepis" class="mw-redirect" title="Quercus macrolepis">Quercus macrolepis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a> <ul><li>Tanner's sumach leaves - <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_coriaria" title="Rhus coriaria">Rhus coriaria</a></i> or Chinese gall on <i><a href="/wiki/Rhus_chinensis" title="Rhus chinensis">Rhus chinensis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tara pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tara_spinosa" title="Tara spinosa">Tara spinosa</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sources<br />by organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">Barks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>General : <a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Acacia_species_used_for_tannin_production" title="List of Acacia species used for tannin production">Acacias</a> (most notably <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_pycnantha" title="Acacia pycnantha">Acacia pycnantha</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_decurrens" title="Acacia decurrens">Acacia decurrens</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a> <ul><li><i>Alnus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Avaram <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senna_auriculata" title="Senna auriculata">Senna auriculata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Babul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birch</a> <ul><li><i>Betula sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Button mangrove <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Hemlock <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuga" title="Tsuga">Tsuga</a> sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a> <ul><li><i>Larix sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> <ul><li><i>Pinus sp</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a> <ul><li><i>Picea sp</i></li></ul></li> <li>Urunday <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Myracrodruon_urundeuva" title="Myracrodruon urundeuva">Myracrodruon urundeuva</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Willow <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salix_caprea" title="Salix caprea">Salix caprea</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Badan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergenia_crassifolia" title="Bergenia crassifolia">Bergenia crassifolia</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambier_(extract)" title="Gambier (extract)">Gambier</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncaria_gambir" title="Uncaria gambir">Uncaria gambir</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Redoul <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriaria_myrtifolia" title="Coriaria myrtifolia">Coriaria myrtifolia</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canaigre <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rumex_hymenosepalus" title="Rumex hymenosepalus">Rumex hymenosepalus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Garouille <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_coccifera" title="Quercus coccifera">Quercus coccifera</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sea lavender <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Limonium" title="Limonium">Limonium</a> sp</i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cutch <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senegalia_catechu" title="Senegalia catechu">Senegalia catechu</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Divi-divi pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libidibia_coriaria" title="Libidibia coriaria">Libidibia coriaria</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Sant pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acacia_nilotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Acacia nilotica">Acacia nilotica</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Teri pod <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Moullava_digyna" title="Moullava digyna">Moullava digyna</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gall" title="Gall">Galls</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gall oak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_lusitanica" title="Quercus lusitanica">Quercus lusitanica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quercus_infectoria" title="Quercus infectoria">Quercus infectoria</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Whole plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis" title="Prosopis">Prosopis</a></i> sp. bark and wood <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_humilis" title="Prosopis humilis">Prosopis humilis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prosopis_nigra" title="Prosopis nigra">Prosopis nigra</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tanoak <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Notholithocarpus" title="Notholithocarpus">Notholithocarpus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Tizra heartwood and root <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Searsia_pentaphylla" title="Searsia pentaphylla">Searsia pentaphylla</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Undetermined organ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anadenanthera_colubrina" title="Anadenanthera colubrina">Anadenanthera colubrina</a></i> (vilca)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Woodworking" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Woodworking" title="Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Woodworking" title="Template talk:Woodworking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Woodworking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Woodworking" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving" title="History of wood carving">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_woodworking" title="Glossary of woodworking">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_carpentry" title="Bush carpentry">Bush carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certosina" title="Certosina">Certosina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_carving" title="Chainsaw carving">Chainsaw carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chip_carving" title="Chip carving">Chip carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89b%C3%A9niste" title="Ébéniste">Ébéniste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretwork" title="Fretwork">Fretwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_carpentry" title="Japanese carpentry">Japanese carpentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatam" title="Khatam">Khatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrosing" title="Kohlrosing">Kohlrosing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luthier" title="Luthier">Luthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork" title="Millwork">Millwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_crafts" title="Pallet crafts">Pallet crafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrography" title="Pyrography">Pyrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_carving" title="Relief carving">Relief carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_carving" title="Root carving">Root carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segmented_turning" title="Segmented turning">Segmented turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_turning" title="Spindle turning">Spindle turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treen" title="Treen">Treen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittling" title="Whittling">Whittling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">Wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">Woodturning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">Woods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">Soft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_known_as_cedar" title="List of plants known as cedar">Cedar</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Calocedrus" title="Calocedrus">Calocedrus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">Cedrus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress" title="Cypress">Cypress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_fir" title="Douglas fir">Douglas fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fir" title="Fir">Fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Juniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larch" title="Larch">Larch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacrydium_cupressinum" title="Dacrydium cupressinum">Rimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">Spruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">Yew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">Hard</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pericopsis_elata" title="Pericopsis elata">Afromosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alder" title="Alder">Alder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carapa_guianensis" title="Carapa guianensis">Andiroba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anigre" title="Anigre">Anigre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus" title="Malus">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">Aspen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turraeanthus_africanus" title="Turraeanthus africanus">Avodire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochroma" title="Ochroma">Balsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">Beech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilinga_(wood)" title="Bilinga (wood)">Bilinga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalbergia_melanoxylon" title="Dalbergia melanoxylon">African Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acacia_melanoxylon" title="Acacia melanoxylon">Australian Blackwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buxus" title="Buxus">Boxwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia" title="Guibourtia">Bubinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphora_officinarum" title="Camphora officinarum">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedrela" title="Cedrela">Cedrela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Cherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocobolo" title="Cocobolo">Cocobolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Cumaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebony" title="Ebony">Ebony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm" title="Elm">Elm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel" title="Hazel">Hazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">Hickory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornbeam" title="Hornbeam">Hornbeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminalia_ivorensis" title="Terminalia ivorensis">Idigbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocotea_porosa" title="Ocotea porosa">Imbuia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handroanthus" title="Handroanthus">Ipê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroko" title="Iroko">Iroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_marginata" title="Eucalyptus marginata">Jarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyera_costulata" title="Dyera costulata">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignum_vitae" title="Lignum vitae">Lignum vitae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilia" title="Tilia">Linden <i>(lime, basswood)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovoa_trichilioides" title="Lovoa trichilioides">Lovoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intsia_bijuga" title="Intsia bijuga">Merbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">Mahogany</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Swietenia_macrophylla" title="Swietenia macrophylla">American</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khaya" title="Khaya">African</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple" title="Maple">Maple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea" title="Shorea">Meranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus" title="Pterocarpus">Padauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">Pear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">Plum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltogyne" title="Peltogyne">Purpleheart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guibourtia_ehie" title="Guibourtia ehie">Ovankol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonystylus" title="Gonystylus">Ramin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinopsis" title="Schinopsis">Red Quebracho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosewood" title="Rosewood">Rosewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberwood" title="Rubberwood">Rubberwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapele" title="Sapele">Sapele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">Teak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_totara" title="Podocarpus totara">Totara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entandrophragma" title="Entandrophragma">Utile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglans" title="Juglans">Walnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millettia_laurentii" title="Millettia laurentii">Wenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow" title="Willow">Willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebrawood" title="Zebrawood">Zebrano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glue laminated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">Hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">OSB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Wood-plastic composite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking_tools" title="Category:Woodworking tools">Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnisher" title="Burnisher">Burnisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawknife" title="Drawknife">Drawknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fence_(woodworking)" title="Fence (woodworking)">Fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_(woodworking)" title="Float (woodworking)">Float</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimlet_(tool)" title="Gimlet (tool)">Gimlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_driver" title="Impact driver">Impact driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">Janka hardness test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer" title="Jointer">Jointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallet" title="Mallet">Mallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_box" title="Mitre box">Mitre box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasp" title="Rasp">Rasp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_(woodworking)" title="Router (woodworking)">Router</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shaper" title="Wood shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sandpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(tool)" title="Square (tool)">Square</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Steel_square" title="Steel square">Carpenters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miter_square" title="Miter square">Miter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_square" title="Speed square">Speed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Try_square" title="Try square">Try</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thickness_planer" title="Thickness planer">Thickness planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_timber_framing_tools" title="List of timber framing tools">Timber-framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_hammer" title="Veneer hammer">Veneer hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_hammer" title="Warrington hammer">Warrington hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winding_stick" title="Winding stick">Winding sticks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_scribe" title="Wood scribe">Wood scribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench_(woodworking)" title="Workbench (woodworking)">Workbench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Band_clamp" title="Band clamp">Band clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-clamp" title="C-clamp">C-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-clamp" title="F-clamp">F-clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooring_clamp" title="Flooring clamp">Flooring clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gripe_(tool)" title="Gripe (tool)">Gripe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(tool)" title="Holdfast (tool)">Holdfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitre_clamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitre clamp">Mitre clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_clamp" title="Pipe clamp">Pipe clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawbuck" title="Sawbuck">Sawbuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saw" title="Saw">Saws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backsaw" title="Backsaw">Backsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandsaw" title="Bandsaw">Bandsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_saw" title="Bow saw">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucksaw" title="Bucksaw">Bucksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw" title="Chainsaw">Chainsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_saw" title="Circular saw">Circular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_saw" title="Compass saw">Compass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_saw" title="Coping saw">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crosscut_saw" title="Crosscut saw">Crosscut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_saw" title="Frame saw">Frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretsaw" title="Fretsaw">Fretsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_saw" title="Hand saw">Hand saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_(tool)" title="Jigsaw (tool)">Jigsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_saw" title="Keyhole saw">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripsaw" title="Ripsaw">Ripsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scroll_saw" title="Scroll saw">Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_saw" title="Table saw">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneer_saw" title="Veneer saw">Veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Plane_(tool)" title="Plane (tool)">Planes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedrock_plane" title="Bedrock plane">Bedrock plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_plane" title="Block plane">Block plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer_plane" title="Chamfer plane">Chamfer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Compass plane">Compass plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_plane" title="Finger plane">Finger plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore_plane" title="Fore plane">Fore plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooving_plane" title="Grooving plane">Grooving plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">Jack plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_plane" title="Japanese plane">Japanese plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jointer_plane" title="Jointer plane">Jointer plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulding_plane" title="Moulding plane">Moulding plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razee_plane" title="Razee plane">Razee plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebate_plane" title="Rebate plane">Rebate plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Router_plane" title="Router plane">Router plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_plane" title="Scrub plane">Scrub plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_plane" title="Shoulder plane">Shoulder plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothing_plane" title="Smoothing plane">Smoothing plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokeshave" title="Spokeshave">Spokeshave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surform" title="Surform">Surform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geometry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joinery" title="Joinery">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birdsmouth_joint" title="Birdsmouth joint">Birdsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biscuit_joiner" title="Biscuit joiner">Biscuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_joint" title="Box joint">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridle_joint" title="Bridle joint">Bridle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butt_joint" title="Butt joint">Butt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_joint" title="Butterfly joint">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coping_(joinery)" title="Coping (joinery)">Coping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Thorns_(woodworking)" title="Crown of Thorns (woodworking)">Crown of thorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dado_(joinery)" title="Dado (joinery)">Dado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dovetail_joint" title="Dovetail joint">Dovetail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_joint" title="Finger joint">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groove_(joinery)" title="Groove (joinery)">Groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halved_joint" title="Halved joint">Halved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer-headed_tenon" title="Hammer-headed tenon">Hammer-headed tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee_(construction)" title="Knee (construction)">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lap_joint" title="Lap joint">Lap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason%27s_mitre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mason's mitre">Mason's mitre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_joint" title="Miter joint">Miter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbet" title="Rabbet">Rabbet/Rebate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarf_joint" title="Scarf joint">Scarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splice_joint" title="Splice joint">Splice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue_and_groove" title="Tongue and groove">Tongue and groove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Profiles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bead_(woodworking)" title="Bead (woodworking)">Bead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamfer" title="Chamfer">Chamfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">Ogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogive" title="Ogive">Ogive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovolo" title="Ovolo">Ovolo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.5em;font-weight:normal;">Surface piecing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purfling#Binding" title="Purfling">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_banding" title="Edge banding">Edge banding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intarsia" title="Intarsia">Intarsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquetry" title="Marquetry">Marquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oystering" title="Oystering">Oystering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parquet" title="Parquet">Parquetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purfling" title="Purfling">Purfling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_glue" title="Wood glue">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_polish" title="French polish">French polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_bending_of_wood" title="Heat bending of wood">Heat bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying_oil" title="Drying oil">Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint_stripper" title="Paint stripper">Paint stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_bending" title="Steam bending">Steam bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Heat_treatments" title="Wood preservation">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_stain" title="Wood stain">Wood stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_finishing" title="Wood finishing">Wood finishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Woodturners" title="American Association of Woodturners">American Association of Woodturners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Woodwork_Institute" title="Architectural Woodwork Institute">Architectural Woodwork Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Woodworking_Federation" title="British Woodworking Federation">British Woodworking Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_and_Wood_Workers%27_International" title="Building and Wood Workers' International">Building and Wood Workers' International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_Carvers_of_America" title="Caricature Carvers of America">Caricature Carvers of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers" title="International Federation of Building and Wood Workers">International Federation of Building and Wood Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wood_Carvers_Association" title="National Wood Carvers Association">National Wood Carvers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wood_Engravers" title="Society of Wood Engravers">Society of Wood Engravers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Framers_Guild" title="Timber Framers Guild">Timber Framers Guild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conversion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chainsaw_mill" title="Chainsaw mill">Chainsaw mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewing" title="Hewing">Hewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipsaw" title="Whipsaw">Whipsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_splitting" title="Wood splitting">Wood splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_sawing" title="Flat sawing">Flat sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_sawing" title="Quarter sawing">Quarter sawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rift_sawing" title="Rift sawing">Rift sawing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_and_panel" title="Frame and panel">Frame and panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frameless_construction" title="Frameless construction">Frameless construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">Green woodworking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Woodworking" title="Category:Woodworking">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Woodworking" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Woodworking">WikiProject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Woodworking" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Woodworking">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Betula</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25243" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25243">Q25243</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Betula" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Betula">Betula</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/188649">188649</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/115234">115234</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3431">3431</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8VVK7">8VVK7</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/44475">44475</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1BETG">1BETG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103887">103887</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=103887">103887</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2875008">2875008</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=1437">1437</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/49156">49156</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/13475-1">13475-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1263285">1263285</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=19478">19478</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000456456">NHMSYS0000456456</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=3504">3504</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/9c6a3892-cced-4164-9b22-b93e45bc0b9d">9c6a3892-cced-4164-9b22-b93e45bc0b9d</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=267715">267715</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55294">55294</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/BETUL">BETUL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A328387-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:328387-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/40027085">40027085</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/896">896</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/9654af5f-bccf-4415-8736-efd0e12d1567">9654af5f-bccf-4415-8736-efd0e12d1567</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000004547">wfo-4000004547</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25243#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25243#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12288358h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="bříza"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph203157&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282687305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10665387">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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