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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Hasidic philosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hasidic_philosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hasidic philosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hasidic_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immanence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immanence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Immanence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immanence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Righteous_One" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Righteous_One"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Righteous One</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Righteous_One-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schools_of_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Schools of thought</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Practice and culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice and culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rebbe_and_"court"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebbe_and_"court""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rebbe and "court"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebbe_and_"court"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liturgy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liturgy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Liturgy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liturgy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Melody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization_and_demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization_and_demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Organization and demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organization_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_ben_Eliezer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_ben_Eliezer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Israel ben Eliezer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_ben_Eliezer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Routinization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calamity_and_renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calamity_and_renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Calamity and renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calamity_and_renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hasidic Judaism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassidismus" title="Chassidismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chassidismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="حركة الحاسيديم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حركة الحاسيديم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="হাসিদীয় ইহুদিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হাসিদীয় ইহুদিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хасідызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хасідызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Хасидизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хасидизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%27hasidegezh" title="C'hasidegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C'hasidegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassidisme" title="Hassidisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hassidisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хасидизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хасидизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasidismus" title="Chasidismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chasidismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iddewiaeth_Hasidig" title="Iddewiaeth Hasidig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iddewiaeth Hasidig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasidisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Chasidisk jødedom – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Chasidisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassidismus" title="Chassidismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chassidismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassidism" title="Hassidism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hassidism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Χασιδισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χασιδισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_jas%C3%ADdico" title="Judaísmo jasídico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judaísmo jasídico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4asidismo" title="Ĥasidismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥasidismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidismo" title="Hasidismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hasidismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="یهودیت حسیدی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیت حسیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hassidisme" title="Hassidisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hassidisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidismo" title="Hasidismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hasidismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EC%8B%9C%EB%94%A4" title="하시딤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하시딤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հասիդական հուդայականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հասիդական հուդայականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidizam" title="Hasidizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hasidizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Hasidut" title="Yahudi Hasidut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Hasidut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaismo_hasidic" title="Judaismo hasidic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Judaismo hasidic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassidismo" title="Chassidismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chassidismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="תנועת החסידות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנועת החסידות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хасидизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хасидизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahasidimu" title="Wahasidimu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wahasidimu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Has%C4%ABdisms" title="Hasīdisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hasīdisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasidizmas" title="Chasidizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chasidizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haszidizmus" title="Haszidizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Haszidizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidisma" title="Hasidisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hasidisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4" title="ഹാസിദീയത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹാസിദീയത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="حسيديون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حسيديون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassidisch_jodendom" title="Chassidisch jodendom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chassidisch jodendom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%B7%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ハシディズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハシディズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4asidisk_j%C3%B8dedom" title="Ḥasidisk jødedom – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ḥasidisk jødedom" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidisme" title="Hasidisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hasidisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidiylar" title="Hasidiylar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hasidiylar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حسیدی یہودیت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="حسیدی یہودیت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%8A_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حسیدي یهودیت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="حسیدي یهودیت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasydyzm_polski" title="Chasydyzm polski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chasydyzm polski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juda%C3%ADsmo_chass%C3%ADdico" title="Judaísmo chassídico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judaísmo chassídico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidism" title="Hasidism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hasidism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хасидизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хасидизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidizmi" title="Hasidizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hasidizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hasidic Judaism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasidizmus" title="Chasidizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chasidizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidijski_Judje" title="Hasidijski Judje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hasidijski Judje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Хасидизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хасидизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidismi" title="Hasidismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hasidismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chassidism" title="Chassidism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Chassidism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பக்தி யூதம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பக்தி யூதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="ศาสนายูดาห์นิกายฮาซิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนายูดาห์นิกายฮาซิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasidik_Yahudilik" title="Hasidik Yahudilik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hasidik Yahudilik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Хасидизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хасидизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="حسیدی یہودیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حسیدی یہودیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do_Th%C3%A1i_gi%C3%A1o_Hasidim" title="Do Thái giáo Hasidim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Do Thái giáo Hasidim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a 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For the Jewish honorific, see <a href="/wiki/Hasid" title="Hasid">Hasid</a>. For the Judean sect, see <a href="/wiki/Hasideans" title="Hasideans">Hasideans</a>. For the medieval one, see <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hasidim" title="Ashkenazi Hasidim">Ashkenazi Hasidim</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Hasidic Judaism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22">"Hasidic Judaism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Hasidism</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="nickname"><b><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חסידות</span></b></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boyan_tish,_Sukkot_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A tish of the Boyan Hasidic dynasty in Jerusalem, holiday of Sukkot, 2009" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Boyan_tish%2C_Sukkot_2009.jpg/280px-Boyan_tish%2C_Sukkot_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Boyan_tish%2C_Sukkot_2009.jpg/420px-Boyan_tish%2C_Sukkot_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Boyan_tish%2C_Sukkot_2009.jpg/560px-Boyan_tish%2C_Sukkot_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <i>tish</i> of the Boyan Hasidic dynasty in Jerusalem, holiday of Sukkot, 2009</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabbalistic_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalistic texts">Kabbalistic texts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/17px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/26px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/34px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>), <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dynastic, led by a <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Major dynasties</th><td class="infobox-data">See <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties_and_groups" title="List of Hasidic dynasties and groups">Italic</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population">Worldwide</a>, primarily <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>,<a href="/wiki/Talmudic_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmudic Aramaic">Talmudic Aramaic</a>, local languages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israel_ben_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel ben Eliezer">Baal Shem Tov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">18th century <br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Separations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">130,000 households (2016)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hasidism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:חסידות">חסידות</a></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Ḥăsīdūt</i></span>) or <b>Hasidic Judaism</b> is a religious movement within <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> that arose in the 18th century as a <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spiritual revival</a> movement in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine </a> before spreading rapidly throughout <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. Today, most of those affiliated with the movement, known as <i>hassidim</i>, reside in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and in the United States (mostly <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland County, New York</a>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Israel_Ben_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Ben Eliezer">Israel Ben Eliezer</a>, the "<a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>", is regarded as its founding father, and his disciples developed and disseminated it. Present-day Hasidism is a sub-group within <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi Judaism</a> and is noted for its religious conservatism and social seclusion. Its members aim to adhere closely both to <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish practice</a> – with the movement's own unique emphases – and the prewar lifestyle of Eastern European Jews. Many elements of the latter, including various special styles of dress and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish language</a>, are nowadays associated almost exclusively with Hasidism. </p><p>Hasidic thought draws heavily on <a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a>, and, to an extent, is a popularization of it. Teachings emphasize God's <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> in the universe, the need to cleave and be one with him at all times, the devotional aspect of religious practice, and the spiritual dimension of corporeality and mundane acts. <i>Hasidim</i>, the adherents of Hasidism, are organized in <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic dynasty">independent sects known as "courts" or dynasties</a>, each headed by its own hereditary male leader, a <a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a>. Reverence and submission to the Rebbe are key tenets, as he is considered a spiritual authority with whom the follower must bond to gain closeness to God. The various "courts" share basic convictions, but operate apart and possess unique traits and customs. Affiliation is often retained in families for generations, and being Hasidic is as much a sociological factor – entailing birth into a specific community and allegiance to a dynasty of Rebbes – as it is a religious one. There are several "courts" with many thousands of member households each, and hundreds of smaller ones. As of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there were over 130,000 Hasidic households worldwide, about 5% of the global Jewish population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hasid_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasid (term)">terms <i>hasid</i></a> and <i>hasidut</i>, meaning "pietist" and "piety", have a long history in Judaism. The <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and other old sources refer to the "Pietists of Old" (<i>Hasidim haRishonim</i>) who would contemplate an entire hour in preparation for prayer. The phrase denoted extremely devoted individuals who not only observed the Law to its letter, but performed good deeds even beyond it. <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> himself is honored with the title, in <a href="/wiki/Eruvin_(Talmud)" title="Eruvin (Talmud)">tractate Eruvin</a> 18b by <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Meir" title="Rabbi Meir">Rabbi Meir</a>: "Adam was a great <i>hasid</i>, having fasted for 130 years." The first to adopt the epithet collectively were apparently the <i>hasidim</i> in <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Hasideans" title="Hasideans">Hasideans</a> after the Greek rendering of their name, who perhaps served as the model for those mentioned in the Talmud. The title continued to be applied as an honorific for the exceptionally devout. In 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Ashkenaz" title="Ashkenaz">Ashkenaz</a></i> in Jewish parlance, another prominent school of ascetics named themselves <i>hasidim</i>; to distinguish them from the rest, later research employed the term <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hasidim" title="Ashkenazi Hasidim">Ashkenazi Hasidim</a>. In the 16th century, when <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> spread, the title also became associated with it. <a href="/wiki/Jacob_ben_Hayyim_Zemah" title="Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah">Jacob ben Hayyim Zemah</a> wrote in his glossa on <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>'s version of the <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a> that, "One who wishes to tap the hidden wisdom, must conduct himself in the manner of the Pious." </p><p>The movement founded by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Ben_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Ben Eliezer">Israel Ben Eliezer</a> in the 18th century adopted the term <i>hasidim</i> in the original connotation. But when the sect grew and developed specific attributes, from the 1770s, the names gradually acquired a new meaning. Its common adherents, belonging to groups each headed by a spiritual leader, were henceforth known as Hasidim. The transformation was slow: The movement was at first referred to as "New Hasidism" by outsiders (as recalled in the autobiography of <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Maimon" title="Salomon Maimon">Salomon Maimon</a>), to separate it from the old one, and its enemies derisively mocked its members as <i>Mithasdim</i>, "[those who] pretend [to be] <i>hasidim</i>". Yet, eventually, the young sect gained such a mass following that the old connotation was sidelined. In popular discourse, at least, "Hasid" came to denote someone who follows a religious teacher from the movement. It also entered <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a> as such, meaning "adherent" or "disciple". One was not merely a <i>Hasid</i> anymore, observed historian David Assaf, but a Hasid of someone or some dynasty in particular. This linguistic transformation paralleled that of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Tzaddik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzaddik">tzaddik</a></i>, "righteous", which the Hasidic leaders adopted for themselves – though they are known colloquially as Rebbes or by the honorific <i>Admor</i>. Originally denoting an observant, moral person, in Hasidic literature, <i>tzaddik</i> became synonymous with the often hereditary master heading a sect of followers.<sup id="cite_ref-Assaf1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assaf1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ros_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hasidic_philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hasidic philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish mysticism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4Q201.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dead Sea Enoch Scroll c.200-150 BCE"><img alt="Dead Sea Enoch Scroll c.200-150 BCE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/4Q201.jpg/180px-4Q201.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/4Q201.jpg/270px-4Q201.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/4Q201.jpg/360px-4Q201.