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id="toc-Purim_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scriptural_and_rabbinical_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptural_and_rabbinical_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Scriptural and rabbinical sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptural_and_rabbinical_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Traditional historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_scholarship_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_scholarship_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Modern scholarship views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_scholarship_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Observances</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observances-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observances subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading_of_the_Megillah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading_of_the_Megillah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Reading of the Megillah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading_of_the_Megillah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blessings_before_Megillah_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessings_before_Megillah_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Blessings before Megillah reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessings_before_Megillah_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blessing_and_recitations_after_Megillah_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blessing_and_recitations_after_Megillah_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Blessing and recitations after Megillah reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blessing_and_recitations_after_Megillah_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_Megillah_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_Megillah_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Women and Megillah reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_Megillah_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blotting_out_Haman's_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blotting_out_Haman's_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Blotting out Haman's name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blotting_out_Haman's_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_gifts_and_charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_gifts_and_charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Food gifts and charity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_gifts_and_charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Purim meal <span><i>(se'udah)</i></span> and festive drinking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Customs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Customs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Customs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greetings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greetings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Greetings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greetings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masquerading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masquerading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Masquerading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masquerading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burning_of_Haman's_effigy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burning_of_Haman's_effigy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Burning of Haman's effigy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burning_of_Haman's_effigy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim_spiel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim_spiel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Purim spiel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim_spiel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Traditional foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Torah_learning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Torah_learning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Torah learning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Torah_learning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jerusalem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jerusalem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Jerusalem</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Jerusalem-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In Jerusalem subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shushan_Purim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shushan_Purim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Shushan Purim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shushan_Purim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purim_Meshulash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim_Meshulash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Purim Meshulash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim_Meshulash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Purims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Purims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other Purims</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Purims-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other Purims subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Purims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purim_Katan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purim_Katan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Purim Katan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purim_Katan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communal_and_familial_Purims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communal_and_familial_Purims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Communal and familial Purims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communal_and_familial_Purims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In the media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Extensions_of_Jewish_festivals_which_are_similar_to_Shushan_Purim_and_Purim_Katan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extensions_of_Jewish_festivals_which_are_similar_to_Shushan_Purim_and_Purim_Katan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Extensions of Jewish festivals which are similar to Shushan Purim and Purim Katan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extensions_of_Jewish_festivals_which_are_similar_to_Shushan_Purim_and_Purim_Katan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian(ate)_Jewry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian(ate)_Jewry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Persian(ate) Jewry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian(ate)_Jewry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Purim</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poerim" title="Poerim – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Poerim" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="عيد المساخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عيد المساخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پوریم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پوریم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Пурим – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пурим" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Пурым – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пурым" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Пурим – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пурим" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourim" title="Pourim – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pourim" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purimo" title="Purimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Purimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="پوریم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پوریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pourim" title="Pourim – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pourim" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAir%C3%ADm" title="Púirím – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Púirím" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%93%A8%EB%A6%BC" title="퓨림 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퓨림" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B4" title="Պուրիմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուրիմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE" title="पूरीम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पूरीम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פורים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פורים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="პურიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პურიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phurim" title="Phurim – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phurim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purims" title="Purims – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Purims" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purimas" title="Purimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Purimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porima" title="Porima – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Porima" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1" title="عيد الفور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيد الفور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poerim" title="Poerim – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Poerim" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="プーリーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プーリーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%84%E1%9E%9A" title="បុណ្យពោរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បុណ្យពោរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Пурим – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пурим" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Пурим – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пурим" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பூரிம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பூரிம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Пурим – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пурим" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Пурим – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пурим" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="عید پوریم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عید پوریم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purim" title="Purim – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Purim" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%8F%A5%E8%8A%82" title="普珥节 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普珥节" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D" title="פורים – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פורים" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%8F%A5%E7%AF%80" title="普珥節 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="普珥節" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="View the content page [c]" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Jewish holiday</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Perim" title="Perim">Perim</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above hd" style="background-color: lightskyblue"><b>Purim</b></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim_by_Arthur_Szyk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Purim_by_Arthur_Szyk.jpg/250px-Purim_by_Arthur_Szyk.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Purim_by_Arthur_Szyk.jpg/500px-Purim_by_Arthur_Szyk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="835" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="caption"><i>Purim</i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Szyk" title="Arthur Szyk">Arthur Szyk</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Jewish</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significance</th><td class="infobox-data summary">Celebration of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish deliverance</a> as told in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">megillah</i></span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Celebrations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Listening to the Book of Esther in synagogue;</li><li>sending <a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">food parcels</a> and giving charity;</li><li>dressing up in <a href="/wiki/Purim_costume" title="Purim costume">costume</a>;</li><li>eating <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Purim" title="Seudat mitzvah">a festive meal</a>;</li><li>parties and parades (<i><a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></i>);</li><li>drinking alcoholic beverages, especially <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">wine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">14th day of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and all ancient walled cities, 15th of Adar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2024 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 23 March –<br />nightfall, 24 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2025 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 13 March –<br />nightfall, 14 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2026 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 2 March –<br />nightfall, 3 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">2027 date</th><td class="infobox-data">Sunset, 22 March –<br />nightfall, 23 March</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Started by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related to</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">rabbinically</a> decreed <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holiday">Jewish holiday</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Purim</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">פּוּרִים</span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c9\/He-Purim.ogg\/He-Purim.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"<span title=\"Hebrew-language romanization\"><i lang=\"he-Latn\">P\u016br\u012bm<\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Purim.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c9/He-Purim.ogg/He-Purim.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Pūrīm</i></span></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:He-Purim.ogg" title="File:He-Purim.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text"><a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">lots</a></span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holiday</a> that commemorates the saving of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish people</a> from <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">annihilation</a> at the hands of an official of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> named <a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a>, as it is recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> (usually dated to the late-5th or 4th centuries BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Haman was the <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">royal vizier</a> to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Iran" title="List of monarchs of Iran">Persian king</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>; <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo-Latn">Khshayarsha</i></span> and <span title="Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)-language text"><i lang="peo-Latn">Artakhsher</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His plans were foiled by <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Benjamin" title="Tribe of Benjamin">tribe of Benjamin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, Mordecai's cousin and adopted daughter who had become queen of Persia after her marriage to Ahasuerus.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day of deliverance became a day of feasting and rejoicing among Jews. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll of Esther">Scroll of Esther</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "they should make them days of feasting and gladness, and of sending portions one to another, and gifts to the poor". Purim is celebrated among Jews by: </p> <ul><li>Exchanging gifts of food and drink, known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">mishloach manot</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_of_poverty,_wealth_and_charity#Poverty" title="Jewish views of poverty, wealth and charity">Donating charity to the poor</a>, known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mattanot la-evyonim</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Eating a celebratory meal with alcoholic beverages, known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Purim" title="Seudat mitzvah">se'udat Purim</a></i></span> or "Mishteh"</li> <li>Public recitation of the Scroll of Esther (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">קריאת מגילת אסתר</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">kriat megillat Esther</i></span>), or "reading of <a href="/wiki/The_Megillah" class="mw-redirect" title="The Megillah">the Megillah</a>", usually in synagogue</li> <li>Reciting additions to the daily prayers and the grace after meals, known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al_HaNissim" title="Al HaNissim">Al HaNissim</a></i></span></li> <li>Applying <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> Jews)</li></ul> <p>Other customs include wearing <a href="/wiki/Purim_costume" title="Purim costume">masks and costumes</a>, public celebrations and parades (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></i></span>), eating <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">hamantashen</a></i></span> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> "Haman's pockets"</span>), and drinking <a href="/wiki/Kosher_wine" title="Kosher wine">wine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, Purim is celebrated annually on the 14th day of the Hebrew month of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> (and it is celebrated in Adar II in Hebrew leap years, which occur 7 times in every 19 years), the day following the victory of the Jews over their enemies, the 13th of Adar, a date now observed in most years with the <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">fast of Esther</a>. </p><p>In cities that were protected by a surrounding wall at the time of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>, Purim is celebrated on the 15th of the month of Adar on what is known as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shushan Purim</i></span>, since fighting in the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Shushan</a> continued through the 14th day of <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, only in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> is Purim observed on the 15th, and in several other biblical settlements (such as <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shilo_(Israeli_settlement)" title="Shilo (Israeli settlement)">Shilo</a>) it is celebrated on both dates because of doubts regarding their status as cities <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall#Mesopotamia" title="Defensive wall">surrounded by a wall</a> since the days of Joshua. Some also celebrate both in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Purim</i> is the plural of the Hebrew word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">pur</i></span> (loan from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <i>puru</i>) meaning "<a href="/wiki/Cleromancy#In_Judaic_and_Christian_tradition" title="Cleromancy">lot</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its use as the name of this festival comes from Esther 3:6–7, describing the choice of date: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>6: [...] having been told who Mordecai's people were, Haman plotted to do away with all the Jews, Mordecai's people, throughout the kingdom of Ahasuerus. <br /> 7: In the first month, that is, the month of Nisan, in the twelfth year of King Ahasuerus, pur—which means "the lot"—was cast before Haman concerning every day and every month, [until it fell on] the twelfth month, that is, the month of Adar.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purim_narrative">Purim narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purim narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg/220px-Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg/330px-Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg/440px-Pieter_Pietersz._Lastman_-_The_Triumph_of_Mordechai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>The Triumph of Mordechai</i>, 1624 painting by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Pietersz_Lastman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieter Pietersz Lastman">Pieter Pietersz Lastman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_House_Museum" title="Rembrandt House Museum">Rembrandt House Museum</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Esther" class="mw-redirect" title="Scroll of Esther">Scroll of Esther</a> takes place over 9 years and begins with a six-month drinking feast given by King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a> for the army and <a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Satraps" class="mw-redirect" title="Satraps">satraps</a> and princes of the 127 provinces of his kingdom, concluding with a seven-day drinking feast for the inhabitants of Shushan (<a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>), rich and poor, and a separate drinking feast for the women organized by Queen <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> in the pavilion of the royal courtyard. </p><p>At this feast, Ahasuerus becomes thoroughly drunk, and prompted by his courtiers, orders his wife Vashti to 'display her beauty' before the nobles and populace, while wearing her royal crown. Vashti's refusal embarrasses him in front of his guests and prompts him to demote her from her position as queen. Ahasuerus then orders all of the beautiful women throughout the empire to be presented to him, so that he can choose a new queen to replace Vashti. One of these is <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, who was orphaned at a young age and is being fostered by her first cousin <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a>. She finds favor in the King's eyes, and is made his new wife. <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> does not reveal her origins or that she is <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, as Mordecai told her not to. Based on the choice of words used in the text some <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_commentaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinic commentaries">rabbinic commentators</a> state that she was actually Mordecai's wife. </p><p>Shortly afterwards, Mordecai discovers a plot by two palace guards <a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a> to kill Ahasuerus. They are apprehended and <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanged</a>, and Mordecai's service to the King is recorded in the daily record of the court.