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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postponement_for_health_reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Postponement for health reasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postponement_for_health_reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adult_circumcision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adult_circumcision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Adult circumcision </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adult_circumcision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circumcision_for_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumcision_for_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Circumcision for the dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumcision_for_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anesthetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anesthetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Anesthetic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anesthetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvatter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvatter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Kvatter </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvatter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seudat_mitzvah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seudat_mitzvah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Seudat mitzvah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seudat_mitzvah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ritual components </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ritual_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ritual components subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ritual_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uncovering,_priah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uncovering,_priah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Uncovering, priah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uncovering,_priah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metzitzah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metzitzah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Metzitzah </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metzitzah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metzitzah_B'Peh_(oral_suction)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metzitzah_B'Peh_(oral_suction)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Metzitzah B'Peh (oral suction) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metzitzah_B'Peh_(oral_suction)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barriers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Barriers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barriers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatafat_dam_brit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatafat_dam_brit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hatafat dam brit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatafat_dam_brit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milah_L'shem_Giur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milah_L'shem_Giur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Milah L'shem Giur </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Milah_L'shem_Giur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Milah L'shem Giur subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Milah_L'shem_Giur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visible_symbol_of_a_covenant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_symbol_of_a_covenant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Visible symbol of a covenant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_symbol_of_a_covenant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_reasons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_reasons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Other reasons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_reasons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism,_Christianity,_and_the_Early_Church_(4_BCE_–_150_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism,_Christianity,_and_the_Early_Church_(4_BCE_–_150_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Judaism, Christianity, and the Early Church (4 BCE – 150 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism,_Christianity,_and_the_Early_Church_(4_BCE_–_150_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reform Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Samaritanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Samaritanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In Samaritanism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Samaritanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes and references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Mila" title="Brit Mila – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brit Mila" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87" title="بريت ميلاه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بريت ميلاه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Mil%C3%A0" title="Brit Milà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brit Milà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_mila" title="Brit mila – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brit mila" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Mila" title="Brit Mila – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brit Mila" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Mil%C3%A1" title="Brit Milá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brit Milá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_mila" title="Brit mila – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brit mila" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7" title="بریت میلا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بریت میلا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Milah" title="Brit Milah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brit Milah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_mil%C3%A0" title="Brit milà – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brit milà" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ברית מילה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברית מילה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briet_mila" title="Briet mila – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Briet mila" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_Mila" title="Brit Mila – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brit Mila" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ber%C3%ADt_mil%C3%A1" title="Berít milá – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Berít milá" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_mila" title="Brit mila – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brit mila" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_mil%C3%A1" title="Brit milá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brit milá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Обрезание в иудаизме – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обрезание в иудаизме" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_mila" title="Brit mila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brit mila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berit_mila" title="Berit mila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Berit mila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berit_mila" title="Berit mila – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Berit mila" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brit milah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birit_milah" title="Birit milah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birit milah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Брит міла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Брит міла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94" title="ברית מילה – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ברית מילה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%89%B2%E7%A6%AE" title="猶太教割禮 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="猶太教割禮" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q848599#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David"><img alt="Star of David" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/60px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/90px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/120px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments"><img alt="Ten Commandments" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/60px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/90px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lukhot_Habrit.svg/120px-Lukhot_Habrit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="243" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Menorah"><img alt="Menorah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/120px-Menora.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Menora.svg/250px-Menora.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="621" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Movements</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservadox" title="Conservadox">Conservadox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musar_movement" title="Musar movement">Musar movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_(Judaism)" title="Chumash (Judaism)">Ḥumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piyyut" title="Piyyut">Piyutim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Law</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruch_HaShulchan" title="Aruch HaShulchan">Aruch HaShulchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzniut" title="Tzniut">Tzniut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Noahide laws</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Holy cities</a>/<a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_holy_places" title="Category:Jewish holy places">places</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_midrash" title="Beth midrash">Beth midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">Mikveh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkah" title="Sukkah">Sukkah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevra_kadisha" title="Chevra kadisha">Chevra kadisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Holy Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Important figures</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac" title="Isaac">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron" title="Aaron">Aaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon">Solomon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah" title="Sarah">Sarah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca" title="Rebecca">Rebecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leah" title="Leah">Leah</a></li></ul> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rabbis" title="List of rabbis">Rabbinic sages</a> <a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishonim" title="Rishonim">Rishonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">Acharonim</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_religious_occupations" title="Category:Jewish religious occupations">Religious roles</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Posek</a></li> 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Judaism" title="Template:Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Judaism" title="Template talk:Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1824_Brit_mila.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1824_Brit_mila.png/250px-1824_Brit_mila.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1824_Brit_mila.png/330px-1824_Brit_mila.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/1824_Brit_mila.png/500px-1824_Brit_mila.png 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>1824 illustration from <a href="/wiki/Lipn%C3%ADk_nad_Be%C4%8Dvou" title="Lipník nad Bečvou">Lipník nad Bečvou</a></figcaption></figure> The brit milah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>בְּרִית מִילָה‎, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Israeli</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bʁit miˈla]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[bʁis ˈmilə]</a>; "<a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>") or bris (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" />ברית‎, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Yiddish: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">[bʁɪs]</a>) is <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_circumcision" title="Religion and circumcision">the ceremony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a>, during which the <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskin</a> is surgically removed.<a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> commanded the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">biblical patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his male descendants on the eighth day of life, symbolizing <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">the covenant</a> between <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a> Today, it is generally performed by a <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">mohel</a> on the eighth day after the infant's birth and is followed by a celebratory meal known as <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah" title="Seudat mitzvah">seudat mitzvah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-2">[2]</a> Brit Milah is considered among the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">most important and central commandments in Judaism</a>, and the rite has played a central role in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">the formation and history</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish civilization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, when discussing the importance of Brit Milah, considers it equal to all other <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvot</a> (commandments).<a href="#cite_note-:14-3">[3]</a> Abraham's descendants who voluntarily fail to undergo Brit Milah, barring extraordinary circumstances, are believed to suffer <a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">Kareth</a>:<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in Jewish theology, the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> and denial of a share in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">world to come</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-8">[8]</a> Brit is understood by Jews to signify acceptance into the covenant between God and the Jewish people,<a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a> which is why <a href="/wiki/Gerim" title="Gerim">Gerim</a> need to go through <a href="#Hatafat_dam_brit">brit</a> even if they are not from Abraham's descendants. Historical conflicts between Jews and European civilizations have occurred several times over Brit Milah, including multiple campaigns of Jewish ethnic, cultural, and religious persecution, with subsequent bans and restrictions on the practice as an attempted means of forceful assimilation, conversion, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">ethnocide</a>, most famously in the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:27-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-11">[11]</a> "In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit milah) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution".<a href="#cite_note-:21-11">[11]</a> These periods have generally been linked to suppression of Jewish religious, ethnic, and cultural identity and subsequent "punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision".<a href="#cite_note-:27-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabee</a> victory in the Maccabean Revolt—ending the prohibition against circumcision—is celebrated in <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukkah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:18-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Circumcision rates are near-universal among Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:33-13">[13]</a> Brit Milah also has immense importance in other religions. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a>, the parents of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, had him <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">undergo circumcision</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_(unknown_to_515_BCE)">Origins (unknown to 515 BCE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins (unknown to 515 BCE)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_circumcision" title="History of circumcision">History of circumcision</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac%27s_circumcision,_Regensburg_c1300.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Isaac%27s_circumcision%2C_Regensburg_c1300.jpg/250px-Isaac%27s_circumcision%2C_Regensburg_c1300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Isaac%27s_circumcision%2C_Regensburg_c1300.jpg/330px-Isaac%27s_circumcision%2C_Regensburg_c1300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Isaac%27s_circumcision%2C_Regensburg_c1300.jpg/500px-Isaac%27s_circumcision%2C_Regensburg_c1300.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>"Isaac's Circumcision", Regensburg Pentateuch, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1300</figcaption></figure> The origin of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> is not known with certainty; however, artistic and literary evidence from ancient Egypt suggests it was practiced in the ancient Near East from at least the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">Sixth Dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2345–2181 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> According to some scholars, it appears that it only appeared as a sign of the covenant during the Babylonian Exile.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a> Scholars who posit the existence of a hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Jahwist" title="Jahwist">J source</a> (likely composed during the <a href="/wiki/7th_century_BC" title="7th century BC">seventh century BCE</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Pentateuch</a> in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Genesis#Chapter_15" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis">Genesis 15</a> hold that it would not have mentioned a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenant</a> that involves the practice of circumcision. Only in the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_source" title="Priestly source">P source</a> (likely composed during the sixth century BCE) of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Genesis#Chapter_17" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Genesis">Genesis 17</a> does the notion of circumcision become linked to a covenant.