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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory_and_ancient_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory_and_ancient_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory_and_ancient_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Early modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_colonization_(1830–1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonization_(1830–1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 French colonization (1830–1962) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonization_(1830–1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_three_decades_of_independence_(1962–1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_three_decades_of_independence_(1962–1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The first three decades of independence (1962–1991) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_three_decades_of_independence_(1962–1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_and_hydrology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_and_hydrology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate and hydrology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_and_hydrology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna_and_flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna_and_flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Fauna and flora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_and_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Oil and natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_and_alternative_energy_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_and_alternative_energy_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Research and alternative energy sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_and_alternative_energy_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_market" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_market"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Labour market </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_market-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 General bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Algeria</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 279 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-279" aria-hidden="true" > 279 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Джэзаир – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джэзаир" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Algerië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Algerië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Algerien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%84%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="አልጄሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አልጄሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अल्जीरिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجزائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcheria" title="Alcheria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alcheria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%99%DC%90%DC%90%DC%AA" title="ܓܙܐܐܪ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܙܐܐܪ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ալճերիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ալճերիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algheria" title="Algheria – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Algheria" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A8ria" title="Algèria – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Algèria" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলজেৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আলজেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arxelia" title="Arxelia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arxelia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arh%C3%A9lia" title="Arhélia – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arhélia" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhirya" title="Alhirya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Alhirya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Flc%C9%99zair" title="Əlcəzair – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əlcəzair" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزاییر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الجزاییر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9ria" title="Algéria – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Algéria" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeri" title="Alizeri – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Alizeri" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলজেরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলজেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljajair" title="Aljajair – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Aljajair" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Алжыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алжыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Альжыр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Альжыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्जीरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerya" title="Algerya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Algerya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljiria" title="Aljiria – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Aljiria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Algerien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨཱལ་ཇི་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A8ria" title="Algèria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Algèria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85)" title="Алжир (патшалăх) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Алжир (патшалăх)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhelya" title="Arhelya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Arhelya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C3%ADrsko" title="Alžírsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alžírsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Argelia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arujeriya" title="Arujeriya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Arujeriya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Algeriet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="جزاير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جزاير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altschieri" title="Altschieri – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Altschieri" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Algerien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%92%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ޖަޒާއިރު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަޒާއިރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gh%C4%85%CC%81%C4%85%CC%81%CA%BCask%CA%BCidii_Bi%C5%82ikahii_Bik%C3%A9yah_Ntsaa%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ghą́ą́ʼaskʼidii Biłikahii Bikéyah Ntsaaígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriska" title="Algeriska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Algeriska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="अल्जेरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEeeria" title="Alžeeria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alžeeria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αλγερία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλγερία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Argelia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%9Derio" title="Alĝerio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alĝerio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Argelia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%86ldzeria" title="Ɔldzeria – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ɔldzeria" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزایر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الجزایر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Algérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Algérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Algerije" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Aljeri" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzerie" title="Alzerie – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Alzerie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ailg%C3%A9ir" title="An Ailgéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ailgéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Algear" title="Yn Algear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Algear" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezair" title="Cezair – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Cezair" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aildiria" title="Aildiria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Aildiria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alxeria" title="Alxeria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alxeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="અલ્જીરિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અલ્જીરિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="आल्जेरिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="आल्जेरिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EC%A0%9C%EB%A6%AC" title="알제리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알제리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeriya" title="Aljeriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Aljeriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBAlekelia" title="ʻAlekelia – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻAlekelia" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AA%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ալժիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալժիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्जीरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriska" title="Algeriska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Algeriska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhelia" title="Arhelia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Arhelia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="আলজেরিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="আলজেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Algeria" title="E-Algeria – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="E-Algeria" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Aljeriya" title="I-Aljeriya – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Aljeriya" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%ADr" title="Alsír – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alsír" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלג'יריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלג'יריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algir" title="Algir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Algir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alizeerii" title="Alizeerii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Alizeerii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಲ್ಜೀರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಜೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arhelia" title="Arhelia – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Arhelia" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალჟირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალჟირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algieri%C3%B4" title="Algieriô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Algieriô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Aljeri" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligeriya" title="Aligeriya – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Aligeriya" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazaira" title="Jazaira – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Jazaira" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeri" title="Aljeri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aljeri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalj%C3%A9ri" title="Laljéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laljéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir" title="Cezayir – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cezayir" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardjelia" title="Ardjelia – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ardjelia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B5" title="ປະເທດອານເຊຣີ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອານເຊຣີ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEireja" title="Alžireja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Alžireja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerium" title="Algerium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Algerium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%ABrija" title="Alžīrija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alžīrija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Algerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEyras" title="Alžyras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alžyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger%C3%AEa" title="Algerîa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Algerîa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Algerije" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazair" title="Jazair – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Jazair" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jexygu%27e" title="jexygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jexygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9ria" title="Algéria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Algéria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अल्जेरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അൾജീറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അൾജീറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%A1erija" title="Alġerija – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Alġerija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratiria" title="Aratiria – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Aratiria" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्जीरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ალჟირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალჟირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="الجزاير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الجزاير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزایر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="الجزایر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯑꯜꯖꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯜꯖꯦꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg%C3%A9lia" title="Argélia – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Argélia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алжирия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Алжирия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အယ်လ်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အယ်လ်ဂျီးရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerije" title="Algerije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Algerije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerye" title="Algerye – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Algerye" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्जेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्जेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="アルジェリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルジェリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алжазаира – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Алжазаира" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeerien" title="Algeerien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Algeerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaljereya" title="Aaljereya – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Aaljereya" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Algerie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Algerie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argeria" title="Argeria – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Argeria" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଆଲଜେରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲଜେରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeeriyaa" title="Aljeeriyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Aljeeriyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazoir" title="Jazoir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jazoir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਜੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="अल्जीरिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arciliya" title="Arciliya – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Arciliya" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الجزائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argelia" title="Argelia – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Argelia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="الجزایر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="الجزایر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljiiria" title="Aljiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Aljiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B8" title="អាល់ហ្សេរី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អាល់ហ្សេរី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Algérie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Algérie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alger%C3%ACa" title="Algerìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Algerìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Algerien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algieria" title="Algieria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Algieria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg%C3%A9lia" title="Argélia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Argélia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljir" title="Aljir – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Aljir" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezair" title="Cezair – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cezair" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeriya" title="Aljeriya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Aljeriya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhirya" title="Alhirya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Alhirya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%96%D1%80" title="Алжір – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Алжір" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्जीरिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अल्जीरिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaz%C3%ABri" title="Alazëri – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Alazëri" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱟᱞᱡᱮᱹᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Algerie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerien" title="Algerien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Algerien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algjeria" title="Algjeria – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Algjeria" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algir%C3%ACa" title="Algirìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Algirìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%87%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ඇල්ජීරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඇල්ජීරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الجزائر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Alijeriya" title="I-Alijeriya – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Alijeriya" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C3%ADrsko" title="Alžírsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alžírsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEirija" title="Alžirija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alžirija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeryj%C5%8F" title="Algeryjŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Algeryjŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeeriya" title="Aljeeriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Aljeeriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="جەزائیر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەزائیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriet" title="Algeriet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Algeriet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அல்சீரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்சீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ddzayr" title="Ddzayr – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ddzayr" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lezzayer" title="Lezzayer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Lezzayer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerie" title="Algerie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Algerie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%82%84%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢႄးၵျီးရီးယႃး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢႄးၵျီးရီးယႃး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="అల్జీరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్జీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="ประเทศแอลจีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศแอลจีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8D%E1%8C%80%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="አልጀሪያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="አልጀሪያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D2%B7%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алҷазоир – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Алҷазоир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%AF" title="ᎠᎵᏥᎵᏯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎵᏥᎵᏯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir" title="Cezayir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cezayir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1li%CC%B1jeriya" title="A̱li̱jeriya – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱li̱jeriya" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BD)" title="Алжир (кун) – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Алжир (кун)" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%91" title="ᨕᨒᨍᨍᨕᨗᨑ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨒᨍᨍᨕᨗᨑ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Алжир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алжир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="الجزائر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الجزائر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئالجىرىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئالجىرىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzer%C3%ACa" title="Alzerìa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Alzerìa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEir" title="Alžir – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Alžir" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Algérie – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Algérie" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laljer%C3%A4n" title="Laljerän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Laljerän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BEeeri%C3%A4" title="Alžeeriä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Alžeeriä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldjereye" title="Aldjereye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Aldjereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾及利亞 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="阿爾及利亞" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algereye" title="Algereye – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Algereye" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alherya" title="Alherya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alherya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alseeri" title="Alseeri – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Alseeri" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿尔及利亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeriya" title="Algeriya – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Algeriya" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8" title="אלעזשיר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אלעזשיר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80lg%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Àlgéríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àlgéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="阿爾及利亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿爾及利亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayir" title="Cezayir – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Cezayir" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alherije" title="Alherije – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Alherije" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C5%BE%C4%ABrs" title="Alžīrs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Alžīrs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="阿尔及利亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔及利亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljeria" title="Aljeria – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Aljeria" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljaja%C3%A8r" title="Aljajaèr – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Aljajaèr" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljasair" title="Aljasair – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Aljasair" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Algeria" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aljazair" title="Aljazair – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Aljazair" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fl%C4%8D%C9%99zajir" title="Əlčəzajir – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Əlčəzajir" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%94" title="ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Algeria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Algeria (disambiguation)">Algeria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">People's Democratic Republic of Algeria</div><div class="ib-country-names">الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>) al-Jumhūriyatu l-Jazāʾiriyatu d-Dīmuqrāṭiyatu sh‑Shaʿbiyah</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/125px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/188px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/250px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Algeria"><img alt="Emblem of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg/85px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg/128px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg/170px-%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="984" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Algeria" title="Emblem of Algeria">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: بِالشَّعْبِ و لِلشَّعْبِ "Biš-šaʿb wa liš-šaʿb" "By the people and for the people"<a href="#cite_note-CONST-AR-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CONST-EN-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: قَسَمًا <a href="/wiki/Kassaman" title="Kassaman">Qasaman</a> "We Pledge" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="Kassaman_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/48/Kassaman_instrumental.ogg/Kassaman_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Kassaman_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AKassaman_instrumental.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_(centered_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Algeria (dark green)"><img alt="Location of Algeria (dark green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Algeria_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Algeria_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Algeria_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Algeria_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Algeria_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Algeria_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Algeria (dark green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Algeria&params=36_42_N_3_13_E_type:city_region:DZ">36°42′N 3°13′E / 36.700°N 3.217°E / 36.700; 3.217</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Algerian_Berber" title="Standard Algerian Berber">Berber</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National vernacular</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Foreign languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[d]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="#Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2012)<a href="#cite_note-CIA-9">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>99% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Sunni Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official</a>)</li><li><1% others</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">semi-presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nadir_Larbaoui" title="Nadir Larbaoui">Nadir Larbaoui</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Council_of_the_Nation_(Algeria)" title="List of presidents of the Council of the Nation (Algeria)">Council President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Salah_Goudjil" title="Salah Goudjil">Salah Goudjil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_People%27s_National_Assembly_(Algeria)" title="List of presidents of the People's National Assembly (Algeria)">Assembly President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Boughali" title="Ibrahim Boughali">Ibrahim Boughali</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">202 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1235</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1516</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1830</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 July 1962</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,381,741 km2 (919,595 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">46,700,000<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">19/km2 (49.2/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">171th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $768.52 billion, 2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEODZ-13">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">39th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $16,483 (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEODZ-13">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">99th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $266.78 billion (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEODZ-13">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">50th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,722 (2024 est.)<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEODZ-13">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">109th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2011)</th><td class="infobox-data">27.6<a href="#cite_note-14">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>low inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.745<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-16">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">93rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Algerian dinar</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">DZD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1 (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Algeria" title="Telephone numbers in Algeria">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Algeria" title="Telephone numbers in Algeria">+213</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:DZ" title="ISO 3166-2:DZ">DZ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.dz" title=".dz">.dz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Internationalized_country_code_top-level_domain" title="Internationalized country code top-level domain">.