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="571" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jewish_mysticism" title="History of Jewish mysticism">History of Jewish mysticism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Prophets</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 800–400s BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_literature" title="Apocalyptic literature">Apocalyptic literature</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 300–100 BCE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_(legend)" title="Pardes (legend)">Pardes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maaseh_Breishit_and_Maaseh_Merkavah" title="Maaseh Breishit and Maaseh Merkavah">Rabbinic esotericism</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1 – 200 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 100 BCE – 1000 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Practical_Kabbalah" title="Practical Kabbalah">Practical Kabbalah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> early CE–modernity</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 200–600 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hasidim" title="Ashkenazi Hasidim">Ashkenazi Hasidim</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1150 – 1250 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Medieval Kabbalah</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Abulafia" title="Abraham Abulafia">Ecstatic Kabbalah</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1175 – 1500s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1280s–1400s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moses_ben_Jacob_Cordovero" title="Moses ben Jacob Cordovero">Cordoverian Kabbalah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500s CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lurianic_Kabbalah" title="Lurianic Kabbalah">Lurianic Kabbalah</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1570 CE – today</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbatean sects</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1665 – c. 1800 CE</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasidism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidic thought">Hasidic schools</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1730s CE – today</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_mysticism_scholars" title="List of Jewish mysticism scholars">Academic study</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> c. 1920s – today</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_mysticism" title="Template:Jewish mysticism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_mysticism" title="Template talk:Jewish mysticism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_mysticism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish mysticism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctions">Distinctions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Tone plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Tone" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's <b>tone or style may not reflect the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic tone</a> used on Wikipedia</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> See Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">guide to writing better articles</a> for suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The lengthy history of Hasidism, the numerous schools of thought therein, and its definitive use of <a href="/wiki/Homiletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homiletic">homiletic</a> literature and sermons – comprising numerous references to earlier sources in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, Talmud, and exegesis as a means to grounding itself in tradition – to convey its ideas make the isolation of a common doctrine highly challenging to researchers. As noted by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dan" title="Joseph Dan">Joseph Dan</a>, "Every attempt to present such a body of ideas has failed". Even motifs presented by scholars in the past as unique Hasidic contributions were later revealed to have been common among both their predecessors and opponents, all the more so regarding many other traits that are widely extant – these play, Dan added, "a prominent role in modern non-Hasidic and anti-Hasidic writings as well".<sup id="cite_ref-Dan2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difficulty of separating the movement's philosophy from that of its main inspiration, Lurianic Kabbalah, and determining what was novel and what merely a recapitulation, also baffled historians. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Louis Jacobs</a>, regarded the early masters as innovators who introduced "much that was new if only by emphasis";<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others, primarily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendel_Piekarz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendel Piekarz (page does not exist)">Mendel Piekarz</a>, argued to the contrary that but a little was not found in much earlier tracts, and the movement's originality lay in the manner it popularized these teachings to become the ideology of a well-organized sect.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the traits particularly associated with Hasidism in common understanding which are in fact widespread, is the importance of joy and happiness at worship and religious life – though the sect undoubtedly stressed this aspect and still possesses a clear populist bent. Another example is the value placed on the simple, ordinary Jew in supposed contradiction with the favouring of elitist scholars beforehand; such ideas are common in ethical works far preceding Hasidism. The movement did for a few decades challenge the rabbinic establishment, which relied on the authority of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> acumen, but affirmed the centrality of study very soon. Concurrently, the image of its <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Opponents</a> as dreary intellectuals who lacked spiritual fervour and opposed mysticism is likewise unfounded. Neither did Hasidism, often portrayed as promoting healthy sensuality, unanimously reject the asceticism and self-mortification associated primarily with its rivals. Joseph Dan ascribed all these perceptions to so-called "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hasidic">Neo-Hasidic</a>" writers and thinkers, like <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a>. In their attempt to build new models of spirituality for modern Jews, they propagated a romantic, sentimental image of the movement. The "Neo-Hasidic" interpretation influenced even scholarly discourse to a great degree, but had a tenuous connection with reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further complication is the divide between what researchers term "early Hasidism", which ended roughly in the 1810s, and established Hasidism since then onwards. While the former was a highly dynamic religious revival movement, the latter phase is characterized by consolidation into sects with hereditary leadership. The mystical teachings formulated during the first era were by no means repudiated, and many Hasidic masters remained consummate spiritualists and original thinkers; as noted by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Brown_(scholar)" title="Benjamin Brown (scholar)">Benjamin Brown</a>, Buber's once commonly accepted view that the routinization constituted "decadence" was refuted by later studies, demonstrating that the movement remained very much innovative.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet many aspects of early Hasidism were indeed de-emphasized in favour of more conventional religious expressions, and its radical concepts were largely neutralized. Some Rebbes adopted a relatively rationalist bent, sidelining their explicit mystical, <a href="/wiki/Theurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Theurgical">theurgical</a> roles, and many others functioned almost solely as political leaders of large communities. As to their Hasidim, affiliation was less a matter of admiring a charismatic leader as in the early days, but rather birth into a family belonging to a specific "court".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immanence">Immanence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Immanence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besht11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Besht11.jpg/300px-Besht11.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Besht11.jpg/450px-Besht11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Besht11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Rebuilt synagogue of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most fundamental theme underlying all Hasidic theory is the <a href="/wiki/Immanence" title="Immanence">immanence</a> of God in the universe, often expressed in a phrase from <a href="/wiki/Tikunei_haZohar" title="Tikunei haZohar">Tikunei haZohar</a>, <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">Leit atar panuy miné</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>: "no site is devoid of Him"). This <a href="/wiki/Panentheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panentheistic">panentheistic</a> concept was derived from Lurianic discourse, but greatly expanded in the Hasidic one. In the beginning, in order to <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">create the world</a>, God contracted (<i><a href="/wiki/Tzimtzum" title="Tzimtzum">Tzimtzum</a></i>) his omnipresence, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></i>, leaving a Vacant Void (<span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">Chalal panuy</i></span>), bereft of obvious presence and therefore able to entertain free will, contradictions and other phenomena seemingly separate from God Himself. These would have been impossible within his original, perfect existence. Yet, the very reality of the world which was created in the Void is entirely dependent on its divine origin. Matter would have been null and void without the true, spiritual essence it possesses. Just the same, the infinite <i>Ein Sof</i> cannot manifest in the Vacant Void, and must limit itself in the guise of measurable corporeality that may be perceived.<sup id="cite_ref-Elior1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elior1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, there is a dualism between the true aspect of everything and the physical side, false but ineluctable, with each evolving into the other: as God must compress and disguise himself, so must humans and matter in general ascend and reunite with the Omnipresence. <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Elior" title="Rachel Elior">Rachel Elior</a> quoted <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, in his commentary <i><a href="/wiki/Torah_Or" class="mw-redirect" title="Torah Or">Torah Or</a></i> on Genesis 28:22, who wrote that "this is the purpose of Creation, from Infinity to Finitude, so it may be reversed from the state of Finite to that of Infinity". Kabbalah stressed the importance of this dialectic, but mainly (though not exclusively) evoked it in cosmic terms, referring for example to the manner in which God progressively diminished himself into the world through the various dimensions, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sephirot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephirot">Sephirot</a></i>. Hasidism applied it also to the most mundane details of human existence. All Hasidic schools devoted a prominent place in their teaching, with differing accentuation, to the interchanging nature of <i>Ein</i>, both infinite and imperceptible, becoming <i>Yesh</i>, "Existent" – and vice versa. They used the concept as a prism to gauge the world, and the needs of the spirit in particular. Elior noted: "Reality lost its static nature and permanent value, now measured by a new standard, seeking to expose the Godly, boundless essence, manifest in its tangible, circumscribed opposite."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One major derivative of this philosophy is the notion of <i><a href="/wiki/Devekut" title="Devekut">devekut</a></i>, "communion". As God was everywhere, connection with him had to be pursued ceaselessly as well, in all times, places and occasions. Such an experience was in the reach of every person, who only had to negate his inferior impulses and grasp the truth of divine immanence, enabling him to unite with it and attain the state of perfect, selfless bliss. Hasidic masters, well versed in the teachings concerning communion, are supposed not only to gain it themselves, but to guide their flock to it. <i>Devekut</i> was not a strictly defined experience; many varieties were described, from the utmost ecstasy of the learned leaders to the common man's more humble yet no less significant emotion during prayer. </p><p>Closely linked with the former is <i>Bitul ha-Yesh</i>, "Negation of the Existent", or of the "Corporeal". Hasidism teaches that while a superficial observance of the universe by the "eyes of the flesh" (<i>Einei ha-Basar</i>) purportedly reflects the reality of all things profane and worldly, a true devotee must transcend this illusory façade and realize that there is nothing but God. It is not only a matter of perception, but very practical, for it entails also abandoning material concerns and cleaving only to the true, spiritual ones, oblivious to the surrounding false distractions of life. The practitioner's success in detaching from his sense of person, and conceive himself as <i>Ein</i> (in the double meaning of 'naught' and 'infinite'), is regarded as the highest state of elation in Hasidism. The true divine essence of man – the soul – may then ascend and return to the upper realm, where it does not possess an existence independent from God. This ideal is termed <i>Hitpashtut ha-Gashmi'yut</i>, "the expansion (or removal) of corporeality". It is the dialectic opposite of God's contraction into the world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To be enlightened and capable of <i>Bitul ha-Yesh</i>, pursuing the pure spiritual aims and defying the primitive impulses of the body, one must overcome his inferior "Bestial Soul", connected with the Eyes of the Flesh. He may be able to tap into his "Divine Soul" (<i>Nefesh Elohit</i>), which craves communion, by employing constant contemplation, <i>Hitbonenut</i>, on the hidden Godly dimension of all that exists. Then he could understand his surroundings with the "Eyes of the Intellect". The ideal adherent was intended to develop equanimity, or <i>Hishtavut</i> in Hasidic parlance, toward all matters worldly, not ignoring them, but understanding their superficiality. </p><p>Hasidic masters exhorted their followers to "negate themselves", paying as little heed as they could for worldly concerns, and thus, to clear the way for this transformation. The struggle and doubt of being torn between the belief in God's immanence and the very real sensual experience of the indifferent world is a key theme in the movement's literature. Many tracts have been devoted to the subject, acknowledging that the "callous and rude" flesh hinders one from holding fast to the ideal, and these shortcomings are extremely hard to overcome even in the purely intellectual level, a fortiori in actual life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another implication of this dualism is the notion of "Worship through Corporeality", <i>Avodah be-Gashmiyut</i>. As the <i>Ein Sof</i> metamorphosed into substance, so may it in turn be raised back to its higher state; likewise, since the machinations in the higher <i>Sephirot</i> exert their influence on this world, even the most simple action may, if performed correctly and with understanding, achieve the reverse effect. According to Lurianic doctrine, the netherworld was suffused with divine sparks, concealed within "husks", <i><a href="/wiki/Qlippoth" title="Qlippoth">qlippoth</a></i>. The glints had to be recovered and elevated to their proper place in the cosmos. "Materiality itself could be embraced and consecrated", noted <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Dynner" title="Glenn Dynner">Glenn Dynner</a>, and Hasidism taught that by common acts like dancing or eating, performed with intention, the sparks could be extricated and set free. <i>Avodah be-Gashmiyut</i> had a clear, if not implicit, <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">antinomian</a> edge, possibly equating sacred rituals mandated by Judaism with everyday activities, granting them the same status in the believer's eyes and having him content to commit the latter at the expense of the former. While at some occasions the movement did appear to step at that direction – for example, in its early days, prayer and preparation for it consumed so much time that adherents were blamed of neglecting sufficient Torah study – Hasidic masters proved highly conservative. Unlike in other, more radical sects influenced by kabbalistic ideas, like the <a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a>, Worship through Corporeality was largely limited to the elite and carefully restrained. The common adherents were taught they may engage it only mildly, through small deeds like earning money to support their leaders. </p><p>The complementary opposite of corporeal worship, or the elation of the finite into infinite, is the concept of <i>Hamshacha</i>, "drawing down" or "absorbing", and specifically, <i>Hamshachat ha-Shefa</i>, "absorption of effluence". During spiritual ascension, one could siphon the power animating the higher dimensions down into the material world, where it would manifest as benevolent influence of all kinds. These included spiritual enlightenment, zest in worship and other high-minded aims, but also the more prosaic health and healing, deliverance from various troubles and simple economic prosperity. Thus, a very tangible and alluring motivation to become followers emerged. Both corporeal worship and absorption allowed the masses to access, with common actions, a religious experience once deemed esoteric.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet another reflection of the <i>Ein</i>-<i>Yesh</i> dialectic is pronounced in the transformation of evil to goodness and the relations between these two poles and other contradicting elements – including various traits and emotions of the human psyche, like pride and humility, purity and profanity, et cetera. Hasidic thinkers argued that in order to redeem the sparks hidden, one had to associate not merely with the corporeal, but with sin and evil. One example is the elevation of impure thoughts during prayer, transforming them to noble ones rather than repressing them, advocated mainly in the early days of the sect; or "breaking" one's own character by directly confronting profane inclinations. This aspect, once more, had sharp antinomian implications and was used by the Sabbateans to justify excessive sinning. It was mostly toned down in late Hasidism, and even before that, leaders were careful to stress that it was not exercised in the physical sense, but in the contemplative, spiritual one. This kabbalistic notion, too, was not unique to the movement and appeared frequently among other Jewish groups.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Righteous_One">Righteous One</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Righteous One"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg/300px-Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg/450px-Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg/600px-Isroel_Hopsztajn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Rebbe <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Hopsztajn" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisroel Hopsztajn">Yisroel Hopsztajn</a>, a great promulgator of Hasidism in Poland, blessing acolytes <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span>. Hasidism gave the elite <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a> a social mystical role.</figcaption></figure> <p>While its mystical and ethical teachings are not easily sharply distinguished from those of other Jewish currents, the defining doctrine of Hasidism is that of the saintly leader, serving both as an ideal inspiration and an institutional figure around whom followers are organized. In the movement's sacral literature, this person is referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzaddiq</a></i>, the Righteous One – often also known by the general honorific <i>Admor</i> (acronym of Hebrew for "our master, teacher and Rabbi"), granted to rabbis in general, or colloquially as <i>Rebbe</i>. The idea that, in every generation, there are righteous persons through whom the divine effluence is drawn to the material world is rooted in the kabbalistic thought, which also claims that one of them is supreme, the reincarnation of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a>. Hasidism elaborated the notion of the <i>Tzaddiq</i> into the basis of its entire system – so much that the very term gained an independent meaning within it, apart from the <a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">original which denoted God-fearing, highly observant</a> people.<sup id="cite_ref-Assaf1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Assaf1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the sect began to attract following and expanded from a small circle of learned disciples to a mass movement, it became evident that its complex philosophy could be imparted only partially to the new rank and file. As even intellectuals struggled with the sublime dialectics of infinity and corporeality, there was little hope to have the common folk truly internalize these, not as mere abstractions to pay lip service to.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ideologues exhorted them to have faith, but the true answer, which marked their rise as a distinct sect, was the concept of the <i>Tzaddiq</i>. A Hasidic master was to serve as a living embodiment of the recondite teachings. He was able to transcend matter, gain spiritual communion, Worship through Corporeality and fulfill all the theoretical ideals. As the vast majority of his flock could not do so themselves, they were to cleave to him instead, acquiring at least some semblance of those vicariously. His commanding and often – especially in the early generations – charismatic presence was to reassure the faithful and demonstrate the truth in Hasidic philosophy by countering doubts and despair. But more than spiritual welfare was concerned: Since it was believed he could ascend to the higher realms, the leader was able to harvest effluence and bring it down upon his adherents, providing them with very material benefits. "The crystallization of that <a href="/wiki/Theurgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Theurgical">theurgical</a> phase", noted <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Dynner" title="Glenn Dynner">Glenn Dynner</a>, "marked Hasidism's evolution into a full-fledged social movement." </p><p>In Hasidic discourse, the willingness of the leader to sacrifice the ecstasy and fulfillment of unity in God was deemed a heavy sacrifice undertaken for the benefit of the congregation. His followers were to sustain and especially to obey him, as he possessed superior knowledge and insight gained through communion. The "descent of the Righteous" (<i>Yeridat ha-Tzaddiq</i>) into the matters of the world was depicted as identical with the need to save the sinners and redeem the sparks concealed in the most lowly places. Such a link between his functions as communal leader and spiritual guide legitimized the political power he wielded. It also prevented a retreat of Hasidic masters into hermitism and passivity, as many mystics before them did. Their worldly authority was perceived as part of their long-term mission to elevate the corporeal world back into divine infinity.