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-18">[18]</a> Some scholars have argued that it originated as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">child sacrifice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biblical_references">Biblical references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biblical references">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)#Abrahamic_covenant" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant (biblical) § Abrahamic covenant</a></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Adonai</a> commanded the <a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">biblical patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a> to be circumcised, an act to be followed by his descendants: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">This is My covenant, which ye shall keep, between Me and you and thy seed after thee: every male among you shall be circumcised. And ye shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskin; and it shall be a token of a covenant betwixt Me and you. And he that is eight days old shall be circumcised among you, every male throughout your generations, he that is born in the house, or bought with money of any foreigner, that is not of thy seed. He that is born in thy house, and he that is bought with thy money, must needs be circumcised; and My covenant shall be in your flesh for an everlasting covenant. And the uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken My covenant.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Genesis 17:10–14<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 12:3 says: "And in the eighth day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> According to the Hebrew Bible, it was "a reproach" for an <a href="/wiki/Israelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Israelite">Israelite</a> to be uncircumcised.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The plural term arelim ("uncircumcised") is used <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opprobrium" class="extiw" title="wikt:opprobrium">opprobriously</a>, denoting the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> and other non-Israelites<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and used in conjunction with tameh (unpure) for heathen.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The word arel ("uncircumcised" [singular]) is also employed for "impermeable";<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> it is also applied to the first three years' fruit of a tree, which is forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> However, the Israelites born in the wilderness after the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Exodus" title="Book of Exodus">Exodus</a> from Egypt were not circumcised. <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> 5:2–9, explains, "all the people that came out" of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> were circumcised, but those "born in the wilderness" were not. Therefore, Joshua, before the celebration of the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, had them circumcised at <a href="/wiki/Gilgal" title="Gilgal">Gilgal</a> specifically before they entered Canaan. Abraham, too, was circumcised when he moved into Canaan. The prophetic tradition emphasizes that God expects people to be good as well as pious, and that non-Jews will be judged based on their ethical behavior, see <a href="/wiki/Noahide_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Noahide Law">Noahide Law</a>. Thus, Jeremiah 9:25–26 says that circumcised and uncircumcised will be punished alike by the Lord; for "all the nations are uncircumcised, and all the house of Israel are uncircumcised in heart". The penalty of willful non-observance is <a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">kareth</a> (making oneself liable to extirpation or excommunication), as noted in Genesis 17:1-14.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion to Judaism</a> for non-Israelites in Biblical times necessitated circumcision, otherwise one could not partake in the <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> offering.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Today, as in the time of Abraham, it is required of converts in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> As found in Genesis 17:1–14, brit milah is considered to be so important that should the eighth day fall on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">the Sabbath</a>, actions that would normally be forbidden because of the sanctity of the day are permitted in order to fulfill the requirement to circumcise.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, when discussing the importance of Milah, compares it to being equal to all other mitzvot (commandments) based on the <a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">gematria</a> for brit of 612.<a href="#cite_note-:14-3">[3]</a> Covenants in biblical times were often sealed by severing an animal,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> with the implication that the party who breaks the covenant will suffer a similar fate. In Hebrew, the verb meaning "to seal a covenant" translates literally as "to cut".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> It is presumed by Jewish scholars that the removal of the foreskin symbolically represents such a sealing of the covenant.<a href="#cite_note-:6-9">[9]</a> Speculated reasons for biblical circumcision include to show off "patrilineal descent, sexual fertility, male initiation, cleansing of birth impurity, and dedication to God".<a href="#cite_note-:92-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ceremony">Ceremony</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ceremony">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_res_A_circumcision,_Marco_Marcuola,_Venice,_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/High_res_A_circumcision%2C_Marco_Marcuola%2C_Venice%2C_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg/250px-High_res_A_circumcision%2C_Marco_Marcuola%2C_Venice%2C_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/High_res_A_circumcision%2C_Marco_Marcuola%2C_Venice%2C_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg/330px-High_res_A_circumcision%2C_Marco_Marcuola%2C_Venice%2C_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/High_res_A_circumcision%2C_Marco_Marcuola%2C_Venice%2C_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg/500px-High_res_A_circumcision%2C_Marco_Marcuola%2C_Venice%2C_circa_1870_-_Museum_of_Jewish_Art_and_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Jewish circumcision in Venice around 1780, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mohalim">Mohalim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mohalim">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Mohalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohalim">Mohalim</a> are Jews trained in the practice of brit milah, the "covenant of circumcision". According to traditional Jewish law, in the absence of a grown free Jewish male expert, anyone who has the required skills is also authorized to perform the circumcision, if they are Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Yet, most streams of non-Orthodox Judaism allow women to be mohalot (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" />מוֹהֲלוֹת‎, plural of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095" />מוֹהֶלֶת‎ mohelet, feminine of mohel), without restriction. In 1984, Deborah Cohen became the first certified Reform mohelet; she was certified by the Berit Mila program of Reform Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_milah_bench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brit_milah_bench.jpg/250px-Brit_milah_bench.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brit_milah_bench.jpg/330px-Brit_milah_bench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Brit_milah_bench.jpg/500px-Brit_milah_bench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3205" data-file-height="3836" /></a><figcaption>Circumcision bench, 18th century. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Musem_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Musem of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_and_place">Time and place</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Time and place">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fauteuil_de_circoncision_(%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fauteuil_de_circoncision_%28%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22%29.jpg/220px-Fauteuil_de_circoncision_%28%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fauteuil_de_circoncision_%28%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22%29.jpg/330px-Fauteuil_de_circoncision_%28%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Fauteuil_de_circoncision_%28%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22%29.jpg/440px-Fauteuil_de_circoncision_%28%22Fauteuil_d%27Elie%22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Chair of Elijah used during the brit milah ceremony, <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Art_et_d%27Histoire_du_Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme">Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme</a></figcaption></figure> It is customary for the brit to be held in a synagogue, but it can also be held at home or any other suitable location. The brit is performed on the eighth day from the baby's birth, taking into consideration that according to the Jewish calendar, the day begins at the sunset of the day before. If the baby is born on Sunday before sunset, the brit will be held the following Sunday. However, if the baby is born on Sunday night after sunset, the brit is on the following Monday. The brit takes place on the eighth day following birth even if that day is Shabbat or a holiday; however, if the baby is born on Friday night between sunset and nightfall, the Berit is delayed until the following Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Furthermore, the brit is performed on the Sabbath only if it is a natural birth; if the birth is a <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">Caesarean section</a>, the berit is delayed until Sunday.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> A brit is traditionally performed in the morning, but it may be performed any time during daylight hours.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Postponement_for_health_reasons">Postponement for health reasons</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Postponement for health reasons">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Circumcision_set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Circumcision_set.jpg/250px-Circumcision_set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Circumcision_set.jpg/330px-Circumcision_set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Circumcision_set.jpg/500px-Circumcision_set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="377" /></a><figcaption>Family circumcision set and trunk, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> eighteenth century. Wooden box covered in cow hide with silver implements: silver trays, clip, pointer, silver flask, spice vessel.</figcaption></figure> The Talmud explicitly instructs that a boy must not be circumcised if he had two brothers who died due to complications arising from their circumcisions,<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMor-44">[44]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a> says that this excluded paternal half-brothers. This may be due to a concern about <a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">hemophilia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-JewEncMor-44">[44]</a> An Israeli study found a high rate of <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">urinary tract infections</a> if the bandage is left on too long.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> If the child is born <a href="/wiki/Premature_baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Premature baby">prematurely</a> or has other serious medical problems, the brit milah will be postponed until the doctors and mohel deem the child strong enough for his foreskin to be surgically removed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adult_circumcision">Adult circumcision</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Adult circumcision">edit</a>]</div> In recent years, the circumcision of adult Jews who were not circumcised as infants has become more common than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> In such cases, the brit milah will be done at the earliest date that can be arranged. The actual circumcision will be private, and other elements of the ceremony (e.g., the celebratory meal) may be modified to accommodate the desires of the one being circumcised. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Circumcision_for_the_dead">Circumcision for the dead</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Circumcision for the dead">edit</a>]</div> According to Halacha, a baby who dies before they had time to circumcise him must be circumcised before burial. Several reasons were given for this commandment.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Some have written that there is no need for this circumcision. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anesthetic">Anesthetic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anesthetic">edit</a>]</div> Most prominent <a href="/wiki/Acharonim" title="Acharonim">acharonim</a> rule that the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a> of brit milah lies in the pain it causes, and anesthetic, sedation, or ointment should generally not be used.<a href="#cite_note-Rabbi_Yaakov_Montrose,_2011,_pp._29-32-48">[48]</a> However, it is traditionally common to feed the infant a drop of wine or other sweet liquid to soothe him.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Waldenberg" title="Eliezer Waldenberg">Eliezer Waldenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yechiel_Yaakov_Weinberg" title="Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg">Yechiel Yaakov Weinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Wosner" title="Shmuel Wosner">Shmuel Wosner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a> and others agree that the child should not be sedated, although pain relieving ointment may be used under certain conditions; <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Wosner" title="Shmuel Wosner">Shmuel Wosner</a> particularly asserts that the act ought to be painful, per <a href="/wiki/Psalms" title="Psalms">Psalm</a> 44:23.<a href="#cite_note-Rabbi_Yaakov_Montrose,_2011,_pp._29-32-48">[48]</a> In a letter to the editor published in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> on January 3, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_David_Tendler" title="Moshe David Tendler">Rabbi Moshe David Tendler</a> disagrees with the above and writes, "It is a biblical prohibition to cause anyone unnecessary pain." Rabbi Tendler recommends the use of an <a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">analgesic</a> cream.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">lidocaine</a> should not be used because it has been linked to several pediatric near-death episodes.<a href="#cite_note-J_Child_Neurol_2002-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvatter">Kvatter</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kvatter">edit</a>]</div> The title of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D6%B7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" class="extiw" title="wikt:קוואַטער">kvater</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: קוואַטער) among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> is for the person who carries the baby from the mother to the father, who in turn carries him to the <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">mohel</a>. This honor is usually given to a couple without children, as a merit or <a href="/wiki/Segula_(Kabbalah)" title="Segula (Kabbalah)">segula</a> (efficacious remedy) that they should have children of their own. The origin of the term is <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> gevater/gevatere ("godfather").<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sedutat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sedutat.png/220px-Sedutat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sedutat.png/330px-Sedutat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Sedutat.png/440px-Sedutat.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Seudat Mitzah at a brit (1824 Czechia)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seudat_mitzvah">Seudat mitzvah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Seudat mitzvah">edit</a>]</div> After the ceremony, a <a href="/wiki/Seudat_mitzvah" title="Seudat mitzvah">celebratory meal</a> takes place. At the <a href="/wiki/Birkat_hamazon" class="mw-redirect" title="Birkat hamazon">birkat hamazon</a>, according to the Eastern Asheknazic rite, additional introductory lines, known as Nodeh Leshimcha, are added. These lines praise God and request the permission of God, the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kohen" title="Kohen">Kohanim</a> and distinguished people present to proceed with the grace. When the four main blessings are concluded, special ha-Rachaman prayers are recited. They request various blessings by God that include: <ol><li>the parents of the baby, to help them raise him wisely;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sandek" title="Sandek">sandek</a> (companion of child);</li> <li>the baby boy to have strength and grow up to trust in God and perceive Him <a href="/wiki/Three_pilgrim_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Three pilgrim festivals">three times a year</a>;</li> <li>the mohel for unhesitatingly performing the ritual;</li> <li>to send the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a> speedily in the merit of this <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a>;</li> <li>to send <a href="/wiki/Elijah_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah (prophet)">Elijah</a> the prophet, known as "The Righteous Kohen", so that God's covenant can be fulfilled with the re-establishment of the throne of King <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a>.</li></ol> According to the Western Ashkenazic rite, Nodeh Leshimcha is not recited. <a href="/wiki/Elohim_tzivita_li-yedidcha_bechiracha" title="Elohim tzivita li-yedidcha bechiracha">Elohim tzivita li-yedidcha bechiracha</a> is recited during the second blessing, and a set of ha-Rachaman prayers, different from the ones in the Eastern Ashkenazic rite, are recited.