الجزائر</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Algeria,<a href="#cite_note-17">[e]</a> officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria,<a href="#cite_note-18">[f]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It is bordered to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Tunisia_border" title="Algeria–Tunisia border">the northeast</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>; to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Libya_border" title="Algeria–Libya border">the east</a> by <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>; to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Niger_border" title="Algeria–Niger border">the southeast</a> by <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>; to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Algeria–Western Sahara border">the southwest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>; to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_border" title="Algeria–Morocco border">the west</a> by <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>; and to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>. The capital and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">largest city</a> is <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, located in the far north on the Mediterranean coast. Inhabited since <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>, Algeria has been at the crossroads of numerous cultures and civilizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>. Its modern identity is rooted in centuries of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab Muslim migration waves</a> since <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">the seventh century</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of the indigenous populations. Following a succession of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties#North_Africa_(Algeria,_Egypt,_Libya,_Morocco,_Tunisia)" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">Islamic Arab and Berber dynasties</a> between the eighth and 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a> was established in 1516 as a largely independent <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. After nearly three centuries as a major power in the Mediterranean, the country was <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">invaded by France</a> in 1830 and <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">formally annexed</a> in 1848, though it was not fully <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">conquered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">pacified</a> until 1903. French rule brought <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">mass European settlement</a> that displaced the local population, which was reduced by up to one-third due to warfare, disease, and starvation.<a href="#cite_note-19">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a> in 1945 catalysed local resistance that culminated in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> in 1954. Algeria <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Algeria)" title="Independence Day (Algeria)">gained its independence</a> in 1962. The country descended into a <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">bloody civil war</a> from 1992 to 2002. Spanning 2,381,741 square kilometres (919,595 sq mi), Algeria is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">tenth-largest nation by area</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_area" title="List of African countries by area">largest nation in Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[14]</a> It has a semi-arid climate, with the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> desert dominating most of the territory except for its <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile</a> and mountainous north, where most of the population is concentrated. With a population of 44 million, Algeria is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_population" title="List of African countries by population">tenth-most populous country</a> in Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">33rd-most populous country</a> in the world. Algeria's official languages are <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Algerian_Berber" title="Standard Algerian Berber">Tamazight</a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Algeria" title="French language in Algeria">French</a> is used in media, education, and certain administrative matters, but it has no official status. The vast majority of the population speak the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian dialect of Arabic</a>. Most Algerians are <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> forming a sizeable minority. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the official religion and practised by 99 percent of the population.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> Algeria is a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a> composed of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">58 provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayas</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">1,541 communes</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in North Africa and a <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a> in global affairs. The country has the second-highest <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in continental Africa and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_African_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of African countries by GDP (nominal)">largest economies in Africa</a>, due mostly to its large petroleum and natural gas reserves, which are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">sixteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">ninth-largest</a> in the world, respectively. <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa and a major supplier of natural gas to Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian People's National Armed Forces">Algerian military</a> is one of the largest in Africa, with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_with_highest_military_expenditures" title="List of countries with highest military expenditures">highest defence budget</a> on the continent and among the highest in the world (ranks 22nd globally).<a href="#cite_note-22">[16]</a> Algeria is a member of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, the United Nations, and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a>, of which it is a founding member. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page of typeset book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg/220px-Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg/330px-Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg/440px-Civitates-Orbis-Terrarium-1575.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="3738" /></a><figcaption>"Algeria" page in the <a href="/wiki/Georg_Braun" title="Georg Braun">Civitates Orbis Terrarium</a> of 1575</figcaption></figure> Different forms of the name Algeria include: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجزائر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Jazāʾir, <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Arabic language">Algerian Arabic</a>: دزاير, romanized: dzāyer, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: l'Algérie. The country's full name is officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria<a href="#cite_note-23">[17]</a> (Arabic: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, romanized: al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire, <abbr title="abbreviated">abbr.</abbr> RADP; <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a> <a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a>: ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵓⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵣⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⴳⴷⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴻⵔⴼⴰⵏⵜ,<a href="#cite_note-24">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-transcription-27">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/Berber_Latin_alphabet" title="Berber Latin alphabet">Berber Latin alphabet</a>: Tagduda tazzayrit tamagdayt taɣerfant<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> Algeria's name derives from the city of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, which in turn derives from the Arabic al-Jazāʾir (الجزائر, "the islands"), referring to four small islands off its coast,<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> a truncated form of the older Jazāʾir Banī Mazghanna (جزائر بني مزغنة, "islands of Bani Mazghanna").<a href="#cite_note-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-idrisi-31">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-khaldun-32">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The name was given by <a href="/wiki/Buluggin_ibn_Ziri" title="Buluggin ibn Ziri">Buluggin ibn Ziri</a> after he established the city on the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> in 950.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a> It was employed by medieval geographers such as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Idrisi" title="Muhammad al-Idrisi">Muhammad al-Idrisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a>. Algeria took its name from the Regency of Algeria<a href="#cite_note-Nyrop-1972-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> or Regency of Algiers,<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> when Ottoman rule was established in the central <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> in early 16th century. This period saw the installation of a political and administrative organization which participated in the establishment of the Watan el djazâïr (وطن الجزائر, country of Algiers) and the definition of its borders with its neighboring entities on the east and west.<a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> who settled in Algeria referred both to themselves<a href="#cite_note-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Naylor-2006-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[34]</a> and the peoples as "<a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerians</a>".