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To a certain extent, the Saint even fulfilled for his congregation, and for it alone, a limited <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messianic</a> capacity in his lifetime. After the Sabbatean debacle, this moderate approach provided a safe outlet for the eschatological urges. At least two leaders radicalized in this sphere and caused severe controversy: <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a>, who declared himself the only true <i>Tzaddiq</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, whom many of his followers believed to be the Messiah. The <i>Rebbe</i>s were subject to intense hagiography, even subtly compared with Biblical figures by employing prefiguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan2_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was argued that since followers could not "negate themselves" sufficiently to transcend matter, they should instead "negate themselves" in submission to the Saint (<i>Hitbatlut la-Tzaddiq</i>), thus bonding with him and enabling themselves to access what he achieved in terms of spirituality. The Righteous served as a mystical bridge, drawing down effluence and elevating the prayers and petitions of his admirers.<sup id="cite_ref-AA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Saintly forged a well-defined relationship with the masses: they provided the latter with inspiration, were consulted in all matters, and were expected to intercede on behalf of their adherents with God and ensure they gained financial prosperity, health and male offspring. The pattern still characterizes Hasidic sects, though prolonged routinization in many turned the <i>Rebbes</i> into de facto political leaders of strong, institutionalized communities. The role of a Saint was obtained by charisma, erudition and appeal in the early days of Hasidism. But by the dawn of the 19th century, the Righteous began to claim legitimacy by descent to the masters of the past, arguing that since they linked matter with infinity, their abilities had to be associated with their own corporeal body. Therefore, it was accepted "there can be no <i>Tzaddiq</i> but the son of a <i>Tzaddiq</i>". Virtually all modern sects maintain this hereditary principle. For example, the <i>Rebbe</i>s' families maintain endogamy and marry almost solely with scions of other dynasties.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_of_thought">Schools of thought</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Schools of thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Hasidic "courts", and not a few individual prominent masters, developed distinct philosophies with particular accentuation of various themes in the movement's general teachings. Several of these Hasidic schools had lasting influence over many dynasties, while others died with their proponents. In the doctrinal sphere, the dynasties may be divided along many lines. Some are characterized by Rebbes who are predominantly Torah scholars and <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisors</a>, deriving their authority much like ordinary non-Hasidic rabbis do. Such "courts" place great emphasis on strict observance and study, and are among the most meticulous in the Orthodox world in practice. Prominent examples are the House of <a href="/wiki/Sanz" title="Sanz">Sanz</a> and its scions, such as <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a>. Other sects, like <a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a>, espouse a charismatic-populist line, centered on the admiration of the masses for the Righteous, his effervescent style of prayer and conduct and his purported miracle-working capabilities. Fewer still retain a high proportion of the mystical-spiritualist themes of early Hasidism, and encourage members to study much kabbalistic literature and (carefully) engage in the field. The various <a href="/wiki/Ziditchover" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziditchover">Ziditchover</a> dynasties mostly adhere to this philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-RAD_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others still focus on contemplation and achieving inner perfection. No dynasty is wholly devoted to a single approach of the above, and all offer some combination with differing emphasis on each of those. </p><p>In 1812, a schism occurred between the <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_of_Lublin" title="Yaakov Yitzchak of Lublin">Seer of Lublin</a> and his prime disciple, the <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_Rabinowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz">Holy Jew</a> of <a href="/wiki/Przysucha" title="Przysucha">Przysucha</a>, due to both personal and doctrinal disagreements. The Seer adopted a populist approach, centered on the Righteous' theurgical functions to draw the masses. He was famous for his lavish, enthusiastic conduct during prayer and worship, and extremely charismatic demeanour. He stressed that as <i>Tzaddiq</i>, his mission was to influence the common folk by absorbing Divine Light and satisfying their material needs, thus converting them to his cause and elating them. The Holy Jew pursued a more introspective course, maintaining that the Rebbe's duty was to serve as a spiritual mentor for a more elitist group, helping them to achieve a senseless state of contemplation, aiming to restore man to his oneness with God which <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> supposedly lost when he ate the fruit of the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_the_knowledge_of_good_and_evil" title="Tree of the knowledge of good and evil">Lignum Scientiae</a>. The Holy Jew and his successors did neither repudiate miracle working, nor did they eschew dramatic conduct; but they were much more restrained in general. The Przysucha School became dominant in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Central Poland</a>, while populist Hasidism resembling the Lublin ethos often prevailed in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One extreme and renowned philosopher who emerged from the Przysucha School was <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Kotzk" title="Menachem Mendel of Kotzk">Menachem Mendel of Kotzk</a>. Adopting an elitist, hard-line attitude, he openly denounced the folky nature of other <i>Tzaddiqim</i>, and rejected financial support. Gathering a small group of devout scholars who sought to attain spiritual perfection, whom he often berated and mocked, he always stressed the importance of both somberness and totality, stating it was better to be fully wicked than only somewhat good. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> school, limited to its namesake dynasty, but prominent, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> and was elaborated by his successors, until the late 20th century. The movement retained many of the attributes of early Hasidism, before a clear divide between Righteous and ordinary followers was cemented. Chabad Rebbes insisted their adherents acquire proficiency in the sect's lore, and not relegate most responsibility to the leaders. The sect emphasizes the importance of intellectually grasping the dynamics of the hidden divine aspect and how they affect the human psyche; the very acronym Chabad is for the three penultimate <i><a href="/wiki/Sephirot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephirot">Sephirot</a></i>, associated with the cerebral side of consciousness. </p><p>Another famous philosophy is that formulated by <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a> and adhered to by Breslov Hasidim. In contrast to most of his peers who believed that God must be worshiped through enjoyment of the physical world, Nachman portrayed the corporeal world in grim colors, as a place devoid of God's immediate presence from which the soul yearns to liberate itself. He mocked the attempts to perceive the nature of infinite-finite dialectics and the manner in which God still occupies the Vacant Void albeit not, stating these were paradoxical, beyond human understanding. Only naive faith in their reality would do. Mortals were in constant struggle to overcome their profane instincts and had to free themselves from their limited intellects to see the world as it truly is. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Hirsh_of_Zidichov" title="Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov">Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov</a>, a major Galician <i><a href="/wiki/Tzadik" title="Tzadik">Tzadik</a></i>, was a disciple of the Seer of Lublin, but combined his populist inclination with a strict observance even among his most common followers, and great pluralism in matters pertaining to mysticism, as those were eventually emanating from each person's unique soul. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Yosef_Leiner" title="Mordechai Yosef Leiner">Mordechai Yosef Leiner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Izbica" title="Izbica">Izbica</a> promulgated a radical understanding of free will, which he considered illusory and also derived directly from God. He argued that when one attained a sufficient spiritual level and could be certain evil thoughts did not derive from his animalistic soul, then sudden urges to transgress revealed Law were God-inspired and may be pursued. This volatile, potentially antinomian doctrine of "Transgression for the Sake of Heaven" is found also in other Hasidic writings, especially from the early period. His successors de-emphasized it in their commentaries. Leiner's disciple <a href="/wiki/Zadok_HaKohen" title="Zadok HaKohen">Zadok HaKohen</a> of Lublin also developed a complex philosophic system which presented a dialectic nature in history, arguing that great progress had to be preceded by crisis and calamity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice_and_culture">Practice and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Practice and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebbe_and_"court""><span id="Rebbe_and_.22court.22"></span>Rebbe and "court"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rebbe and "court""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_%281%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_%281%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_%281%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_The_Rabbi_of_Kalib_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Taub" title="Menachem Mendel Taub">Kaliver Rebbe</a>, Holocaust survivor, inspiring his court on the festival of <a href="/wiki/Sukkot" title="Sukkot">Sukkot</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg/220px-%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg/330px-%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg/440px-%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%95%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kvitel" title="Kvitel">Kvitel</a> requests for blessing piled on the <a href="/wiki/Ohel_(grave)" title="Ohel (grave)">graves</a> of the last <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Lubavitcher Rebbes</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Hasidic community is organized in a sect known as "court" (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">חצר</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">chatzer</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>: <span lang="yi" dir="rtl">הויף</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Yiddish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">Hoif</i></span>; from German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hof/Gerichtshof</i></span>). In the early days of the movement, a particular Rebbe's following usually resided in the same town, and Hasidim were categorized by their leaders' settlement: a Hasid of Belz, Vizhnitz, and so forth. Later, especially after World War II, the dynasties retained the names of their original Eastern European settlements when moving to the West or Israel. Thus, for example, the "court" established by <a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">Joel Teitelbaum</a> in 1905 at Transylvania remained known after its namesake town, <a href="/wiki/Sathmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sathmar">Sathmar</a>, even though its headquarters lay in New York, and almost all other Hasidic sects likewise – albeit some groups founded overseas were named accordingly, like the <a href="/wiki/Boston_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boston (Hasidic dynasty)">Boston Hasidic Dynasty</a>. </p><p>Akin to his spiritual status, the Rebbe is also the administrative head of the community. Sects often possess their own synagogues, study halls and internal charity mechanisms, and ones sufficiently large also maintain entire educational systems. The Rebbe is the supreme figure of authority, and not just for the institutions. The rank-and-file Hasidim are also expected to consult with him on important matters, and often seek his blessing and advice. He is personally attended by aides known as <i><a href="/wiki/Gabbai" title="Gabbai">Gabbai</a></i> or <i>Mashbak</i>. </p><p>Many particular Hasidic rites surround the leader. On the Sabbath, holidays, and celebratory occasions, Rebbes hold a <i><a href="/wiki/Tish_(Hasidic_celebration)" title="Tish (Hasidic celebration)">Tisch</a></i> (table), a large feast for their male adherents. Together, they sing, dance, and eat, and the head of the sect shakes the hands of his followers to bless them, and often delivers a sermon. A <i>Chozer</i>, "repeater", selected for his good memory, commits the text to writing after the Sabbath (any form of writing during the Sabbath itself <a href="/wiki/Activities_prohibited_on_Shabbat" class="mw-redirect" title="Activities prohibited on Shabbat">being forbidden</a>). In many "courts", the remnants of his meal, supposedly suffused with holiness, are handed out and even fought over. Often, a very large dish is prepared beforehand, and the Rebbe only tastes it before passing it to the crowd. Apart from the gathering at noon, the <a href="/wiki/Seudah_shlishit" title="Seudah shlishit">third repast</a> on Sabbath and the "<a href="/wiki/Melaveh_Malkah" title="Melaveh Malkah">Melaveh Malkah</a>" meal when it ends are also particularly important and an occasion for song, feasting, tales, and sermons. A central custom, which serves as a major factor in the economics of most "courts", is the <i>Pidyon</i>, "Ransom", better known by its Yiddish name <i><a href="/wiki/Kvitel" title="Kvitel">Kvitel</a></i>, "little note": Adherents submit a written petition, which the master may assist with on behalf of his sanctity, adding a sum of money for either charity or the leader's needs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasions in the "court" serve as pretext for mass gatherings, flaunting the power, wealth and size of each. Weddings of the leader's family, for example, are often held with large multistoried stands (פארענטשעס, <i>Parentches</i>) filled with Hasidim surrounding the main floor, where the Rebbe and his relatives dine, celebrate, and perform the <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah_tantz" title="Mitzvah tantz">Mitzvah tantz</a>. This is a festive dance with the bride: Both parties hold one end of a long sash, a Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">gartel</a>, for reasons of modesty. </p><p>Allegiance to the dynasty and Rebbe is also sometimes a cause for tension.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable feuds between "courts" include the 1926–1934 strife after <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Elazar_Spira" title="Chaim Elazar Spira">Chaim Elazar Spira</a> of <a href="/wiki/Munkacs_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)">Munkatch</a> cursed the deceased <a href="/wiki/Yissachar_Dov_Rokeach_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Yissachar Dov Rokeach I">Yissachar Dov Rokeach I</a> of Belz;<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the 1980–2012 Satmar-Belz collision after <a href="/wiki/Yissachar_Dov_Rokeach_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Yissachar Dov Rokeach II">Yissachar Dov Rokeach II</a> broke with the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Council_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Council of Jerusalem">Orthodox Council of Jerusalem</a>, which culminated when he had to travel in a bulletproof car;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2006–present Satmar succession dispute between brothers <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Teitelbaum" title="Aaron Teitelbaum">Aaron Teitelbaum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Teitelbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zalman Teitelbaum">Zalman Teitelbaum</a>, which saw mass riots. </p><p>As in other <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> groups, apostates may face threats, hostility, violence, and various punitive measures, among them separation of children from their disaffiliated parents, especially in divorce cases. Due to their strictly religious education and traditionalist upbringing, many who leave their sects have few viable work skills or even command of the English language, and their integration into the broader society is often difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The segregated communities are also a comfortable setting for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual abuse of children">sexual abuse of children</a>, and numerous incidents have been reported. While Hasidic leadership has often been accused of silencing the matter, awareness of it is rising within the sects.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another related phenomenon is the recent rise of <i>Mashpi'im</i> ("influencers"). Once a title for an instructor in Chabad and Breslov only, the institutionalized nature of the established "courts" led many adherents to seek guidance and inspiration from persons who did not declare themselves new leaders, but only <i>Mashpi'im</i>. Technically, they fill the original role of Rebbes in providing for spiritual welfare; yet, they do not usurp the title, and are therefore countenanced.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgy">Liturgy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Liturgy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Hasidim use some variation of <i><a href="/wiki/Nusach_Sefard" title="Nusach Sefard">Nusach Sefard</a></i>, a blend of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> liturgies, based on the innovations of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Luria" title="Isaac Luria">Isaac Luria</a>. Many dynasties have their own specific adaptation of Nusach Sefard; some, such as the versions of the Belzer, Bobover, and <a href="/wiki/Dushinsky_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dushinsky (Hasidic dynasty)">Dushinsky</a> Hasidim, are closer to Nusach Ashkenaz, while others, such as the Munkacz version, are closer to the old Lurianic. Many sects believe that their version reflects Luria's mystical devotions best. The Baal Shem Tov added two segments to Friday services on the eve of Sabbath: Psalm 107 before <a href="/wiki/Mincha" title="Mincha">afternoon prayer</a>, and Psalm 23 at the end of <a href="/wiki/Maariv_(prayer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maariv (prayer)">evening service</a>. </p><p>Hasidim use the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi pronunciation">Ashkenazi pronunciation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> for liturgical purposes, reflecting their Eastern European background. Wordless, emotional melodies, <i><a href="/wiki/Nigun" title="Nigun">nigunim</a></i>, are particularly common in their services. </p><p>Hasidim lend great importance to <i><a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">kavana</a></i>, devotion or intention, and their services tend to be extremely long and repetitive. Some courts nearly abolished traditional specified times by which prayers must be conducted (<i>zemanim</i>), to prepare and concentrate. This practice, still enacted in <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> for one, is controversial in many dynasties, which do follow the specifics of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Law">Jewish Law</a> on praying earlier, and not eating beforehand. <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a> makes use of the permission granted in Jewish law to eat before prayer in certain circumstances, and to have later praying times, as a result of longer periods of preparatory study and contemplation beforehand. A common saying to explain this (attributed to the Third Chabad Rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson I) goes, "Better to eat in order to pray, than to pray in order to eat", implying it is better to eat before prayer if due to the later time of prayers finishing one will be hungry and unable to properly concentrate. Another reglement is daily immersion in a <a href="/wiki/Mikveh" title="Mikveh">ritual bath</a> by males for spiritual cleansing, at a rate much higher than is customary among other Orthodox Jews. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melody">Melody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Melody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hasidism developed a unique emphasis on the spirituality of melody (<i><a href="/wiki/Nigunim" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigunim">Nigunim</a></i>) as a means to reach <a href="/wiki/Deveikut" class="mw-redirect" title="Deveikut">Deveikut</a> Divine communion, during prayer and communal gatherings. Ecstatic, often wordless Hasidic melodies developed new expressions and depths of the soul in Jewish life, often drawing from folk idioms of the surrounding gentile culture, which were adapted to elevate their concealed sparks of divinity, according to <a href="/wiki/Lurianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurianic">Lurianic</a> theology.