<a href="#cite_note-Baer-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_components">Ritual components</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ritual components">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uncovering,_priah">Uncovering, priah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uncovering, priah">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Britmila2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Britmila2.jpg/220px-Britmila2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Britmila2.jpg/330px-Britmila2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Britmila2.jpg/440px-Britmila2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4290" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption>Infant after brit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brit_milah_cushion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Brit_milah_cushion.jpg/250px-Brit_milah_cushion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Brit_milah_cushion.jpg/330px-Brit_milah_cushion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Brit_milah_cushion.jpg/500px-Brit_milah_cushion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Circumcision cushion, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Musem_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Musem of Switzerland">Jewish Museum of Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> At the neonatal stage, the inner preputial <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> is still linked with the surface of the <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The mitzvah is executed only when this epithelium is either removed, or permanently peeled back to uncover the glans.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On medical circumcisions performed by surgeons, the epithelium is removed along with the foreskin,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> to prevent post operative penile adhesion and its complications.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> However, on ritual circumcisions performed by a mohel, the epithelium is most commonly peeled off only after the foreskin has been amputated. This procedure is called priah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: פריעה), which means 'uncovering'. The main goal of "priah" (also known as "bris periah"), is to remove as much of the inner layer of the foreskin as possible and prevent the movement of the shaft skin, what creates the look and function of what is known as a "low and tight" circumcision.<a href="#cite_note-:5-59">[59]</a> According to Rabbinic interpretation of traditional Jewish sources,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> the 'priah' has been performed as part of the Jewish circumcision since the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> first inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion states that many Hellenistic Jews attempted to restore their foreskins, and that similar action was taken during the Hadrianic persecution, a period in which a prohibition against circumcision was issued. The writers of the dictionary hypothesize that the more severe method practiced today was probably begun in order to prevent the possibility of restoring the foreskin after circumcision, and therefore the rabbis added the requirement of cutting the foreskin in periah.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen" title="Shaye J. D. Cohen">Shaye J. D. Cohen</a>, the Torah only commands milah.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gollaher" title="David Gollaher">David Gollaher</a> has written that the rabbis added the procedure of priah to discourage men from trying to restore their foreskins: "Once established, priah was deemed essential to circumcision; if the mohel failed to cut away enough tissue, the operation was deemed insufficient to comply with God's covenant", and "Depending on the strictness of individual rabbis, boys (or men thought to have been inadequately cut) were subjected to additional operations."<a href="#cite_note-:8-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodcut_bris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Woodcut_bris.png/250px-Woodcut_bris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Woodcut_bris.png/330px-Woodcut_bris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Woodcut_bris.png/500px-Woodcut_bris.png 2x" data-file-width="1031" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of a brit (1657)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metzitzah">Metzitzah</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Metzitzah">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dd>note: alternate spellings Metzizah<a href="#cite_note-Hartog-64">[64]</a> or Metsitsah<a href="#cite_note-Yivo-65">[65]</a> are also used to refer to this.</dd></dl> In the Metzitzah (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מְצִיצָה), the guard is slid over the foreskin as close to the <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans</a> as possible to allow for maximum removal of the former without any injury to the latter. A <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a> is used to detach the foreskin. A tube is used for metzitzah In addition to milah (the initial cut amputating the akroposthion) and p'riah and subsequent circumcision, mentioned above, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Shabbat 19:2) mentions a third step, metzitzah, translated as suction, as one of the steps involved in the circumcision rite. The Talmud writes that a "<a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">Mohel</a> (Circumciser) who does not suck creates a danger, and should be dismissed from practice".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> on that Talmudic passage explains that this step is in order to draw some blood from deep inside the wound to prevent danger to the baby.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalists</a>, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shalom_Sharabi" title="Shalom Sharabi">Shalom Sharabi</a> and Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>, have written that he that performs metzitzah ought to cognizantly endeavor to draw away the '<a href="/wiki/Yetzer_hara" title="Yetzer hara">evil inclination</a>' that lay within the blood that is extracted. There are other modern antiseptic and antibiotic techniques—all used as part of the brit milah today—which many say accomplish the intended purpose of metzitzah, however, since metzitzah is one of the four steps to fulfill the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">mitzvah</a>,<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> it continues to be practiced by <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metzitzah_B'Peh_(oral_suction)">Metzitzah B'Peh (oral suction)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metzitzah B'Peh (oral suction)">edit</a>]</div> The traditional method of performing metzitzah b'peh (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מְצִיצָה בְּפֶה, abbreviated as MBP<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>)—or oral suction<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>—has become controversial. The process has the <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">mohel</a> place his mouth directly on the infant's genital wound to draw blood away from the cut. Many circumcision ceremonies no longer use metzitzah b'peh,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> but Haredi Jews continue to perform it, while traditional <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> never practiced it.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-RCAMetzitzah-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hartog-64">[64]</a> The practice poses a serious risk of spreading <a href="/wiki/Herpes" title="Herpes">herpes</a> to the infant.<a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Proponents maintain that there is no conclusive evidence that links herpes to Metzitza,<a href="#cite_note-matziv.com-81">[81]</a> and that attempts to limit this practice infringe on religious freedom.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The practice has become a controversy in both secular and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_medical_ethics" title="Jewish medical ethics">Jewish medical ethics</a>. The ritual of metzitzah is found in <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> Shabbat 19:2, which lists it as one of the four steps involved in the circumcision rite. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a>, also known as the Chatam Sofer (1762–1839), observed that the Talmud states that the rationale for this part of the ritual was hygienic—i.e., to protect the health of the child. As such, the Chatam Sofer issued a ruling to perform metzitzah with a sponge instead of oral suction in order to safeguard the child from potential risks. He also cited a passage in Nedarim 32a as a warrant for the position that metzitzah b’peh was not an obligatory part of the circumcision ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> It relates the story that a mohel (who was suspected of transmitting herpes via metzizah to infants) was checked several times and never found to have signs of the disease and that a ban was requested because of the "possibility of future infections".<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Schick" title="Moshe Schick">Moshe Schick</a> (1807–1879), a student of Moses Sofer, states in his book of Responsa, She’eilos u’teshuvos Maharam Schick (Orach Chaim 152,) that Moses Sofer gave the ruling in that specific instance only because the mohel refused to step down and had secular government connections that prevented his removal in favor of another mohel, and the Heter may not be applied elsewhere. He also states (Yoreh Deah 244) that the practice is possibly a Sinaitic tradition, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Halacha_l%27Moshe_m%27Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai">Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai</a>. Other sources contradict this claim, with copies of Moses Sofer's responsa making no mention of the legal case or of his ruling applying in only one situation. Rather, that responsa makes quite clear that "metzizah" was a health measure and should never be employed where there is a health risk to the infant.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Hezekiah_Medini" title="Chaim Hezekiah Medini">Chaim Hezekiah Medini</a>, after corresponding with the greatest Jewish sages of the generation, concluded the practice to be <a href="/wiki/Halacha_l%27Moshe_m%27Sinai" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai">Halacha l'Moshe m'Sinai</a> and elaborates on what prompted Moses Sofer to give the above ruling.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> He tells the story that a student of Moses Sofer, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_Horowitz" title="Lazar Horowitz">Lazar Horowitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi_of_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Rabbi of Vienna">Chief Rabbi of Vienna</a> at the time and author of the responsa Yad Elazer, needed the ruling because of a governmental attempt to ban circumcision completely if it included metztitzah b'peh. He therefore asked Sofer to give him permission to do brit milah without metzitzah b'peh. When he presented the defense in secular court, his testimony was erroneously recorded to mean that Sofer stated it as a general ruling.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a> (RCA), which claims to be the largest American organization of Orthodox rabbis, published an article by mohel Yehudi Pesach Shields in its summer 1972 issue of Tradition magazine, calling for the abandonment of Metzitzah b'peh.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Since then the RCA has issued an opinion that advocates methods that do not involve contact between the mohel's mouth and the infant's genitals, such as the use of a sterile syringe, thereby eliminating the risk of infection.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz-75">[75]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> metzitzah b'peh should still be performed. The practice of metzitzah b'peh posed a serious risk in the transfer of <a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">herpes</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">mohelim</a> to eight Israeli infants, one of whom suffered brain damage.<a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> When three New York City infants contracted herpes after metzizah b'peh by one mohel and one of them died, New York authorities took out a restraining order against the mohel requiring use of a sterile glass tube, or pipette.<a href="#cite_note-Hartog-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewmanNYT-95">[95]</a> The mohel's attorney argued that the New York Department of Health had not supplied conclusive medical evidence linking his client with the disease.<a href="#cite_note-NewmanNYT-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lohud-96">[96]</a> In September 2005, the city withdrew the restraining order and turned the matter over to a rabbinical court.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Thomas Frieden, the Health Commissioner of New York City, wrote, "There exists no reasonable doubt that 'metzitzah b'peh' can and has caused neonatal herpes infection....The Health Department recommends that infants being circumcised not undergo metzitzah b'peh."<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In May 2006, the Department of Health for New York State issued a protocol for the performance of metzitzah b'peh.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a>, Commissioner of Health for New York State, together with a board of rabbis and doctors, worked, she said, to "allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health".<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Later in New York City in 2012 a 2-week-old baby died of herpes because of metzitzah b'peh.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In three medical papers done in Israel, Canada, and the US, oral suction following circumcision was suggested as a cause in 11 cases of neonatal herpes.<a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Researchers noted that prior to 1997, neonatal herpes reports in Israel were rare, and that the late instances were correlated with the mothers carrying the virus themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Gesundheit-77">[77]</a> Rabbi Doctor <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Halperin" title="Mordechai Halperin">Mordechai Halperin</a> implicates the "better hygiene and living conditions that prevail among the younger generation", which lowered to 60% the rate of young Israeli Haredi mothers who carry the virus. He explains that an "absence of antibodies in the mothers' blood means that their newborn sons received no such antibodies through the placenta, and therefore are vulnerable to infection by HSV-1".<a href="#cite_note-Halperin-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barriers">Barriers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Barriers">edit</a>]</div> Because of the risk of infection, some rabbinical authorities have ruled that the traditional practice of direct contact should be replaced by using a sterile tube between the wound and the <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">mohel</a>'s mouth, so there is no direct oral contact. The <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America</a>, the largest group of <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a> rabbis, endorses this method.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The RCA paper states: "Rabbi Schachter even reports that Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik reports that his father, Rav Moshe Soloveitchik, would not permit a mohel to perform metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact, and that his grandfather, Rav Chaim Soloveitchik, instructed mohelim in Brisk not to do metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact. However, although Rav Yosef Dov Soloveitchik also generally prohibited metzitza be’peh with direct oral contact, he did not ban it by those who insisted upon it." The sefer Mitzvas Hametzitzah<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> by Rabbi Sinai Schiffer of Baden, Germany, states that he is in possession of letters from 36 major Russian (Lithuanian) rabbis that categorically prohibit Metzitzah with a sponge and require it to be done orally. Among them is Rabbi Chaim Halevi Soloveitchik of Brisk. In September 2012, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Department_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Department of Health">New York Department of Health</a> unanimously ruled that the practice of metztizah b'peh should require informed consent from the parent or guardian of the child undergoing the ritual.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Prior to the ruling, several hundred rabbis, including Rabbi David Niederman, the executive director of the United Jewish Organization of Williamsburg, signed a declaration stating that they would not inform parents of the potential dangers that came with metzitzah b'peh, even if informed consent became law.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In a motion for preliminary injunction with intent to sue, filed against New York City Department of Health & Mental Hygiene, affidavits by <a href="/wiki/Awi_Federgruen" title="Awi Federgruen">Awi Federgruen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Brenda Breuer,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and Daniel S. Berman<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> argued that the study on which the department passed its conclusions is flawed.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The "informed consent" regulation was challenged in court. In January 2013 the U.S. District court ruled that the law did not specifically target religion and therefore must not pass <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a>. The ruling was appealed to the Court of Appeals.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> On August 15, 2014, the Second Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the decision by the lower court, and ruled that the regulation does have to be reviewed under <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a> to determine whether it infringes on Orthodox Jews' freedom of religion.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> On September 9, 2015, after coming to an agreement with the community the New York City Board of Health voted to repeal the informed consent regulation.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hatafat_dam_brit">Hatafat dam brit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hatafat dam brit">edit</a>]</div> A brit milah is more than circumcision; it is a sacred ritual in Judaism, as distinguished from its non-ritual requirement in Islam. One ramification is that the brit is not considered complete unless a drop of blood is actually drawn. The standard medical methods of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> through constriction do not meet the requirements of the <a href="/wiki/Halakhah" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhah">halakhah</a> for brit milah, because they are done with <a href="/wiki/Hemostasis" title="Hemostasis">hemostasis</a>, i.e., they stop the flow of blood. Moreover, circumcision alone, in the absence of the brit milah ceremony, does not fulfill the requirements of the mitzvah. Therefore, in cases involving a Jew who was circumcised outside of a brit milah, an already-circumcised convert, or an <a href="/wiki/Aposthia" title="Aposthia">aposthetic</a> (born without a foreskin) individual, the mohel draws a symbolic drop of blood (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: הטפת דם, hatafat-dam) from the penis at the point where the foreskin would have been or was attached.