<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nyrop-1972-34">[27]</a> Acting as a central <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_authority" title="Political authority">political authority</a> in the regency, the Ottoman Turks shaped the modern <a href="/wiki/Political_identity" title="Political identity">political identity</a> of Algeria as a state possessing all the attributes of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> independence, despite still being nominally subject to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyrop197215-44">[37]</a> Algerian nationalist, historian and statesman <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Tewfik_El_Madani" title="Ahmed Tewfik El Madani">Ahmed Tewfik El Madani</a> regarded the regency as the "first Algerian state" and the "Algerian Ottoman republic".<a href="#cite_note-Naylor-2006-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History of Algeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory_and_ancient_history">Prehistory and ancient history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistoric North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="North Africa during Antiquity">North Africa during Antiquity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djemila7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Djemila7.jpg/220px-Djemila7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Djemila7.jpg/330px-Djemila7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Djemila7.jpg/440px-Djemila7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Roman ruins at <a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Djémila</a></figcaption></figure> Around ~1.8-million-year-old stone artifacts from Ain Hanech (Algeria) were considered to represent the oldest archaeological materials in North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-science.org-47">[40]</a> Stone artifacts and cut-marked bones that were excavated from two nearby deposits at Ain Boucherit are estimated to be ~1.9 million years old, and even older stone artifacts to be as old as ~2.4 million years.<a href="#cite_note-science.org-47">[40]</a> Hence, the Ain Boucherit evidence shows that ancestral hominins inhabited the Mediterranean fringe in northern Africa much earlier than previously thought. The evidence strongly argues for early dispersal of stone tool manufacture and use from East Africa, or a possible multiple-origin scenario of stone technology in both East and North Africa. Neanderthal tool makers produced hand axes in the <a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levalloisian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a> styles (43,000 BC) similar to those in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> Algeria was the site of the highest state of development of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Flake_tool" title="Flake tool">Flake tool</a> techniques.<a href="#cite_note-DelsonTattersall2004-50">[43]</a> Tools of this era, starting about 30,000 BC, are called <a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a> (after the archaeological site of <a href="/wiki/Bir_el_Ater" title="Bir el Ater">Bir el Ater</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tebessa</a>). The earliest blade industries in North Africa are called <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> (located mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> region). This industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> between 15,000 and 10,000 BC. <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic civilization</a> (animal domestication and agriculture) developed in the Saharan and Mediterranean Maghreb perhaps as early as 11,000 BC<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> or as late as between 6000 and 2000 BC. This life, richly depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a> paintings, predominated in Algeria until the classical period. The mixture of peoples of North Africa coalesced eventually into a distinct native population that came to be called <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a>, who are the indigenous peoples of northern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Timgad,_Algeria_-_panoramio_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Timgad%2C_Algeria_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/220px-Timgad%2C_Algeria_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Timgad%2C_Algeria_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/330px-Timgad%2C_Algeria_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Timgad%2C_Algeria_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg/440px-Timgad%2C_Algeria_-_panoramio_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> ruins of <a href="/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgad</a> on the street leading to the local <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Trajan_(Timgad)" title="Arch of Trajan (Timgad)">Arch of Trajan</a></figcaption></figure> From their principal center of power at <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> expanded and established small settlements along the North African coast; by 600 BC, a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> presence existed at <a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a>, east of <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rusicade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusicade">Rusicade</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a>). These settlements served as market towns as well as anchorages. As Carthaginian power grew, its impact on the indigenous population increased dramatically. Berber civilisation was already at a stage in which agriculture, manufacturing, trade, and political organisation supported several states. Trade links between Carthage and the Berbers in the interior grew, but territorial expansion also resulted in the enslavement or military recruitment of some Berbers and in the extraction of tribute from others. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GM_Massinissa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GM_Massinissa.png/220px-GM_Massinissa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GM_Massinissa.png/330px-GM_Massinissa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/GM_Massinissa.png/440px-GM_Massinissa.png 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> (c. 238–148 BC), first king of Numidia</figcaption></figure> By the early 4th century BC, Berbers formed the single largest element of the Carthaginian army. In the <a href="/wiki/Mercenary_War" title="Mercenary War">Revolt of the Mercenaries</a>, Berber soldiers rebelled from 241 to 238 BC after being unpaid following the defeat of Carthage in the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer-Bovet2014-53">[46]</a> They succeeded in obtaining control of much of Carthage's North African territory, and they minted coins bearing the name Libyan, used in Greek to describe natives of North Africa. The Carthaginian state declined because of successive defeats by the Romans in the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spielvogel2014-54">[47]</a> In 146 BC the city of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> was destroyed. As Carthaginian power waned, the influence of Berber leaders in the hinterland grew. By the 2nd century BC, several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms had emerged. Two of them were established in <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a>, behind the coastal areas controlled by Carthage. West of Numidia lay <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a>, which extended across the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya River</a> in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> to the Atlantic Ocean. The high point of Berber civilisation, unequalled until the coming of the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> more than a millennium later, was reached during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Masinissa" title="Masinissa">Masinissa</a> in the 2nd century BC. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justinian555AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/220px-Justinian555AD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/330px-Justinian555AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Justinian555AD.png/440px-Justinian555AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2111" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption> The lands which make up modern-day Algeria were part of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a> (The empire in 555 under <a href="/wiki/Justinian_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian the Great">Justinian the Great</a>, at its greatest extent since the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassals</a> in pink))</figcaption></figure> After Masinissa's death in 148 BC, the Berber kingdoms were divided and reunited several times. Masinissa's line survived until 24 AD, when the remaining Berber territory was annexed to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_face_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Side_face_%282%29.jpg/170px-Side_face_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Side_face_%282%29.jpg/255px-Side_face_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Side_face_%282%29.jpg/340px-Side_face_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="4408" /></a><figcaption>Roman inscription from Agueneb in the province of <a href="/wiki/Laghouat" title="Laghouat">Laghouat</a></figcaption></figure> For several centuries Algeria was ruled by the Romans, who founded many colonies in the region. Algeria is home to the second-largest number of Roman sites and remains after Italy. Rome, after getting rid of its powerful rival Carthage in the year 146 BC, decided a century later to include Numidia to become the new master of North Africa. They built more than 500 cities.<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> Like the rest of North Africa, Algeria was one of the breadbaskets of the empire, exporting cereals and other agricultural products. <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Saint Augustine</a> was the bishop of <a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a> (modern-day Annaba, Algeria), located in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>. The Germanic <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> of <a href="/wiki/Geiseric" class="mw-redirect" title="Geiseric">Geiseric</a> moved into North Africa in 429, and by 435 controlled coastal Numidia.<a href="#cite_note-vandaf-56">[49]</a> They did not make any significant settlement on the land, as they were harassed by local tribes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In fact, by the time the Byzantines arrived <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> was abandoned and the Msellata region was occupied by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Laguatan</a> who had been busy facilitating an <a href="/wiki/Amazigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazigh">Amazigh</a> political, military and cultural revival.