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahasuerus appoints <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> as his <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>. Mordecai, who sits at the palace gates, falls into Haman's disfavor as he refuses to bow down to him. Having found out that Mordecai is Jewish, Haman plans to kill not just Mordecai but the entire <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jewish minority in the empire</a>. Obtaining Ahasuerus' permission and funds to execute this plan, he <a href="/wiki/Cleromancy" title="Cleromancy">casts lots</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">"purim"</i></span>) to choose the date on which to do this—the 14th of the month of Adar. When Mordecai finds out about the plans, he puts on <a href="/wiki/Sackcloth" title="Sackcloth">sackcloth</a> and ashes, a sign of mourning, publicly weeping and lamenting, and many other Jews in Shushan and other parts of Ahasuerus' empire do likewise, with widespread <a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">penitence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit" title="Ta'anit">fasting</a>. Esther discovers what has transpired; there follows an exchange of messages between her and Mordecai, with Hatach, one of the palace servants, as the intermediary. Mordecai requests that she intercede with the King on behalf of the embattled Jews; she replies that nobody is allowed to approach the King, under penalty of death. </p><p>Esther says she will fast and pray for three days and asks Mordecai to request that all Jews of Persia fast and pray for three days together with her. She will then approach the King to seek his help, despite the law against doing so, and declares, 'If I perish, I perish.' On the third day, she seeks an audience with Ahasuerus, during which she invites him to a feast in the company of Haman. During the feast, she asks them to attend a further feast the next evening. Meanwhile, Haman is again offended by Mordecai's refusal to bow to him; egged on by his wife Zeresh and unidentified friends, he builds a <a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">gallows</a> for Mordecai, with the intention to hang him there the very next day.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That night, Ahasuerus suffers from <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>, and when the court's daily records are read to him to help him fall asleep, he learns of the services rendered by Mordecai in the earlier plot against his life. Ahasuerus asks whether anything was done for Mordecai and is told that he received no recognition for saving the King's life. Just then, Haman appears, and King Ahasuerus asks him what should be done for the man that the King wishes to honor. Thinking that the King is referring to Haman himself, Haman says that the honoree should be dressed in the King's royal robes and led around on the King's royal horse. To Haman's horror, the king instructs Haman to render such honors to Mordecai.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that evening, Ahasuerus and Haman attend Esther's second banquet, at which she reveals that she is Jewish and that Haman is planning to exterminate her people, which includes her. Ahasuerus becomes enraged and instead orders Haman hanged on the gallows that Haman had prepared for Mordecai. The previous decree against the Jewish people could not be nullified, so the King allows Mordecai and Esther to write another decree as they wish. They decree that Jewish people may preemptively kill those thought to pose a lethal risk. As a result, on 13 Adar, 500 attackers and 10 of <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Haman" title="Sons of Haman">Haman's sons</a> are killed in Shushan. Throughout the empire 75,000 of the Jewish peoples' enemies are killed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the 14th, another 300 are killed in Shushan. No <a href="/wiki/Looting#In_armed_conflict" title="Looting">spoils</a> are taken.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mordecai assumes the position of second in rank to Ahasuerus, and institutes an annual commemoration of the delivery of the Jewish people from annihilation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptural_and_rabbinical_sources">Scriptural and rabbinical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scriptural and rabbinical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Esther_Scroll_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5493" data-file-height="4331" /></a><figcaption>Esther Scroll</figcaption></figure> <p>The primary source relating to the origin of Purim is the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, which became the last of the 24 books of the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Hebrew Bible</a> to be canonized by the Sages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a>. It is dated to the 4th century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and according to the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> was a redaction by the Great Assembly of an original text by Mordechai.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Masekhet" title="Masekhet">Tractate</a> <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a></i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> (redacted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200</span> CE) records the laws relating to Purim. The accompanying <a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a> (redacted in the same period) and <a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a> (in the Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmud redacted <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400</span> CE and <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 600</span> CE respectively)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> record additional contextual details such as Queen Vashti having been the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Belshazzar" title="Belshazzar">Belshazzar</a> as well as details that accord with <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, such as Esther having been of royal descent. Brief mention of Esther is made in Tractate <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hullin" title="Hullin">Hullin</a></i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Bavli Hullin</i></span> 139b) and idolatry relating to worship of Haman is discussed in Tractate <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sanhedrin</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Sanhedrin</i></span> 61b). </p><p>The work <a href="/wiki/Esther_Rabbah" title="Esther Rabbah">Esther Rabbah</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> text divided in two parts. The first part dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500</span> CE provides an exegetical commentary on the first two chapters of the Hebrew Book of Esther and provided source material for the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Targum_Sheni" title="Targum Sheni">Targum Sheni</a></i></span>. The second part may have been redacted as late as the 11th century CE, and contains commentary on the remaining chapters of Esther. It, too, contains the additional contextual material found in the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a></i></span> (a chronicle of Jewish history from Adam to the age of <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> believed to have been written by Josippon or Joseph ben Gorion).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_views">Historical views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_historians">Traditional historians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Traditional historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haman_defeated.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haman_defeated.png/220px-Haman_defeated.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haman_defeated.png/330px-Haman_defeated.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Haman_defeated.png/440px-Haman_defeated.png 2x" data-file-width="1636" data-file-height="1230" /></a><figcaption>Haman defeated (1578 engraving)</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1st-century CE historian <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> recounts the origins of Purim in Book 11 of his <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a></i>. He follows the Hebrew Book of Esther but shows awareness of some of the additional material found in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek (language)">Greek</a> version (the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>) in that he too identifies Ahasuerus as <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artaxerxes I of Persia">Artaxerxes</a> and provides the text of the king's letter. He also provides additional information on the dating of events relative to Ezra and Nehemiah.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiston_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiston-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josephus also records the Persian persecution of Jews and mentions Jews being forced to worship at Persian-erected shrines.<sup id="cite_ref-Whiston_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiston-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hosch_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hosch-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Josippon" title="Josippon">Josippon</a>, a 10th-century CE compilation of Jewish history, includes an account of the origins of Purim in its chapter 4. It too follows the original biblical account and includes additional traditions matching those found in the Greek version and Josephus (whom the author claims as a source) with the exception of the details of the letters found in the latter works. It also provides other contextual information relating to Jewish and Persian history such as the identification of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Mede" title="Darius the Mede">Darius the Mede</a> as the uncle and father-in-law of Cyrus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A brief Persian account of events is provided by Islamic historian <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> (completed 915 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Yar_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yar-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basing his account on Jewish and Christian sources, al-Tabari provides additional details such as the original Persian form "Asturya" for "Esther".<sup id="cite_ref-Perlmann_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlmann-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He places events during the rule of Ardashir Bahman (<a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes II</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Arjomand_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arjomand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but confuses him with Ardashir al-Tawil al-Ba (<a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a>), while assuming Ahasuerus to be the name of a co-ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Perlmann_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perlmann-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another brief Persian account is recorded by <a href="/wiki/Masudi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masudi">Masudi</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i> (completed 947 CE).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refers to a Jewish woman who had married the Persian King Bahman (Artaxerxes II), and delivered her people,<sup id="cite_ref-Arjomand_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arjomand-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus corroborating this identification of Ahasuerus. He also mentions the woman's daughter, Khumay, who is not known in Jewish tradition but is well remembered in Persian folklore. Al-Tabari calls her <i>Khumani</i> and tells how her father (Ardashir Bahman) married her. <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1000</span> CE) also tells of King Bahman marrying Khumay.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern Biblical scholarship generally identifies <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes I of Persia">Xerxes I of Persia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_scholarship_views">Modern scholarship views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern scholarship views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1890s, several academics have suggested that Purim has its origin in a <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerized</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth</a> or <a href="/wiki/Festival" title="Festival">festival</a> (though which one is a subject of discussion).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars find these hypotheses unlikely.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observances">Observances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Observances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gan-Shmuel_(997008137081605171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People dressed up for Purim. Gan Shmuel Kibbutz, 1952" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gan-Shmuel_%28997008137081605171.jpg/250px-Gan-Shmuel_%28997008137081605171.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gan-Shmuel_%28997008137081605171.jpg/330px-Gan-Shmuel_%28997008137081605171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Gan-Shmuel_%28997008137081605171.jpg/500px-Gan-Shmuel_%28997008137081605171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1897" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>People dressed up for Purim. <a href="/wiki/Gan_Shmuel" title="Gan Shmuel">Gan Shmuel</a> <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a>, 1952</figcaption></figure> <p>Purim has more of a national than a religious character, and its status as a holiday is on a different level from those days ordained holy by the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>. Hallel is not recited.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, according to some authorities, business transactions and even manual labor are allowed on Purim under certain circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A special prayer (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al_HaNissim" title="Al HaNissim">Al ha-Nissim</a></i></span> – "For the Miracles") is inserted into the <a href="/wiki/Amidah" title="Amidah">Amidah</a> prayers during evening, morning and afternoon prayer services, and is also included in the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Birkat_Hamazon" title="Birkat Hamazon">Birkat Hamazon</a></i></span> ("Grace after Meals"). </p><p>The four main <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a> (obligations) of the day are:<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Listening to the public reading, usually in synagogue, of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> in the evening and again in the following morning (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">k'riat megillah</i></span>).</li> <li>Sending food gifts to friends (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">mishloach manot</a></i></span>).</li> <li>Giving <a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">charity</a> to the poor (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">matanot la'evyonim</i></span>).</li> <li>Eating a festive meal (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Purim" title="Seudat mitzvah">se'udat mitzvah</a></i></span>).</li></ol> <p>The three latter obligations apply only during the daytime hours of Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading_of_the_Megillah">Reading of the Megillah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reading of the Megillah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg/220px-Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg/330px-Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg/440px-Jerusalem_Purim_street_scene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Children during Purim in the streets of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (2006)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_(16141244204).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_%2816141244204%29.jpg/250px-Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_%2816141244204%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_%2816141244204%29.jpg/330px-Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_%2816141244204%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_%2816141244204%29.jpg/500px-Purim_Street_Party_in_Tel_aviv_%2816141244204%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>Purim Street Party in <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> (2015)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first religious ceremony which is ordained for the celebration of Purim is the reading of the Book of Esther (the "Megillah") in the synagogue, a regulation which is ascribed in the Talmud (Megillah 2a) to the Sages of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Assembly" title="Great Assembly">Great Assembly</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> is reported to have been a member. Originally this regulation was only supposed to be observed on the 14th of Adar; later, however, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Joshua_ben_Levi" title="Joshua ben Levi">Joshua ben Levi</a> (3rd century CE) prescribed that the Megillah should also be read on the eve of Purim. Further, he obliged women to attend the reading of the Megillah, because women were also part of the miracle. The commentaries offer two reasons as to why women played a major role in the miracle. The first reason is that it was through a lady, Queen <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, that the miraculous deliverance of the Jews was accomplished (<a href="/wiki/Rashbam" title="Rashbam">Rashbam</a>). The second reason is that women were also threatened by the genocidal decree and were therefore equal beneficiaries of the miracle (<a href="/wiki/Tosafot" title="Tosafot">Tosafot</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Talmud prescribed three benedictions before the reading and one benediction after the reading. The Talmud added other provisions. For example, the reader is to pronounce the names of the ten sons of <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in one breath, to indicate their simultaneous death. An additional custom that probably began in medieval times is that the congregation recites aloud with the reader the verses Esther 2:5, Esther 8:15–16, and Esther 10:3, which relate the origin of Mordecai and his triumph.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Megillah is read with a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">cantillation</a> (a traditional chant) which is different from that which is used in the customary reading of the Torah. Besides the traditional cantillation, there are several verses or short phrases in the Megillah that are chanted in a different chant, the chant that is traditionally used during the reading of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Lamentations" title="Book of Lamentations">book of Lamentations</a>. These verses are particularly sad, or they refer to Jews being in exile. When the Megillah reader jumps to the melody of the book of Lamentations for these phrases, it heightens the feeling of sadness in the listener.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some communities, the Megillah is not chanted, but is read like a letter, because of the name <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">iggeret</i></span> ("epistle"), which is applied<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the Book of Esther. It has been also customary since the time of the early medieval era of the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a> to unroll the whole Megillah before reading it, to give it the appearance of an epistle. According to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a> (Jewish law), the Megillah may be read in any language intelligible to the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Mishnah (<a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Megillah.30b.10?lang=bi">30b</a>), the story of the attack on the Jews by <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the progenitor of Haman, is also to be read. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blessings_before_Megillah_reading">Blessings before Megillah reading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Blessings before Megillah reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the reading of the Megillah on Purim, both at night and again in the morning, the reader of the Megillah recites the following three blessings and at the end of each blessing the congregation then responds by answering "Amen" after each of the blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Torah_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Torah-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the morning reading of the Megillah the congregation should have in mind that the third blessing applies to the other observances of the day as well as to the reading of the Megillah:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Torah_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Torah-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:right"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם אשר קדשנו במצותיו וצונו על מקרא מגלה</span></span></div> </td> <td>Blessed are You, My L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and has commanded us regarding the reading of the Megillah. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:right"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שעשה נסים לאבותינו בימים ההם בזמן הזה</span></span></div> </td> <td>Blessed are You, My L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, our God, King of the universe, Who has wrought miracles for our forefathers, in those days at this season. </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:right"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם שהחינו וקימנו והגיענו לזמן הזה</span></span></div> </td> <td>Blessed are You, My L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, our God, King of the universe, Who has kept us alive, sustained us and brought us to this season. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blessing_and_recitations_after_Megillah_reading">Blessing and recitations after Megillah reading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Blessing and recitations after Megillah reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Megillah reading, each member of the congregation who has heard the reading recites the following blessing.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Torah_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Torah-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This blessing is not recited unless a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">minyan</a></i></span> was present for the Megillah reading:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Torah_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Torah-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:right"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ברוך אתה יי אלהינו מלך העולם האל הרב את ריבנו והדן את דיננו והנוקם את נקמתינו והמשלם גמול לכל איבי נפשנו והנפרע לנו מצרינו ברוך אתה יי הנפרע לעמו ישראל מכל צריהם האל המושיע</span></span></div> </td> <td>Blessed are You, My L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, our God, King of the Universe, (the God) Who takes up our grievance, judges our claim, avenges our wrong; Who brings just retribution upon all enemies of our soul and exacts vengeance for us from our foes. Blessed are You My L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>, Who exacts vengeance for His people Israel from all their foes, the God Who brings salvation. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>After the nighttime Megillah reading the following two paragraphs are recited:<sup id="cite_ref-The_Torah_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Torah-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first one is an acrostic poem that starts with each letter of the Hebrew alphabet, starting with "Who balked (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">... אשר הניא</span></span>) the counsel of the nations and annulled the counsel of the cunning. When a wicked man stood up against us (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">... בקום עלינו</span></span>), a wantonly evil branch of Amalek's offspring ..." and ending with "The rose of Jacob (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">ששנת יעקב</span></span>) was cheerful and glad, when they jointly saw Mordechai robed in royal blue. You have been their eternal salvation (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">תשועתם הייתה לנצח</span></span>), and their hope throughout generations." </p><p>The second is recited at night, but after the morning Megillah reading only this is recited: </p> <blockquote><p>The rose of Jacob was cheerful and glad, when they jointly saw Mordechai robed in royal blue. You have been their eternal salvation, and their hope throughout generations.</p></blockquote> <p>At night and in the morning: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hebrew</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="text-align:right"><span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">שושנת יעקב צהלה ושמחה בראותם יחד תכלת מרדכי. תשועתם היית לנצח ותקותם בכל דור ודור. להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו ולא יכלמו לנצח כל החוסים בך. ארור המן אשר בקש לאבדי ברוך מרדכי היהודי. ארורה זרש אשת מפחידי ברוכה אסתר בעדי וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב</span></span></div> </td> <td>To make known that all who hope in You will not be shamed (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">להודיע שכל קויך לא יבשו</span></span>); nor ever be humiliated, those taking refuge in You. Accursed be Haman who sought to destroy me, blessed be Mordechai the Yehudi. Accursed be Zeresh the wife of my terrorizer, blessed be Esther who sacrificed for me—and Charvonah, too, be remembered for good (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">וגם חרבונה זכור לטוב</span></span>) [for suggesting to the King that Haman be hanged on the gallows.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>] </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women_and_Megillah_reading">Women and Megillah reading</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Women and Megillah reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megillat_Esther_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg/250px-Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg/330px-Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg/500px-Megillat_Esther_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Megillat Esther with Torah pointer</figcaption></figure> <p>Women have an obligation to hear the Megillah because "they also were involved in that miracle."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orthodox communities, including most Modern Orthodox ones, however, generally do not allow women to lead the Megillah reading. Rabbinic authorities who hold that women should not read the Megillah for themselves, because of an uncertainty as to which blessing they should recite upon the reading, nonetheless agree that they have an obligation to hear it read. According to these authorities if women, or men for that matter, cannot attend the services in the synagogue, the Megillah should be read for them in private by any male over the age of thirteen.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often in Orthodox communities there is a special public reading only for women, conducted either in a private home or in a synagogue, but the Megillah is read by a man.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Modern Orthodox leaders have held that women can serve as public Megillah readers. Women's megillah readings have become increasingly common in more liberal <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern Orthodox Judaism</a>, though women may only read for other women, according to Ashkenazi authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blotting_out_Haman's_name"><span id="Blotting_out_Haman.27s_name"></span>Blotting out Haman's name<span class="anchor" id="grager"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Blotting out Haman's name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Grager" title="Grager">Grager</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim_gragger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Purim_gragger.jpg/250px-Purim_gragger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Purim_gragger.jpg/330px-Purim_gragger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Purim_gragger.jpg/500px-Purim_gragger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A wooden Purim gragger (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ra'ashan</i></span>)</figcaption></figure><p> When Haman's name is read out loud during the public chanting of the Megillah in the synagogue, which occurs 54 times, the congregation engages in noise-making to blot out his name. The practice can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/Tosafists" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosafists">Tosafists</a> (the leading French and German rabbis of the 13th century). In accordance with a passage in the <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a>, where the verse "Thou shalt blot out the remembrance of <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalek</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is explained to mean "even from wood and stones." A custom developed of writing the name of Haman, the offspring of Amalek, on two smooth stones, and knocking them together until the name was blotted out. Some wrote the name of Haman on the soles of their shoes, and at the mention of the name stamped with their feet as a sign of contempt. Another method was to use a noisy <a href="/wiki/Ratchet_(instrument)" title="Ratchet (instrument)">ratchet</a>, called a <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ra'ashan</i></span> (from the Hebrew <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ra-ash</i></span>, meaning "noise") and in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> a <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">grager</i></span>. Some of the rabbis protested against these uproarious excesses, considering them a disturbance of public worship, but the custom of using a ratchet in the synagogue on Purim is now almost universal, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Spanish and Portuguese Jews</a> and other Sephardic Jews, who consider them an improper interruption of the reading.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great Ashkenazi halachic authority, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moshe Isserles</a>, affirmed and validated this custom in his notes on the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>:</p><blockquote><p>It is also written that the young children are accustomed to draw pictures of Haman on trees or stones or to write the name of Haman on themselves and to strike one against the other in order to blot out his name according to "The name of Amalek shall surely be erased" (Devarim 25:19) and "But the fame of the wicked rots". (Proverbs 10:7). From this is derived the custom that we strike Haman wen we read the Megillah in the synagogue. We must not nullify any custom nor should we ridicule [any custom] because it was not for nothing that it was determined.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_gifts_and_charity">Food gifts and charity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Food gifts and charity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">Mishloach manot</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg/250px-2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg/330px-2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg/500px-2_Mishloach_Manot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Gaily wrapped baskets of sweets, snacks and other foodstuffs given as <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mishloach manot</i></span> on Purim day</figcaption></figure> <p>The Book of Esther prescribes "the sending of portions one man to another, and gifts to the poor".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>, each adult must give at least two different foods to one person, and at least two charitable donations to two poor people.<sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food parcels are called <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">mishloach manot</a></i></span> ("sending of portions"), and in some circles the custom has evolved into a major gift-giving event.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To fulfill the mitzvah of giving charity to two poor people, one can give either food or money equivalent to the amount of food that is eaten at a regular meal. It is better to spend more on charity than on the giving of <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">mishloach manot</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the synagogue, regular collections of charity are made on the festival and the money is distributed among the needy. No distinction is made among the poor; anyone who is willing to accept charity is allowed to participate. It is obligatory for the poorest Jew, even one who is himself dependent on charity, to give to other poor people.<sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim_meal_(se'udah)_and_festive_drinking"><span id="Purim_meal_.28se.27udah.29_and_festive_drinking"></span>Purim meal <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">(se'udah)</i></span> and festive drinking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purim meal (se'udah) and festive drinking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah#Seudat_Purim" title="Seudat mitzvah">Seudat mitzvah § Seudat Purim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg/250px-PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg/500px-PikiWiki_Israel_28013_Purim_at_Bnei_Brak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2916" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox Jewish men drinking at a Purim <a href="/wiki/Tish_(Hasidic_celebration)" title="Tish (Hasidic celebration)">tish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a> (2012)</figcaption></figure> <p>On Purim day, a festive meal called the <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Se'udat Purim</i></span> is held. </p><p>There is a longstanding custom of drinking wine at the feast. The Talmud (b. <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Megillah</a> 7b) records that "<a href="/wiki/Rava_(amora)" title="Rava (amora)">Rava</a> said: A person is obligated to become intoxicated on Purim, until they cannot distinguish between 'Blessed be Mordecai' and 'Cursed be Haman'". Several interpretations arose among the <a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">late medieval authorities</a>, although in general the classical sources are unanimous in rejecting intoxicated excess; only beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic masters</a> was drunkenness occasionally endorsed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> writes that one must "drink wine until drunk, and pass out from drink"; according to one view, he is interpreting the Talmud this way (a sleeping person cannot distinguish), but according to another, he is intentionally contradicting it. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a> writes that one must "never become drunk, as this is totally forbidden and leads to terrible sins. Rather, one must drink slightly more than usual", while <a href="/wiki/Moses_Isserles" title="Moses Isserles">Moses Isserles</a> writes that one may drink more or less, so long as the intent is pure. <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Michel_Epstein" title="Yechiel Michel Epstein">Yechiel Michel Epstein</a> suggests that "until" should be read exclusively, so that one is obligated to become drunk but not so drunk that they cannot distinguish Mordecai and Haman.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasts">Fasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Fasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a>, observed before Purim, on the 13th of Adar, is an original part of the Purim celebration, referred to in <a href="/wiki/Esther_9" title="Esther 9">Esther 9</a>:31–32. The first who mentions the Fast of Esther is <a href="/wiki/Ahai_of_Shabha" title="Ahai of Shabha">Aḥai of Shabḥa</a> (8th century CE) in <i><a href="/wiki/She%27iltot" title="She'iltot">She'iltot</a></i> 4; the reason there given for its institution is based on an interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Esther_9:18" class="mw-redirect" title="Esther 9:18">Esther 9:18</a>, Esther 9:31 and <a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">Talmud Megillah</a> 2a: "The 13th was the time of gathering", which gathering is explained to have had also the purpose of public prayer and fasting. Some, however, used to fast three days in commemoration of the fasting of Esther; but as fasting was prohibited during the month of Nisan, the first and second Mondays and the Thursday following Purim were chosen. The fast of the 13th is still commonly observed; but when that date falls on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, the fast is pushed back to the preceding Thursday, Friday being needed to prepare for Sabbath and the following Purim festival.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs">Customs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greetings">Greetings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greetings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is common to greet one another on Purim in Hebrew with <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Chag Purim Sameach</i></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">חג פורים שמח</span></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> with <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">ah freilichin Purim</i></span> (<span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">א פרייליכן פורים</span></span>) or in <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> with <span title="Ladino-language romanization"><i lang="lad-Latn">Purim Allegre</i></span>. The Hebrew greeting loosely translates to 'Happy Purim Holiday' and the Yiddish and Ladino translate to 'Happy Purim'.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masquerading">Masquerading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Masquerading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purim_costume" title="Purim costume">Purim costume</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Purim22.jpg/250px-Purim22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="407" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Purim22.jpg/330px-Purim22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Purim22.jpg/440px-Purim22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Israeli boy dressed up as a cowboy while holding his <a href="/wiki/Purim_basket" class="mw-redirect" title="Purim basket">Purim basket</a> of candies (2006)</figcaption></figure> <p>The custom of masquerading in costumes and the wearing of masks probably originated among the Italian Jews at the end of the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was possibly influenced by the Roman <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> and spread across Europe. The practice was only introduced into Middle Eastern countries during the 19th century. The first Jewish codifier to mention the custom was <a href="/wiki/Judah_Minz" title="Judah Minz">Judah Minz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Iranian Jews</a> use traditional Persian costumes and masks.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The primary reason for masquerading is that it alludes to the hidden aspect of the miracle of Purim, which was "disguised" by natural events but was really the work of the Almighty.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TCAH_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCAH-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since charity is a central feature of the day, when givers and recipients disguise themselves, this also allows greater anonymity thus preserving the dignity of the recipient. </p><p>Additional explanations are based on: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a> on Esther (Chapter 3), which states that Haman's hate for Mordecai stemmed from <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>'s 'dressing up' like <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> to receive <a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a>'s blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Others who "dressed up" or hid who they were in the story of Esther: <ul><li>Esther not revealing that she is a Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mordecai wearing sackcloth.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mordecai being dressed in the king's clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_77-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"[M]any from among the peoples of the land became Jews; for the fear of the Jews was fallen upon them" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3308.htm#17">Esther 8:17</a>); on which the <a href="/wiki/Vilna_Gaon" title="Vilna Gaon">Vilna Gaon</a> comments that those gentiles were not accepted as <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">converts</a> because they only made themselves look Jewish on the outside, as they did this out of fear.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_77-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>To recall the episodes that only happened in "outside appearance" as stated in Talmud Megillah 12a)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the Jews bowed to Haman only from the outside, internally holding strong to their Jewish belief, and likewise, God only gave the appearance as if he was to destroy all the Jews while internally knowing that he will save them.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_77-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burning_of_Haman's_effigy"><span id="Burning_of_Haman.27s_effigy"></span>Burning of Haman's effigy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Burning of Haman's effigy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as the 5th century, there was a custom to burn an <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigy</a> of Haman on Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-JE_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prohibitions were issued against such displays under the reign of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Augustus_Honorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Augustus Honorius">Flavius Augustus Honorius</a> (395–423) and of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a> (408–450).<sup id="cite_ref-JE_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The custom was popular during the <a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonic period</a> (9th and 10th centuries),<sup id="cite_ref-JE_72-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JE-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_ben_Kalonymus" title="Kalonymus ben Kalonymus">14th century scholar</a> described how people would ride through the streets of <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> holding fir branches and blowing trumpets around a puppet of Haman which was hanged and later burnt.<sup id="cite_ref-GAST_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAST-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice continued into the 20th century, with children treating Haman as a sort of "<a href="/wiki/Guy_Fawkes" title="Guy Fawkes">Guy Fawkes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1950s, the custom was still observed in Iran and some remote communities in Kurdistan<sup id="cite_ref-GAST_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GAST-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where young Muslims would sometimes join in.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim_spiel">Purim spiel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Purim spiel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim_2016_Dresden_(07).