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Milah_L'shem_Giur">Milah L'shem Giur</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Milah L'shem Giur">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG/250px-G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG/330px-G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG/500px-G%C3%B6ttingen-Beschneidungswerkzeuge.02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Set of brit milah implements, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> city museum</figcaption></figure> A milah l'shem giur is a "circumcision for the purpose of conversion". In <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a>, this procedure is usually done by adoptive parents for adopted boys who are being converted as part of the adoption or by families with young children converting together. It is also required for adult converts who were not previously circumcised, e.g., those born in countries where circumcision at birth is not common. The conversion of a minor is valid in both Orthodox and <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative Judaism</a> until a child reaches the age of majority (13 for a boy, 12 for a girl); at that time the child has the option of renouncing his conversion and Judaism, and the conversion will then be considered retroactively invalid. He must be informed of his right to renounce his conversion if he wishes. If he does not make such a statement, it is accepted that the boy is halakhically Jewish. Orthodox rabbis will generally not convert a non-Jewish child raised by a mother who has not converted to Judaism.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The laws of conversion and conversion-related circumcision in Orthodox Judaism have numerous complications, and authorities recommend that a rabbi be consulted well in advance. In Conservative Judaism, the milah l'shem giur procedure is also performed for a boy whose mother has not converted, but with the intention that the child be raised Jewish. This conversion of a child to Judaism without the conversion of the mother is allowed by Conservative interpretations of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">halakha</a>. Conservative Rabbis will authorize it only under the condition that the child be raised as a Jew in a single-faith household. Should the mother convert, and if the boy has not yet reached his third birthday, the child may be immersed in the <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a> with the mother, after the mother has already immersed, to become Jewish. If the mother does not convert, the child may be immersed in a mikveh, or body of natural waters, to complete the child's conversion to Judaism. This can be done before the child is even one year old. If the child did not immerse in the <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">mikveh</a>, or the boy was too old, then the child may choose of their own accord to become Jewish at age 13 as a <a href="/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a>, and complete the conversion then.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <ul><li>The ceremony, when performed l'shem giur, does not have to be performed on a particular day, and does not override <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Holidays">Jewish Holidays</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a></li> <li>In Orthodox Judaism, there is a split of authorities on whether the child receives a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a> at the Brit ceremony or upon immersion in the <a href="/wiki/Mikvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikvah">Mikvah</a>. According to Zichron Brit LeRishonim, naming occurs at the Brit with a different formula than the standard Brit Milah. The more common practice among <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazic">Ashkenazic</a> Jews follows Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Feinstein" title="Moshe Feinstein">Moshe Feinstein</a>, with naming occurring at immersion.</li></ul> Where the procedure was performed but not followed by immersion or other requirements of the conversion procedure (e.g., in Conservative Judaism, where the mother has not converted), if the boy chooses to complete the conversion at Bar Mitzvah, a milah l'shem giur performed when the boy was an infant removes the obligation to undergo either a full brit milah or hatafat dam brit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_symbol_of_a_covenant">Visible symbol of a covenant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Visible symbol of a covenant">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Rabbi Saadia Gaon</a> considers something to be "complete" if it lacks nothing, but also has nothing that is unneeded. He regards the foreskin as an unneeded organ that God created in man, and so by amputating it, the man is completed.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The author of <a href="/wiki/Sefer_ha-Chinuch" title="Sefer ha-Chinuch">Sefer ha-Chinuch</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> provides three reasons for the practice of circumcision: <ol><li>To complete the form of man, by removing what he claims to be a redundant organ;</li> <li>To mark the chosen people, so that their bodies will be different as their souls are. The organ chosen for the mark is the one responsible for the sustenance of the species;</li> <li>The completion effected by circumcision is not congenital, but left to the man. This implies that as he completes the form of his body, so can he complete the form of his soul.</li></ol> Talmud professor <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boyarin" title="Daniel Boyarin">Daniel Boyarin</a> offered two explanations for circumcision. One is that it is a literal inscription on the Jewish body of the name of God in the form of the letter "<a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">yud</a>" (from "yesod"). The second is that the act of bleeding represents a feminization of Jewish men, significant in the sense that the covenant represents a marriage between Jews and (a symbolically male) God.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_reasons">Other reasons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other reasons">edit</a>]</div> In Of the Special Laws, Book 1, the Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> additionally gave other reasons for the practice of circumcision.<a href="#cite_note-:10-130">[130]</a> He attributes four of the reasons to "men of divine spirit and wisdom". These include the idea that circumcision: <ol><li>Protects against disease,</li> <li>Secures cleanliness "in a way that is suited to the people consecrated to God",</li> <li>Causes the circumcised portion of the penis to resemble a heart, thereby representing a physical connection between the "breath contained within the heart [that] is generative of thoughts, and the generative organ itself [that] is productive of living beings", and</li> <li>Promotes prolificness by removing impediments to the flow of semen.</li><li value="5">"Is a symbol of a man's knowing himself".</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judaism,_Christianity,_and_the_Early_Church_(4_BCE_–_150_CE)">Judaism, Christianity, and the Early Church (4 BCE – 150 CE)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Judaism, Christianity, and the Early Church (4 BCE – 150 CE)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision#Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision § Christianity</a></div> The 1st-century Jewish author <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> Judaeus defended Jewish circumcision on several grounds. He thought that circumcision should be done as early as possible as it would not be as likely to be done by someone's own <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>. He claimed that the foreskin prevented <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> from reaching the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a> and so should be done as a way to increase the nation's population. He also noted that circumcision should be performed as an effective means to reduce sexual pleasure.<a href="#cite_note-:11-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-:15-134">[134]</a> There was also division in <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisaic Judaism</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shammai" title="Shammai">Shammai</a> on the issue of <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_in_the_Bible#In_rabbinic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcision in the Bible">circumcision of proselytes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Jesus was circumcised</a> on the 8th day. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">After eight days had passed, it was time to circumcise the child; and he was called Jesus, the name given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 2:21<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></cite></div></blockquote> According to saying 53 of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">His disciples said to him, "is circumcision useful or not?". He said to them, "If it were useful, their father would produce children already circumcised from their mother. Rather, the true circumcision in spirit has become profitable in every respect."</blockquote> The foreskin was considered a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Beauty" title="Beauty">beauty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civility" title="Civility">civility</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masculinity" title="Masculinity">masculinity</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_world" title="Greco-Roman world">Greco-Roman world</a>; it was customary to spend an hour or so a day exercising <a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome#Male_nudity" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">nude</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Thermae" title="Thermae">Roman baths</a>; many Jewish men did not want to be seen in public deprived of their <a href="/wiki/Foreskin" title="Foreskin">foreskins</a>, where matters of business and politics were discussed.<a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[139]</a> To expose one's glans in public was seen as indecent, vulgar, and a sign of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a> and desire.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic culture">Hellenistic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman culture">Roman culture</a> widely found circumcision to be barbaric, cruel, and utterly repulsive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Neusner-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rubin-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fredriksen-142">[142]</a> By the period of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a>, many Jewish men <a href="/wiki/Foreskin_restoration" title="Foreskin restoration">attempted to hide their circumcisions</a> through the process of <a href="/wiki/Restoration_device" title="Restoration device">epispasm</a> due to the circumstances of the period, although Jewish religious writers denounced these practices as abrogating the covenant of Abraham in <a href="/wiki/1_Maccabees" title="1 Maccabees">1 Maccabees</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-139">[139]</a> After Christianity and Second Temple Judaism <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">split apart from one</a> another, Milah was declared spiritually unnecessary as a <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">condition of justification</a> by Christian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> and subsequently in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>, while it further increased in importance for Jews.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a> In the mid-2nd century CE, the <a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a>, the successors of the newly ideologically dominant <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, introduced and made mandatory a secondary step of circumcision known as the Periah.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-2">[2]</a> Without it circumcision was newly declared to have no spiritual value.<a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a> This new form removed as much of the <a href="/wiki/Preputial_mucosa" title="Preputial mucosa">inner mucosa</a> as possible, the <a href="/wiki/Frenulum_of_prepuce_of_penis" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenulum of prepuce of penis">frenulum</a> and its corresponding <a href="/wiki/Frenular_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Frenular delta">delta</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a>, and prevented the movement of shaft skin, in what creates a "low and tight" circumcision.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-59">[59]</a> It was intended to make it impossible to restore the foreskin.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a> This is the form practiced among the large majority of Jews today, and, later, became a basis for the routine neonatal circumcisions performed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a> The steps, justifications, and imposition of the practice have dramatically varied throughout history; commonly cited reasons for the practice have included it being a way to control <a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male sexuality</a> by reducing <a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">sexual pleasure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">desire</a>, as a visual marker of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_of_the_pieces" title="Covenant of the pieces">covenant of the pieces</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Tikkun_olam" title="Tikkun olam">metaphor for mankind perfecting creation</a>, and as a means to promote <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-131">[131]</a> The original version in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Judaic history</a> was either a ritual nick or cut done by a father to the <a href="/wiki/Acroposthion" class="mw-redirect" title="Acroposthion">acroposthion</a>, the part of the foreskin that overhangs the <a href="/wiki/Glans_penis" title="Glans penis">glans penis</a>. This form of <a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">genital nicking or cutting</a>, known as simply milah, became adopted among Jews by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple period</a> and was the predominant form until the second century CE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> The notion of milah being linked to a <a href="/wiki/Biblical_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical covenant">biblical covenant</a> is generally believed to have originated in the 6th century BCE as a product of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>; the practice likely lacked this significance among <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> before the period.<a href="#cite_note-:1-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reform_Judaism">Reform Judaism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Reform Judaism">edit</a>]</div> The Reform societies established in Frankfurt and Berlin regarded circumcision as barbaric and wished to abolish it. However, while prominent rabbis such as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Geiger" title="Abraham Geiger">Abraham Geiger</a> believed the ritual to be barbaric and outdated, they refrained from instituting any change in this matter. In 1843, when a father in Frankfurt refused to circumcise his son, rabbis of all shades in Germany stated it was mandated by Jewish law; even <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Holdheim" title="Samuel Holdheim">Samuel Holdheim</a> affirmed this.<a href="#cite_note-A-146">[146]</a> By 1871, Reform rabbinic leadership in Germany reasserted "the supreme importance of circumcision in Judaism", while affirming the traditional viewpoint that non-circumcised Jews are Jews nonetheless. Although the issue of circumcision of converts continues to be debated, the necessity of Brit Milah for Jewish infant boys has been stressed in every subsequent Reform rabbis manual or guide.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> While the Reform movement does not require the circumcision of adult male converts, it is increasingly acknowledged and practiced by many Reform communities as an important part of the conversion process.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Since 1984 <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> has trained and certified over 300 of their own practicing <a href="/wiki/Mohel" title="Mohel">mohalim</a> in this ritual.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> By 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a> began to recommend that male converts who are already circumcised undergo hatafat dam brit.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Samaritanism">In Samaritanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Samaritanism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritan</a> brit milah occurs on the eighth day following the child's birth at the father's home. In addition to special prayers and readings from the Torah pertaining to the ritual, an old hymn that invokes blessings for parents and children is sung.<a href="#cite_note-:17-152">[152]</a> According to 19th century British explorer <a href="/wiki/Claude_Reignier_Conder" title="Claude Reignier Conder">Conder</a>, in their circumcision hymn, Samaritans express their gratitude for a certain Roman soldier by the name of Germon, who was sent by an unknown Roman Emperor as a sentinel over the home of the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_High_Priest" title="Samaritan High Priest">Samaritan High Priest</a> for his kindness in allowing the process of circumcision to take place. They tried to give him money, but he refused, just requesting to be included in their future prayers instead.<a href="#cite_note-:17-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_of_Jesus" title="Circumcision of Jesus">Circumcision of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Khitan (circumcision)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="History of male circumcision">History of male circumcision</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:7-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHirschKohlerJacobsFriedenwald1906" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emil_Hirsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Hirsch">Hirsch, Emil</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kaufmann_Kohler" title="Kaufmann Kohler">Kohler, Kaufmann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jacobs" title="Joseph Jacobs">Jacobs, Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Broyd%C3%A9" title="Isaac Broydé">Friedenwald, Aaron</a>; Broydé, Isaac (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision">"Circumcision: The Cutting Away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. Retrieved October 13, 2020. <q>In order to prevent the obliteration of the "seal of the covenant" on the flesh, as circumcision was henceforth called, the Rabbis, probably after the war of Bar Kokba (see Yeb. l.c.; Gen. R. xlvi.), instituted the "peri'ah" (the laying bare of the glans), without which circumcision was declared to be of no value (Shab. xxx. 6).