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Hasidic Judaism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22">"Hasidic Judaism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hasidic+Judaism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/210px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/315px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg/420px-Hasidic_Family_in_Street_-_Borough_Park_-_Hasidic_District_-_Brooklyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="2378" /></a><figcaption>Hasidic family in <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park, Brooklyn</a>. The man is wearing a <a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">shtreimel</a>, and either a <a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a>. The woman is wearing a wig, called a <a href="/wiki/Sheitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheitel">sheitel</a>, as according to Jewish law, she is forbidden to show her hair to anyone after marriage.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG/150px-Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG/225px-Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG/300px-Rabbi_Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Leib_Rabinovich" title="Moshe Leib Rabinovich">Moshe Leib Rabinovich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munkacs_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)">Munkacser</a> Rebbe, wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Kolpik" title="Kolpik">kolpik</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HasidicRebbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HasidicRebbe.jpg/150px-HasidicRebbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HasidicRebbe.jpg/225px-HasidicRebbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/HasidicRebbe.jpg/300px-HasidicRebbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dorohoi" title="Dorohoi">Dorohoi</a> Rebbe in his traditional rabbinical <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> garb</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the Hasidic world, it is possible to distinguish different Hasidic groups by subtle differences in dress. Some details of their dress are shared by non-Hasidic Haredim. Much of Hasidic dress was historically the clothing of all Eastern European Jews, influenced by the style of <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">Polish–Lithuanian nobility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Hasidim have attributed religious origins to specific Hasidic items of clothing. </p><p>Hasidic men most commonly wear dark overclothes. On weekdays, they wear a long, black, cloth jacket called a <a href="/wiki/Rekel" title="Rekel">rekel</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish Holy Days</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a> <span title="Yiddish-language romanization"><i lang="yi-Latn">zaydene kapote</i></span> (Yiddish; lit., satin caftan), a similarly long, black jacket, but of <a href="/wiki/Satin" title="Satin">satin</a> fabric traditionally silk. Indoors, the colorful tish bekishe is still worn. Some Hasidim wear a satin overcoat, known as <i>rezhvolke</i>. Most Hasidim do not wear neckties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The reason for this is unclear. (April 2024)">why?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">the Sabbath</a>, the Hasidic Rebbes traditionally wore a white bekishe. This practice has fallen into disuse among most. Many of them wear a black silk bekishe that is trimmed with velvet, known as <i>stro-kes</i> or <i>samet</i>, and in Hungarian ones, gold-embroidered. </p><p>Various symbolic and religious qualities are attributed to Hasidic dress, though they are mainly apocryphal, and the clothes' origin is cultural and historical. For example, the long overcoats are considered modest, the shtreimel is supposedly related to <a href="/wiki/Shaatnez" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaatnez">shaatnez</a> and keeps one warm, without using <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, and Sabbath shoes are laceless in order not to have to tie a knot, a prohibited action. A <i><a href="/wiki/Gartel" title="Gartel">gartel</a></i> divides the Hasid's lower parts from his upper parts, implying modesty and chastity, and for kabbalistic reasons, Hasidim button their clothes right over left. Hasidic men customarily wear black hats during the weekdays, as do nearly all Haredi men today. A variety of hats are worn depending on the group: Chabad men often pinch their hats to form a triangle on the top, Satmar men wear an open-crown hat with rounded edges, and <i>Samet</i> (velvet) or <i>biber</i> (<a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a>) hats are worn by many Galician and Hungarian Hasidic men. </p><p>Married Hasidic men don a variety of fur <a href="/wiki/Headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Headdress">headdresses</a> on the Sabbath, once common among all wedded Eastern European Jewish males and still worn by non-Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a> in Jerusalem. The most ubiquitous is the <i><a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">shtreimel</a></i>, which is seen especially among Galician and Hungarian sects like Satmar or Belz. A taller <i><a href="/wiki/Spodik" title="Spodik">spodik</a></i> is donned by Polish dynasties such as <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a>. A <i><a href="/wiki/Kolpik" title="Kolpik">kolpik</a></i> is worn by unmarried sons and grandsons of many Rebbes on the Sabbath. Some Rebbes don it on special occasions. </p><p>There are many other distinct items of clothing. Such are the <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Gerrer</a> <i>hoyznzokn –</i> long black socks into which the trousers are tucked. Some Hasidic men from Eastern <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Central_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galicia (Central Europe)">Galicia</a> wear black socks with their breeches on the Sabbath, as opposed to white ones on weekdays, particularly <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belzer</a> Hasidim. </p><p>Following a Biblical commandment not to shave the sides of one's face (Leviticus 19:27), male members of most Hasidic groups wear long, uncut sidelocks called <a href="/wiki/Payot" title="Payot">payot</a> (or <i>peyes</i>). Some Hasidic men shave off the rest of their hair. Not every Hasidic group requires long peyos, and not all Jewish men with peyos are Hasidic, but all Hasidic groups discourage the shaving of one's beard. Most Hasidic boys receive their <a href="/wiki/First_haircut" title="First haircut">first haircuts</a> ceremonially at the age of three years (only the Skverrer Hasidim do this at their boys' second birthday). Until then, Hasidic boys have long hair. </p><p>Hasidic women wear clothing adhering to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Tzeniut" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzeniut">modest dress in Jewish law</a>. This includes long conservative skirts and sleeves past the elbow, as well as covered necklines. Also, the women wear stockings to cover their legs; in some Hasidic groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Satmar" title="Satmar">Satmar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toldot_Aharon" class="mw-redirect" title="Toldot Aharon">Toldot Aharon</a>, the stockings must be opaque. In keeping with <a href="/wiki/Halacha" class="mw-redirect" title="Halacha">Jewish law</a>, married women cover their hair, using either a <i><a href="/wiki/Sheitel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheitel">sheitel</a></i> (wig), a <i><a href="/wiki/Tichel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichel">tichel</a></i> (headscarf), a <i><a href="/wiki/Shpitzel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shpitzel">shpitzel</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Snood_(headgear)" title="Snood (headgear)">snood</a>, a hat, or a beret. In some Hasidic groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>, women may wear two headcoverings – a wig and a scarf, or a wig and a hat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families">Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hasidic Jews, like many other Orthodox Jews, typically produce large families; the average Hasidic family in the United States has 8 children.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed out of a desire to fulfill the Biblical mandate to "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_mandate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural mandate">be fruitful and multiply</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Hasidim speak the language of their countries of residence but use <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> among themselves as a way of remaining distinct and preserving tradition. Thus, children are still learning Yiddish today, and the language, despite predictions to the contrary, has not died. Yiddish newspapers are still published, and Yiddish fiction is being written, primarily aimed at women. Even films in Yiddish are being produced within the Hasidic community. Some Hasidic groups, such as Satmar and Toldot Aharon, actively oppose the everyday use of Hebrew, which they consider a holy tongue. The use of Hebrew for anything other than prayer and study is, according to them, profane, and so, Yiddish is the vernacular and common tongue for most Hasidim around the world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy#Writings" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy § Writings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature#Hasidic_thought" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature § Hasidic thought</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chassid22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chassid22.jpg/220px-Chassid22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chassid22.jpg/330px-Chassid22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Chassid22.jpg/440px-Chassid22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sculpture of the Hasidic movement's celebration of spirituality on the <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hasidic tales are a literary genre, concerning both hagiography of various Rebbes and moralistic themes. Some are anecdotes or recorded conversations dealing with matters of faith, practice, and the like. The most famous tend to be terse and carry a strong and obvious point. They were often transmitted orally, though the earliest compendium is from 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many revolve around the righteous. The Baal Shem, in particular, was subject to excess hagiography.<sup id="cite_ref-Buber,_Martin_1948_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buber,_Martin_1948-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characterized by vivid metaphors, miracles, and piety, each reflects the surrounding and era it was composed in. Common themes include dissenting the question what is acceptable to pray for, whether or not the commoner may gain communion, or the meaning of wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-Buber,_Martin_1948_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buber,_Martin_1948-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tales were a popular, accessible medium to convey the movement's messages.<sup id="cite_ref-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additional to these tales, Hasidim study the numerous mystical / spiritual works of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidic philosophy</a>. (Chabad Hasidim, for example, daily study the <a href="/wiki/Tanya_(Judaism)" title="Tanya (Judaism)">Tanya</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Likutei_Torah" class="mw-redirect" title="Likutei Torah">Likutei Torah</a>, and the voluminous works of the <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch#The_leaders_of_Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Rebbes of Chabad</a>; <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslovers</a> study the teachings of <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Rabbi Nachman</a>, additional to his "tales".) These works draw on the earlier esoteric theology of <i><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></i> but articulate this in terms of inner psychological awareness and personal analogies. Additional to its formal, intellectual component, this study thus makes Jewish mysticism accessible and tangible, so that it inspires emotional <i><a href="/wiki/Dveikus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dveikus">dveikus</a></i> (cleaving to God) and embeds a deep <a href="/wiki/Hashkafa#Principles" title="Hashkafa">spiritual element in daily Jewish life</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization_and_demographics">Organization and demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organization and demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">List of Hasidic dynasties</a></div> <p>The various Hasidic groups may be categorized along several parameters, including their geographical origin, their proclivity for certain teachings, and their political stance. These attributes are quite often, but by no means always, correlated, and there are many instances when a "court" espouses a unique combination.<sup id="cite_ref-DAS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while most dynasties from the former <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Greater Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Galicia</a> are inclined to extreme conservatism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">anti-Zionism</a>, Rebbe <a href="/wiki/Yekusiel_Yehudah_Halberstam" title="Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam">Yekusiel Yehudah Halberstam</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Sanz-Klausenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz-Klausenburg">Sanz-Klausenburg</a> sect in a more open and mild direction;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and though Hasidim from Lithuania and Belarus are popularly perceived as prone to intellectualism, David Assaf noted this notion is derived more from their <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Litvak</a> surroundings than their actual philosophies.<sup id="cite_ref-DAS_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from those, each "court" often possesses its unique customs, including style of prayer, melodies, particular items of clothing, and the like. </p><p>On the political scale, "courts" are mainly divided on their relations to <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>. The right-wing, identified with <a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a>, are hostile to the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Israel">State of Israel</a>, and refuse to participate in the elections there or receive any state funding. They are mainly affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a>. The great majority belong to <i>Agudas Israel</i>, represented in Israel by the <a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism</a> party. Its <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Torah_Sages" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Torah Sages">Council of Torah Sages</a> now includes a dozen Rebbes. In the past, there were Religious Zionist Rebbes, mainly of the Ruzhin line, but there are virtually none today.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, a study conducted by <a href="/wiki/Marcin_Wodzi%C5%84ski" title="Marcin Wodziński">Marcin Wodziński</a>, drawing from the courts' own internal phone-books and other resources, located 129,211 Hasidic households worldwide, about 5% of the estimated total Jewish population. Of those, 62,062 resided in Israel and 53,485 in the United States, 5,519 in Britain and 3,392 in Canada. In Israel, the largest Hasidic concentrations are in the Haredi neighbourhoods of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> – including <a href="/wiki/Ramot_Alon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramot Alon">Ramot Alon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batei_Ungarin" title="Batei Ungarin">Batei Ungarin</a>, et cetera – in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a> and <a href="/wiki/El%27ad" title="El'ad">El'ad</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="West Bank settlement">West Bank settlements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit" title="Modi'in Illit">Modi'in Illit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a>. There is considerable presence in other specifically Orthodox municipalities or enclaves, like <a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Sanz,_Netanya" title="Kiryat Sanz, Netanya">Kiryat Sanz, Netanya</a>. In the United States, most Hasidim reside in New York, though there are small communities across the entire country. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>, particularly the neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Borough_Park,_Brooklyn" title="Borough Park, Brooklyn">Borough Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights,_Brooklyn" title="Crown Heights, Brooklyn">Crown Heights</a>, has an especially large population. Another large population resides in the hamlet of <a href="/wiki/Monsey,_New_York" title="Monsey, New York">Monsey</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> region of New York; in the same region, <a href="/wiki/New_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="New Square">New Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryas Joel">Kiryas Joel</a> are rapidly growing all-Hasidic enclaves, one founded by the <a href="/wiki/Skver" class="mw-redirect" title="Skver">Skver</a> dynasty and the other by Satmar. In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Stamford_Hill" title="Stamford Hill">Stamford Hill</a> is home to the largest Hasidic community in the country, and there are others in London and Manchester. In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Tosh" title="Kiryas Tosh">Kiryas Tosh</a> is a settlement populated entirely by <a href="/wiki/Tosh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Tosh (Hasidic dynasty)">Tosh</a> Hasidim, and there are more adherents of other sects in and around Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodz_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are more than a dozen Hasidic dynasties with a large following, and over a hundred which have small or minuscule adherence, sometimes below twenty people, with the presumptive Rebbe holding the title more as a matter of prestige. Many "courts" became completely extinct during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)">Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)</a> from <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr%C3%B3w_%C5%81%C3%B3dzki" title="Aleksandrów Łódzki">Aleksandrów Łódzki</a>, which numbered tens of thousands in 1939, and barely exists today.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest sect in the world, with some 26,000 member households, which constitute 20% of all Hasidim, is Satmar, founded in 1905 in the namesake city in Hungary and based in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg, Brooklyn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kiryas_Joel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiryas Joel">Kiryas Joel</a>. Satmar is known for its extreme conservatism and opposition to both <i><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">Agudas Israel</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, inspired by the legacy of Hungarian Haredi Judaism. The sect underwent a schism in 2006, and two competing factions emerged, led by rival brothers <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Teitelbaum" title="Aaron Teitelbaum">Aaron Teitelbaum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zalman_Teitelbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Zalman Teitelbaum">Zalman Teitelbaum</a>. The second-largest "court" worldwide, with some 11,600 households (or 9% of all Hasidism), is <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a>, established in 1859 at <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B3ra_Kalwaria" title="Góra Kalwaria">Góra Kalwaria</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>. For decades, it was the dominant power in <i>Agudas</i>, and espoused a moderate line toward Zionism and modern culture. Its origins lay in the rationalist <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_Rabinowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz">Przysucha School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Central Poland</a>. The current Rebbe is <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Aryeh_Alter" title="Yaakov Aryeh Alter">Yaakov Aryeh Alter</a>. The third-largest dynasty is <a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizhnitz">Vizhnitz</a>, a charismatic sect founded in 1854 at <a href="/wiki/Vyzhnytsia" title="Vyzhnytsia">Vyzhnytsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>. A moderate group involved in Israeli politics, it is split into several branches, which maintain cordial relations. The main partition is between Vizhnitz-Israel and Vizhnitz-Monsey, headed respectively by Rebbes Israel Hager and the eight sons of the late Rebbe Mordecai Hager. In total, all Vizhnitz sub-"courts" constitute over 10,500 households. The fourth major dynasty, with some 7,000 households, is <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a>, established 1817 in namesake <a href="/wiki/Belz" title="Belz">Belz</a>, north of <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Galicia" title="Eastern Galicia">Eastern Galician</a> dynasty drawing both from the <a href="/wiki/Seer_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Seer of Lublin">Seer of Lublin</a>'s charismatic-populist style and "rabbinic" Hasidism, it espoused hard-line positions, but broke off from the <a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a> and joined <i>Agudas</i> in 1979. Belz is led by Rebbe <a href="/wiki/Yissachar_Dov_Rokeach_(fifth_Belzer_rebbe)" title="Yissachar Dov Rokeach (fifth Belzer rebbe)">Yissachar Dov Rokeach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodz_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bobover" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobover">Bobover</a> dynasty, founded 1881 in <a href="/wiki/Bobowa" title="Bobowa">Bobowa</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Galicia" title="West Galicia">West Galicia</a>, constitutes some 4,500 households in total, and has undergone a bitter succession strife since 2005, eventually forming the "Bobov" (3,000 households) and "<a href="/wiki/Bobov-45" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobov-45">Bobov-45</a>" (1,500 households) sects. <a href="/wiki/Sanz-Klausenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz-Klausenburg">Sanz-Klausenburg</a>, divided into a New York and Israeli branches, presides over 3,800 households. The <a href="/wiki/Skver" class="mw-redirect" title="Skver">Skver</a> sect, established in 1848 in <a href="/wiki/Skvyra" title="Skvyra">Skvyra</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, constitutes 3,300. The <a href="/wiki/Shomer_Emunim" title="Shomer Emunim">Shomer Emunim</a> dynasties, originating in Jerusalem during the 1920s and known for their unique style of dressing imitating that of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a>, have over 3,000 families, almost all in the larger "courts" of <a href="/wiki/Toldos_Aharon" title="Toldos Aharon">Toldos Aharon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toldos_Avraham_Yitzchak" class="mw-redirect" title="Toldos Avraham Yitzchak">Toldos Avraham Yitzchak</a>. <a href="/wiki/Karlin_Stolin" class="mw-redirect" title="Karlin Stolin">Karlin Stolin</a>, which rose already in the 1760s in a quarter of <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>, encompasses 2,200 families.