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Purim_2016_Dresden_%2807%29.JPG/250px-Purim_2016_Dresden_%2807%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Purim_2016_Dresden_%2807%29.JPG/330px-Purim_2016_Dresden_%2807%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Purim_2016_Dresden_%2807%29.JPG/500px-Purim_2016_Dresden_%2807%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Purim spiel in <a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Germany (2016)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Purim_spiel" title="Purim spiel">Purim spiel</a></div> <p>A Purim <i>spiel</i> (Purim play) is a comic dramatization that attempts to convey the saga of the Purim story.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, in some parts of Eastern Europe, the Purim plays had evolved into broad-ranging satires with music and dance for which the story of Esther was little more than a pretext. Indeed, by the mid-19th century, some were even based on other biblical stories. Today, Purim spiels can revolve around anything relating to Jews, Judaism, or even community gossip that will bring cheer and comic relief to an audience celebrating the day.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songs">Songs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Songs associated with Purim are based on sources that are Talmudic, liturgical and cultural. Traditional Purim songs include <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishenichnas Adar marbim be-simcha</i></span> ("When [the Hebrew month of] Adar enters, we have a lot of joy"—Mishnah Taanith 4:1) and <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">LaYehudim haitah orah ve-simchah ve-sasson ve-yakar</i></span> ("The Jews had light and gladness, joy and honor"—Esther 8:16).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shoshanat Yaakov</i></span> prayer is sung at the conclusion of the Megillah reading. A number of children's songs (with non-liturgical sources) also exist: <i>Once There Was a Wicked Wicked Man</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ani Purim</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chag Purim, Chag Purim, Chag Gadol Hu LaYehudim</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Mishenichnas Adar</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Shoshanas Yaakov</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Al HaNisim</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">VeNahafoch Hu</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">LaYehudim Hayesa Orah</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">U Mordechai Yatza</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Kacha Yay'aseh</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Chayav Inish</i></span>, <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Utzu Eitzah</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-aish_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aish-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_foods">Traditional foods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg/250px-Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg/330px-Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg/500px-Homemade_hamantaschen2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Homemade prune <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hamantaschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamantaschen">hamantaschen</a></i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>On Purim, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> (of both Ashkenazi and Sephardic descent) eat triangular pastries called <a href="/wiki/Hamantasch" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamantasch">hamantaschen</a> ("Haman's pockets") or <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">oznei Haman</i></span> ("Haman's ears").<sup id="cite_ref-auto_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A sweet pastry dough is rolled out, cut into circles, and traditionally filled with a raspberry, apricot, date, or <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy seed</a> filling. More recently, flavors such as chocolate have also gained favor, while non-traditional experiments such as pizza hamantaschen also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pastry is then wrapped up into a triangular shape with the filling either hidden or showing. </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, a fried pastry called <a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">fazuelos</a> is eaten, as well as a range of baked or fried pastries called Orejas de Haman (Haman's Ears) or Hojuelas de Haman.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sephardic Jewish community in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> traditionally served <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">Baklavas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaday%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadayıf">Kadayıf</a>, Travadicos, Figuela, <a href="/wiki/Basbousa" title="Basbousa">Tichpichtil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ma%27amoul" title="Ma'amoul">Ma'amoul</a> during Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashelika_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashelika-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Travadicos</i> is a term for a deep-fried version of <i><a href="/wiki/Bourekas" title="Bourekas">bourekitas</a></i> that is soaked in honey and filled with nuts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rashelika_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rashelika-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This name is used among <a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Turkey">Jews in Turkey</a>, while for <a href="/wiki/Greek_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Jews">Jews in Greece</a>, the same dish is known as <i>bourekitas de muez</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seeds, nuts, legumes and green vegetables are customarily eaten on Purim, as the Talmud relates that Queen Esther ate only these foodstuffs in the palace of Ahasuerus, since she had no access to <a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">kosher food</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">Kreplach</a>, a kind of <a href="/wiki/Dumpling" title="Dumpling">dumpling</a> filled with cooked meat, chicken or liver and served in soup, are traditionally served by Ashkenazi Jews on Purim. "Hiding" the meat inside the dumpling serves as another reminder of the story of Esther, the only book of Hebrew scriptures besides The Song of Songs that does not contain a single reference to God, who seems to hide behind the scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Sephardic Jews traditionally eat cooked green <a href="/wiki/Fava_beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Fava beans">fava beans</a> in remembrance of Esther, who, in Ahasuerus' palace, could not consume meat and thus had to rely on vegetarian dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Middle Ages, European Jews would eat <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">nilish</i></span>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Blintz" title="Blintz">blintz</a> or <a href="/wiki/Waffle" title="Waffle">waffle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arany_galuska" title="Arany galuska">Arany galuska</a>, a dessert consisting of fried dough balls and vanilla custard, is traditional for Jews from Hungary and Romania, as well as their descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special breads are baked among various communities. In <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Jewish">Moroccan Jewish</a> communities, a Purim bread called <i>ojos de Haman</i> ("eyes of Haman") is sometimes baked in the shape of Haman's head, and the eyes, made of eggs, are plucked out to demonstrate the destruction of Haman.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a>, <i>koilitch</i>, a raisin Purim <a href="/wiki/Challah" title="Challah">challah</a> that is baked in a long twisted ring and topped with small colorful candies, is meant to evoke the colorful nature of the holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torah_learning">Torah learning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Torah learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a widespread tradition to study the Torah in a synagogue on Purim morning, during an event called "Yeshivas Mordechai Hatzadik" to commemorate all the Jews who were inspired by Mordechai to learn Torah to overturn the evil decree against them. Children are especially encouraged to participate with prizes and sweets due to the fact that Mordechai taught many children Torah during this time.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Jerusalem">In Jerusalem</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shushan_Purim">Shushan Purim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shushan Purim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shushan Purim falls on Adar 15 and is the day on which Jews in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> celebrate Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day is also universally observed by omitting the <a href="/wiki/Tachanun" title="Tachanun">tachanun</a> prayer and having a more elaborate meal than on ordinary days.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Purim is celebrated on Adar 14 because the Jews in unwalled cities fought their enemies on Adar 13 and rested the following day. However, in <a href="/wiki/Shushan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushan">Shushan</a>, the capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the Jews were involved in defeating their enemies on Adar 13–14 and rested on the 15th (Esther 9:20–22). In commemoration of this, it was decided that while the victory would be celebrated universally on <a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar</a> 14, for Jews living in Shushan, the holiday would be held on Adar 15. Later, in deference to Jerusalem, the Sages determined that Purim would be celebrated on Adar 15 in all cities a wall had enclosed at the time of <a href="/wiki/Joshua" title="Joshua">Joshua</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. This criterion allowed the city of Jerusalem to retain its importance for Jews, and although Shushan was not walled at the time of Joshua, it was made an exception since the miracle occurred there.<sup id="cite_ref-Barclay_63-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barclay-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, there is debate as to whether outlying neighborhoods of Jerusalem are obliged to observe Purim on the 14th or 15th of Adar.<sup id="cite_ref-Zbook_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbook-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further doubts have arisen as to whether other cities were sufficiently walled in Joshua's era. It is therefore customary in certain towns including <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beersheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Beersheva">Beersheva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gush_Halav" class="mw-redirect" title="Gush Halav">Gush Halav</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramlah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramlah">Ramlah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shechem" title="Shechem">Shechem</a> to celebrate Purim on the 14th and hold an additional <i><a href="/wiki/Megillah_(Talmud)" title="Megillah (Talmud)">megillah</a></i> reading on the 15th with no blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-Zbook_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zbook-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a>, Jews in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, Prague, and elsewhere celebrate Purim on the 14th and hold an additional <i>megillah</i> reading on the 15th with no blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since today we are not sure where the walled cities from Joshua's time are, the only city that currently celebrates only Shushan Purim is Jerusalem; however, Rabbi Yoel Elizur has written that residents of <a href="/wiki/Bet_El" class="mw-redirect" title="Bet El">Bet El</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mevo_Horon" title="Mevo Horon">Mevo Horon</a> should observe only the 15th, like Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of Jerusalem, Hasidic Jews don their holiday clothing on Shushan Purim, and may attend a <i><a href="/wiki/Tish_(Hasidic_celebration)" title="Tish (Hasidic celebration)">tish</a></i> and even give <i><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">mishloach manot</a></i>; however, this is just a custom and not a religious obligation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim_Meshulash">Purim Meshulash</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Purim Meshulash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Purim Meshulash,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the three-fold Purim, is a somewhat rare calendric occurrence that affects how Purim is observed in Jerusalem (and, in theory at least, in other cities that were surrounded by a wall in ancient times).<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Shushan Purim (Adar 15) falls on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a>, the holiday is celebrated over a period of three days.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>megilla</i> reading and distribution of charity takes place on the Friday (Adar 14), which is called Purim dePrazos. The <i>Al ha-Nissim</i> prayer is only recited on Sabbath (Adar 15), which is Purim itself. The <a href="/wiki/Weekly_Torah_portion" title="Weekly Torah portion">weekly Torah portion</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetzaveh" title="Tetzaveh">Tetzaveh</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Ki_Tissa" title="Ki Tissa">Ki Tissa</a></i> in regular years, <i><a href="/wiki/Tzav" title="Tzav">Tzav</a></i> in leap years) is read as usual, while the <a href="/wiki/Torah_portion" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah portion">Torah portion</a> for Purim is read for <i><a href="/wiki/Maftir" title="Maftir">maftir</a>,</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Haftarah" class="mw-redirect" title="Haftarah">haftarah</a></i> is the same as read the previous Shabbat, <a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat#Parshat_Zachor" title="Special Shabbat">Parshat Zachor</a>. On Sunday (Adar 16), called Purim Meshullash, <i>mishloach manot</i> are sent and the festive Purim meal is held.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The minimum interval between occurrences of Purim Meshulash is three years (1974 to 1977; 2005 to 2008; will occur again 2045 to 2048). The maximum interval is 20 years (1954 to 1974; will occur again 2025 to 2045). Other possible intervals are four years (1977 to 1981; 2001 to 2005; 2021 to 2025; will occur again 2048 to 2052); seven years (1994 to 2001; will occur again 2123 to 2130); 13 years (1981 to 1994; 2008 to 2021; will occur again 2130 to 2143); and 17 years (1930 to 1947; will occur again 2275 to 2292).<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Purims">Other Purims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Other Purims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purim_Katan">Purim Katan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Purim Katan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Leap_year#Hebrew_calendar" title="Leap year">leap years</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>, Purim is celebrated in the second month of Adar. (The <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a>, however, celebrate it in the first month of Adar.) The 14th of the first Adar is then called <i>Purim Katan</i> ("Little Purim" in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>) and the 15th is <i>Shushan Purim Katan</i>, for which there are no set observances but it has a minor holiday aspect to it. The distinctions between the first and the second Purim in leap years are mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain prayers like Tachanun, Eil Erech Apayim (when 15 Adar I is a Monday or Thursday) and Lam'nazteach (Psalm 20) are omitted during the service. When 15th Adar I is on Shabbat, "Av Harachamim" is omitted. When either 13th or 15th Adar I falls on Shabbat, "Tzidkas'cha" is omitted at Mincha. Fasting is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communal_and_familial_Purims">Communal and familial Purims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Communal and familial Purims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Purim" title="Second Purim">Second Purim</a></div> <p>Historically, many Jewish communities around the world established local "Purims" to commemorate their deliverance from catastrophe or an <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> ruler or edict. One of the best known is <i>Purim Vinz</i>, traditionally celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> one week after the regular Purim. Purim Vinz commemorates the <a href="/wiki/Fettmilch_uprising" title="Fettmilch uprising">Fettmilch uprising</a> (1616–1620), in which one <a href="/wiki/Vincenz_Fettmilch" title="Vincenz Fettmilch">Vincenz Fettmilch</a> attempted to exterminate the Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some sources, the influential Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a> (the <i>Chasam Sofer</i>), who was born in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, celebrated Purim Vintz every year, even when he served as a rabbi in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Pressburg</a>. </p><p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Yom-Tov_Lipmann_Heller" title="Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller">Yom-Tov Lipmann Heller</a> (1579–1654) of <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland, asked that his family henceforth celebrate a private Purim, marking the end of his many troubles, including having faced trumped-up charges.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Purim is preceded by a fast day, the rabbi also directed his descendants to have a (private) fast day, the 5th day of Tamuz, marking one of his imprisonments (1629), this one lasting for 40 days.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a> has celebrated two historic Purims, both from the Ottoman period. One is called Window Purim, or Purim Taka, in which the community was saved when a bag of money mysteriously appeared in a window, enabling them to pay off an extortion fee to the Ottoman Pasha. Many record the date being the 14th of the month, which corresponds the date of Purim on 14 Adar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other was called The Purim of Ibrahim Pasha, in which the community was saved during a battle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historic Purim celebrations in Jewish history have occurred in Yemen, Italy, Vilna and other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-ou_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ou-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_modern_history">In modern history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> banned and forbade the observance of Purim. In a speech made on 10 November 1938 (the day after <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>), the Nazi politician and prominent anti-Semite <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a> surmised that just as "the Jew butchered 75,000 Persians" in one night, the same fate would have befallen the German people had the Jews succeeded in inciting a war against Germany; the "Jews would have instituted a new Purim festival in Germany".<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazi attacks against Jews were often coordinated with Jewish festivals. On Purim 1942, ten Jews were hanged in <a href="/wiki/Zdu%C5%84ska_Wola" title="Zduńska Wola">Zduńska Wola</a> to "avenge" the hanging of Haman's ten sons.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar incident in 1943, the Nazis shot ten Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków</a> <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghetto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ESE_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESE-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Purim eve that same year, over 100 Jewish doctors and their families were shot by the Nazis in <a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>. The following day, Jewish doctors were taken from <a href="/wiki/Radom" title="Radom">Radom</a> and shot nearby in <a href="/wiki/Szyd%C5%82owiec" title="Szydłowiec">Szydłowiec</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ESE_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESE-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, on Purim, the Nazis murdered over 5000 Jews, mostly children, in the Minsk Ghetto. All of the victims were shot and buried alive by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still, the Nazi regime was defied and Purim was celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghetto" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghetto">Nazi ghettos</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an apparent connection made by Hitler between his Nazi regime and the role of Haman, Hitler stated in a speech made on 30 January 1944, that if the Nazis were defeated, the Jews would celebrate "a second Purim".<sup id="cite_ref-ESE_127-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ESE-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a> was reported to remark ironically "Purimfest 1946" as he ascended the scaffold to the gallows <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Trials">after Nuremberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rabbi Mordechai Neugroschel, there is a code in the Book of Esther which lies in the names of Haman's 10 sons. Three of the Hebrew letters—a tav, a shin and a zayin—are written smaller than the rest, while a vav is written larger. The outsized vav—which represents the number six—corresponds to the sixth millennium of the world since creation, which, according to Jewish tradition, is the period between 1240 and 2240 CE. As for the tav, shin and zayin, their numerical values add up to 707. Put together, these letters refer to the Jewish year 5707, which corresponds to the secular 1946–1947. In his research, Neugroschel noticed that ten Nazi defendants in the Nuremberg Trials were executed by hanging on 16 October 1946, which was the date of the final judgement day of Judaism, <a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a>. Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, an eleventh Nazi official sentenced to death, committed suicide, parallel to Haman's daughter in Tractate Megillah.