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Circumcision%3A+The+Cutting+Away&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hirsch&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft.au=Kohler%2C+Kaufmann&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Joseph&rft.au=Friedenwald%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Broyd%C3%A9%2C+Isaac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F4391-circumcision&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_2-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGollaher2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gollaher" title="David Gollaher">Gollaher, David</a> (2001). Circumcision: A History Of The World's Most Controversial Surgery. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. pp. 1–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02653-1"><bdi>978-0-465-02653-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circumcision%3A+A+History+Of+The+World%27s+Most+Controversial+Surgery&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02653-1&rft.aulast=Gollaher&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_3-1">b</a> Tractate <a href="/wiki/Nedarim_(tractate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nedarim (tractate)">Nedarim</a> 32a </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Genesis 17:9-14 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarlowCollins2010" class="citation book cs1">Harlow, Daniel; Collins, John (2010). "Circumcision". The Eerdmans Dictionary of Early Judaism. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6609-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4674-6609-7"><bdi>978-1-4674-6609-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circumcision&rft.btitle=The+Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+Early+Judaism&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4674-6609-7&rft.aulast=Harlow&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Collins%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:20_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamilton1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_P._Hamilton" title="Victor P. Hamilton">Hamilton, Victor</a> (1990). The Book of Genesis, Chapters 1-17. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 473. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2521-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-2521-6</bdi></a>. <q>In fact, circumcision is only one of two performative commands, the neglect of which bring the kareth penalty. (The other is the failure to be cleansed from corpse contamination, umb. 19:11-22.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Genesis%2C+Chapters+1-17&rft.pages=473&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2521-6&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-7"><a href="#cite_ref-:19_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMark2003" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Elizabeth (2003). "Frojmovic/Travelers to the Circumcision". The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite. <a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press" title="Brandeis University Press">Brandeis University Press</a>. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-307-3"><bdi>978-1-58465-307-3</bdi></a>. <q>Circumcision became the single most important commandment... the one without which... no Jew could attain the world to come.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frojmovic%2FTravelers+to+the+Circumcision&rft.btitle=The+Covenant+of+Circumcision%3A+New+Perspectives+on+an+Ancient+Jewish+Rite&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-307-3&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_8-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosner2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosner, Fred (2003). Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics. <a href="/wiki/Feldheim_Publishers" title="Feldheim Publishers">Feldheim Publishers</a>. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-592-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58330-592-8"><bdi>978-1-58330-592-8</bdi></a>. <q>Several eras in subsequent Jewish history were associated with forced conversions and with prohibitions against ritual circumcision... Jews endangered their lives during such times and exerted strenuous efforts to nullify such edicts. When they succeeded, they celebrated by declaring a holiday. Throughout most of history, Jews never doubted their obligation to observe circumcision... [those who attempted to reverse it or failed to perform the ritual were called] voiders of the covenant of Abraham our father, and they have no portion in the World to Come.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jewish+Medical+Ethics&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Feldheim+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58330-592-8&rft.aulast=Rosner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_9-1">b</a> "Circumcision." Mark Popovsky. Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion. Ed. David A. Leeming, Kathryn Madden and Stanton Marlan. New York: Springer, 2010. pp. 153–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-:27-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:27_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:27_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2018" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Robin (2018). The Contested Place of Religion in Family Law. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41760-0"><bdi>978-1-108-41760-0</bdi></a>. <q>Jews have a long history of suffering punishment at the hands of government authorities for engaging in circumcision. Muslims have also experienced suppression of their identities through suppression of this religious practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Contested+Place+of+Religion+in+Family+Law&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41760-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Livingston" title="Michael Livingston">Livingston, Michael</a> (2021). Dreamworld or Dystopia: The Nordic Model and Its Influence in the 21st Century. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75726-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-75726-3"><bdi>978-1-108-75726-3</bdi></a>. <q>In Jewish history, the banning of circumcision (brit mila) has historically been a first step toward more extreme and violent forms of persecution.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreamworld+or+Dystopia%3A+The+Nordic+Model+and+Its+Influence+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-108-75726-3&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/holidays/chanukah/article_cdo/aid/102911/jewish/What-Is-Hanukkah.htm">"What Is Hanukkah?"</a>. Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center. <q>In the second century BCE, the Holy Land was ruled by the Seleucids (Syrian-Greeks), who tried to force the people of Israel to accept Greek culture and beliefs instead of mitzvah observance and belief in G‑d. Against all odds, a small band of faithful but poorly armed Jews, led by Judah the Maccabee, defeated one of the mightiest armies on earth, drove the Greeks from the land, reclaimed the Holy Temple in Jerusalem and rededicated it to the service of G‑d. ... To commemorate and publicize these miracles, the sages instituted the festival of Chanukah.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+Hanukkah%3F&rft.pub=Chabad-Lubavitch+Media+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Fholidays%2Fchanukah%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F102911%2Fjewish%2FWhat-Is-Hanukkah.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:33-13"><a href="#cite_ref-:33_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen-Almagor2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen-Almagor, Raphael (9 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43545-020-00011-7">"Should liberal government regulate male circumcision performed in the name of Jewish tradition?"</a>. SN Social Sciences. 1 (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs43545-020-00011-7">10.1007/s43545-020-00011-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2662-9283">2662-9283</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228911544">228911544</a>. <q>Protagonists and critics of male circumcision agree on some things and disagree on many others... They also do not underestimate the importance of male circumcision for the relevant communities.... Even the most critical voices of male circumcision do not suggest putting a blanket ban on the practice as they understand that such a ban, very much like the 1920–1933 prohibition laws in the United States, would not be effective... Protagonists and critics of male circumcision debate whether the practice is morally acceptable... They assign different weights to harm as well as to medical risks and to non-medical benefits. The different weights to risks and benefits conform to their underlying views about the practices... Protagonists and critics disagree about the significance of medical reasons for circumcision...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SN+Social+Sciences&rft.atitle=Should+liberal+government+regulate+male+circumcision+performed+in+the+name+of+Jewish+tradition%3F&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228911544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2662-9283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs43545-020-00011-7&rft.aulast=Cohen-Almagor&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs43545-020-00011-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGollaher,_David,_1949-2000" class="citation book cs1">Gollaher, David, 1949- (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42040798">Circumcision : a history of the world's most controversial surgery</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04397-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04397-6"><bdi>0-465-04397-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42040798">42040798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circumcision+%3A+a+history+of+the+world%27s+most+controversial+surgery&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42040798&rft.isbn=0-465-04397-6&rft.au=Gollaher%2C+David%2C+1949-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F42040798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_15-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarris1992" class="citation book cs1">Karris, Robert (1992). The Collegeville Bible Commentary: Old Testament. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Press">Liturgical Press</a>. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2210-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8146-2210-0"><bdi>978-0-8146-2210-0</bdi></a>. <q>Circumcision only became an important sign of the covenant during the Babylonian Exile; it is doubtful that it always had this significance for Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collegeville+Bible+Commentary%3A+Old+Testament&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8146-2210-0&rft.aulast=Karris&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlick2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Glick" title="Leonard Glick">Glick, Leonard</a> (2005). Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–3, 15–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517674-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517674-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marked+in+Your+Flesh%3A+Circumcision+from+Ancient+Judea+to+Modern+America&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517674-2&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEilberg-Schwartz1990" class="citation book cs1">Eilberg-Schwartz, Howard (1990). The Savage in Judaism: An Anthropology of Israelite Religion and Ancient Judaism. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31946-3"><bdi>978-0-253-31946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Savage+in+Judaism%3A+An+Anthropology+of+Israelite+Religion+and+Ancient+Judaism&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-253-31946-3&rft.aulast=Eilberg-Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlick2006" class="citation cs2">Glick, Nansi S. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_3">"Zipporah and the Bridegroom of Blood: Searching for the Antecedents of Jewish Circumcision"</a>, Bodily Integrity and the Politics of Circumcision, Dordrecht: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer Netherlands">Springer Netherlands</a>, pp. 37–47, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4916-3_3">10.1007/978-1-4020-4916-3_3</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4915-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4915-6"><bdi>978-1-4020-4915-6</bdi></a>, retrieved December 21, 2020</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bodily+Integrity+and+the+Politics+of+Circumcision&rft.atitle=Zipporah+and+the+Bridegroom+of+Blood%3A+Searching+for+the+Antecedents+of+Jewish+Circumcision&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4916-3_3&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4915-6&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Nansi+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-4916-3_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStavrakopoulou2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francesca_Stavrakopoulou" title="Francesca Stavrakopoulou">Stavrakopoulou, Francesca</a> (2012). King Manasseh and Child Sacrifice: Biblical Distortions of Historical Realities. <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 198–200, 282–283, 305–306, et al. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-089964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-089964-1"><bdi>978-3-11-089964-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Manasseh+and+Child+Sacrifice%3A+Biblical+Distortions+of+Historical+Realities&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E200%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E283%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E306%2C+et+al&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-089964-1&rft.aulast=Stavrakopoulou&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Barker" title="Margaret Barker">Barker, Margaret</a> (2012). The Mother of the Lord: Volume 1: The Lady in the Temple. <a href="/wiki/T%26T_Clark" title="T&T Clark">T&T Clark</a>. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-36246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-36246-9"><bdi>978-0-567-36246-9</bdi></a>. <q>It seems that in the biblical tradition... child sacrifice was replaced by circumcision...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mother+of+the+Lord%3A+Volume+1%3A+The+Lady+in+the+Temple&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=T%26T+Clark&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-567-36246-9&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdinger1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Edinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Edinger">Edinger, Edward</a> (1986). The Bible and the Psyche: Individuation Symbolism in the Old Testament. Inner City Books. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-919123-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-919123-23-6"><bdi>978-0-919123-23-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+and+the+Psyche%3A+Individuation+Symbolism+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Inner+City+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-919123-23-6&rft.aulast=Edinger&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#10">Genesis 17:10–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0312.htm#3">Leviticus 12:3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Joshua" title="Book of Joshua">Joshua</a> 5:9. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Books_of_Samuel" title="Books of Samuel">I Samuel</a> 14:6, 31:4; II Samuel 1:20 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 52:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 26:41, "their uncircumcised hearts"; compare <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiah" title="Book of Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> 9:25; <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> 44:7, 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leviticus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leviticus">Leviticus</a> 19:23 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0117.htm#1">Genesis 17:1–14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZechariah_ha-Rofé1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_ha-Rof%C3%A9" title="Zechariah ha-Rofé">Zechariah ha-Rofé</a> (1990). Havazelet, Meir (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Midrash_ha-Hefez" title="Midrash ha-Hefez">Midrash ha-Ḥefez</a> (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Mossad_Harav_Kook" title="Mossad Harav Kook">Mossad Harav Kook</a>. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23773577">23773577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Midrash+ha-%E1%B8%A4efez&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Mossad+Harav+Kook&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23773577&rft.au=Zechariah+ha-Rof%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/commentaries/ellicott/genesis/17.htm">"Genesis 17: Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers"</a>. Biblehub. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblehub&rft.atitle=Genesis+17%3A+Ellicott%27s+Commentary+for+English+Readers&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fcommentaries%2Fellicott%2Fgenesis%2F17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0212.htm#48">Exodus 12:48</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0134.htm#14">Genesis 34:14–16</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/tractate-shabbat-chapter-19">"Tractate Shabbat: Chapter 19: Regulations ordained by R. Eliezer concerning circumcision on the Sabbath"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160425221632/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Talmud/shabbat19.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2022-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Tractate+Shabbat%3A+Chapter+19%3A+Regulations+ordained+by+R.+Eliezer+concerning+circumcision+on+the+Sabbath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Ftractate-shabbat-chapter-19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Jeremiah 34:18 and Genesis 15:1–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblehub.com/hebrew/3772.htm">"Strong's Hebrew: 3772. כָּרַת (karath) -- To cut, cut off, cut down, make a covenant"</a>. biblehub.com. Retrieved 2025-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biblehub.com&rft.atitle=Strong%27s+Hebrew%3A+3772.+%D7%9B%D6%B8%D6%BC%D7%A8%D6%B7%D7%AA+%28karath%29+--+To+cut%2C+cut+off%2C+cut+down%2C+make+a+covenant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblehub.com%2Fhebrew%2F3772.