<a href="#cite_note-vandaf-56">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> Furthermore, during the rule of the Romans, Byzantines, Vandals, Carthaginians, and Ottomans the Berber people were the only or one of the few in North Africa who remained independent.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Walmsley-1858-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a> The Berber people were so resistant that even during the Muslim conquest of North Africa they still had control and possession over their mountains.<a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[56]</a> The collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> led to the establishment of a native Kingdom based in <a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a> (modern-day Algeria) known as the <a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a>. It was succeeded by another Kingdom based in Altava, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Altava" title="Kingdom of Altava">Kingdom of Altava</a>. During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Kusaila" title="Kusaila">Kusaila</a> its territory extended from the region of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> in the west to the western <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s" title="Aurès">Aurès</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairaouan</a> and the interior of Ifriqiya in the east.<a href="#cite_note-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></div> After negligible resistance from the locals, <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> conquered Algeria in the early 8th century. Large numbers of the indigenous Berber people converted to Islam. Christians, Berber and Latin speakers remained in the great majority in Tunisia until the end of the 9th century and Muslims only became a vast majority some time in the 10th.<a href="#cite_note-jonathan-70">[63]</a> After the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, numerous local dynasties emerged, including the <a href="/wiki/Rustamids" class="mw-redirect" title="Rustamids">Rustamids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammadids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadids">Hammadids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abdalwadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdalwadid">Zayyanids</a>. The Christians left in three waves: after the initial conquest, in the 10th century and the 11th. The last were evacuated to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and the few remaining died out in the 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-jonathan-70">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatimid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fatimid.jpg/170px-Fatimid.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fatimid.jpg/255px-Fatimid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fatimid.jpg/340px-Fatimid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3466" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>Fatimid Caliphate, a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a> dynasty that ruled much of North Africa, c. 960–1100</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_(Algeria).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Dyhia_in_Khenchela_%28Algeria%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dihya" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihya">Dihya</a> memorial in <a href="/wiki/Khenchela" title="Khenchela">Khenchela</a>, Algeria</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, North Africa was home to many great scholars, saints and sovereigns including <a href="/wiki/Judah_ibn_Kuraish" title="Judah ibn Kuraish">Judah Ibn Quraysh</a>, the first grammarian to mention Semitic and Berber languages, the great <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> masters <a href="/wiki/Abu_Madyan" title="Abu Madyan">Sidi Boumediene (Abu Madyan)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari" title="Sidi El Houari">Sidi El Houari</a>, and the Emirs <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd Al Mu'min</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yāghmūrasen</a>. It was during this time that the <a href="/wiki/Fatimids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimids">Fatimids</a> or children of <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, came to the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. These "Fatimids" went on to found a long lasting dynasty stretching across the Maghreb, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, boasting a secular inner government, as well as a powerful army and navy, made up primarily of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantines</a> extending from Algeria to their capital state of <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid caliphate">Fatimid caliphate</a> began to collapse when its governors the <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a> seceded. To punish them the Fatimids sent the Arab <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> against them. The resultant war is recounted in the epic <a href="/wiki/Taghribat_Bani_Hilal" class="mw-redirect" title="Taghribat Bani Hilal">Tāghribāt</a>. In Al-Tāghrībāt the Amazigh Zirid Hero <a href="/wiki/Khalifa_al-Zanati" title="Khalifa al-Zanati">Khālīfā Al-Zānatī</a> asks daily, for duels, to defeat the Hilalan hero <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zayd_al-Hilali" title="Abu Zayd al-Hilali">Ābu Zayd al-Hilalī</a> and many other Arab knights in a string of victories. The <a href="/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirids</a>, however, were ultimately defeated ushering in an adoption of Arab customs and culture. The indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a> tribes, however, remained largely independent, and depending on tribe, location and time controlled varying parts of the Maghreb, at times unifying it (as under the Fatimids). The Fatimid Islamic state, also known as <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a> made an Islamic empire that included North Africa, Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> coast of Africa, Tihamah, <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> Caliphates from Northern Africa traded with the other empires of their time, as well as forming part of a confederated support and trade network with other Islamic states during the Islamic Era. The <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber people</a> historically consisted of several tribes. The two main branches were the Botr and Barnès tribes, who were divided into tribes, and again into sub-tribes. Each region of the Maghreb contained several tribes (for example, <a href="/wiki/Sanhadja" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanhadja">Sanhadja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Houara" class="mw-redirect" title="Houara">Houara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zenata" title="Zenata">Zenata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masmuda" title="Masmuda">Masmouda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kutama" title="Kutama">Kutama</a>, Awarba, and <a href="/wiki/Berghwata" class="mw-redirect" title="Berghwata">Berghwata</a>). All these tribes made independent territorial decisions.<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Amazigh</a> dynasties emerged during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb and other nearby lands. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> provides a table summarising the Amazigh dynasties of the Maghreb region, the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Tlemcen" title="Emirate of Tlemcen">Ifranid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrawid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrawid Dynasty">Maghrawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almoravid" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravid">Almoravid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Merinid">Merinid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Abdalwadid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wattasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Wattasid">Wattasid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meknassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Meknassa">Meknassa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hafsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsid">Hafsid</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> Both of the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirid</a> empires as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> established their rule in all of the Maghreb countries. The <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirids</a> ruled land in what is now Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Libya, Spain, Malta and Italy. The <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadids</a> captured and held important regions such as Ouargla, Constantine, Sfax, Susa, Algiers, Tripoli and Fez establishing their rule in every country in the Maghreb region.<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimids</a> which was created and established by the Kutama Berbers<a href="#cite_note-Nanjira-2010-79">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fage-1958-80">[73]</a> conquered all of North Africa as well as Sicily and parts of the Middle East. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg/220px-Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg/330px-Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg/440px-Maghrawa_dynasty_-_dynastie_maghraoua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption>Territories controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghrawid Dynasty">Maghrawa</a></figcaption></figure> Following the Berber revolt numerous independent states emerged across the Maghreb. In Algeria the <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid Kingdom</a> was established. The Rustamid realm stretched from Tafilalt in Morocco to the Nafusa mountains in Libya including south, central and western Tunisia therefore including territory in all of the modern day Maghreb countries, in the south the Rustamid realm expanded to the modern borders of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and included territory in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> Once extending their control over all of the Maghreb, part of Spain<a href="#cite_note-84">[77]</a> and briefly over Sicily,<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a> originating from modern Algeria, the <a href="/wiki/Zirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirids">Zirids</a> only controlled modern <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> by the 11th century. The Zirids recognized nominal suzerainty of the Fatimid caliphs of Cairo. <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27izz_ibn_Badis" title="Al-Mu'izz ibn Badis">El Mu'izz</a> the Zirid ruler decided to end this recognition and declared his independence.