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodz_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two other populous Hasidic sub-groups, which do not function as classical Rebbe-headed "courts", but as de-centralized movements, retaining some of the characteristics of early Hasidism.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a> rose under its charismatic leader <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a> in the early 19th century. Critical of all other Rebbes, he forbade his followers to appoint a successor upon his death in 1810. His acolytes led small groups of adherents, persecuted by other Hasidim, and disseminated his teachings. The original philosophy of the sect elicited great interest among modern scholars, and that led many <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">newcomers to Orthodox Judaism ("repentants")</a> to join it. Numerous Breslov communities, each led by its own rabbis, now have thousands of full-fledged followers, and far more admirers and semi-committed supporters; Marcin Wodziński estimated that the fully committed population of Breslovers may be estimated at 7,000 households. <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a>, originating in the 1770s, did have hereditary leadership, but always stressed the importance of self-study, rather than reliance on the Righteous. Its seventh, and last, leader, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, converted it into a vehicle for Jewish outreach. By his death in 1994, it had many more semi-engaged supporters than Hasidim in the strict sense, and they are still hard to distinguish. Chabad's own internal phone-books list some 16,800 member households.<sup id="cite_ref-Wodz_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wodz-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None succeeded Schneerson, and the sect operates as a large network of communities with independent leaders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 17th century, several social trends converged among the Jews who inhabited the southern periphery of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, especially in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukraine" title="Western Ukraine">Western Ukraine</a>. These enabled the emergence and flourishing of Hasidism. </p><p>The first, and most prominent, was the popularization of the mystical lore of Kabbalah. For several centuries, an esoteric teaching practiced surreptitiously by few, it was transformed into almost household knowledge by a mass of cheap printed pamphlets. The kabbalistic inundation was a major influence behind the rise of the heretical <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a> movement, led by <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a>, who declared himself <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> in 1665. The propagation of Kabbalah made the Jewish masses susceptible to Hasidic ideas, themselves, in essence, a popularized version of the teaching – indeed, Hasidism actually emerged when its founders determined to openly practice it, instead of remaining a secret circle of ascetics, as was the manner of almost all past kabbalists. The correlation between publicizing the lore and Sabbateanism did not escape the rabbinic elite, and caused vehement opposition to the new movement. </p><p>Another factor was the decline of the traditional authority structures. Jewish autonomy remained quite secured; later research<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> debunked <a href="/wiki/Simon_Dubnow" title="Simon Dubnow">Simon Dubnow</a>'s claim that the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Four_Lands" title="Council of Four Lands">Council of Four Lands</a>' demise in 1746 was a culmination of a long process which destroyed judicial independence and paved the way for the Hasidic rebbes to serve as leaders (another long-held explanation for the sect's rise advocated by <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Mahler" title="Raphael Mahler">Raphael Mahler</a>, that the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Khmelnytsky Uprising</a> effected economic impoverishment and despair, was also refuted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup>). However, the <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">magnates and nobles</a> held much sway over the nomination of both rabbis and communal elders, to such a degree that the masses often perceived them as mere lackeys of the land owners. Their ability to serve as legitimate arbiters in disputes – especially those concerning the regulation of leasehold rights over alcohol distillation and other monopolies in the estates – was severely diminished. The reduced prestige of the establishment, and the need for an alternative source of authority to pass judgement, left a vacuum which Hasidic charismatics eventually filled. They transcended old communal institutions, to which all the Jews of a locality were subordinate, and had groups of followers in each town across vast territories. Often supported by rising strata outside the traditional elite, whether nouveau riche or various low-level religious functionaries, they created a modern form of leadership. </p><p>Historians discerned other influences. The formative age of Hasidism coincided with the rise of numerous religious revival movements across the world, including the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> in Arabia, and the Russian <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a> who opposed the established church. Hasidism rejected the existing order, decrying it as stale and overly hierarchic. They offered what they described as more spiritual, candid, and simple substitutes. <a href="/wiki/Gershon_David_Hundert" class="mw-redirect" title="Gershon David Hundert">Gershon David Hundert</a> noted the considerable similarity between the Hasidic conceptions and this contemporary background, rooted in the growing importance attributed to the individual's consciousness and choices.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_ben_Eliezer">Israel ben Eliezer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Israel ben Eliezer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besht_Signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Besht_Signature.jpg/220px-Besht_Signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Besht_Signature.jpg/330px-Besht_Signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Besht_Signature.jpg/440px-Besht_Signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption>Israel ben Eliezer's autograph</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Israel_ben_Eliezer" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel ben Eliezer">Israel ben Eliezer</a> (ca. 1698–1760), known as the <i>Baal Shem Tov</i> ("Master of the <i>Good</i> Name", <a href="/wiki/Acronym" title="Acronym">acronym</a>: "Besht"), is considered the founder of Hasidism. Supposedly born south of the <a href="/wiki/Prut" title="Prut">Prut</a>, in the northern frontier of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, he earned a reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem" title="Baal Shem">Baal Shem</a>, "Master of the Name". These were common folk healers who employed mysticism, amulets and incantations as their trade. Little is known for certain about Israel ben Eliezer. Though not a scholar, he was sufficiently learned to become notable in the communal hall of study and marry into the rabbinic elite, his wife being the divorced sister of a rabbi; in his later years, he became wealthy and famous, as attested by contemporary chronicles. Apart from that, most information about him is derived from Hasidic hagiographic accounts. These claim that as a boy he was recognized by one "Rabbi Adam Baal Shem Tov" who entrusted him with great secrets of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a>, passed in his illustrious family for centuries; that the Besht later spent a decade in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> as a hermit, where he was visited by the Biblical prophet <a href="/wiki/Ahijah_the_Shilonite" title="Ahijah the Shilonite">Ahijah the Shilonite</a> who taught him more; and that at the age of thirty-six, he was granted heavenly permission to reveal himself as a great kabbalist and miracle worker. </p><p>By the 1740s, it is verified that he relocated to the town of <a href="/wiki/Medzhybizh" title="Medzhybizh">Medzhybizh</a> and became recognized and popular in <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> and beyond. It is well attested that he emphasized several known kabbalistic concepts, formulating his own teachings to some degree. The Besht stressed the immanence of God and His presence in the material world, and that therefore, physical acts, such as eating, have an actual influence on the spiritual sphere and may serve to hasten the achievement of communion with the divine (<i>devekut</i>). He was known to pray ecstatically and with great <a href="/wiki/Kavanah" title="Kavanah">intention</a>, in order to provide channels for the <a href="/wiki/Ohr" title="Ohr">divine light</a> to flow into the Earthly realm. The Besht stressed the importance of joy and contentment in the worship of God, rather than the abstinence and self-mortification deemed essential to becoming a pious mystic, and of fervent and vigorous prayer as a means of spiritual elation instead of severe asceticism,<sup id="cite_ref-Ros1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many of his immediate disciples reverted in part to the older doctrines, especially in disavowing sexual pleasure even in marital relations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In that, the "Besht" laid the foundation for a popular movement, offering a far less rigorous course for the masses to gain a significant religious experience. And yet, he remained the guide of a small society of elitists, in the tradition of former kabbalists, and never led a large public as his successors did. While many later figures cited him as the inspiration behind the full-fledged Hasidic doctrine, the Besht himself did not practice it in his lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-Ros1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shivchei_besht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shivchei_besht.jpg/220px-Shivchei_besht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shivchei_besht.jpg/330px-Shivchei_besht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Shivchei_besht.jpg/440px-Shivchei_besht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2365" data-file-height="2777" /></a><figcaption><i>Shivchei HaBesht</i> (Praises of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a>), the first compilation of Hasidic hagiographic storytelling, was printed from manuscripts in 1815.</figcaption></figure> <p>Israel ben Eliezer gathered a considerable following, drawing to himself disciples from far away. They were largely of elitist background, yet adopted the populist approach of their master. The most prominent was Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Dov_Ber_of_Mezeritch" title="Dov Ber of Mezeritch">Dov Ber</a> the <i><a href="/wiki/Maggid" title="Maggid">Maggid</a></i> (preacher). He succeeded the former upon his death, though other important acolytes, mainly <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Joseph_of_Polonne" title="Jacob Joseph of Polonne">Jacob Joseph of Polonne</a>, did not accept his leadership. Establishing himself in <a href="/wiki/Mezhirichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezhirichi">Mezhirichi</a>, the Maggid turned to greatly elaborate the Besht's rudimentary ideas and institutionalize the nascent circle into an actual movement. Ben Eliezer and his acolytes used the very old and common epithet <i><a href="/wiki/Hasidim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidim">Hasidim</a></i>, "pious"; in the latter third of the 18th century, a clear differentiation arose between that sense of the word and what was at first described as "New Hasidism", propagated to a degree by the Maggid and especially his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-Ros_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ros-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Doctrine coalesced as Jacob Joseph, Dov Ber, and the latter's disciple, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Elimelech_of_Lizhensk" title="Elimelech of Lizhensk">Elimelech of Lizhensk</a>, composed the three magna opera of early Hasidism, respectively: the 1780 <i>Toldot Ya'akov Yosef</i>, the 1781 <i>Maggid d'varav le-Ya'akov</i>, and the 1788 <i>No'am Elimelekh</i>. Other books were also published. Their new teaching had many aspects. The importance of devotion in prayer was stressed to such degree that many waited beyond the prescribed time to properly prepare; the Besht's recommendation to "elevate and sanctify" impure thoughts, rather than simply repress them during the service, was expanded by Dov Ber into an entire precept, depicting prayer as a mechanism to transform thoughts and feelings from a primal to a higher state in a manner parallel to the unfolding of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sephirot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephirot">Sephirot</a></i>. But the most important was the notion of the <i>Tzaddiq</i> – later designated by the general rabbinic honorific <a href="/wiki/Rebbe#The_hasidic_rebbe" title="Rebbe"><i>Admor</i> (our master, teacher, and rabbi) or by the colloquial Rebbe</a> – the Righteous One, the mystic who was able to elate and achieve communion with the divine, but, unlike kabbalists past, did not practice it in secret, but as leader of the masses. He was able to bring down prosperity and guidance from the higher <i>Sephirot</i>, and the common people who could not attain such a state themselves would achieve it by "clinging" to and obeying him. The <i>Tzaddiq</i> served as a bridge between the spiritual realm and the ordinary folk, as well as a simple, understandable embodiment of the esoteric teachings of the sect, which were still beyond the reach of most just as old-style Kabbalah before. </p><p>The various Hasidic <i>Tzaddiqim</i>, mainly the Maggid's disciples, spread across Eastern Europe with each gathering adherents among the people and learned acolytes who could be initiated as leaders. The Righteous' "courts" in which they resided, attended by their followers to receive blessing and council, became the institutional centers of Hasidism, serving as its branches and organizational core. Slowly, various rites emerged in them, like the Sabbath <i><a href="/wiki/Tish_(Hasidic_celebration)" title="Tish (Hasidic celebration)">Tisch</a></i> or "table", in which the Righteous would hand out food scraps from their meals, considered blessed by the touch of ones imbued with godly Light during their mystical ascensions.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another potent institution was the <i><a href="/wiki/Shtibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shtibel">Shtibel</a></i>, the private prayer gatherings opened by adherents in every town which served as a recruiting mechanism. The <i>Shtibel</i> differed from the established synagogues and study halls, allowing their members greater freedom to worship when they pleased, and also serving recreational and welfare purposes. Combined with its simplified message, more appealing to the common man, its honed organizational framework accounted for the exponential growth of Hasidic ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having ousted the old communal model, and replaced it with a less-hierarchical structure and more individually-oriented religiosity, Hasidism was, in fact, the first great modern – albeit not modernist; its self-understanding was grounded in a traditional mindset – Jewish movement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From its original base in <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, the movement was rapidly disseminated during the Maggid's lifetime, and after his 1772 death. Twenty or so of Dov Ber's prime disciples each brought it to a different region, and their own successors followed: <a href="/wiki/Aharon_of_Karlin_(I)" title="Aharon of Karlin (I)">Aharon of Karlin (I)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Vitebsk" title="Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk">Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a> were the emissaries to the former <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in the far north, while <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Nachum_Twersky" title="Menachem Nachum Twersky">Menachem Nachum Twersky</a> headed to <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a> in the east, and <a href="/wiki/Levi_Yitzchok_of_Berditchev" title="Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev">Levi Yitzchok of Berditchev</a> remained nearby. <a href="/wiki/Elimelech_of_Lizhensk" title="Elimelech of Lizhensk">Elimelech of Lizhensk</a>, his brother <a href="/wiki/Zusha_of_Hanipol" title="Zusha of Hanipol">Zusha of Hanipol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yisroel_Hopsztajn" class="mw-redirect" title="Yisroel Hopsztajn">Yisroel Hopsztajn</a> established the sect in <a href="/wiki/Polish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Crown">Poland proper</a>. Vitebsk and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kalisker" title="Abraham Kalisker">Abraham Kalisker</a> later led a small group of followers to <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Palestine">Ottoman Palestine</a>, establishing a Hasidic presence in the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Opposition"></span>The spread of Hasidism also incurred organized opposition. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Elijah_of_Vilna" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah of Vilna">Elijah of Vilnius</a>, one of the greatest authorities of the generation and a <i>hasid</i> and secret kabbalist of the old style, was deeply suspicious of their emphasis on mysticism, rather than mundane Torah study, threat to established communal authority, resemblance to the Sabbatean movement, and other details he considered infractions. In April 1772, he and the Vilnius community wardens launched a systematic campaign against the sect, placing an <a href="/wiki/Herem_(censure)" title="Herem (censure)">anathema</a> upon them, banishing their leaders, and sending letters denouncing the movement. Further excommunication followed in <a href="/wiki/Brody" title="Brody">Brody</a> and other cities. In 1781, during a second round of hostilities, the books of Jacob Joseph were burned in Vilnius. Another cause for strife emerged when the Hasidim adopted the <a href="/wiki/Lurianic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurianic">Lurianic</a> prayer rite, which they revised somewhat to <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Sefard" title="Nusach Sefard">Nusach Sefard</a>; the first edition in Eastern Europe was printed in 1781 and received approbation from the anti-Hasidic scholars of Brody, but the sect quickly embraced the Kabbalah-infused tome and popularized it, making it their symbol. Their rivals, named <i><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a></i>, "opponents" (a generic term which acquired an independent meaning as Hasidism grew stronger), soon accused them of abandoning the traditional <a href="/wiki/Nusach_Ashkenaz" title="Nusach Ashkenaz">Nusach Ashkenaz</a>. </p><p>In 1798, Opponents made accusations of espionage against <a href="/wiki/Shneur_Zalman_of_Liadi" title="Shneur Zalman of Liadi">Shneur Zalman of Liadi</a>, and he was imprisoned by the Russian government for two months. Excoriatory polemics were printed and anathemas declared in the entire region. But Elijah's death in 1797 denied the <i>Misnagdim</i> their powerful leader. In 1804, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a> allowed independent prayer groups to operate, the chief vessel through which the movement spread from town to town. The failure to eradicate Hasidism, which acquired a clear self-identity in the struggle and greatly expanded throughout it, convinced its adversaries to adopt a more passive method of resistance, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_of_Volozhin" title="Chaim of Volozhin">Chaim of Volozhin</a>. The growing conservatism of the new movement – which at some occasions drew close to Kabbalah-based antinomian phraseology, as did the Sabbateans, but never crossed the threshold and remained thoroughly observant – and the rise of common enemies slowly brought a rapprochement, and by the second half of the 19th century, both sides basically considered each other legitimate. </p><p>The turn of the century saw several prominent new, fourth generation <i>tzaddiqim</i>. Upon Elimelech's death in the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">now-partitioned Poland</a>, his place in <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Galicia">Habsburg Galicia</a> was assumed by <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Rimanov" title="Menachem Mendel of Rimanov">Menachem Mendel of Rimanov</a>, who was deeply hostile to the modernization the Austrian rulers attempted to force on the traditional Jewish society (though this same process also allowed his sect to flourish, as communal authority was severely weakened). The rabbi of Rimanov hearkened the alliance the Hasidim would form with the most conservative elements of the Jewish public. In Central Poland, the new leader was Jacob Isaac Horowiz, the "<a href="/wiki/Seer_of_Lublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Seer of Lublin">Seer of Lublin</a>", who was of a particularly populist bent and appealed to the common folk with miracle working and little strenuous spiritual demands. The Seer's senior acolyte, <a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Yitzchak_Rabinowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaakov Yitzchak Rabinowicz">Jacob Isaac Rabinovitz</a>, the "Holy Jew" of <a href="/wiki/Przysucha" title="Przysucha">Przysucha</a>, gradually dismissed his mentor's approach as overly vulgar, and adopted a more aesthetic and scholarly approach, virtually without theurgy to the masses. The Holy Jew's "Przysucha School" was continued by his successor <a href="/wiki/Simcha_Bunim" class="mw-redirect" title="Simcha Bunim">Simcha Bunim</a>, and especially the reclusive, morose <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_of_Kotzk" title="Menachem Mendel of Kotzk">Menachem Mendel of Kotzk</a>. The most controversial fourth generation <i>tzaddiq</i> was the Podolia-based <a href="/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov" title="Nachman of Breslov">Nachman of Breslov</a>, who denounced his peers for becoming too institutionalized, much like the old establishment their predecessors challenged decades before, and espoused an anti-rationalist, pessimistic spiritual teaching, very different from the prevalent stress on joy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routinization">Routinization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Routinization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg/250px-Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg/375px-Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg/500px-Sadigura_rebbe%27s_palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption>Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin dynasty</a>, known for its "royal" mannerism, in <a href="/wiki/Sadhora" title="Sadhora">Sadhora</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The opening of the 19th century saw the Hasidic sect transformed. Once a rising force outside the establishment, the <i>tzaddiqim</i> now became an important and often dominant power in most of Eastern Europe. The slow process of encroachment, which mostly begun with forming an independent <i>Shtibel</i> and culminated in the Righteous becoming an authority figure (either alongside or above the official rabbinate) for the entire community, overwhelmed many towns even in <i>Misnagdic</i> stronghold of Lithuania, far more so in <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a> and the vast majority in Podolia, Volhynia and Galicia. It began to make inroads into <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> and the westernmost frontier of autochthonic pre-WWII Hasidism, in <a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">northeastern Hungary</a>, where the Seer's disciple <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Teitelbaum_(Ujhel)" title="Moshe Teitelbaum (Ujhel)">Moses Teitelbaum (I)</a> was appointed in <a href="/wiki/Ujhely" class="mw-redirect" title="Ujhely">Ujhely</a>. </p><p>Less than three generations after the Besht's death, the sect grew to encompass hundreds of thousands by 1830. As a mass movement, a clear stratification emerged between the court's functionaries and permanent residents (<i>yoshvim</i>, "sitters"), the devoted followers who would often visit the Righteous on Sabbath, and the large public which prayed at Sefard Rite synagogues and was minimally affiliated. </p><p>All this was followed by a more conservative approach and power bickering among the Righteous. Since the Maggid's death, none could claim the overall leadership. Among the several dozen active, each ruled over his own turf, and local traditions and customs began to emerge in the various courts which developed their own identity. The high mystical tension typical of a new movement subsided, and was soon replaced by more hierarchical, orderly atmosphere. </p><p>The most important aspect of the routinization Hasidism underwent was the adoption of dynasticism. The first to claim legitimacy by right of descent from the Besht was his grandson, <a href="/wiki/Boruch_of_Medzhybizh" title="Boruch of Medzhybizh">Boruch of Medzhybizh</a>, appointed 1782. He held a lavish court with <a href="/wiki/Hershel_of_Ostropol" title="Hershel of Ostropol">Hershel of Ostropol</a> as jester and demanded the other Righteous acknowledge his supremacy. Upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Nachum_Twersky" title="Menachem Nachum Twersky">Menachem Nachum Twersky</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a>, his son <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Twersky" title="Mordechai Twersky">Mordechai Twersky</a> succeeded him. The principle was conclusively affirmed in the great dispute after Liadi's demise in 1813: his senior acolyte <a href="/wiki/Aharon_HaLevi_of_Strashelye" class="mw-redirect" title="Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye">Aharon HaLevi of Strashelye</a> was defeated by his son, <a href="/wiki/Dovber_Schneuri" title="Dovber Schneuri">Dovber Schneuri</a>, whose offspring <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">retained the title for 181 years</a>. </p><p>By the 1860s, virtually all courts were dynastic. Rather than single <i>tzaddiqim</i> with followings of their own, each sect would command a base of rank-and-file Hasidim attached not just to the individual leader, but to the bloodline and the court's unique attributes. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Friedman_of_Ruzhyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn">Israel Friedman of Ruzhyn</a> insisted on royal splendour, resided in a palace and his six sons all inherited some of his followers. With the constraints of maintaining their gains replacing the dynamism of the past, the Righteous or Rebbes/<i>Admorim</i> also silently retreated from the overt, radical mysticism of their predecessors. While populist miracle working for the masses remained a key theme in many dynasties, a new type of "Rebbe-Rabbi" emerged, one who was both a completely traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Halakhic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halakhic">halakhic</a></i> authority as well as a spiritualist. The tension with the <i>Misnagdim</i> subsided significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-RAD_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAD-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But it was an external threat, more than anything else, that mended relations. While traditional Jewish society remained well entrenched in backward Eastern Europe, reports of the rapid acculturation and religious laxity in the West troubled both camps. When the <i><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></i>, the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, appeared in Galicia and Congress Poland in the 1810s, it was soon perceived as a dire threat. The <i>maskilim</i> themselves detested Hasidism as an anti-rationalist and barbaric phenomenon, as did Western Jews of all shades, including the most right-wing Orthodox such as Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Azriel_Hildesheimer" title="Azriel Hildesheimer">Azriel Hildesheimer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Galicia especially, hostility towards it defined the <i>Haskalah</i> to a large extent, from the staunchly observant Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Hirsch_Chajes" title="Zvi Hirsch Chajes">Zvi Hirsch Chajes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Perl" title="Joseph Perl">Joseph Perl</a> to the radical anti-Talmudists like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Osias_Schorr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osias Schorr (page does not exist)">Osias Schorr</a>. The Enlightened, who <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">revived Hebrew grammar</a>, often mocked their rivals' lack of eloquence in the language. While a considerable proportion of the <i>Misnagdim</i> were not averse to at least some of the <i>Haskala'</i>s goals, the Rebbes were unremittingly hostile. </p><p>The most distinguished Hasidic leader in Galicia in the era was <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Halberstam" title="Chaim Halberstam">Chaim Halberstam</a>, who combined Talmudic erudition and the status of a major <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">decisor</a> with his function as <i>tzaddiq</i>. He symbolized the new era, brokering peace between the small Hasidic sect in Hungary to its opponents. In that country, where modernization and assimilation were much more prevalent than in the East, the local Righteous joined forces with those now termed <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> against the rising liberals. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Moses_Sofer" title="Moses Sofer">Moses Sofer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Pressburg</a>, while no friend to Hasidism, tolerated it as he combated the forces which sought modernization of the Jews; a generation later, in the 1860s, the Rebbes and the zealot Haredi rabbi <a href="/wiki/Hillel_Lichtenstein" title="Hillel Lichtenstein">Hillel Lichtenstein</a> allied closely. </p><p>Around the mid-19th century, over a hundred dynastic courts related by marriage were the main religious power in the territory enclosed between Hungary, former Lithuania, Prussia and inner Russia, with considerable presence in the former two. In Central Poland, the pragmatist, rationalist Przysucha school thrived: <a href="/wiki/Yitzchak_Meir_Alter" title="Yitzchak Meir Alter">Yitzchak Meir Alter</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">court of Ger</a> in 1859, and in 1876 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jechiel_Danziger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jechiel Danziger (page does not exist)">Jechiel Danziger</a> established <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)">Alexander</a>. In Galicia and Hungary, apart from Halberstam's House of <a href="/wiki/Sanz" title="Sanz">Sanz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzvi_Hirsh_of_Zidichov" title="Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov">Tzvi Hirsh of Zidichov</a>'s descendants each pursued a mystical approach in the dynasties of <a href="/wiki/Zidichov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zidichov (Hasidic dynasty)">Zidichov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komarno_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Komarno (Hasidic dynasty)">Komarno</a> and so forth. In 1817, <a href="/wiki/Sholom_Rokeach" title="Sholom Rokeach">Sholom Rokeach</a> became the first Rebbe of <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a>, the Hager line of <a href="/wiki/Kosov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kosov (Hasidic dynasty)">Kosov</a>-<a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a> was the largest court. </p><p>The <i>Haskalah</i> was always a minor force, but the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_national_movements_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jewish national movements (disambiguation)">Jewish national movements</a> which emerged in the 1880s, as well as Socialism, proved much more appealing to the young. Progressive strata condemned Hasidism as a primitive relic, strong, but doomed to disappear, as Eastern European Jewry underwent slow yet steady secularization. The gravity of the situation was attested to by the foundation of Hasidic <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">yeshivas</a> (in the modern, boarding school-equivalent sense) to enculturate the young and preserve their loyalty: The first was established at <a href="/wiki/Nowy_Wi%C5%9Bnicz" title="Nowy Wiśnicz">Nowy Wiśnicz</a> by Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Halberstam_(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shlomo Halberstam (I)">Shlomo Halberstam (I)</a> in 1881. These institutions were originally utilized by the <i>Misnagdim</i> to protect their youth from Hasidic influence, but now, the latter faced a similar crisis. One of the most contentious issues in this respect was <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>; the Ruzhin dynasties were quite favourably disposed toward it, while Hungarian and Galician courts reviled it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calamity_and_renaissance">Calamity and renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Calamity and renaissance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drohobycz,_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Drohobycz%2C_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg/220px-Drohobycz%2C_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Drohobycz%2C_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg/330px-Drohobycz%2C_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Drohobycz%2C_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg/440px-Drohobycz%2C_Rebe_Aharon_Rokach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belzer</a> Rebbe <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Rokeach" title="Aharon Rokeach">Aharon Rokeach</a> (depicted 1934), of the <a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz Hasidic dynasty</a>, who was hidden from the Nazis and smuggled out of Europe</figcaption></figure> <p>Outside pressure was mounting in the early 20th century. In 1912, many Hasidic leaders partook in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">Agudas Israel</a> party, a political instrument intended to safeguard what was now named <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Judaism</a> even in the relatively traditional East; the more hardline dynasties, mainly Galician and Hungarian, opposed the Aguda as "too lenient". Mass immigration to America, urbanization, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> uprooted the <i><a href="/wiki/Shtetl" title="Shtetl">shtetls</a></i> in which the local Jews had lived for centuries, and which were the bedrock of Hasidism. In the new <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, civil equality first achieved and a harsh repression of religion caused a rapid secularization. Few remaining Hasidim, especially of <a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad</a>, continued to practice underground for decades. In the new states of the <a href="/wiki/Interbellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbellum">Interbellum</a> era, the process was only somewhat slower. On the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, strictly observant Jews were estimated to constitute no more than a third of the total Jewish population in Poland, the world's most Orthodox country.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Rebbes still had a vast base of support, it was aging and declining. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> hit the Hasidim particularly hard because they were easily identifiable and because they were almost unable to disguise themselves among the larger populace due to cultural insularity. Hundreds of leaders perished with their flocks, while the flight of many notable ones as their followers were being exterminated – especially <a href="/wiki/Aharon_Rokeach" title="Aharon Rokeach">Aharon Rokeach</a> of Belz and <a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">Joel Teitelbaum</a> of Satmar – elicited bitter recrimination. In the immediate post-war years, the entire movement seemed to teeter on the precipice of oblivion. In Israel, the United States, and Western Europe, the survivors' children were at best becoming <a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Orthodox">Modern Orthodox</a>. While a century earlier, the <i>Haskalah</i> depicted it as a medieval, malicious power, now, it was so weakened that the popular cultural image was sentimental and romantic, what <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dan" title="Joseph Dan">Joseph Dan</a> termed "Frumkinian Hasidism", for it began with the short stories of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levi_Rodkinson" title="Michael Levi Rodkinson">Michael Levi Rodkinson</a> (Frumkin). <a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Martin Buber</a> was the major contributor to this trend, portraying the sect as a model of a healthy folk consciousness. "Frumkinian" style was very influential, later inspiring the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a>", and also utterly ahistorical.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet, the movement proved resilient. Talented and charismatic Hasidic masters emerged, who reinvigorated their following and drew new crowds. In New York, the Satmar Rebbe <a href="/wiki/Joel_Teitelbaum" title="Joel Teitelbaum">Joel Teitelbaum</a> formulated a fiercely anti-Zionist <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_theology" title="Holocaust theology">Holocaust theology</a> and founded an insular, self-sufficient community which attracted many immigrants from Greater Hungary. By 1961, 40% of families were newcomers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Alter" title="Yisrael Alter">Yisrael Alter</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a> created robust institutions, fortified his court's standing in <i>Agudas Israel</i>, and held <i>tisch</i> every week for 29 years. He halted the hemorrhage of his followers, and retrieved many Litvaks (the contemporary, less adverse epithet for <i>Misnagdim</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionists" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Zionists">Religious Zionists</a> whose parents were Gerrer Hasidim before the war. Chaim Meir Hager similarly restored <a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a>. Moses Isaac Gewirtzman founded the new <a href="/wiki/Pshevorsk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)">Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>. </p><p>The most explosive growth was experienced in <a href="/wiki/Chabad-Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad-Lubavitch">Chabad-Lubavitch</a>, whose head, <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Mendel_Schneerson" title="Menachem Mendel Schneerson">Menachem Mendel Schneerson</a>, adopted a modern (he and his disciples ceased wearing the customary <a href="/wiki/Shtreimel" title="Shtreimel">Shtreimel</a>) and outreach-centered orientation. At a time when most Orthodox Jews, and Hasidim in particular, rejected proselytization, he turned his sect into a mechanism devoted almost solely to it, blurring the difference between actual Hasidim and loosely affiliated supporters until researchers could scarcely define it as a regular Hasidic group. Another phenomenon was the revival of <a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a>, which remained without an acting <i>Tzaddiq</i> since the rebellious <a href="/wiki/Rebbe_Nachman" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebbe Nachman">Rebbe Nachman</a>'s 1810 death. Its complex, existentialist philosophy drew many to it. </p><p>High fertility rates, increasing tolerance and <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> on the part of surrounding society, and the great wave of <a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">newcomers to Orthodox Judaism</a> which began in the 1970s all cemented the movement's status as very much alive and thriving. The clearest indication for that, noted Joseph Dan, was the disappearance of the "Frumkinian" narrative which inspired much sympathy towards it from non-Orthodox Jews and others, as actual Hasidism returned to the fore. It was replaced by apprehension and concern due to the growing presence of the reclusive, strictly religious Hasidic lifestyle in the public sphere, especially in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-Dan_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dan-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As numbers grew, "courts" were again torn apart by schisms between Rebbes' sons vying for power, a common occurrence during the golden age of the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Assaf1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Assaf1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Assaf1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Assaf, <i>The Regal Way: The Life and Times of Rabbi Israel of Ruzhin</i>, Stanford University Press (2002). pp. 101–104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ros-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ros_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ros_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Rosman, <i>Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba'al Shem Tov</i>. University of California Press (1996). pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dan2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dan2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan2_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Dan, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Teachings_and_Literature">Hasidism: Teachings and Literature</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Jacobs, <i>Basic Ideas of Hasidism</i>, in: <i>Hasidism</i>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Judaica">Encyclopedia Judaica</a>, 2007. Volume 8, p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mendel Piekarz, <i>Ben ideʼologyah li-metsiʼut</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bialik_Institute" title="Bialik Institute">Bialik Institute</a> (1994), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31267606">31267606</a>. pp. 151–152; Dynner, <i>Men of Silk</i>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, Benjamin Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9612489/">Hasidism Without Romanticism: Mendel Piekarz's Path in the study of Hasidism</a>. pp. 455-456.