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:92-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:92_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHendel2005" class="citation book cs1">Hendel, Ronald (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/10720/chapter/158788296?login=true#313433798">Remembering Abraham: Culture, Memory, and History in the Hebrew Bible</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199784622" title="Special:BookSources/9780199784622"><bdi>9780199784622</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+Abraham%3A+Culture%2C+Memory%2C+and+History+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199784622&rft.aulast=Hendel&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F10720%2Fchapter%2F158788296%3Flogin%3Dtrue%23313433798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Talmud Avodah Zarah 26b; Menachot 42a; Maimonides' Mishneh Torah, Milah, ii. 1; <a href="/wiki/Shulkhan_Arukh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulkhan Arukh">Shulkhan Arukh</a>, Yoreh De'ah, l.c. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLubrich2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lubrich, Naomi, ed. (2022). Birth Culture. Jewish Testimonies from Rural Switzerland and Environs (in German and English). Basel: Schwabe. pp. 54–123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-4607-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7965-4607-5"><bdi>978-3-7965-4607-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+Culture.+Jewish+Testimonies+from+Rural+Switzerland+and+Environs&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.pub=Schwabe&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-7965-4607-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007073323/http://beritmila.org/">"Home"</a>. Berit Mila Program of Reform Judaism. 2013-10-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beritmila.org/">the original</a> on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2022-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berit+Mila+Program+of+Reform+Judaism&rft.atitle=Home&rft.date=2013-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberitmila.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Shulchan Aruch YD 266:8. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Shulchan Aruch YD 266:10. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144464/jewish/The-Proper-Time-and-Place.htm">"The Circumcision Procedure and Blessings – Performing the Bris Milah – The Handbook to Circumcision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chabad.org" title="Chabad.org">Chabad.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120116103539/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144464/jewish/The-Proper-Time-and-Place.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-01-16. Retrieved 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Circumcision+Procedure+and+Blessings+%E2%80%93+Performing+the+Bris+Milah+%E2%80%93+The+Handbook+to+Circumcision&rft.pub=Chabad.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Farticle_cdo%2Faid%2F144464%2Fjewish%2FThe-Proper-Time-and-Place.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JewEncMor-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMor_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JewEncMor_44-1">b</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. 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Retrieved 22 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+The+Jewish+News+of+Northern+California&rft.atitle=Study+confirms+that+wine+drops+soothe+boys+during+circumcision&rft.date=1999-06-11&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jweekly.com%2Farticle%2Ffull%2F11033%2Fstudy-confirms-that-wine-drops-soothe-boys-during-circumcision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/03/opinion/l-pain-and-circumcision-909360.html">"Pain and Circumcision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. January 3, 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195348/http://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/03/opinion/l-pain-and-circumcision-909360.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. 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Origins of Yiddish Dialects. Oxford University Press. p. 153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Yiddish+Dialects&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Beider&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baer-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Baer_54-0">^</a> Western Ashkenazic version of Seder Avodat Yisrael, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tablet.otzar.org/#/b/174107/p/739/t/1/fs/0/start/0/end/0/c/1705224278100">page 739</a> (the link is to Otzar HaChochmah, available only to subscribers). </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFØster1968" class="citation journal cs1">Øster, Jakob (April 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/general/oster/">"Further Fate of the Foreskin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Archives_of_Disease_in_Childhood" title="Archives of Disease in Childhood">Archives of Disease in Childhood</a>. 43: 200–02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629054954/http://www.cirp.org/library/general/oster/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-06-29. Retrieved 2010-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=Further+Fate+of+the+Foreskin&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E02&rft.date=1968-04&rft.aulast=%C3%98ster&rft.aufirst=Jakob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fgeneral%2Foster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah Shabbat 19:6</a>. <q>circumcised but did not perform priah, it is as if he did not circumcise.</q></cite> The <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> there adds: "and is punished <a href="/wiki/Kareth" title="Kareth">kareth</a>!". </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/pediatrics;103/3/686.pdf">Circumcision Policy Statement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090320161602/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/pediatrics;103/3/686.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> notes that "there are three methods of circumcision that are commonly used in the newborn male", and that all three include "bluntly freeing the inner preputial epithelium from the epithelium of the glans", to be later amputated with the foreskin. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGracely-Kilgore1984" class="citation journal cs1">Gracely-Kilgore, Katharine A. (May 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100628100443/http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/gracely1/">"Further Fate of the Foreskin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nurse_Practitioner" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse Practitioner">Nurse Practitioner</a>. 5 (2): 4–22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/complications/gracely1/">the original</a> on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2010-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nurse+Practitioner&rft.atitle=Further+Fate+of+the+Foreskin&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=1984-05&rft.aulast=Gracely-Kilgore&rft.aufirst=Katharine+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Fcomplications%2Fgracely1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140515075416/http://www.circlist.com/styles/page3.html">"Styles – Judaism and Islam"</a>. Circlist. 2014-03-07. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circlist.com/styles/page3.html">the original</a> on 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2014-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Styles+%E2%80%93+Judaism+and+Islam&rft.pub=Circlist&rft.date=2014-03-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circlist.com%2Fstyles%2Fpage3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlick2005" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Leonard B. (2005-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SF6fbjNe0yYC&q=peri'ah">Marked in Your Flesh: Circumcision from Ancient Judea to Modern America</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517674-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517674-2"><bdi>978-0-19-517674-2</bdi></a>. <q>the rabbis go on to dedicate all of chapter 19 to circumcision .. milah, peri'ah, and metsitsah. This is the first text specifying peri'ah as an absolute requirement. The same chapter is where we first find mention of the warning that leaving even "shreds" of foreskin renders the procedure "invalid".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marked+in+Your+Flesh%3A+Circumcision+from+Ancient+Judea+to+Modern+America&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E46-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517674-2&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Leonard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSF6fbjNe0yYC%26q%3Dperi%27ah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> (note: section 19.2 from Moed tractate <a href="/wiki/Shabbat_(Talmud)" title="Shabbat (Talmud)">Shabbat (Talmud)</a> is quoted) </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRabbah_b._Isaac_in_the_name_of_Rab" class="citation book cs1">Rabbah b. Isaac in the name of Rab. "71b". <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Bavli" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmud Bavli">Talmud Bavli</a> Tractate Yebamoth. <q>The commandment of uncovering the corona at circumcision was not given to Abraham; for it is said, At that time the Lord said unto Joshua: 'Make thee knives of flint etc.'. But is it not possible [that this applied to] those who were not previously circumcised; for it is written, For all the people that came out were circumcised, but all the people that were born etc.? — If so, why the expression. 'Again!'. Consequently it must apply to the uncovering of the corona.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=71b&rft.btitle=Talmud+Bavli+Tractate+Yebamoth&rft.au=Rabbah+b.+Isaac+in+the+name+of+Rab&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWerblowskyWigoder1997" class="citation book cs1">Werblowsky, R.J. Zwi; Wigoder, Geoffrey (1997). The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Werblowsky&rft.aufirst=R.J.+Zwi&rft.au=Wigoder%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Shaye J.D (2005-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PmL-LogqJ-YC&q=milah&pg=PA25">Why Aren't Jewish Women Circumcised?: Gender and Covenant in Judaism</a>. University of California Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21250-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-21250-3"><bdi>978-0-520-21250-3</bdi></a>. <q>These mishniac requirements have three sources: the Torah, which requires circumcision (milah); the rabbis themselves, who added the requirement of completely uncovering the corona (peri'ah); and ancient medical beliefs about the treatment of wounds (suctioning, bandaging, cumin). The Torah demands circumcision but does not specify exactly what should be cut or how much.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Aren%27t+Jewish+Women+Circumcised%3F%3A+Gender+and+Covenant+in+Judaism&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-520-21250-3&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Shaye+J.D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPmL-LogqJ-YC%26q%3Dmilah%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hartog-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hartog_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartog_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hartog_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartog2005" class="citation news cs1">Hartog, Kelly (February 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=13676">"Death Spotlights Old Circumcision Rite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Journal_of_Greater_Los_Angeles" title="The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles">The Jewish Journal of Greater Los Angeles</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061213112130/http://www.jewishjournal.com/home/preview.php?id=13676">Archived</a> from the original on December 13, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-22. <q>Metzizah b'peh — loosely translated as oral suction — is the part of the circumcision ceremony where the mohel removes the blood from the baby's member; these days the removal of the blood is usually done using a sterilized glass tube, instead of with the mouth, as the Talmud suggests.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Journal+of+Greater+Los+Angeles&rft.atitle=Death+Spotlights+Old+Circumcision+Rite&rft.date=2005-02-18&rft.aulast=Hartog&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishjournal.com%2Fhome%2Fpreview.php%3Fid%3D13676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yivo-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Yivo_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">In the first half of the nineteenth century, various European governments considered regulating, if not banning, berit milah on the grounds that it posed potential medical dangers. In the 1840s, radical Jewish reformers in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> asserted that circumcision should no longer be compulsory. This controversy reached <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> in the 1880s. Russian Jewish physicians expressed concern over two central issues: the competence of those carrying out the procedure and the method used for metsitsah. Many Jewish physicians supported the idea of procedural and hygienic reforms in the practice, and they debated the question of physician supervision during the ceremony. Most significantly, many advocated carrying out metsitsah by pipette, not by mouth. In 1889, a committee on circumcision convened by the Russian Society for the Protection of Health, which included leading Jewish figures, recommended educating the Jewish public about the concerns connected with circumcision, in particular, the possible transmission of diseases such as <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a> through the custom of metsitsah by mouth. Veniamin Portugalov, who—alone among Russian Jewish physicians—called for the abolition of circumcision, set off these discussions. Portugalov not only denied all medical claims regarding the sanitary advantages of circumcision but disparaged the practice as barbaric, likening it to pagan ritual mutilation. Ritual circumcision, he claimed, stood as a self-imposed obstacle to the Jews’ <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">attainment of true equality with the other peoples of Europe</a>.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Epstein, Lisa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Circumcision">"Circumcision"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>.</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Tractate Shabbos 133b </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Rambam – Maimonides in his "book of laws" Laws of Milah Chapter 2, paragraph 2: "...and afterwards he sucks the circumcision until blood comes out from far places, in order not to come to danger, and anyone who does not suck, we remove him from practice." </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Rashi and others on Tractate Shabbos 173a and 173b </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Mishnah Shabbat 19:2 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/13/nyregion/regulation-of-circumcision-method-divides-some-jews-in-new-york.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Denouncing City's Move to Regulate Circumcision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. September 12, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127041303/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/13/nyregion/regulation-of-circumcision-method-divides-some-jews-in-new-york.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2013. Retrieved 2013-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Denouncing+City%27s+Move+to+Regulate+Circumcision&rft.date=2012-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F09%2F13%2Fnyregion%2Fregulation-of-circumcision-method-divides-some-jews-in-new-york.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoldberger2014" class="citation news cs1">Goldberger, Frimet (18 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forward.com/life/192951/why-my-son-underwent-metzitzah-bpeh/">"Why My Son Underwent Metzitzah B'Peh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forward.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward.com">Forward.com</a>. <q>MBP is believed to be a commandment from God .. Chasam Sofer clearly stated his position on MBP .. I do not know all the answers, but banning MBP is not one of them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forward.com&rft.atitle=Why+My+Son+Underwent+Metzitzah+B%27Peh&rft.date=2014-02-18&rft.aulast=Goldberger&rft.aufirst=Frimet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Flife%2F192951%2Fwhy-my-son-underwent-metzitzah-bpeh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum_Cohen2005" class="citation news cs1">Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (October 14, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070522001308/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11539">"City Risking Babies' Lives With Brit Policy: Health Experts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Week">The Jewish Week</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11539">the original</a> on 2007-05-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=City+Risking+Babies%27+Lives+With+Brit+Policy%3A+Health+Experts&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft.aulast=Nussbaum+Cohen&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2Fnews%2Fnewscontent.php3%3Fartid%3D11539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum_CohenCohler-Esses2005" class="citation news cs1">Nussbaum Cohen, Debra; Cohler-Esses, Larry (December 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073253/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11833">"City Challenged On Ritual Practice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Week">The Jewish Week</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11833&print=yes">the original</a> on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2007-04-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=City+Challenged+On+Ritual+Practice&rft.date=2005-12-23&rft.aulast=Nussbaum+Cohen&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft.au=Cohler-Esses%2C+Larry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2Fnews%2Fnewscontent.php3%3Fartid%3D11833%26print%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/2014/02/02/news-opinion/united-states/n-y-newborn-contracts-herpes-from-controversial-circumcision-rite">"N.Y. newborn contracts herpes from controversial circumcision rite"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 2007-04-06. <q>The poskim consulted by the RCA agree that the normative halacha permits using a glass tube, and that it is proper for mohalim to do so given the health issues involved.