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a tale in the <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> movement that <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">died</a> as a result of some metaphysical intervention of the seventh Chabad leader, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, during the recitation of a discourse at a public Purim <a href="/wiki/Farbrengen" title="Farbrengen">farbrengen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stalin was suddenly paralyzed on 1 March 1953, which corresponds to Purim 1953, and died four days later. Due to Stalin's death, nationwide <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against Jews throughout the Soviet Union were averted, as Stalin's infamous <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">doctors' plot</a> was halted.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brackman390_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brackman390-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, during which <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">Iraq launched 39 Scud missiles against Israel</a>, ended on Purim.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs_massacre" title="Cave of the Patriarchs massacre">Cave of the Patriarchs massacre</a> took place during Purim of 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-times940307_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-times940307-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Dizengoff Center suicide bombing</a> took place on the eve of Purim killing 13 on 4 March 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, ahead of Purim, Israel's Education Ministry issued a directive to schools and kindergartens about avoiding "panic-inducing costumes" in view of the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Gaza_war" title="Gaza war">Gaza war</a>. Also, many places in Israel decided to cancel Purim events.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: In the media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960 20th Century-Fox film <i><a href="/wiki/Esther_and_the_King" title="Esther and the King">Esther and the King</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Joan_Collins" title="Joan Collins">Joan Collins</a> as Esther and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Egan_(actor)" title="Richard Egan (actor)">Richard Egan</a> as Ahasuerus. It was filmed in Italy by director <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Walsh" title="Raoul Walsh">Raoul Walsh</a>. The 2006 movie <i><a href="/wiki/One_Night_with_the_King" title="One Night with the King">One Night with the King</a></i> chronicles the life of the young Jewish girl, Hadassah, who goes on to become the Biblical Esther, the Queen of Persia, and saves the Jewish nation from annihilation at the hands of its arch enemy while winning the heart of the fiercely handsome King Xerxes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehrlich2016_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehrlich2016-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2006 comedy film <i><a href="/wiki/For_Your_Consideration_(film)" title="For Your Consideration (film)">For Your Consideration</a></i> employs a film-within-a-film device in which the fictitious film being produced is titled <i>Home for Purim</i>, and is about a Southern Jewish family's Purim celebration. However, once the film receives Oscar buzz, studio executives feel it is "too Jewish" and force the film to be renamed <i>Home for Thanksgiving.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim_woodcut.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Purim (1657 engraving)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Purim_woodcut.png/117px-Purim_woodcut.png" decoding="async" width="117" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Purim_woodcut.png/176px-Purim_woodcut.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Purim_woodcut.png/234px-Purim_woodcut.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purim (1657 engraving)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim_woodcut_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Purim (1699 engraving)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Purim_woodcut_2.png/164px-Purim_woodcut_2.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Purim_woodcut_2.png/247px-Purim_woodcut_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Purim_woodcut_2.png/328px-Purim_woodcut_2.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="823" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purim (1699 engraving)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="18th-century manuscript of the prayer of Al HaNissim on the miracles of Purim"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg/250px-Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg/330px-Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg/500px-Me%27ah_Berachot6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1675" data-file-height="944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">18th-century manuscript of the prayer of <a href="/wiki/Al_HaNissim" title="Al HaNissim">Al HaNissim</a> on the miracles of Purim</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megillah.png" class="mw-file-description" title="1740 illumination of an Ashkenazic megillah reading. One man reads while another follows along and a child waves a noise-maker."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Megillah.png/109px-Megillah.png" decoding="async" width="109" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Megillah.png/164px-Megillah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Megillah.png/219px-Megillah.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1392" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1740 illumination of an Ashkenazic megillah reading. One man reads while another follows along and a child waves a noise-maker.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Purim,_woodcut,_sefer_menhagim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Purim woodcut (1741)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Purim%2C_woodcut%2C_sefer_menhagim.jpg/200px-Purim%2C_woodcut%2C_sefer_menhagim.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Purim%2C_woodcut%2C_sefer_menhagim.jpg/300px-Purim%2C_woodcut%2C_sefer_menhagim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Purim%2C_woodcut%2C_sefer_menhagim.jpg/400px-Purim%2C_woodcut%2C_sefer_menhagim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3890" data-file-height="2654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Purim woodcut (1741)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feast_of_lots.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Megillah reading (1764)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Feast_of_lots.jpg/250px-Feast_of_lots.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Feast_of_lots.jpg/330px-Feast_of_lots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Feast_of_lots.jpg/500px-Feast_of_lots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Megillah reading (1764)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrozenPurim.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frozen-themed Megillah reading (2014)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FrozenPurim.jpg/163px-FrozenPurim.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FrozenPurim.jpg/244px-FrozenPurim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/FrozenPurim.jpg/325px-FrozenPurim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2399" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a></i>-themed Megillah reading (2014)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 185px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh,_March_2022_(GPOABG1_13).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="President of Israel Isaac Herzog attends megillah reading (2022)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh%2C_March_2022_%28GPOABG1_13%29.jpg/200px-Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh%2C_March_2022_%28GPOABG1_13%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh%2C_March_2022_%28GPOABG1_13%29.jpg/300px-Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh%2C_March_2022_%28GPOABG1_13%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh%2C_March_2022_%28GPOABG1_13%29.jpg/400px-Isaac_and_Michal_Herzog_in_Megillah_reading_event_at_the_Ahavat_Tzion_Synagogue_in_Beit_Shemesh%2C_March_2022_%28GPOABG1_13%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="682" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President of Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a> attends megillah reading (2022)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/60px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Public holidays in Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish holidays 2000–2050">Jewish holidays 2000–2050</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_humor" title="Purim humor">Purim humor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extensions_of_Jewish_festivals_which_are_similar_to_Shushan_Purim_and_Purim_Katan">Extensions of Jewish festivals which are similar to Shushan Purim and Purim Katan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Extensions of Jewish festivals which are similar to Shushan Purim and Purim Katan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a>, the intermediate days between <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a> refers to the day after each of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">North African Jewish</a> celebration which is held the day after Passover</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a>, is exactly one month <i>after</i> 14 Nisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_Katan" title="Yom Kippur Katan">Yom Kippur Katan</a> is a practice which is observed by some Jews on the day which precedes each Rosh Chodesh or New-Moon Day</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a> refers to the observance of an extra day of Jewish holidays outside the land of Israel</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian(ate)_Jewry"><span id="Persian.28ate.29_Jewry"></span>Persian(ate) Jewry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Persian(ate) Jewry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Persian language">Judeo-Persian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">History of the Jews in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">History of the Jews in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see <a href="#Name">Name</a> below</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the Hebrew word <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">פור</span></span> (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">pur</i></span>), translated as 'lot' in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, perhaps related to <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <span title="Akkadian-language romanization"><i lang="akk-Latn">pūrum</i></span> (<span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒎎𒁓</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">stone</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>  or <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">urn</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>);<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called the <b>Festival of Lots</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A children's song called "Light, Gladness, Joy, Honor," based on the previously-mentioned Esther 8:16 quote, is sung in some Reform Jewish communities, but since it is based on a liturgical quote, it would not be in the list of songs above.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Purim" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Purim">"Purim"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purim&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DPurim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2015" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Tricia (2015). <i>Jews and Anti-Judaism in Esther and the Church</i>. James Clarke & Company Limited. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-227-90252-3"><bdi>978-0-227-90252-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Anti-Judaism+in+Esther+and+the+Church&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=James+Clarke+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-227-90252-3&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Tricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/967-ahasuerus">"Ahasuers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703094127/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/967-ahasuerus">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahasuers&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F967-ahasuerus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1cKAQAAMAAJ&q=Ahasuerus%2Bxerxes%20encyclopaedia&pg=PA82"><i>Encyclopædia Perthensis, Or, Universal Dictionary of the Arts, Sciences, Literature etc</i></a>. Vol. 9. Edinburgh: John Brown, Anchor Close (Printers). 1816. p. 82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1cKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=Ahasuerus%2Bxerxes+encyclopaedia&source=bl&ots=yNxPwMHdA7&sig=HQabznGjWQ42ehzR_Cg2tM-Z4qk&hl=en&sa=X&ei=w2pDUvfZF4znigLV5oDoAg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ahasuerus%2Bxerxes%20encyclopaedia&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Perthensis%2C+Or%2C+Universal+Dictionary+of+the+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+Literature+etc.&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=John+Brown%2C+Anchor+Close+%28Printers%29&rft.date=1816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1cKAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAhasuerus%252Bxerxes%2520encyclopaedia%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaw2010" class="citation book cs1">Law, George R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vpEOkDk-gc8C&q=Ahasuerus%2Bxerxes+encyclopaedia&pg=PA95"><i>Identification of Darius the Mede</i></a>. Ready Scribe Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">94–</span>96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982763100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982763100"><bdi>978-0982763100</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpEOkDk-gc8C&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=Ahasuerus%2Bxerxes+encyclopaedia&source=bl&ots=9bLLvcTkWT&sig=Pp5Fp7sdum2Yr-aC4IM1VKZ3ZII&hl=en&sa=X&ei=umVDUrztN4iwigLNnYGADw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Ahasuerus%2Bxerxes%20encyclopaedia&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identification+of+Darius+the+Mede&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Ready+Scribe+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0982763100&rft.aulast=Law&rft.aufirst=George+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvpEOkDk-gc8C%26q%3DAhasuerus%252Bxerxes%2Bencyclopaedia%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFirst2015" class="citation book cs1">First, Mitchell (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhUJrgEACAAJ"><i>Esther Unmasked: Solving Eleven Mysteries of the Jewish Holidays and Liturgy</i></a>. Kodesh Press. p. 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780692375426" title="Special:BookSources/9780692375426"><bdi>9780692375426</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164314/https://books.google.com/books?id=jhUJrgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esther+Unmasked%3A+Solving+Eleven+Mysteries+of+the+Jewish+Holidays+and+Liturgy&rft.pages=163&rft.pub=Kodesh+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780692375426&rft.aulast=First&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhUJrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309024912/https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3302.htm">"Esther 2 / Hebrew – English Bible"</a>. <i>Mechon-Mamre</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3302.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechon-Mamre&rft.atitle=Esther+2+%2F+Hebrew+%E2%80%93+English+Bible&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fp%2Fpt%2Fpt3302.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3309.htm#22">Esther 9:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarclayYitzchok_Jaeger2004" class="citation web cs1">Barclay, Elozor; Yitzchok Jaeger (27 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/h/pur/m/48969546.html">"Gifts to the Poor"</a>. <i>Aish.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427021216/http://www.aish.com/h/pur/m/48969546.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish.com&rft.atitle=Gifts+to+the+Poor&rft.date=2004-01-27&rft.aulast=Barclay&rft.aufirst=Elozor&rft.au=Yitzchok+Jaeger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fh%2Fpur%2Fm%2F48969546.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMonger2004" class="citation book cs1">Monger, George (23 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C"><i>Marriage Customs of the World: From Henna to Honeymoons</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-987-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-987-4"><bdi>978-1-57607-987-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141117/https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+Customs+of+the+World%3A+From+Henna+to+Honeymoons&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2004-11-23&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-987-4&rft.aulast=Monger&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8JlWxBYs40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/purimbath.html">"The Henna Page - Henna Traditions of Purim in Kurdistan"</a>. <i>www.hennapage.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240221205421/http://www.hennapage.com/henna/encyclopedia/kurdjewish/purimbath.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hennapage.com&rft.atitle=The+Henna+Page+-+Henna+Traditions+of+Purim+in+Kurdistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hennapage.com%2Fhenna%2Fencyclopedia%2Fkurdjewish%2Fpurimbath.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/648312/jewish/Purim-2012-Guide.htm">"Purim 2012 Guide"</a>. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120407190956/http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/648312/jewish/Purim-2012-Guide.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim+2012+Guide&rft.pub=Chabad-Lubavitch+Media+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F648312%2Fjewish%2FPurim-2012-Guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayyim 685:1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKöhlerBaumgartner2016" class="citation book cs1">Köhler, Ludwig; Baumgartner, Walter (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IBVItAEACAAJ"><i>HALOT</i></a>. OakTree Software. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418170006/https://books.google.com/books?id=IBVItAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HALOT&rft.pub=OakTree+Software&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.au=Baumgartner%2C+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIBVItAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlein1966" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Ernest (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comprehensiveety0002klei"><i>A Comprehensive Etymological Dictionary of the English Language</i></a></span>. Elsevier. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/comprehensiveety0002klei/page/1274">1274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+Etymological+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.pages=1274&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcomprehensiveety0002klei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Esther.3.6"><i>Tanakh: The Holy Scriptures</i></a>, Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society, 1985, p. 1460, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780827602526" title="Special:BookSources/9780827602526"><bdi>9780827602526</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220904155226/https://www.sefaria.org/Esther.3.6">archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2025</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tanakh%3A+The+Holy+Scriptures&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=1460&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780827602526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FEsther.3.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther chapters 1 and 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther chapters 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mindel, Nissan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1355/jewish/Zereshs-Advice.htm">The Complete Story of Purim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125745/http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1355/jewish/Zereshs-Advice.htm">Archived</a> 22 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther chapters 9–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther chapters 6–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Esther chapters 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NIV Study Bible, <i>Introductions to the Books of the Bible, Esther</i>, Zondervan, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud, Tractate <i><a href="/wiki/Bava_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bava Basra">Bava Basra</a></i> 15a.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeusner2006" class="citation book cs1">Neusner, Jacob (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talmudwhatitiswh0000neus"><i>The Talmud: What It Is and What It Says</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4671-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4671-4"><bdi>978-0-7425-4671-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Talmud%3A+What+It+Is+and+What+It+Says&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4671-4&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalmudwhatitiswh0000neus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe David Herr, <i>Encyclopedia Judaica 1997 CD-ROM Edition</i>, article <i>Esther Rabbah</i>, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whiston-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whiston_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whiston_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">William Whiston, <i>The Works of Flavius Josephus, the Learned and Authentic Jewish Historian</i>, Milner and Sowerby, 1864, online edition Harvard University 2004. Cited in <i><a href="/wiki/Contra_Apionem" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Apionem">Contra Apionem</a></i> which quotes a work referred to as <i>Peri Ioudaion</i> (<i>On the Jews</i>), which is credited to <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Abdera" title="Hecataeus of Abdera">Hecataeus of Abdera</a> (late fourth century BCE).