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>Regal Way</i>, pp. 49–55, 63–67; Dynner, <i>Men of Silk</i>, pp. 117–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elior1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elior1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Elior, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pluto.huji.ac.il/~mselio/yesod-42-sci.pdf">יש ואין - דפוסי יסוד במחשבה החסידית</a>, in: <i>Masuʼot : meḥḳarim be-sifrut ha-ḳabalah ube-maḥshevet Yiśraʼel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bialik_Institute" title="Bialik Institute">Bialik Institute</a> (1994), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/221873939">221873939</a>. pp. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elior, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elior, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elior, pp. 55, 62–-63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynner, <i>Men of Silk</i>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The entire section is based on: Elior, <i>יש ואין</i>; Dan, <i>Teachings</i>, YIVO; <i>Hasidism</i>, Judaica, pp. 410–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elior, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elior, pp. 66–68; Dynner, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaf, <i>Regal Way</i>, pp. 108–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RAD-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RAD_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RAD_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4900677/">The Two Faces of Religious Radicalism - Orthodox Zealotry and Holy Sinning in Nineteenth Century Hasidism in Hungary and Galicia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynner, pp. 29–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacobs" title="Louis Jacobs">Louis Jacobs</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Everyday_Life">Hasidism: Everyday Life</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Hasidism: Hasidic Way of Life</i>, Encyclopedia Judaica, Volume 8, pp. 398–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mintz, Jerome R. (1992). <i>Hasidic People: A Place in the New World</i>. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38116-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-38116-2">978-0-674-38116-2</a>. pp. 58, 135–136, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1927/02/10/archive/chassidic-feud-leads-to-split-in-community">Chassidic Feud Leads to Split in Community.</a> JTA, February 10, 1927.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jta.org/1981/03/05/archive/belzer-rebbe-under-heavy-security-guard-due-to-threats-on-his-life">Belzer Rebbe Under Heavy Security Guard Due to Threats on His Life</a>. JTA, March 5, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., for example: Judy Bolton-Fasman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/memoirs-of-ex-hasidic-jews-shine-light-on-faigy-mayers-world-1.5385468">'Off the Path' Memoirs of ex-Hasidic Jews Shine Light on Faigy Mayer’s World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, 11 August 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2016" class="citation news cs1">Berger, Joseph (May 17, 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/18/nyregion/sexual-abuse-questions-swirl-around-yeshiva-leader-in-kiryas-joel.html">"Sexual Abuse Questions Swirl Around Yeshiva Leader in Kiryas Joel"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/18/nyregion/sexual-abuse-questions-swirl-around-yeshiva-leader-in-kiryas-joel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sexual+Abuse+Questions+Swirl+Around+Yeshiva+Leader+in+Kiryas+Joel&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F05%2F18%2Fnyregion%2Fsexual-abuse-questions-swirl-around-yeshiva-leader-in-kiryas-joel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomer Persico, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tomerpersico.com/2014/03/27/brown_interview/">דמוקרטיזציה מול הקצנה, פתיחות מול הסתגרות – ראיון עם ד"ר בנימין בראון על החברה החרדית</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Hasidism/Music">Hasidism: Music</a> YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg-Mulkiewicz" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Goldberg-Mulkiewicz, Olga. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Dress">"Dress"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dress&rft.btitle=The+YIVO+Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.aulast=Goldberg-Mulkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FDress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aish.com/jw/s/48899452.html">"Jews and the Jewish Birthrate"</a>. <i>aishcom</i>. Aish.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aishcom&rft.atitle=Jews+and+the+Jewish+Birthrate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aish.com%2Fjw%2Fs%2F48899452.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schacter-Shalomi,_Zalman_2003_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schacter-Shalomi, Zalman, Wrapped in a Holy Flame (2003) San Francisco CA, Jossey-Bass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-6573-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7879-6573-0">978-0-7879-6573-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buber,_Martin_1948-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buber,_Martin_1948_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buber,_Martin_1948_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buber, Martin, Tales of the Hasidim: The Early Masters (1948) New York, NY, Schocken Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0995-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0995-2">978-0-8052-0995-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DAS-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DAS_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DAS_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Assaf, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11968450/">חסידות פולין" או "החסידות בפולין": לבעיית הגיאוגרפיה החסידית'</a>, in: <b>גלעד: מאסף לתולדות יהדות פולין</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynner, pp. 29–30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Brown, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/14979968">היהדות החרדית והמדינה</a>, in: <b>כשיהדות פוגשת מדינה</b>, Israeli Democracy Institute, 2015. pp. 234–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, היהדות החרדית והמדינה. pp. 1–14, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wodz-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wodz_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wodz_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wodz_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wodz_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">All numbers are from: Marcin Wodziński, <i>Historical Atlas of Hasidism</i>, Princeton University Press, 2018. pp. 192–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacques Gutwirth, The Rebirth of Hasidism: From 1945 to the Present Day, Odile Jacob, 2004. pp. 106–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown, היהדות החרדית והמדינה. p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Dynner" title="Glenn Dynner">Glenn Dynner</a>, <i>Men of Silk: The Hasidic Conquest of Polish Jewish Society</i>, Oxford University Press (2006). pp. 3–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ros1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ros1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ros1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moshe Rosman, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Baal_Shem_Tov">Ba‘al Shem Tov</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Biale" title="David Biale">David Biale</a>, <i>The Lust for Asceticism in the Ha-sidic Movement</i>, in: Jonathan Magonet, <i>Jewish Explorations of Sexuality</i>. Oxford University Press (1995). pp. 53-55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dynner, pp. 34-39, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampfer" class="citation book cs1">Stampfer, Shaul. <i>Stampfer, Why Hasidism Spreaf</i>. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. pp. <span class="nowrap">203–</span>207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stampfer%2C+Why+Hasidism+Spreaf&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E207&rft.pub=The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft.aulast=Stampfer&rft.aufirst=Shaul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example: Murray Rosman, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19681639">Hasidism – Traditional Modernization</a></i>, Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook 6 (2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Sharot, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1386127">Hasidism and the Routinization of Charisma</a>, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_Ellenson" title="David Ellenson">David Ellenson</a>, <i>Rabbi Esriel Hildesheimer and the Creation of a Modern Jewish Orthodoxy</i>. University of Alabama Press, 1990. p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaff Schatz, <i>Jews and the Communist Movement in Interwar Poland</i>, in: <i>Dark Times, Dire Decisions: Jews and Communism</i>. Oxford University Press (2005). p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dan-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dan_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dan_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Dan, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396266">A Bow to Frumkinian Hasidism</a></i>, Modern Judaism, Volume 11, pp. 175–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel Rubin. <i>Satmar: Two Generations of an Urban Island</i>. P. Lang (1997). p. 42</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 60em"> <ul><li>Balog, Yeshayahu P./Morgenstern, Matthias (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/crossroads/religious-and-confessional-spaces/yeshayahu-balog-matthias-morgenstern-hasidism?set_language=en&-C=">Hasidism: A Mystical Movement Within Eastern European Judaism</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO - European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2010102535">pdf</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuber1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber, Martin</a> (July 23, 1991) [1947]. <i>Tales of the Hasidim</i>. translated by Olga Marx; foreword by <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok">Chaim Potok</a> (Paperback: 2 volumes in 1 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0995-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0995-2"><bdi>978-0-8052-0995-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/90052921">90052921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+the+Hasidim&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Paperback%3A+2+volumes+in+1&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1991-07-23&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F90052921&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0995-2&rft.aulast=Buber&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2014" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Joseph (2014). <i>The Pious Ones: The World of Hasidim and Their Battle with America</i>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212334-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-212334-3"><bdi>978-0-06-212334-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pious+Ones%3A+The+World+of+Hasidim+and+Their+Battle+with+America&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-06-212334-3&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElior2006" class="citation book cs1">Elior, Rachel (2006). <i>The Mystical Origins of Hasidism</i>. Littman Library of Jewish Civilization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904113-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904113-04-1"><bdi>978-1-904113-04-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystical+Origins+of+Hasidism&rft.pub=Littman+Library+of+Jewish+Civilization&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904113-04-1&rft.aulast=Elior&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdel1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Idel" title="Moshe Idel">Idel, Moshe</a> (1994). <i>Hasidism: Between Ecstasy and Magic</i> (Paperback: 2 volumes in 1 ed.). Albany: <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791417348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791417348"><bdi>978-0791417348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hasidism%3A+Between+Ecstasy+and+Magic&rft.place=Albany&rft.edition=Paperback%3A+2+volumes+in+1&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0791417348&rft.aulast=Idel&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHasidic+Judaism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Lapidus, S. (2004). <a href="//doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.22624" class="extiw" title="doi:10.25071/1916-0925.22624">"The Forgotten Hasidim: Rabbis and Rebbes in Prewar Canada."</a> <i>Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes</i>, 12. https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.22624</li> <li>Schnoor, R. F. (2002). <a href="//doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.19956" class="extiw" title="doi:10.25071/1916-0925.19956">"Tradition and Innovation in an Ultra-Orthodox Community: The Hasidim Of Outremont."</a> <i>Canadian Jewish Studies Études Juives Canadiennes</i>, 10. https://doi.org/10.25071/1916-0925.19956</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasidic_Judaism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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Stein</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hasidic_dynasties_by_country_of_ancestral_origin" title="Template talk:Hasidic dynasties by country of ancestral origin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hasidic_dynasties_by_country_of_ancestral_origin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hasidic dynasties by country of ancestral origin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hasidic_dynasties511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Poland" title="Hasidic Judaism in Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Aleksander (Hasidic dynasty)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amshinov" title="Amshinov">Amshinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apta_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Apta (Hasidic dynasty)">Apt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashlag_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ashlag (Hasidic dynasty)">Ashlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biala_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Biala (Hasidic dynasty)">Biala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chentshin" title="Chentshin">Chentshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ger (Hasidic dynasty)">Ger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodzhisk" title="Grodzhisk">Grodzhisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhbitza-Radzin" title="Izhbitza-Radzin">Izhbitza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotzk" title="Kotzk">Kotzk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kozhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kozhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Kozhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuzmir_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kuzmir (Hasidic dynasty)">Kuzmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelov" title="Lelov">Lelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lublin (Hasidic dynasty)">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modzitz" title="Modzitz">Modzitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novominsk" title="Novominsk">Novominsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozharov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ozharov (Hasidic dynasty)">Ozharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porisov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Porisov (Hasidic dynasty)">Porisov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshischa" title="Peshischa">Peshischa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomsk" title="Radomsk">Radomsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Radoshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Radoshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhbitza-Radzin" title="Izhbitza-Radzin">Radzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radzymin_(Hasidic_Dynasty)" title="Radzymin (Hasidic Dynasty)">Radzymin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shedlitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shedlitz (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shedlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shenitza_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shenitza (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shenitza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shidlovtza_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shidlovtza (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shidlovtza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochatchov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sochatchov (Hasidic dynasty)">Sochatchov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strikov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strikov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Strikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshenstkhov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshenstkhov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Tshenstkhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vurka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vurka (Hasidic dynasty)">Vurka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zychlin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zychlin (Hasidic dynasty)">Zychlin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Galicia (Eastern Europe)">Galicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alesk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Alesk (Hasidic dynasty)">Alesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Belz (Hasidic dynasty)">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyan_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boyan (Hasidic dynasty)">Boyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burshtin" class="mw-redirect" title="Burshtin">Burshtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chortkov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chortkov (Hasidic dynasty)">Chortkov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drubitsh_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drubitsh (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Drubitsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husiatyn_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Husiatyn (Hasidic dynasty)">Husiatyn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaminka_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaminka (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Kaminka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komarno_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Komarno (Hasidic dynasty)">Komarno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apta_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Apta (Hasidic dynasty)">Kopyczynitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kosov (Hasidic dynasty)">Kosov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kozlov_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kozlov (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makova_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Makova (Hasidic dynasty)">Makova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monastritshe_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monastritshe (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Monastritshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Nadvorna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premishlan_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Premishlan (Hasidic dynasty)">Premishlan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radomishel_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radomishel (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Radomishel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadigura_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sadigura (Hasidic dynasty)">Sadigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambur_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sambur (Hasidic dynasty)">Sambur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Sassov (Hasidic dynasty)">Sassov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skolye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skolye (Hasidic dynasty)">Skolye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skula_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skula (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Skula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Stanislov (Hasidic dynasty)">Stanislov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stretin_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stretin (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Stretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Strozhnitz" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Strozhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeruslav_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeruslav (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Yeruslav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidichov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zidichov (Hasidic dynasty)">Zidichov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apta_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Zhinkov" title="Apta (Hasidic dynasty)">Zinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlotshov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zlotshov (Hasidic dynasty)">Zlotchiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadvorna_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Zutshke" title="Nadvorna (Hasidic dynasty)">Zutchke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galicia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluzhev_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bluzhev (Hasidic dynasty)">Bluzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bobov (Hasidic dynasty)">Bobov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dinov (Hasidic dynasty)">Dinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dombrov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dombrov (Hasidic dynasty)">Dombrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Dzikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Glogov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Gorlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Grybov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Linsk (Hasidic dynasty)">Linsk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istrik%E2%80%93Litovisk_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istrik–Litovisk (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Istrik–Litovisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Kshanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Kolbuszowa" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Kolbashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizhensk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizhensk (Hasidic dynasty)">Lizhensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitz" title="Melitz">Melitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narol_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Narol (Hasidic dynasty)">Narol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilzno_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pilzno (Hasidic dynasty)">Pilzno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pshevorsk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pshevorsk (Hasidic dynasty)">Pshevorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimanov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimanov (Hasidic dynasty)">Rimanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Ropshitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Sanz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Shendishov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Shinova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Stitshin" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Stitshin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Strizov" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Strizov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Tshokava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Sanz-Zhmigrod" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Zhmigrod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avritch_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avritch (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Avritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berditchev_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berditchev (Hasidic dynasty)">Berdychiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslov (Hasidic group)">Breslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Chernobyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anipoli_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Anipoli (Hasidic dynasty)">Hannopil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornosteipel_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Hornosteipel (Hasidic dynasty)">Hornosteipel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaminka%E2%80%93Miropol_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaminka–Miropol (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Kaminka–Miropol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Korets_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Korets (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Korets</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yochanan_Shochet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yochanan Shochet (page does not exist)">Loitsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Makarov (Hasidic dynasty)">Makarov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olyka_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olyka (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Olik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shepetivka_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shepetivka (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Shepetivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machnovka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Machnovka (Hasidic dynasty)">Machnovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezhbizh" title="Mezhbizh">Mezhbizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monistritch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Monistritch (Hasidic dynasty)">Monistritch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachmastrivka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Rachmastrivka (Hasidic dynasty)">Rachmastrivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Ruzhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Ruzhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savran_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Savran (Hasidic dynasty)">Savran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shpikov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shpikov (Hasidic dynasty)">Shpikov</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slavuta_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slavuta (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Slavuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skver_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skver (Hasidic dynasty)">Skver</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudylkiv_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudylkiv (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Sudylkiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Talne" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Tolne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisk_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Trisk (Hasidic dynasty)">Trisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvhil_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Zvhil (Hasidic dynasty)">Zvhil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Lithuania" title="Hasidic Judaism in Lithuania">Lithuania and Belarus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amdur_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amdur (Hasidic dynasty)">Amdur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad-Lubavitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopust" title="Kopust">Kopust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlin-Stolin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)">Karlin-Stolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Outline_of_Slonimer_dynasty" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koidanov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Koidanov (Hasidic dynasty)">Koidanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechovitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lechovitch (Hasidic dynasty)">Lechovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niezhin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Niezhin (Hasidic dynasty)">Niezhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinsk-Karlin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinsk-Karlin (Hasidic dynasty)">Pinsk-Karlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strashelye_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Strashelye (Hasidic dynasty)">Strashelye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohush_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Bohush (Hasidic dynasty)">Bohush</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernovitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chernovitz (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chernovitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deyzh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Deyzh (Hasidic dynasty)">Deyzh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faltichan_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faltichan (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Faltichan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klausenburg_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Klausenburg (Hasidic dynasty)">Klausenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretshnif_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kretshnif (Hasidic dynasty)">Kretshnif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasod_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasod (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Nassod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rybnitza_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rybnitza (Hasidic dynasty)">Ribnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shtefanesht_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shtefanesht (Hasidic dynasty)">Shtefanesht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skulen_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Skulen (Hasidic dynasty)">Skulen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinka_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)">Spinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Sulitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satmar_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)">Satmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seret_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Seret (Hasidic dynasty)">Seret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siget_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Siget (Hasidic dynasty)">Ujhel-Siget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Shotz (Hasidic dynasty)">Shotz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinka_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage_of_Spinka_Rebbes_of_the_Horowitz_Family" title="Spinka (Hasidic dynasty)">Krula</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Temishvar_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temishvar (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Temishvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasloi_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vasloi (Hasidic dynasty)">Vasloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Vizhnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vizhnitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Seret_Vizhnitz" title="Vizhnitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Seret-Vizhnitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beregsaz_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beregsaz (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Beregsaz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chust_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chust (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Chust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorog_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorog (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Dorog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliv_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Kaliv (Hasidic dynasty)">Kaliv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashou_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashou (Hasidic dynasty)">Kashou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerestir_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerestir (Hasidic dynasty)">Kerestir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koson_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Koson (Hasidic dynasty)">Koson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liska_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Liska (Hasidic dynasty)">Liska</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattersdorf_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattersdorf (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Mattersdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munkacs_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Munkacs (Hasidic dynasty)">Munkatch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzhay_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzhay (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Muzhay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitra_(Hasidic_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitra (Hasidic dynasty)">Nitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupa_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pupa (Hasidic dynasty)">Pupa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rachev_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rachev (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Rachev</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ratzfert_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ratzfert (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Ratzfert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropshitz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Lineage" title="Ropshitz (Hasidic dynasty)">Sasregen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Offshoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanz (Hasidic dynasty)">Stropkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Tosh (Hasidic dynasty)">Tosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czech Republic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolsburg_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Nikolsburg (Hasidic dynasty)">Nikolsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_(Hasidic_community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prague (Hasidic community)">Prague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brid_(Hasidic_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brid (Hasidic dynasty) (page does not exist)">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobov-45" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobov-45">Bobov-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Boston (Hasidic dynasty)">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Cleveland (Hasidic dynasty)">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Milwaukee" title="Chernobyl (Hasidic dynasty)">Milwaukee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kretshnif_(Hasidic_dynasty)#Dynasty" title="Kretshnif (Hasidic dynasty)">Mosholu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Pittsburgh (Hasidic dynasty)">Pittsburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dushinsky_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Dushinsky (Hasidic dynasty)">Dushinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlau_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Erlau (Hasidic dynasty)">Erlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishkenos_HoRoim" title="Mishkenos HoRoim">Mishkenos HoRoim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shomer_Emunim" title="Shomer Emunim">Shomer Emunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toldos_Aharon" title="Toldos Aharon">Toldos Aharon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toldos_Avrohom_Yitzchok" title="Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok">Toldos Avrohom Yitzchok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veretzky_(Rabbinical_dynasty)" title="Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty)">Veretzky (Rabbinical dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vien_(Hasidic_community)" title="Vien (Hasidic community)">Vien (Hasidic community)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vien_(Rabbinical_dynasty)" title="Vien (Rabbinical dynasty)">Vien (Rabbinical dynasty)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_Orthodox_Judaism455" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Orthodox Judaism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Jews" title="Category:Orthodox Jews">Orthodox Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_rabbis" title="Category:Orthodox rabbis">Rabbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hasidic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hasidic dynasties">Hasidic dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_study" title="Torah study">Torah study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiur" title="Shiur">Shiur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavrusa" title="Chavrusa">Chavrusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavurah" title="Chavurah">Chavurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesivta" title="Mesivta">Mesivta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bais_Yaakov" title="Bais Yaakov">Bais Yaakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollel" title="Kollel">Kollel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umesorah_%E2%80%93_National_Society_for_Hebrew_Day_Schools" title="Torah Umesorah – National Society for Hebrew Day Schools">Torah Umesorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinuch_Atzmai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinuch Atzmai">Chinuch Atzmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism_outreach" title="Orthodox Judaism outreach">Orthodox Jewish outreach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Torah_Judaism" title="United Torah Judaism">United Torah Judaism (UTJ)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudat_Yisrael" title="Agudat Yisrael">Agudat Yisrael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degel_HaTorah" title="Degel HaTorah">Degel HaTorah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Israel)" title="National Union (Israel)">National Union (NU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Home" title="The Jewish Home">The Jewish Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_(political_party)" title="Noam (political party)">Noam (political party)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Faction" title="Jerusalem Faction">Jerusalem Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikrikim" title="Sikrikim">Sikrikim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Rabbinates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Rabbanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edah_HaChareidis" title="Edah HaChareidis">Edah HaChareidis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rabbinical_Congress" title="Central Rabbinical Congress">Central Rabbinical Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iggud_HaRabbonim" class="mw-redirect" title="Iggud HaRabbonim">Iggud HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzes_Gedolei_HaTorah" title="Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah">Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetzet_Chachmei_HaTorah" title="Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah">Moetzet Chachmei HaTorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Council_of_America" title="Rabbinical Council of America">Rabbinical Council of America (RCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Rabbis" title="Union of Orthodox Rabbis">Agudas HaRabbonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Synagogue" title="United Synagogue">United Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Hebrew_Congregations" title="Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations">Union of Orthodox Hebrew Congregations (UOHC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Rabbinic_Fellowship" title="International Rabbinic Fellowship">International Rabbinic Fellowship (IRF)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agudath_Israel_of_America" title="Agudath Israel of America">Agudath Israel of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirshu" title="Dirshu">Dirshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrachi_(religious_Zionism)" title="Mizrachi (religious Zionism)">Mizrachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Union" title="Orthodox Union">Orthodox Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Young_Israel" title="National Council of Young Israel">Young Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah_Berurah" title="Mishnah Berurah">Mishnah Berurah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">Responsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Philosophies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Judaism" title="Torah Judaism">Torah Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_philosophy" title="Hasidic philosophy">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_im_Derech_Eretz" title="Torah im Derech Eretz">Torah im Derech Eretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah_Umadda" title="Torah Umadda">Torah Umadda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority / Da'as Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_Orthodox_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchism and Orthodox Judaism">Anarchism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span>  <a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Judaism" title="Category:Orthodox Judaism"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/14px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171201#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1021" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171201#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114231&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007550732805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\H\A\Hasidism">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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