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metzitza+Be%27Peh+%E2%80%93+Halachic+Clarification&rft.pub=Rabbinical+Council+of+America&rft.date=2005-06-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbis.org%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D100605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gesundheit-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gesundheit_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gesundheit_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gesundheit_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gesundheit_77-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGesundheit2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gesundheit, B.; et al. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhengah.org/metzitzah4dummies/metzitzah4dummies.htm">the original</a> on 2007-09-27. Retrieved 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuntres+Hamiliuim&rft.pub=Dhengah.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdhengah.org%2Fmetzitzah4dummies%2Fmetzitzah4dummies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502221419/http://traditionarchive.org/news/article.cfm?id=103933">"The Making of Metzitzah"</a>. Tradition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://traditionarchive.org/news/article.cfm?id=103933">the original</a> on 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Metzitzah&rft.pub=Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftraditionarchive.org%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D103933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013130/http://cbci16.b1.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_041F747012AB47F9A57A42BD87D1E8C4.JPG">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbci16.b1.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_041F747012AB47F9A57A42BD87D1E8C4.JPG">the original</a> on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2013-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbci16.b1.cdn.co.il%2Fimagebank%2Forig%2Forig_041F747012AB47F9A57A42BD87D1E8C4.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013129/http://cbci16.b2.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_C65A7314BA5E41F0B7EF10BFC75E4195.JPG">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cbci16.b2.cdn.co.il/imagebank/orig/orig_C65A7314BA5E41F0B7EF10BFC75E4195.JPG">the original</a> on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2013-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcbci16.b2.cdn.co.il%2Fimagebank%2Forig%2Forig_C65A7314BA5E41F0B7EF10BFC75E4195.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050920215004/http://my.webmd.com/content/article/91/101352.htm?lastselectedguid=%7B5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348%7D">"Rare Circumcision Ritual Carries Herpes Risk"</a>. <a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.webmd.com/content/article/91/101352.htm?lastselectedguid=%7B5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348%7D">the original</a> on September 20, 2005. Retrieved 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rare+Circumcision+Ritual+Carries+Herpes+Risk&rft.pub=WebMD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.webmd.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F91%2F101352.htm%3Flastselectedguid%3D%257B5FE84E90-BC77-4056-A91C-9531713CA348%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewmanNYT-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanNYT_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewmanNYT_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewman2005" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Andy (August 26, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/nyregion/26circumcise.html?ex=1164344400&en=31f8462c34a55f16&ei=5070">"City Questions Circumcision Ritual After Baby Dies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515144532/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/26/nyregion/26circumcise.html?ex=1164344400&en=31f8462c34a55f16&ei=5070">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2013. Retrieved 2006-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+Questions+Circumcision+Ritual+After+Baby+Dies&rft.date=2005-08-26&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F26%2Fnyregion%2F26circumcise.html%3Fex%3D1164344400%26en%3D31f8462c34a55f16%26ei%3D5070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lohud-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Lohud_96-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke2006" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Suzan (June 21, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060706171003/http://www.lohud.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20060621%2FNEWS03%2F606210352%2F1197%2FRSS01">"State offers new guidelines on oral-suction circumcision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_News" title="The Journal News">The Journal News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lohud.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060621/NEWS03/606210352/1197/">the original</a> on 2006-07-06. Retrieved 2006-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+offers+new+guidelines+on+oral-suction+circumcision&rft.pub=The+Journal+News&rft.date=2006-06-21&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Suzan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lohud.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20060621%2FNEWS03%2F606210352%2F1197%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum_Cohen2005" class="citation news cs1">Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (September 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061120073353/http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11412">"City: Brit Case To Bet Din"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Week" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Week">The Jewish Week</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejewishweek.com/news/newscontent.php3?artid=11412">the original</a> on 2006-11-20. Retrieved 2006-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=City%3A+Brit+Case+To+Bet+Din&rft.date=2005-09-23&rft.aulast=Nussbaum+Cohen&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejewishweek.com%2Fnews%2Fnewscontent.php3%3Fartid%3D11412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNussbaum_Cohen2006" class="citation news cs1">Nussbaum Cohen, Debra (February 23, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060429154742/http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2006/02/23/news/news02.txt">"Controversy rages in New York over circumcision practice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Ledger" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish Ledger">The Jewish Ledger</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishledger.com/articles/2006/02/23/news/news02.txt">the original</a> on April 29, 2006. Retrieved 2006-11-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Ledger&rft.atitle=Controversy+rages+in+New+York+over+circumcision+practice&rft.date=2006-02-23&rft.aulast=Nussbaum+Cohen&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishledger.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F02%2F23%2Fnews%2Fnews02.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205033348/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/circumcision_protocol.htm">"Circumcision Protocol Regarding the Prevention of Neonatal Herpes Transmission"</a>. Department of Health, New York State. November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/circumcision_protocol.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-23. <q>The person performing metzizah b'peh must do the following: wipe around the outside of the mouth thoroughly, including the labial folds at the corners, with a sterile alcohol wipe, and then discard in a safe place. Wash hands with soap and hot water for 2–6 minutes. Within 5 minutes before metzizah b'peh, rinse mouth thoroughly with a mouthwash containing greater than 25% alcohol (for example, Listerine) and hold the rinse in mouth for 30 seconds or more before discarding it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circumcision+Protocol+Regarding+the+Prevention+of+Neonatal+Herpes+Transmission&rft.pub=Department+of+Health%2C+New+York+State&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.ny.us%2Fdiseases%2Fcommunicable%2Fherpes%2Fnewborns%2Fcircumcision_protocol.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNovello2006" class="citation web cs1">Novello, Antonia C. (May 8, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070218224659/http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/2006-05-08_letter_to_rabbis.htm">"Dear Rabbi Letter"</a>. Department of Health, New York State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.state.ny.us/diseases/communicable/herpes/newborns/2006-05-08_letter_to_rabbis.htm">the original</a> on February 18, 2007. Retrieved 2006-11-23. <q>The meetings have been extremely helpful to me in understanding the importance of metzizah b'peh to the continuity of Jewish ritual practice, how the procedure is performed, and how we might allow the practice of metzizah b'peh to continue while still meeting the Department of Health's responsibility to protect the public health. I want to reiterate that the welfare of the children of your community is our common goal and that it is not our intent to prohibit metzizah b'peh after circumcision, rather our intent is to suggest measures that would reduce the risk of harm, if there is any, for future circumcisions where metzizah b'peh is the customary procedure and the possibility of an infected mohel may not be ruled out. I know that successful solutions can and will be based on our mutual trust and cooperation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dear+Rabbi+Letter&rft.pub=Department+of+Health%2C+New+York+State&rft.date=2006-05-08&rft.aulast=Novello&rft.aufirst=Antonia+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.state.ny.us%2Fdiseases%2Fcommunicable%2Fherpes%2Fnewborns%2F2006-05-08_letter_to_rabbis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Donaldson_James2012" class="citation web cs1">Susan Donaldson James (March 12, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618">"Baby Dies of Herpes in Ritual Circumcision By Orthodox Jews"</a>. abcnews.go.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419065328/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/baby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox/story?id=15888618">Archived</a> from the original on April 19, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=abcnews.go.com&rft.atitle=Baby+Dies+of+Herpes+in+Ritual+Circumcision+By+Orthodox+Jews&rft.date=2012-03-12&rft.au=Susan+Donaldson+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FHealth%2Fbaby-dies-herpes-virus-ritual-circumcision-nyc-orthodox%2Fstory%3Fid%3D15888618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Rubin LG, Lanzkowsky P. Cutaneous neonatal herpes simplex infection associated with ritual circumcision. Pediatric Infectious Diseases Journal. 2000. 19(3) 266–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Distel R, Hofer V, Bogger-Goren S, Shalit I, Garty BZ. Primary genital herpes simplex infection associated with Jewish ritual circumcision. Israel Medical Association Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03dec-14.pdf">2003 Dec;5(12):893-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021093342/http://www.ima.org.il/imaj/ar03dec-14.pdf">Archived</a> October 21, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Halperin-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Halperin_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalperin2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Halperin" title="Mordechai Halperin">Halperin, Mordechai</a> (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306221308/http://www.ou.org/jewish_action/article/8987">"Metzitzah B'peh Controversy: The View from Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Action" title="Jewish Action">Jewish Action</a>. 67 (2). Translated by Lavon, Yocheved: 25, 33–39. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ou.org/jewish_action/article/8987">the original</a> on March 6, 2012. Retrieved February 15, 2007. <q>The mohel brings the baby's organ into his mouth immediately after the excision of the foreskin and sucks blood from it vigorously. This action lowers the internal pressure in the tissues of the organ, in the blood vessels of the head of the organ and in the exposed ends of the arterioles that have just been cut. Thus, the difference between the pressure in the blood vessels in the base of the organ and the pressure in the blood vessels at its tip is increased. This requirement has deep religious significance as well as medical benefits....Immediately after incising or injuring an artery, the arterial walls contract and obstruct, or at least reduce, the flow of blood. Since the arterioles of the orlah, or the foreskin, branch off from the dorsal arteries (the arteries of the upper side of the organ), cutting away the foreskin can result in a temporary obstruction in these dorsal arteries. This temporary obstruction, caused by arterial muscle contraction, continues to develop into a more enduring blockage as the stationary blood begins to clot. The tragic result can be severe hypoxia (deprivation of the supply of blood and oxygen) of the glans penis.28 If the arterial obstruction becomes more permanent, gangrene follows; the baby may lose his glans, and it may even become a life-threatening situation. Such cases have been known to occur. Only by immediately clearing the blockage can one prevent such clotting from happening. Performing metzitzah immediately after circumcision lowers the internal pressure within the tissues and blood vessels of the glans, thus raising the pressure gradient between the blood vessels at the base of the organ and the blood vessels at its distal end—the glans as well as the excised arterioles of the foreskin, which branch off of the dorsal arteries. This increase in pressure gradient (by a factor of four to six!) can resolve an acute temporary blockage and restore blood flow to the glans, thus significantly reducing both the danger of immediate, acute hypoxia and the danger of developing a permanent obstruction by means of coagulation. How do we know when a temporary blockage has successfully been averted? When the "blood in the further reaches [i.e., the proximal dorsal artery] is extracted", as Rambam has stated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Action&rft.atitle=Metzitzah+B%27peh+Controversy%3A+The+View+from+Israel&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=25%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Halperin&rft.aufirst=Mordechai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ou.org%2Fjewish_action%2Farticle%2F8987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120117161842/http://www.rabbis.org/news/article.cfm?id=100605">"Metzitza Be'Peh – Halachic Clarification Regarding Metzitza Be'Peh, RCA Clarifies Halachic Background to Statement of March 1, 2005"</a>. Rabbis.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbis.org/news/article.cfm?id=100605">the original</a> on January 17, 2012. Retrieved 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metzitza+Be%27Peh+%E2%80%93+Halachic+Clarification+Regarding+Metzitza+Be%27Peh%2C+RCA+Clarifies+Halachic+Background+to+Statement+of+March+1%2C+2005&rft.pub=Rabbis.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabbis.org%2Fnews%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3D100605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> The book was originally published in German, Die Ausübung der Mezizo, Frankfurt a.M. 1906; It was subsequently translated into Hebrew, reprinted in Jerusalem in 1966 under the title "Mitzvas Hametzitzah" and appended to the back of Dvar Sinai, a book written by the author's grandson, Sinai Adler. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFadmin2012" class="citation web cs1">admin (September 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vinnews.com/2012/09/13/new-york-ny-city-approves-metzitzah-bpeh-consent-form/">"New York, NY – City Approves Metzitzah B'Peh Consent Form (full video NYC DOH debate)"</a>. 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Retrieved 2022-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VINnews&rft.atitle=New+York+%E2%80%93+Rabbis+Say+They%27ll+Defy+Law+On+Metzitzah+B%27peh&rft.date=2012-09-02&rft.aulast=Witty&rft.aufirst=Allison+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvinnews.com%2F2012%2F09%2F02%2Fnew-york-rabbis-say-theyll-defy-state-law-on-metzitzah-bpeh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130515030405/http://protectmilah.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/MBP-Federgruen-Affidavit.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2017-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=U.S.+Court+revives+challenge+to+New+York+City+circumcision+law&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-newyork-circumcision-idUSKBN0GF1LZ20140815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrynbaum2015" class="citation news cs1">Grynbaum, Michael M. (9 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/nyregion/new-york-city-health-board-repeals-rule-on-consent-forms-for-circumcision-ritual.html">"New York City Health Board Repeals Rule on Consent Forms for Circumcision Ritual"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170716195928/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/10/nyregion/new-york-city-health-board-repeals-rule-on-consent-forms-for-circumcision-ritual.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2017 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+York+City+Health+Board+Repeals+Rule+on+Consent+Forms+for+Circumcision+Ritual&rft.date=2015-09-09&rft.aulast=Grynbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F09%2F10%2Fnyregion%2Fnew-york-city-health-board-repeals-rule-on-consent-forms-for-circumcision-ritual.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yoreh_De%27ah" title="Yoreh De'ah">Yoreh De'ah</a>, 263:4 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Rabbi Paysach J. Krohn, Bris Milah <a href="/wiki/Artscroll" class="mw-redirect" title="Artscroll">Mesorah Publications Ltd</a>, 1985, pp. 103–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/reisner_conversion.pdf">Rabbi Avram Israel Reisner, On the conversion of adoptive and patrilineal children</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127135422/http://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/teshuvot/docs/19861990/reisner_conversion.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Rabbinical Assembly <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Jewish_Law_and_Standards" title="Committee on Jewish Law and Standards">Committee on Jewish Law and Standards</a>, 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221222357/http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/212,657813/Can-a-brit-take-place-on-Yom-Kippur.html">"Can a brit take place on Yom Kippur? – holidays general information holiday information life cycle circumcision the brit"</a>. Askmoses.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.askmoses.com/en/article/212,657813/Can-a-brit-take-place-on-Yom-Kippur.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-21. Retrieved 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Can+a+brit+take+place+on+Yom+Kippur%3F+%E2%80%93+holidays+general+information+holiday+information+life+cycle+circumcision+the+brit&rft.pub=Askmoses.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.askmoses.