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hosch-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hosch_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoschander1923" class="citation book cs1">Hoschander, Jacob (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookofestherinli00hosc"><i>The Book of Esther in the Light of History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Dropsie_College_for_Hebrew_and_Cognate_Learning" title="Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning">Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+in+the+Light+of+History&rft.pub=Dropsie+College+for+Hebrew+and+Cognate+Learning&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Hoschander&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbookofestherinli00hosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Flusser, <i>Josephus Goridines (The Josippon) (Vols. 1–2)</i>, The Bialik Institute, 1978</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yar-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yar_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ehsan Yar-Shater, <i>The History of al-Tabari : An Annotated Translation</i>, SUNY Press, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perlmann-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perlmann_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perlmann_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Perlmann trans., <i>The Ancient Kingdoms</i>, SUNY Press, 1985</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arjomand-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arjomand_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arjomand_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Said Amir Arjomand, <i>Artaxerxes, Ardasir and Bahman</i>, The Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 118, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition</i> article <i>Abd al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi</i>, Columbia University Press, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_B._Paton" title="Lewis B. Paton">Lewis Bayles Paton</a>, <i>Esther: Critical Exegetical Commentary</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abd al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn Masudi, <i>Murūj al-dhahab (Meadows of Gold)</i>, ed. and French transl. by F. Barbier de Meynard and Pavet du Courteille, Paris, 1861</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard James Horatio Gottheil ed., <i>Persian Literature, Volume 1, Comprising The Shah Nameh, The Rubaiyat, The Divan, and The Gulistan</i>, Colonial Press, 1900</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2023" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3"><bdi>978-1-009-26612-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231029150447/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+between+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26612-3&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvnAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Carey A. (1971). <i>Esther</i>. Doubleday. See section “The Non-Jewish Origins of Purim.” Pages 46-49. “Esther's canonical status may have been opposed by those Jews who saw the book as a defense for a Jewish festival which, as its very name suggests (*the pûr [that is, the lot]", iii 7; see also ix 26), was non-Jewish in origin. Certainly modern scholars have felt the explanation for Purim's name in ix 26 to be strained and unconvincing. Moreover, the ‘secular" character of the feast suggests a pagan origin, that is, no prayers or sacrifices are specified, but drinking to the point of excess is permitted in the Talmud, Megilla 7b… pûrim is a hebraized form of a Babylonian word...Efforts to identify Purim with an earlier Jewish or Greek festival have been neither common nor convincing, and ever since the <a href="/wiki/1890s" title="1890s">1890s</a>, when Heinrich Zimmern and Peter Jensen equated <a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a> and Esther with the Babylonian gods <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, and Haman and <a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite">Elamite</a> gods Humman and Mashti, a Babylonian origin for Purim has been popular. Though scholars like Jensen, Zimmem, Hugo Winckler, Bruno Meissner and others have each picked a different Babylonian myth or festival as the prototype for Purim, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_Epic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilgamesh Epic">Gilgamesh Epic</a>, the Babylonian Creation Story, the <a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tammuz (mythology)">Tammuz</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> Myth, and the <a href="/wiki/Zagmuk" title="Zagmuk">Zagmuk</a> Feast, respectively, they all agreed in seeing Esther as a historicized myth or ritual. More recently, however, a Persian origin for Purim has been gaining support among scholars.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Moore, Carey A. “Esther, Book of,” ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 637-638 “Certainly a pagan origin for Purim would also help to explain the "secular" way in which it was to be celebrated, i.e., with uninhibited and even inebriated behavior (cf. above Meg. 7b). Then too, a pagan origin for the festival would also help to explain the absence of various religious elements in the story…. But even more recently scholars are again looking to Palestine for the origin of the festival… Its Lack of Historicity: [R]are is the 20th-century scholar who accepts the story at face value.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKalimi2023" class="citation book cs1">Kalimi, Isaac (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89"><i>The Book of Esther between Judaism and Christianity</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-26612-3"><bdi>978-1-009-26612-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164314/https://books.google.com/books?id=HvnAEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Esther+between+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-26612-3&rft.aulast=Kalimi&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHvnAEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flug, Joshua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yutorah.org/togo/purim/articles/Purim_To-Go_-_5771_Rabbi_Flug.pdf">Why Don't We Recite Hallel on Purim?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125411/http://www.yutorah.org/togo/purim/articles/Purim_To-Go_-_5771_Rabbi_Flug.pdf">Archived</a> 22 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yehuda Shurpin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/648695/jewish/Why-Is-Work-Permitted-on-Purim.htm">Why Is Work Permitted on Purim?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190220003147/https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/648695/jewish/Why-Is-Work-Permitted-on-Purim.htm">Archived</a> 20 February 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Chabad.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived_copy-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1362/jewish/Purim-How-To-Guide.htm">"Purim How-To Guide – Your Purim 2019 guide contains the story of Purim, and all you need to know about the 4 mitzvahs of Purim and the other observances of the day"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815064525/http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1362/jewish/Purim-How-To-Guide.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim+How-To+Guide+%E2%80%93+Your+Purim+2019+guide+contains+the+story+of+Purim%2C+and+all+you+need+to+know+about+the+4+mitzvahs+of+Purim+and+the+other+observances+of+the+day&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1362%2Fjewish%2FPurim-How-To-Guide.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Pesachim.108b?lang=bi">"Pesachim 108b"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324054630/https://www.sefaria.org/Pesachim.108b?lang=bi">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesachim+108b&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FPesachim.108b%3Flang%3Dbi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3309.htm#7">Esther 9:7–10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://schechter.edu/reciting-verses-aloud-in-honor-of-esther-during-the-megillah-reading-responsa-in-a-moment-volume-2-issue-no-6-march-2008-orah-hayyim-69017/">"Reciting Verses Aloud in Honor of Esther During the Megillah Reading Responsa in a Moment: Volume 2, Issue No. 6, March 2008 Orah Hayyim 690:17"</a>. 11 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324055130/https://schechter.edu/reciting-verses-aloud-in-honor-of-esther-during-the-megillah-reading-responsa-in-a-moment-volume-2-issue-no-6-march-2008-orah-hayyim-69017/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reciting+Verses+Aloud+in+Honor+of+Esther+During+the+Megillah+Reading+Responsa+in+a+Moment%3A+Volume+2%2C+Issue+No.+6%2C+March+2008+Orah+Hayyim+690%3A17&rft.date=2008-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fschechter.edu%2Freciting-verses-aloud-in-honor-of-esther-during-the-megillah-reading-responsa-in-a-moment-volume-2-issue-no-6-march-2008-orah-hayyim-69017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rabbibenherman.com/2018/03/06/megilla-magic-unique-motifs-in-the-book-of-esther/">"Megilla Magic: Unique Motifs in the Book of Esther"</a>. 6 March 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324054630/https://rabbibenherman.com/2018/03/06/megilla-magic-unique-motifs-in-the-book-of-esther/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megilla+Magic%3A+Unique+Motifs+in+the+Book+of+Esther&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frabbibenherman.com%2F2018%2F03%2F06%2Fmegilla-magic-unique-motifs-in-the-book-of-esther%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3309.htm#26">Esther 9:26, 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Megillah.17a.9?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Megillah 17a"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404231047/https://www.sefaria.org/Megillah.17a.9?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megillah+17a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMegillah.17a.9%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0217.htm#8">Exodus 17:8–16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Torah-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Torah_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Torah_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Torah_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Torah_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Torah_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFScherman1993" class="citation book cs1">Scherman, Nosson (July 1993). <i>The Torah: Haftoras and Five Megillos</i>. Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. pp. 1252, 1262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89906-014-9"><bdi>978-0-89906-014-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Torah%3A+Haftoras+and+Five+Megillos&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pages=1252%2C+1262&rft.pub=Mesorah+Publications%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1993-07&rft.isbn=978-0-89906-014-9&rft.aulast=Scherman&rft.aufirst=Nosson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3307.htm#9">Esther 7:9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babylonian Talmud Megillah 4a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chaim Rapoport, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/multimedia/media_cdo/aid/3268526/">Can Women Read the Megillah? An in-depth exploration of how the mitzvah of Megillah applies to women</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Yehuda_Henkin" class="citation web cs1">Rabbi Yehuda Henkin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nishmat.net/Uploads/files/R_Henkin_Women_Megilla_Reading.pdf">"Women's Issues : Women and Megillah Reading"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nishmat.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nishmat.net&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Issues+%3A+Women+and+Megillah+Reading&rft.au=Rabbi+Yehuda+Henkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nishmat.net%2FUploads%2Ffiles%2FR_Henkin_Women_Megilla_Reading.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Frimer" title="Aryeh Frimer">Frimer, Aryeh A.</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/tfila/frimer2.htm">Women's Megilla Reading</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321121753/https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/english/tfila/frimer2.htm">Archived</a> 2008-03-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" published in Wiskind Elper, Ora, ed. <i>Traditions and Celebrations for the Bat Mitzvah</i> (Jerusalem: Urim Publications, 2003), pp. 281–304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0525.htm#19">Deuteronomy 25:19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isaacsacca.com/noticias/comunicado-la-actitud-los-festejos-purim/">"Comunicado sobre la actitud en los festejos de Purim"</a>. 22 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222015837/https://www.isaacsacca.com/noticias/comunicado-la-actitud-los-festejos-purim/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comunicado+sobre+la+actitud+en+los+festejos+de+Purim&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isaacsacca.com%2Fnoticias%2Fcomunicado-la-actitud-los-festejos-purim%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Orach_Chayim.690.17?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 690:17"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Orach+Chayim+690%3A17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.690.17%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt3309.htm#22">Esther 9:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barclay-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barclay_63-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barclay, Rabbi Elozor and Jaeger, Rabbi Yitzchok (2001). <i>Guidelines: Over two hundred and fifty of the most commonly asked questions about Purim</i>. Southfield, MI: Targum Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.giftbasketsoverseas.com/blogs/purim-time-joy-giving#:~:text=The%20most%20popular%20gifts%20during,la%2Devyonim%E2%80%9D%20in%20Hebrew.">"What is Purim? A Time For Joy and Giving"</a>. 2 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164339/https://blog.giftbasketsoverseas.com/blogs/purim-time-joy-giving#:~:text=The%20most%20popular%20gifts%20during,la%2Devyonim%E2%80%9D%20in%20Hebrew.">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Purim%3F+A+Time+For+Joy+and+Giving&rft.date=2017-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.giftbasketsoverseas.com%2Fblogs%2Fpurim-time-joy-giving%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520most%2520popular%2520gifts%2520during%2Cla%252Devyonim%25E2%2580%259D%2520in%2520Hebrew.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 2023-03-21<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maya Balakirsky Katz, <i>Gifts of Food, Gifts of Identity: The Ritual Significance of Purim Baskets</i>, Journal Jewish Social Studies</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chabadinfo.com/crown_heights/rabbonim-pen-strong-letter-on-excessive-purim-drinking/">“Rabbonim Pen Strong Letter on Excessive Purim Drinking - 8th Adar, 5783 - 2023“ (chabadinfo.com Official Chabad Lubavitch)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Arukh_HaShulchan,_Orach_Chaim.695.3">"Arukh HaShulchan, Orach Chaim 695:3"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164413/https://www.sefaria.org/Arukh_HaShulchan,_Orach_Chaim.695.3">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Arukh+HaShulchan%2C+Orach+Chaim+695%3A3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FArukh_HaShulchan%2C_Orach_Chaim.695.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-fast-of-esther">"Jewish Holidays: The Fast of Esther"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209144507/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-fast-of-esther">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Jewish+Holidays%3A+The+Fast+of+Esther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fthe-fast-of-esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2009" class="citation web cs1">Simmons, Rabbi Shraga (9 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aish.com/48971661/">"Fast of Esther"</a>. <i>Aish</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221224005920/https://aish.com/48971661/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aish&rft.atitle=Fast+of+Esther&rft.date=2009-05-09&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Shraga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faish.com%2F48971661%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/4294663/jewish/Happy-Purim.htm">"Happy Purim – Traditional Purim Greetings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605152008/https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/4294663/jewish/Happy-Purim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Purim+%E2%80%93+Traditional+Purim+Greetings&rft.pub=Chabad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F4294663%2Fjewish%2FHappy-Purim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlhadeff2015" class="citation web cs1">Alhadeff, Ty (26 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/sephardic-studies/sephardic-purim-customs-from-the-old-world-to-the-pacific-northwest/">"Sephardic Purim Customs from the Old World to the Pacific Northwest"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806124501/https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/sephardic-studies/sephardic-purim-customs-from-the-old-world-to-the-pacific-northwest/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sephardic+Purim+Customs+from+the+Old+World+to+the+Pacific+Northwest&rft.date=2015-02-26&rft.aulast=Alhadeff&rft.aufirst=Ty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishstudies.washington.edu%2Fsephardic-studies%2Fsephardic-purim-customs-from-the-old-world-to-the-pacific-northwest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JE-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JE_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JE_72-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlerMalter2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kohler, Kaufmann; Malter, Henry (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=613&letter=P">"Purim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007053150/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=613&letter=P">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purim&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Kohler&rft.aufirst=Kaufmann&rft.au=Malter%2C+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D613%26letter%3DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Orach_Chayim.696.8">"Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim 696:8"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164917/https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh,_Orach_Chayim.696.8">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Shulchan+Arukh%2C+Orach+Chayim+696%3A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FShulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.696.8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liora Hendelman-Baavur, <i>Iranian Jews and Their Identity: A Study of the Jewish Community of Tehran</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHagiz" class="citation book cs1">Hagiz, Moses. <i>Minhagei Kol Aryeh Eileh Hamitzvot</i>. p. 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minhagei+Kol+Aryeh+Eileh+Hamitzvot&rft.pages=293&rft.aulast=Hagiz&rft.aufirst=Moses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCAH-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TCAH_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYitzchak_Sender2000" class="citation book cs1">Yitzchak Sender (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=03u10D4r5ekC&pg=236"><i>The Commentators' Al Hanissim: Purim: Insights of the Sages on Purim and Chanukah</i></a>. Jerusalem: Feldheim Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">236–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-411-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-411-2"><bdi>978-1-58330-411-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=03u10D4r5ekC&pg=236">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Commentators%27+Al+Hanissim%3A+Purim%3A+Insights+of+the+Sages+on+Purim+and+Chanukah&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E236-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-58330-411-2&rft.au=Yitzchak+Sender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D03u10D4r5ekC%26pg%3D236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ami-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ami_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ami_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ami_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ami_77-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ami_77-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ami_77-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabbi_Moshe_Taub2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Rabbi Moshe Taub (21 February 2018). "The Shul Chronicles". <i><a href="/wiki/Ami_Magazine" title="Ami Magazine">Ami Magazine</a></i>. No. 356. pp. <span class="nowrap">138–</span>139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ami+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Shul+Chronicles&rft.issue=356&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.au=Rabbi+Moshe+Taub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:he:מגילה יב א"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%90"><i>Megillah 12a</i> </a></span> (in Hebrew) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megillah+12a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GAST-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GAST_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GAST_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaster2007" class="citation book cs1">Gaster, Theodor Herzl (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4Fzgf2mUHAC&pg=66"><i>Purim And Hanukkah in Custom And Tradition – Feast of Lots – Feast of Lights</i></a>. Sutton Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">66–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4067-4781-2"><bdi>978-1-4067-4781-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=L4Fzgf2mUHAC&pg=66">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Purim+And+Hanukkah+in+Custom+And+Tradition+%E2%80%93+Feast+of+Lots+%E2%80%93+Feast+of+Lights&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Sutton+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4067-4781-2&rft.aulast=Gaster&rft.aufirst=Theodor+Herzl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4Fzgf2mUHAC%26pg%3D66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911 edition: Purim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrauer,_Erich1993" class="citation book cs1">Brauer, Erich (1993). Patai, Raphael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6S7qTDomCgC&pg=357"><i>The Jews of Kurdistan</i></a>. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">357–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2392-2"><bdi>978-0-8143-2392-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6S7qTDomCgC&pg=357">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Kurdistan&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2392-2&rft.au=Brauer%2C+Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6S7qTDomCgC%26pg%3D357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformjudaism.org/fascinating-evolution-purim-spiel">"The Fascinating Evolution of the Purim-Spiel"</a>. <i>ReformJudaism.org</i>. 13 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806152234/https://reformjudaism.org/fascinating-evolution-purim-spiel">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=The+Fascinating+Evolution+of+the+Purim-Spiel&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformjudaism.org%2Ffascinating-evolution-purim-spiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074743/http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/content/download/131681/1429293/version/1/file/FICHE+INVENTAIRE+POURIM-SHPIL+16+decembre+2015%2B+.pdf">"Fiche d'inventaire du patrimoine culturel immateriel de la france « pourim-shpil »"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/content/download/131681/1429293/version/1/file/FICHE+INVENTAIRE+POURIM-SHPIL+16+decembre+2015%2B+.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiche+d%27inventaire+du+patrimoine+culturel+immateriel+de+la+france+%C2%AB+pourim-shpil+%C2%BB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturecommunication.gouv.fr%2Fcontent%2Fdownload%2F131681%2F1429293%2Fversion%2F1%2Ffile%2FFICHE%2BINVENTAIRE%2BPOURIM-SHPIL%2B16%2Bdecembre%2B2015%252B%2B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0033435">"Haman, A Wicked Man"</a>. Musicnotes. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319074957/http://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0033435">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Haman%2C+A+Wicked+Man&rft.pub=Musicnotes&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicnotes.com%2Fsheetmusic%2Fmtd.asp%3Fppn%3DMN0033435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722111342/http://zemerl.com/cgi-bin//show.pl?title=Wicked,+Wicked+Man">"Wicked, Wicked Man"</a>. Zemerl. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wicked%2C+Wicked+Man&rft.pub=Zemerl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzemerl.com%2Fcgi-bin%2F%2Fshow.pl%3Ftitle%3DWicked%252c%2BWicked%2BMan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070312175406/http://www.bj.org/purim_songs.ani_purim.php">"Purim Songs: Ani Purim"</a>. Congregation B'nai Jeshurun. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bj.org/purim_songs.ani_purim.php">the original</a> on 12 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim+Songs%3A+Ani+Purim&rft.pub=Congregation+B%27nai+Jeshurun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bj.org%2Fpurim_songs.ani_purim.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/kids/article_cdo/aid/477407/jewish/Chag-Purim.htm">"Chag Purim"</a>. Chabad.org. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110316005249/http://www.chabad.org/kids/article_cdo/aid/477407/jewish/Chag-Purim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chag+Purim&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fkids%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F477407%2Fjewish%2FChag-Purim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305125302/http://www.adathjeshurun.info/hazzan/PurimWeb07.htm">"Purim Songs for the AJ Family Megillah Reading"</a>. Adath Jeshurun. 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim+Songs&rft.pub=Aish.com&rft.date=2003-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fpurimmultimedia%2Fpurimmultimediadefault%2FPurim_Songs.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosher.com/lifestyle/best-hamantaschen-fillings-ranked-1044">"Best Hamantaschen Fillings"</a>. <i>www.kosher.com</i>. 10 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220403213755/https://www.kosher.com/lifestyle/best-hamantaschen-fillings-ranked-1044">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kosher.com&rft.atitle=Best+Hamantaschen+Fillings&rft.date=2020-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosher.com%2Flifestyle%2Fbest-hamantaschen-fillings-ranked-1044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claudia Roden, (2006), <i>The Book of Jewish Food: An Odyssey from Samarkand and Vilna to the Present Day</i>, Penguin Books, p. 592</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rashelika-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rashelika_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rashelika_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">רשליקה - Rashelika - ניחוח המטבח הירושלמי ספרדי המסורתי. 1999. pp. 82-87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foodish.org/en/community-recipe/bourekitas-de-muez/">"Bourekitas de muez – small, sweet nut filled bourekas"</a>. <i>Foodish – by <a href="/wiki/Anu_%E2%80%93_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Anu – Museum of the Jewish People">Anu – Museum of the Jewish People</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim%3A+The+Poppy+Seed+Connection+%E2%80%93+Jewish+Holidays&rft.date=2009-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Ffaye_levy_purim_poppyseed_connection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1638318/jewish/What-Are-Kreplach.htm">"What Are Kreplach?"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228075307/https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1638318/jewish/What-Are-Kreplach.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=What+Are+Kreplach%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1638318%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Are-Kreplach.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBen-NaehHeld_Delaroza2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ben-Naeh, Yaron; Held Delaroza, Michal, eds. (2023). <i>The Old Sephardi Yishuv in Eretz Israel</i> [<i>היישוב היהודי הספרדי הישן בארץ ישראל</i>]. Jewish Communities in the East in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (in Hebrew). Ben-Zvi Institute for the Study of Jewish Communities in the East; Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1565-0774">1565-0774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Sephardi+Yishuv+in+Eretz+Israel&rft.series=Jewish+Communities+in+the+East+in+the+Nineteenth+and+Twentieth+Centuries&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Ben-Zvi+Institute+for+the+Study+of+Jewish+Communities+in+the+East%3B+Yad+Izhak+Ben-Zvi+and+the+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.date=2023&rft.issn=1565-0774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ari Jacobs & Abe Lederer (2013), <i>Purim: Its Laws, Customs and Meaning</i>, Jerusalem, Israel: Targum Press. p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zserbo.com/desserts/golden-walnut-dumplings-aranygaluska/">"Golden walnut dumplings - Aranygaluska | Zserbo.com"</a>. <i>zserbo.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164915/https://zserbo.com/desserts/golden-walnut-dumplings-aranygaluska/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zserbo.com&rft.atitle=Golden+walnut+dumplings+-+Aranygaluska+%26%23124%3B+Zserbo.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzserbo.com%2Fdesserts%2Fgolden-walnut-dumplings-aranygaluska%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/purim/ojos_de_haman_the_eyes_of_haman/">"Ojos de Haman (The Eyes of Haman)"</a>. <i>Jewish Holidays</i>. 1 January 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164728/https://www.ou.org/holidays/ojos_de_haman_the_eyes_of_haman/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Holidays&rft.atitle=Ojos+de+Haman+%28The+Eyes+of+Haman%29&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Fojos_de_haman_the_eyes_of_haman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kosher.com/lifestyle/purim-traditions-youve-never-heard-of-613">"Purim Traditions You've Never Heard Of"</a>. <i>www.kosher.com</i>. 5 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806232918/https://www.kosher.com/lifestyle/purim-traditions-youve-never-heard-of-613">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kosher.com&rft.atitle=Purim+Traditions+You%27ve+Never+Heard+Of&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosher.com%2Flifestyle%2Fpurim-traditions-youve-never-heard-of-613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/40524">"The "Mordechai Hatzaddik" Yeshiva – Jewish World"</a>. <i>Israel National News</i>. 16 March 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161123/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/40524">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=The+%22Mordechai+Hatzaddik%22+Yeshiva+%E2%80%93+Jewish+World&rft.date=2003-03-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F40524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsSeligsohn2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jacobs, Joseph; Seligsohn, M. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=673&letter=S">"Shushan (Susa) Purim"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215053214/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=673&letter=S">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shushan+%28Susa%29+Purim&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Seligsohn%2C+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D673%26letter%3DS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zbook-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zbook_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zbook_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTeller,_Hanoch1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanoch_Teller" title="Hanoch Teller">Teller, Hanoch</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mxf2QDFNvcYC&pg=233"><i>And From Jerusalem, His Word</i></a>. Feldheim Publishers. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881939-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881939-05-4"><bdi>978-1-881939-05-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=mxf2QDFNvcYC&pg=233">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+From+Jerusalem%2C+His+Word&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-881939-05-4&rft.au=Teller%2C+Hanoch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmxf2QDFNvcYC%26pg%3D233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnkin2010" class="citation web cs1">Enkin, Ari (23 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hirhurim.blogspot.com/2010/02/why-i-observe-two-days-of-purim.html">"Why I Observe Two Days of Purim"</a>. Hirhurim – Musings. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311165727/http://hirhurim.blogspot.com/2010/02/why-i-observe-two-days-of-purim.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+I+Observe+Two+Days+of+Purim&rft.pub=Hirhurim+%E2%80%93+Musings&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft.aulast=Enkin&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhirhurim.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F02%2Fwhy-i-observe-two-days-of-purim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnkin2019" class="citation web cs1">Enkin, Rabbi Ari (13 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/the-case-for-observing-purim-on-both-the-14th-and-15th-of-adar-in-beit-shemesh-and-ramat-beit-shemesh/#_ftn54">"The Case for Observing Purim on the 14th & 15th of Adar in Beit Shemesh"</a>. <i>Jewish Holidays</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Holidays&rft.atitle=The+Case+for+Observing+Purim+on+the+14th+%26+15th+of+Adar+in+Beit+Shemesh&rft.date=2019-03-13&rft.aulast=Enkin&rft.aufirst=Rabbi+Ari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fthe-case-for-observing-purim-on-both-the-14th-and-15th-of-adar-in-beit-shemesh-and-ramat-beit-shemesh%2F%23_ftn54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/shana/zmaney-4.htm">"זמני הפורים בישובים החדשים ביהודה, שומרון ובארץ בנימין / יואל אליצור"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225031/https://www.daat.ac.il/daat/kitveyet/shana/zmaney-4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%94%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94%2C+%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F+%2F+%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.daat.ac.il%2Fdaat%2Fkitveyet%2Fshana%2Fzmaney-4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aish.com: (Although grammatically it is Purim hameshulash, people usually call it 'Purim Meshulash.') <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230307103133/http://israel.aish.com/smicha/KaganoffArticles/Purim%20Meshulash.rtf">"Purim Meshulash"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://israel.aish.com/smicha/KaganoffArticles/Purim%2520Meshulash.rtf">the original</a> on 7 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim+Meshulash&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisrael.aish.com%2Fsmicha%2FKaganoffArticles%2FPurim%252520Meshulash.rtf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/1522/jewish/When-Shushan-Purim-Is-on-Shabbat.htm">"When Shushan Purim Is on Shabbat - The Three-Day Purim (Purim Meshulash)"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=When+Shushan+Purim+Is+on+Shabbat+-+The+Three-Day+Purim+%28Purim+Meshulash%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1522%2Fjewish%2FWhen-Shushan-Purim-Is-on-Shabbat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shulchan Aruch Orach Chayyim 688:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYosef_Zvi_Rimon2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yosef_Zvi_Rimon" title="Yosef Zvi Rimon">Yosef Zvi Rimon</a>, Rav (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etzion.org.il/en/concise-guide-laws-purim-meshulash">"A Concise Guide to the Laws of Purim Meshulash"</a>. <i>The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash of Yeshivat Har Etzion</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180301104100/http://etzion.org.il/en/concise-guide-laws-purim-meshulash">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Israel+Koschitzky+Virtual+Beit+Midrash+of+Yeshivat+Har+Etzion&rft.atitle=A+Concise+Guide+to+the+Laws+of+Purim+Meshulash&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Yosef+Zvi+Rimon&rft.aufirst=Rav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetzion.org.il%2Fen%2Fconcise-guide-laws-purim-meshulash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hebcal.com/holidays/purim-meshulash">"Purim Meshulash - Triple Purim, spanning 3 days in Jerusalem and walled cities - Hebcal"</a>. <i>www.hebcal.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hebcal.com&rft.atitle=Purim+Meshulash+-+Triple+Purim%2C+spanning+3+days+in+Jerusalem+and+walled+cities+-+Hebcal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hebcal.com%2Fholidays%2Fpurim-meshulash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Megillah</i> 1/46b; compare Orach Chayim 697.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrenstein1999" class="citation book cs1">Orenstein, Aviel (5 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P117Lc2t41sC&q=purim+katan+fasting&pg=PA369"><i>Mishna brura</i></a>. Feldheim Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873069465" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873069465"><bdi>978-0873069465</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164726/https://books.google.com/books?id=P117Lc2t41sC&q=purim+katan+fasting&pg=PA369#v=snippet&q=purim%20katan%20fasting&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mishna+brura&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=1999-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0873069465&rft.aulast=Orenstein&rft.aufirst=Aviel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP117Lc2t41sC%26q%3Dpurim%2Bkatan%2Bfasting%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schnettger, Matthias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sehepunkte.de/2002/07/3792.html">"Review of: Rivka Ulmer: Turmoil, Trauma, and Triumph. The Fettmilch Uprising in Frankfurt am Main (1612–1616) According to Megillas Vintz. A Critical Edition of the Yiddish and Hebrew Text Including an English Translation"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720013117/http://www.sehepunkte.de/2002/07/3792.html">Archived</a> 20 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in German). Bern / Frankfurt a.M. [u.a.]: Peter Lang 2001, in: sehepunkte 2 (2002), Nr. 7/8 [15 July 2002].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/bhyom/hebrew/adar.htm">"This Day in Jewish History: Adar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120912000204/http://www.ou.org/about/judaism/bhyom/hebrew/adar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Day+in+Jewish+History%3A+Adar&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fabout%2Fjudaism%2Fbhyom%2Fhebrew%2Fadar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFine" class="citation web cs1">Fine, Yisroel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024043111/http://listserv.shamash.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind05&L=DAF-HASHAVUA&P=999">"It Happened Today"</a>. Shamash: The Jewish Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://listserv.shamash.org/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind05&L=DAF-HASHAVUA&P=999">the original</a> on 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It+Happened+Today&rft.pub=Shamash%3A+The+Jewish+Network&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Yisroel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flistserv.shamash.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fwa%3FA2%3Dind05%26L%3DDAF-HASHAVUA%26P%3D999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosenstein, Neil: <i>The Feast and the Fast</i> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.hebron.org.il/news/382">"The Legend of the Window Purim and other Hebron Holiday Stories"</a>. <i>the Jewish Community of Hebron</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327072425/http://en.hebron.org.il/news/382">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Jewish+Community+of+Hebron&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+the+Window+Purim+and+other+Hebron+Holiday+Stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.hebron.org.il%2Fnews%2F382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/kids/article_cdo/aid/1380/jewish/Purim-Hebron.htm">"Purim Hebron"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329083709/http://www.chabad.org/kids/article_cdo/aid/1380/jewish/Purim-Hebron.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Purim+Hebron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fkids%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F1380%2Fjewish%2FPurim-Hebron.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoyBen-AmosFrankel2006" class="citation book cs1">Noy, Dov; Ben-Amos, Dan; Frankel, Ellen (3 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKceGfr-al4C&pg=PA25"><i>Folktales of the Jews, Volume 1: Tales from the Sephardic Dispersion</i></a>. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0827608290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0827608290"><bdi>978-0827608290</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180228083002/https://books.google.com/books?id=eKceGfr-al4C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folktales+of+the+Jews%2C+Volume+1%3A+Tales+from+the+Sephardic+Dispersion&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=2006-09-03&rft.isbn=978-0827608290&rft.aulast=Noy&rft.aufirst=Dov&rft.au=Ben-Amos%2C+Dan&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKceGfr-al4C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ou-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ou_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ou.org/holidays/purim/when_is_purim_observed/">"When is Purim Observed?"</a>. Orthodox Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327031937/https://www.ou.org/holidays/purim/when_is_purim_observed/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+is+Purim+Observed%3F&rft.pub=Orthodox+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Fwhen_is_purim_observed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/644254/jewish/Other-Purims.htm">"Other Purims"</a>. <i>www.chabad.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160322171724/http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/article_cdo/aid/644254/jewish/Other-Purims.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.chabad.org&rft.atitle=Other+Purims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fpurim%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F644254%2Fjewish%2FOther-Purims.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">fasting 15 Kislev, celebrating at night/16 Kislev: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Danzig">Abraham Danzig</a> (Gunpowder Purim) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishtreats.org/2011/12/gunpowder-purim.html">"Gunpowder Purim"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200624110108/http://www.jewishtreats.org/2011/12/gunpowder-purim.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gunpowder+Purim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishtreats.org%2F2011%2F12%2Fgunpowder-purim.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBytwerk,_Randall_L.2008" class="citation book cs1">Bytwerk, Randall L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_YtNQB8IksC&pg=91"><i>Landmark Speeches of National Socialism</i></a>. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-015-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60344-015-8"><bdi>978-1-60344-015-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=J_YtNQB8IksC&pg=91">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landmark+Speeches+of+National+Socialism&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60344-015-8&rft.au=Bytwerk%2C+Randall+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ_YtNQB8IksC%26pg%3D91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Arthur_AllenMendes-Flohr,_Paul_R.2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Arthur Allen; Mendes-Flohr, Paul R., eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UIvoSclpuAUC&pg=948"><i>20th Century Jewish Religious Thought: Original Essays on Critical Concepts, Movements, and Beliefs</i></a>. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 948. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0892-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8276-0892-4"><bdi>978-0-8276-0892-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044011/https://books.google.com/books?id=UIvoSclpuAUC&pg=948">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20th+Century+Jewish+Religious+Thought%3A+Original+Essays+on+Critical+Concepts%2C+Movements%2C+and+Beliefs&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=948&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8276-0892-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUIvoSclpuAUC%26pg%3D948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESE-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESE_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESE_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESE_127-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott_Horowitz2006" class="citation book cs1">Elliott Horowitz (2006). <i>Reckless rites: Purim and the legacy of Jewish violence</i>. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12491-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12491-9"><bdi>978-0-691-12491-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reckless+rites%3A+Purim+and+the+legacy+of+Jewish+violence&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12491-9&rft.au=Elliott+Horowitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2002" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAQ94hR-YxQC&q=In+1942%2C+on+Purim%2C+the+Nazis+killed+over+5000+Jews&pg=PA244"><i>Masters of Death: The SS-Einsatzgruppen and the Invention of the Holocaust</i></a>. Random House. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375409009" title="Special:BookSources/0375409009"><bdi>0375409009</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164821/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAQ94hR-YxQC&q=In+1942%2C+on+Purim%2C+the+Nazis+killed+over+5000+Jews&pg=PA244#v=snippet&q=In%201942%2C%20on%20Purim%2C%20the%20Nazis%20killed%20over%205000%20Jews&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Death%3A+The+SS-Einsatzgruppen+and+the+Invention+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0375409009&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAQ94hR-YxQC%26q%3DIn%2B1942%252C%2Bon%2BPurim%252C%2Bthe%2BNazis%2Bkilled%2Bover%2B5000%2BJews%26pg%3DPA244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/purim/index.asp">"MARKING THE HOLIDAY OF PURIM. Before, During and After the Holocaust"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311063417/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/purim/index.asp">Archived</a> 11 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> exhibition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKingsbury-Smith1946" class="citation news cs1">Kingsbury-Smith, Joseph (16 October 1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/NurembergNews10_16_46.html">"The Execution of Nazi War Criminals"</a>. Nuremberg Gaol, Germany. <a href="/wiki/International_News_Service" title="International News Service">International News Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140217154133/http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/nuremberg/NurembergNews10_16_46.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri%E2%80%93Kansas_City" title="University of Missouri–Kansas City">University of Missouri–Kansas City</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Execution+of+Nazi+War+Criminals&rft.date=1946-10-16&rft.aulast=Kingsbury-Smith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw2.umkc.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fprojects%2Fftrials%2Fnuremberg%2FNurembergNews10_16_46.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org.il/Megillah.16a.11?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Tractate Megillah 16a"</a>. <i>www.sefaria.org.il</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164826/https://www.sefaria.org/Megillah.16a.11?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org.il&rft.atitle=Tractate+Megillah+16a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org.il%2FMegillah.16a.11%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/french-best-seller-unravels-nazis-cryptic-last-words-about-purim/">French bestseller unravels Nazi propagandist's cryptic last words about Purim</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610131811/http://www.timesofisrael.com/french-best-seller-unravels-nazis-cryptic-last-words-about-purim/">Archived</a> 10 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Times of Israel 28 December 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRich2010" class="citation web cs1">Rich, Tracey R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/holiday9.htm">"Purim"</a>. Judaism 101. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090709023100/http://www.jewfaq.org/holiday9.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purim&rft.pub=Judaism+101&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.aufirst=Tracey+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewfaq.org%2Fholiday9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinkus,_Benjamin1984" class="citation book cs1">Pinkus, Benjamin (1984). Frankel, Jonathan (ed.). <i>The Soviet government and the Jews, 1948–1967: a documented study</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>08. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24713-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24713-9"><bdi>978-0-521-24713-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+government+and+the+Jews%2C+1948%E2%80%931967%3A+a+documented+study&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E08&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24713-9&rft.au=Pinkus%2C+Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brackman390-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brackman390_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrackman2001" class="citation book cs1">Brackman, Roman (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretfilejoseph00brac"><i>The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life</i></a></span>. Frank Cass Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretfilejoseph00brac/page/n408">390</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5050-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5050-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+File+of+Joseph+Stalin%3A+A+Hidden+Life&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Frank+Cass+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5050-0&rft.aulast=Brackman&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretfilejoseph00brac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Persian-Gulf-War">"Persian Gulf War | Summary, Dates, Combatants, Casualties, Syndrome, Map, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i>. 21 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Persian+Gulf+War+%7C+Summary%2C+Dates%2C+Combatants%2C+Casualties%2C+Syndrome%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FPersian-Gulf-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldman1991" class="citation news cs1">Goldman, Ari L. (28 February 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/108777495">"Today the Villain of Purim, Haman, Is Spelled Saddam"</a>. <i>The New York Times, Late Edition (East Coast)</i>. pp. B3. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/108777495">108777495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times%2C+Late+Edition+%28East+Coast%29&rft.atitle=Today+the+Villain+of+Purim%2C+Haman%2C+Is+Spelled+Saddam&rft.pages=B3&rft.date=1991-02-28&rft.aulast=Goldman&rft.aufirst=Ari+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F108777495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-times940307-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-times940307_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChurchBeyerHamadFischer1994" class="citation news cs1">Church, George J.; <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Beyer" title="Lisa Beyer">Beyer, Lisa</a>; Hamad, Jamil; <a href="/wiki/Dean_E._Fischer" title="Dean E. Fischer">Fischer, Dean</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jef_McAllister" title="Jef McAllister">McAllister, J.F.O.</a> (7 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090416213447/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980291-1,00.html">"When Fury Rules"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,980291-1,00.html">the original</a> on 16 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=When+Fury+Rules&rft.date=1994-03-07&rft.aulast=Church&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Hamad%2C+Jamil&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Dean&rft.au=McAllister%2C+J.F.O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C980291-1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1996/03/05/jewish-holidays/purim/behind-the-headlines-a-year-without-purim-no-parades-only-funerals">"Behind the Headlines: a Year Without Purim; No Parades, Only Funerals"</a>. <i>Jewish Telegraphic Agency</i>. 5 March 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325223754/http://www.jta.org/1996/03/05/jewish-holidays/purim/behind-the-headlines-a-year-without-purim-no-parades-only-funerals">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.atitle=Behind+the+Headlines%3A+a+Year+Without+Purim%3B+No+Parades%2C+Only+Funerals&rft.date=1996-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1996%2F03%2F05%2Fjewish-holidays%2Fpurim%2Fbehind-the-headlines-a-year-without-purim-no-parades-only-funerals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jns.org/israeli-ministry-warns-of-panic-inducing-purim-costumes/">Israeli Ministry Warns of ‘Panic-Inducing’ Purim Costumes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322190448/https://www.jns.org/israeli-ministry-warns-of-panic-inducing-purim-costumes/">Archived</a> 22 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_Syndicate" title="Jewish News Syndicate">JNS</a></i>, February 25, 2024</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehrlich2016-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ehrlich2016_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2016" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Carl S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MtcXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120">"Esther in Film"</a>. In Burnette-Bletsch, Rhonda (ed.). <i>The Bible in Motion: A Handbook of the Bible and Its Reception in Film</i>. De Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">119–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614513261" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614513261"><bdi>978-1614513261</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240710164726/https://books.google.com/books?id=MtcXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Esther+in+Film&rft.btitle=The+Bible+in+Motion%3A+A+Handbook+of+the+Bible+and+Its+Reception+in+Film&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1614513261&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Carl+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMtcXDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Purim&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Purim" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Purim">Purim</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Translation:Arukh_ha-Shulchan/Orach_Chaim/695" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Translation:Arukh ha-Shulchan/Orach Chaim/695">Aruch HaShulchan: The laws of the Purim Feast and of giving gifts to one's friend on Purim: Mishloach manot</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Chabad <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/holidays/purim/default_cdo/jewish/Purim.htm">Purim Resources</a></li> <li>Yeshiva <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yeshiva.co/collection/default.aspx/Purim">Laws, articles and Q&A on Purim</a></li> <li>Peninei Halakha <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ph.yhb.org.il/en/category/zemanim/05-15/">The month of Adar and the holiday of Purim, minhagim (customs) and halachot (laws)</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Melamed" title="Eliezer Melamed">Eliezer Melamed</a></li> <li>Union for Reform Judaism <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reformjudaism.org/calendar/purim-1">Purim Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191206141740/https://reformjudaism.org/calendar/purim-1">Archived</a> 6 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>The United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/ShabbatandHolidayInformation/Holidays/JewishHolidays/Purim/default.aspx">Purim Resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130301023636/http://www.uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/ShabbatandHolidayInformation/Holidays/JewishHolidays/Purim/default.aspx">Archived</a> 1 March 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Purim"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Purim">"Purim" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Purim&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APurim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/Purim-celebrations-in-the-IDF.aspx">Purim celebrations in the IDF, Exhibition in the IDF&defense establishment archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228032825/http://www.archives.mod.gov.il/sites/English/Exhibitions/Pages/Purim-celebrations-in-the-IDF.aspx">Archived</a> 28 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Purim_(פּוּרִים)196" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Purim_footer" title="Template:Purim footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Purim_footer" title="Template talk:Purim footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Purim_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Purim footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Purim_(פּוּרִים)196" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purim  <span class="nobold">(פּוּרִים)</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esther_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Esther in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haman" title="Haman">Haman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haman_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Haman in rabbinic literature">in rabbinic literature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai" title="Mordecai">Mordecai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bigthan_and_Teresh" title="Bigthan and Teresh">Bigthan and Teresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vashti" title="Vashti">Vashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeresh" title="Zeresh">Zeresh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious<br />observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushan_Purim" class="mw-redirect" title="Shushan Purim">Shushan Purim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Purim_Meshulash">Purim HaMeshulash</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Purim_Katan">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Purim" title="Second Purim">Second Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishloach_manot" title="Mishloach manot">Mishloach manot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_costume" title="Purim costume">Purim costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grager" title="Grager">Grager</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Purim_foods" title="Category:Purim foods">Purim foods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamantash" title="Hamantash">Hamantash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazuelos" title="Fazuelos">Fazuelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impade" title="Impade">Impade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kreplach" title="Kreplach">Kreplach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Purim_humor" title="Purim humor">Purim humor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adloyada" title="Adloyada">Adloyada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latke%E2%80%93Hamantash_Debate" title="Latke–Hamantash Debate">Latke–Hamantash Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_pranks" title="Purim pranks">Pranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_spiel" title="Purim spiel">Purim spiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_Torah" title="Purim Torah">Purim Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim_rabbi" title="Purim rabbi">Purim rabbi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances579" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Template talk:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish and Israeli holidays"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_and_observances579" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli</a> holidays and observances</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish<br />holidays and<br />observances</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shabbat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Shabbat" title="Special Shabbat">Special Shabbat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_Holy_Days" title="High Holy Days">High Holy Days</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah" title="Rosh Hashanah">Rosh Hashanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_of_Repentance" title="Ten Days of Repentance">Ten Days of Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Yom Kippur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Three_Pilgrimage_Festivals" title="Three Pilgrimage Festivals">Three Pilgrimage<br />Festivals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_the_Firstborn" title="Fast of the Firstborn">Fast of the Firstborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesach_Sheni" title="Pesach Sheni">Pesach Sheni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoshana_Rabbah" title="Hoshana Rabbah">Hoshana Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemini_Atzeret" title="Shemini Atzeret">Shemini Atzeret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simchat_Torah" title="Simchat Torah">Simchat Torah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_tov_sheni_shel_galuyot" title="Yom tov sheni shel galuyot">Yom tov sheni shel galuyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chol_HaMoed" title="Chol HaMoed">Chol HaMoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isru_chag" title="Isru chag">Isru chag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Chodesh" title="Rosh Chodesh">Rosh Chodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Gedalia" title="Fast of Gedalia">Fast of Gedalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_of_Tevet" title="Tenth of Tevet">Tenth of Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_BiShvat" title="Tu BiShvat">Tu BiShvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_of_Esther" title="Fast of Esther">Fast of Esther</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Purim</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Purim_Katan">Purim Katan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counting_of_the_Omer" title="Counting of the Omer">Counting of the Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lag_BaOmer" title="Lag BaOmer">Lag BaOmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_of_Tammuz" title="Seventeenth of Tammuz">17th of Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Weeks" title="The Three Weeks">The Three Weeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nine_Days" title="The Nine Days">The Nine Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tu_B%27Av" title="Tu B'Av">Tu B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosh_Hashanah_LeMa%27sar_Behemah" title="Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah">Rosh Hashanah LeMa'sar Behemah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Israeli public<br />holidays</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaShoah" title="Yom HaShoah">Yom HaShoah (Holocaust Remembrance Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaZikaron" title="Yom HaZikaron">Yom HaZikaron (Memorial Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Israel)" title="Independence Day (Israel)">Yom HaAtzmaut (Independence Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Day" title="Jerusalem Day">Yom Yerushalayim (Jerusalem Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_HaAliyah" title="Yom HaAliyah">Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_Day" title="Ben-Gurion Day">Ben-Gurion Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzl_Day" title="Herzl Day">Herzl Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabotinsky_Day" title="Jabotinsky Day">Jabotinsky Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabin_Day" title="Rabin Day">Rabin Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Israeli ethnic</a><br />holidays</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mimouna" title="Mimouna">Mimouna</a></li> <li>Seharane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigd" title="Sigd">Sigd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_to_Mark_the_Departure_and_Expulsion_of_Jews_from_the_Arab_Countries_and_Iran" title="Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran">Day to Mark the Departure and Expulsion of Jews from the Arab Countries and Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew months</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisan" title="Nisan">Nisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyar" title="Iyar">Iyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivan" title="Sivan">Sivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammuz_(Hebrew_month)" title="Tammuz (Hebrew month)">Tammuz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Av_(month)" title="Av (month)">Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elul" title="Elul">Elul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishrei" title="Tishrei">Tishrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Cheshvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kislev" title="Kislev">Kislev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tevet" title="Tevet">Tevet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shevat" title="Shevat">Shevat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adar" title="Adar">Adar and Adar Sheni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_Israeli_holidays_2000%E2%80%932050" title="Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050">Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000–2050</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox888" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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