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F212%2C657813%2FCan-a-brit-take-place-on-Yom-Kippur.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204162505/http://www.ahavat-israel.com/torat/britmila.php">"The Mitzvah of Brit Milah (Bris)"</a>. Ahavat Israel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ahavat-israel.com/torat/britmila.php">the original</a> on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2012-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mitzvah+of+Brit+Milah+%28Bris%29&rft.pub=Ahavat+Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahavat-israel.com%2Ftorat%2Fbritmila.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaonRosenblatt1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Gaon, Saadia</a>; Rosenblatt, Samuel (trans.) (1958). "article III chapter 10". <a href="/wiki/Emunoth_ve-Deoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Emunoth ve-Deoth">the Book of Beliefs and Opinions</a>. Yale Judaica. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04490-4"><bdi>978-0-300-04490-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=article+III+chapter+10&rft.btitle=the+Book+of+Beliefs+and+Opinions&rft.pub=Yale+Judaica&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04490-4&rft.aulast=Gaon&rft.aufirst=Saadia&rft.au=Rosenblatt%2C+Samuel+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> 2nd commandment </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Boyarin, Daniel. "'This We Know to Be the Carnal Israel': Circumcision and the Erotic Life of God and Israel", Critical Inquiry. (Spring, 1992), 474–506. </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-130"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilo_of_AlexandriaColson1937" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo of Alexandria">Philo of Alexandria</a>; Colson, F.H. (trans.) (1937). Of the special laws, Book I (i and ii), in Works of Philo. Vol. VII. Loeb Classical Library: Harvard University Press. pp. 103–05. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99250-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-99250-4"><bdi>978-0-674-99250-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+the+special+laws%2C+Book+I+%28i+and+ii%29%2C+in+Works+of+Philo&rft.place=Loeb+Classical+Library&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E05&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-0-674-99250-4&rft.au=Philo+of+Alexandria&rft.au=Colson%2C+F.H.+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBruce1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/F._F._Bruce" title="F. F. Bruce">Bruce, Frederick</a> (1990). The Acts of the Apostles: The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0966-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0966-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-0966-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Acts+of+the+Apostles%3A+The+Greek+Text+with+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0966-7&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-132"><a href="#cite_ref-:9_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarby2013" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Robert (2013). A Surgical Temptation:The Demonization of the Foreskin and the Rise of Circumcision in Britain. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. p. 205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10978-7"><bdi>978-0-226-10978-7</bdi></a>. <q>The view that circumcision had the effect of reducing sexual pleasure, and had even been instituted with this objective in mind, was both widely held in the nineteenth century and in accordance with traditional religious teaching. Both Philo and Maimondies had written to this effect, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Snow" title="Herbert Snow">Herbert Snow</a> quoted the contemporary Dr. Asher... as stating that chastity was the moral objective of the alteration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Surgical+Temptation%3AThe+Demonization+of+the+Foreskin+and+the+Rise+of+Circumcision+in+Britain&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10978-7&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-133"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorgenNeusner1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peder_Borgen" title="Peder Borgen">Borgen, Peder</a>; Neusner, Jacob (1988). The Social World of Formative Christianity and Judaism. <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Press">Fortress Press</a>. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0875-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-0875-0"><bdi>978-0-8006-0875-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+World+of+Formative+Christianity+and+Judaism&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-0875-0&rft.aulast=Borgen&rft.aufirst=Peder&rft.au=Neusner%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-134"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarp2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Earp" title="Brian Earp">Earp, Brian</a> (June 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPotVp9X4WQ">"Male and Female Genital Cutting: Controlling Sexuality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211123/xPotVp9X4WQ">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-23. Retrieved October 30, 2020. <q>It is agreed among scholars that the original purpose within Judaism... was precisely to dull the sexual organ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Male+and+Female+Genital+Cutting%3A+Controlling+Sexuality&rft.date=2020-06-07&rft.aulast=Earp&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DxPotVp9X4WQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishideas.org/article/proselyte-who-comes">"The Proselyte Who Comes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Marc_D._Angel#Institute_for_Jewish_Ideas_and_Ideals" title="Marc D. Angel">Jewish Ideas</a>. Retrieved November 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Ideas&rft.atitle=The+Proselyte+Who+Comes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishideas.org%2Farticle%2Fproselyte-who-comes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%202:21&version=nrsv">Luke 2:21</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Crossan1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">Dominic Crossan, John</a> (1999). The Birth of Christianity. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08668-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08668-6"><bdi>978-0-567-08668-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Christianity&rft.pages=327&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08668-6&rft.aulast=Dominic+Crossan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPagels2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Pagels" title="Elaine Pagels">Pagels, Elaine</a> (2004). Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas. <a href="/wiki/Knopf_Doubleday_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group">Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group</a>. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7908-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-7908-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-7908-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Belief%3A+The+Secret+Gospel+of+Thomas&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-7908-7&rft.aulast=Pagels&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHall1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Robert (August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/hall1/">"Epispasm: Circumcision in Reverse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bible_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible Review">Bible Review</a>. 8 (4): 52–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bible+Review&rft.atitle=Epispasm%3A+Circumcision+in+Reverse&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=1992-08&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Fhall1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neusner-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neusner_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Circumcised <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, along with any others who revealed the glans penis, were the butt of ribald <a href="/wiki/Roman_jokes" title="Roman jokes">humor</a>. For <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Greek art</a> portrays the foreskin, often drawn in meticulous detail, as an emblem of male beauty; and children with congenitally short foreskins were sometimes subjected to a treatment, known as <a href="/wiki/Epispasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Epispasm">epispasm</a>, that was aimed at elongation.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Neusner" title="Jacob Neusner">Neusner, Jacob</a>, Approaches to Ancient Judaism, New Series: Religious and Theological Studies (1993), p. 149, Scholars Press.</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubin_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubin1980" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Jody P. (July 1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirp.org/library/restoration/rubin/">"Celsus' Decircumcision Operation: Medical and Historical Implications"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urology_(journal)" title="Urology (journal)">Urology</a>. 16 (1). <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 121–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4">10.1016/0090-4295(80)90354-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6994325">6994325</a>. Retrieved 4 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urology&rft.atitle=Celsus%27+Decircumcision+Operation%3A+Medical+and+Historical+Implications&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1980-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0090-4295%2880%2990354-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6994325&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jody+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cirp.org%2Flibrary%2Frestoration%2Frubin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fredriksen-142"><a href="#cite_ref-Fredriksen_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFredriksen2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paula_Fredriksen" title="Paula Fredriksen">Fredriksen, Paula</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10">When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19051-9"><bdi>978-0-300-19051-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Christians+Were+Jews%3A+The+First+Generation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19051-9&rft.aulast=Fredriksen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNW9yDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_143-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_143-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimmel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kimmel" title="Michael Kimmel">Kimmel, Michael</a> (2005). The Gender of Desire: Essays on Male Sexuality. <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6337-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6337-6"><bdi>978-0-7914-6337-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gender+of+Desire%3A+Essays+on+Male+Sexuality&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6337-6&rft.aulast=Kimmel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-144"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPangle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pangle" title="Thomas Pangle">Pangle, Thomas</a> (2007). Political Philosophy and the God of Abraham. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. pp. 151–152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8761-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-8761-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-8761-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Philosophy+and+the+God+of+Abraham&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E152&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-8761-1&rft.aulast=Pangle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaky_Fahmy2020" class="citation book cs1">Baky Fahmy, Mohamed (2020). Normal and Abnormal Prepuce. <a href="/wiki/Springer_International_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Springer International Publishing">Springer International Publishing</a>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-37621-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-37621-5"><bdi>978-3-030-37621-5</bdi></a>. <q>...Brit Milah is just [ritually] nicking or amputating the protruding tip of the prepuce...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Normal+and+Abnormal+Prepuce&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-37621-5&rft.aulast=Baky+Fahmy&rft.aufirst=Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-146"><a href="#cite_ref-A_146-0">^</a> Judith Bleich, "The Circumcision Controversy in Classical Reform in Historical Context", KTAV Publishing House, 2007. pp. 1–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315231116/http://data.ccarnet.org/cgi-bin/respdisp.pl?file=54&year=arr">"Circumcision of Infants"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Conference_of_American_Rabbis" title="Central Conference of American Rabbis">Central Conference of American Rabbis</a>. 1982. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.ccarnet.org/cgi-bin/respdisp.pl?file=54&year=arr">the original</a> on 2012-03-15. Retrieved 2010-09-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Circumcision+of+Infants&rft.pub=Central+Conference+of+American+Rabbis&rft.date=1982&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.ccarnet.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Frespdisp.pl%3Ffile%3D54%26year%3Darr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reformjudaism.org/beliefs-practices/lifecycle-rituals/birth-rituals/brit-milah-circumcision-ritual">"B'rit Milah: The Circumcision Ritual"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Union_for_Reform_Judaism" title="Union for Reform Judaism">Union for Reform Judaism</a>. Retrieved 2023-09-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%27rit+Milah%3A+The+Circumcision+Ritual&rft.pub=Union+for+Reform+Judaism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformjudaism.org%2Fbeliefs-practices%2Flifecycle-rituals%2Fbirth-rituals%2Fbrit-milah-circumcision-ritual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr2001" class="citation news cs1">Niebuhr, Gustav (June 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130130104343/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F07E6DC1639F93BA15755C0A9679C8B63">"Reform Rabbis' Vote Reflects Expanding Interest in Rituals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F07E6DC1639F93BA15755C0A9679C8B63">the original</a> on January 30, 2013. Retrieved 2007-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reform+Rabbis%27+Vote+Reflects+Expanding+Interest+in+Rituals&rft.date=2001-06-28&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F07E6DC1639F93BA15755C0A9679C8B63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131007073323/http://beritmila.org/">"Berit Mila Program of Reform Judaism"</a>. National Association of American Mohalim. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beritmila.org/">the original</a> on 2013-10-07. Retrieved 2010-01-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Berit+Mila+Program+of+Reform+Judaism&rft.pub=National+Association+of+American+Mohalim&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberitmila.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformjudaism.org/beliefs-practices/lifecycle-rituals/conversion/reimagining-mikveh">"Reimagining the Mikveh"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ReformJudaism.org" class="mw-redirect" title="ReformJudaism.org">ReformJudaism.org</a>. Retrieved 2024-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reimagining+the+Mikveh&rft.pub=ReformJudaism.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformjudaism.org%2Fbeliefs-practices%2Flifecycle-rituals%2Fconversion%2Freimagining-mikveh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConder1887" class="citation journal cs1">Conder, C. R. (1887-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179/peq.1887.19.4.233">"Samaritan Customs"</a>. Palestine Exploration Quarterly. 19 (4): 233–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fpeq.1887.19.4.233">10.1179/peq.1887.19.4.233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0328">0031-0328</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palestine+Exploration+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Samaritan+Customs&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E236&rft.date=1887-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1887.19.4.233&rft.issn=0031-0328&rft.aulast=Conder&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1179%2Fpeq.1887.19.4.233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrit+milah" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brit_milah&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brit_milah" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brit milah">Brit milah</a> at Wikimedia Commons <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/144122/jewish/brit-milah-circumcision.htm">Chabad.org's Brit Milah: The Covenant of Circumcision</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision/">Jewish Encyclopedia's entry for Circumcision</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://circcentral.bobmeyer99.com/">CircCentral, an online museum of Brit Milah instruments</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_life" title="Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_life" title="Template talk:Jewish life"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_life" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish life"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_life165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Jewish life</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and infancy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_birthday" title="Hebrew birthday">Hebrew birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalom_Zachar" title="Shalom Zachar">Shalom Zachar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brit milah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Hebrew name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/72px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/108px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/144px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Menora.svg" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">Circumcision</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_and_HIV" title="Circumcision and HIV">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_surgical_procedure" title="Circumcision surgical procedure">Surgical procedure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History and prevalence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_circumcision" title="History of circumcision">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevalence_of_circumcision" title="Prevalence of circumcision">Prevalence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_circumcision" 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