<a href="#cite_note-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Meredith-2014-87">[80]</a> The Zirids also fought against other Zenata Kingdoms, for example the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a>, a Berber dynasty originating from Algeria and which at one point was a dominant power in the Maghreb ruling over much of Morocco and western Algeria including Fez, <a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa" title="Sijilmasa">Sijilmasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aghmat" title="Aghmat">Aghmat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>, most of the Sous and Draa and reaching as far as M'sila and the Zab in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[84]</a> As the Fatimid state was at the time too weak to attempt a direct invasion, they found another means of revenge. Between the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> were living <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> nomad tribes expelled from <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a> for their disruption and turbulency. The <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sulaym" title="Banu Sulaym">Banu Sulaym</a> for example, who regularly disrupted farmers in the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> since the nomads would often loot their farms. The then <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> vizier decided to destroy what he could not control, and broke a deal with the chiefs of these Bedouin tribes.<a href="#cite_note-92">[85]</a> The Fatimids even gave them money to leave. Whole tribes set off with women, children, elders, animals and camping equipment. Some stopped on the way, especially in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>, where they are still one of the essential elements of the settlement but most arrived in <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Gab%C3%A8s_Governorate" title="Gabès Governorate">Gabes</a> region, arriving 1051.<a href="#cite_note-93">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirid">Zirid</a> ruler tried to stop this rising tide, but with each encounter, the last under the walls of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, his troops were defeated and the Arabs remained masters of the battlefield. The Arabs usually did not take control over the cities, instead looting them and destroying them.<a href="#cite_note-Meredith-2014-87">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansourah-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mansourah-1.jpg/220px-Mansourah-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mansourah-1.jpg/330px-Mansourah-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mansourah-1.jpg/440px-Mansourah-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansourah_Mosque" title="Mansourah Mosque">Mansourah Mosque</a>, Tlemcen</figcaption></figure> The invasion kept going, and in 1057 the Arabs spread on the high plains of <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> where they encircled the <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hammad_Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Hammad Fort">Qalaa of Banu Hammad</a> (capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid_dynasty" title="Hammadid dynasty">Hammadid Emirate</a>), as they had done in Kairouan a few decades ago. From there they gradually gained the upper <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> plains. Some of these territories were forcibly taken back by the <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a> in the second half of the 12th century. The influx of <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> tribes was a major factor in the linguistic, cultural <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> of the Maghreb and in the spread of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadism</a> in areas where agriculture had previously been dominant.<a href="#cite_note-94">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> noted that the lands ravaged by the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hilal" title="Banu Hilal">Banu Hilal</a> tribes had become completely arid desert.<a href="#cite_note-95">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a> originating from modern day Morocco, although founded by a man originating from modern day Algeria<a href="#cite_note-96">[89]</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> would soon take control over the Maghreb. During the time of the Almohad Dynasty <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a>'s tribe, the Koumïa, were the main supporters of the throne and the most important body of the empire.<a href="#cite_note-97">[90]</a> Defeating the weakening <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid Empire</a> and taking control over Morocco in 1147,<a href="#cite_note-98">[91]</a> they pushed into Algeria in 1152, taking control over Tlemcen, Oran, and Algiers,<a href="#cite_note-Huebner-1996-99">[92]</a> wrestling control from the Hilian Arabs, and by the same year they defeated Hammadids who controlled Eastern Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-Huebner-1996-99">[92]</a> Following their decisive defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a> in 1212 the Almohads began collapsing, and in 1235 the governor of modern-day Western Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Yaghmurasen_Ibn_Zyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan">Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan</a> declared his independence and established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Kingdom of Tlemcen</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zayyanid_dynasty" title="Zayyanid dynasty">Zayyanid dynasty</a>. Warring with the Almohad forces attempting to restore control over Algeria for 13 years, they defeated the Almohads in 1248 after killing their Caliph in a successful ambush near Oujda.<a href="#cite_note-100">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghreb_15th_Century.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maghreb_15th_Century.svg/250px-Maghreb_15th_Century.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maghreb_15th_Century.svg/375px-Maghreb_15th_Century.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Maghreb_15th_Century.svg/500px-Maghreb_15th_Century.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3127" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanid kingdom</a> of Tlemcen in the fifteenth century and its neighbors</figcaption></figure> The Zayyanids retained their control over Algeria for 3 centuries. Much of the eastern territories of Algeria were under the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid dynasty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[94]</a> although the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids_of_Beja%C3%AFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids of Bejaïa">Emirate of Bejaia</a> encompassing the Algerian territories of the Hafsids would occasionally be independent from central Tunisian control. At their peak the Zayyanid kingdom included all of Morocco as its vassal to the west and in the east reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> which they captured during the reign of Abu Tashfin.<a href="#cite_note-102">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constantine2-104">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Constantine-105">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cour-106">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arnolet-107">[100]</a> After several conflicts with local <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> sponsored by the Zayyanid sultans,<a href="#cite_note-108">[101]</a> Spain decided to invade Algeria and defeat the native Kingdom of Tlemcen. In 1505, they <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir_(1505)" title="Capture of Mers-el-Kébir (1505)">invaded and captured Mers el Kébir</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[102]</a> and in 1509 after a bloody siege, they <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">conquered Oran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[103]</a> Following their decisive victories over the Algerians in the western-coastal areas of Algeria, the Spanish decided to get bolder, and invaded more Algerian cities. In 1510, they led a series of sieges and attacks, taking over Bejaia <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bejaia_(1510)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bejaia (1510)">in a large siege</a>,<a href="#cite_note-111">[104]</a> and leading a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Algiers_(1510)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Algiers (1510) (page does not exist)">semi-successful siege against Algiers</a>. They also besieged Tlemcen. In 1511, they took control over <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[105]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>, and attacked <a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a> where although they were not able to conquer the city, they were able to force a tribute on them. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_era">Early modern era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/170px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/255px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg/340px-Barbarossa_Hayreddin_Pasha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></figcaption></figure> In 1516, the Turkish privateer brothers <a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, who operated successfully under the <a href="/wiki/Hafsids" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafsids">Hafsids</a>, moved their base of operations to Algiers. They succeeded in conquering Jijel and Algiers from the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spaniards</a> with help from the locals who saw them as liberators from the Christians, but the brothers eventually assassinated the local noble Salim al-Tumi and took control over the city and the surrounding regions. Their state is known as the <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>. When Aruj was killed in 1518 during his <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">invasion of Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin</a> succeeded him as military commander of Algiers. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultan of the Ottoman Empire">sultan</a> gave him the title of <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a> and a contingent of some 2,000 <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">janissaries</a>. With the aid of this force and native Algerians, Hayreddin conquered the whole area between Constantine and Oran (although the city of Oran remained in Spanish hands until 1792).<a href="#cite_note-csa16-113">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-114">[107]</a> The next beylerbey was Hayreddin's son <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan</a>, who assumed the position in 1544. He was a <a href="/wiki/Kouloughlis" title="Kouloughlis">Kouloughli</a> or of mixed origins, as his mother was an Algerian Mooresse.<a href="#cite_note-115">[108]</a> Until 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Beylerbeys who served terms with no fixed limits. Subsequently, with the institution of a regular administration, governors with the title of pasha ruled for three-year terms. The pasha was assisted by an autonomous janissary unit, known in Algeria as the <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers" title="Odjak of Algiers">Ojaq</a> who were led by an <a href="/wiki/Agha_of_the_Janissaries" title="Agha of the Janissaries">agha</a>. Discontent among the ojaq rose in the mid-1600s because they were not paid regularly, and they repeatedly revolted against the pasha. As a result, the agha charged the pasha with corruption and incompetence and seized power in 1659.<a href="#cite_note-csa16-113">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a> had repeatedly struck the cities of North Africa. Algiers lost between 30,000 and 50,000 inhabitants to the plague in 1620–21, and had high fatalities in 1654–57, 1665, 1691 and 1740–42.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-116">[109]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Africa,_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/North_Africa%2C_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png/220px-North_Africa%2C_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/North_Africa%2C_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png/330px-North_Africa%2C_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/North_Africa%2C_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png/440px-North_Africa%2C_from_the_%22Physical_And_Political_Map_Of_Africa_..._1822%22.png 2x" data-file-width="1905" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Regency of Algiers in early 19th century</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> preyed on Christian and other non-Islamic shipping in the western Mediterranean Sea.<a href="#cite_note-Davis-116">[109]</a> The pirates often took the passengers and crew on the ships and sold them or used them as <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hannay_1911-117">[110]</a> They also did a brisk business in ransoming some of the captives. According to Robert Davis, from the 16th to 19th century, pirates captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as slaves.<a href="#cite_note-barbary-118">[111]</a> They often made raids on European coastal towns to capture Christian slaves to sell at <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slave markets</a> in North Africa and other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[112]</a> In 1544, for example, <a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a> captured the island of <a href="/wiki/Ischia" title="Ischia">Ischia</a>, taking 4,000 prisoners, and enslaved some 9,000 inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>, almost the entire population.<a href="#cite_note-120">[113]</a> In 1551, the Ottoman governor of Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Turgut_Reis" class="mw-redirect" title="Turgut Reis">Turgut Reis</a>, enslaved the entire population of the Maltese island of <a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gozo</a>. Barbary pirates often attacked the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>. The threat was so severe that residents abandoned the island of <a href="/wiki/Formentera" title="Formentera">Formentera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[114]</a> The introduction of broad-sail ships from the beginning of the 17th century allowed them to branch out into the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Auchterlonie2012-122">[115]</a> In July 1627 two pirate ships from Algiers under the command of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> pirate <a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a> sailed as far as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-123">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">raiding and capturing slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> Two weeks earlier another pirate ship from <a href="/wiki/Sale,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale, Morocco">Salé</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Morocco</a> had also raided in Iceland. Some of the slaves brought to Algiers were later ransomed back to Iceland, but some chose to stay in Algeria. In 1629, pirate ships from Algeria raided the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_de_Baba_Ali,_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_de_Baba_Ali%2C_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg/170px-Portrait_de_Baba_Ali%2C_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_de_Baba_Ali%2C_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg/255px-Portrait_de_Baba_Ali%2C_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Portrait_de_Baba_Ali%2C_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg/340px-Portrait_de_Baba_Ali%2C_Dey_d%27Alger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ali_Chaouch" title="Baba Ali Chaouch">Baba Ali Chaouch</a>, Dey of Algiers</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg/220px-Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg/330px-Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg/440px-Niels_simonsen_Alger_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>Algiers, by <a href="/wiki/Niels_Simonsen" title="Niels Simonsen">Niels Simonsen</a></figcaption></figure> In 1659, the Janissaries stationed in Algiers, also known commonly as the <a href="/wiki/Odjak_of_Algiers" title="Odjak of Algiers">Odjak</a> of Algiers; and the Reis or the company of corsair captains rebelled, they removed the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a> from power, and placed one of its own in power. The new leader received the title of "Agha" then "<a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">Dey</a>" in 1671, and the right to select passed to the <a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">divan</a>, a council of some sixty military senior officers. Thus Algiers became a sovereign military republic. It was at first dominated by the odjak; but by the 18th century, it had become the dey's instrument. Although Algiers remained nominally part of the Ottoman Empire,<a href="#cite_note-csa16-113">[106]</a> in reality they acted independently from the rest of the Empire,<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> and often had wars with other Ottoman subjects and territories such as the <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Beylik of Tunis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dey" title="Dey">dey</a> was in effect a constitutional autocrat. The dey was elected for a life term, but in the 159 years (1671–1830) that the system was in place, fourteen of the twenty-nine deys were assassinated. Despite usurpation, military coups and occasional mob rule, the day-to-day operation of the Deylikal government was remarkably orderly. Although the regency patronised the tribal chieftains, it never had the unanimous allegiance of the countryside, where heavy taxation frequently provoked unrest. Autonomous tribal states were tolerated, and the regency's authority was seldom applied in the <a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-csa16-113">[106]</a> although in 1730 the Regency was able to take control over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kuku" title="Kingdom of Kuku">Kingdom of Kuku</a> in western Kabylia.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> Many cities in the northern parts of the Algerian desert paid taxes to Algiers or one of its Beys.<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a> Barbary raids in the Mediterranean continued to attack Spanish merchant shipping, and as a result, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">invasion in 1775</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a> bombarded Algiers in <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">1783</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">1784</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mikaberidze-114">[107]</a> For the attack in 1784, the Spanish fleet was to be joined by ships from such traditional enemies of Algiers as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a>. Over 20,000 cannonballs were fired, but all these military campaigns were doomed and Spain had to ask for peace in 1786 and paid 1 million pesos to the Dey. In 1792, Algiers took back Oran and Mers el Kébir, the two last Spanish strongholds in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> In the same year, they conquered the Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>, which they then abandoned in 1795.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven,_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/De_Engels-Nederlandse_vloot_in_de_Baai_van_Algiers_ter_ondersteuning_van_het_ultimatum_tot_vrijlating_van_blanke_slaven%2C_26_augustus_1816._Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1377.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2940" data-file-height="2061" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> by the Anglo-Dutch fleet, to support the ultimatum to release European slaves, August 1816</figcaption></figure> In the 19th century, Algerian pirates forged affiliations with Caribbean powers, paying a "license tax" in exchange for safe harbor of their vessels.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a> Attacks by Algerian pirates on American merchantmen resulted in the <a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary Wars</a>, which ended the attacks on U.S. ships in 1815. A year later, a combined <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Dutch</a> fleet, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Lord Exmouth</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">bombarded Algiers</a> to stop similar attacks on European fishermen. These efforts proved successful, although Algerian piracy would continue until the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonization_(1830–1962)">French colonization (1830–1962)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg/220px-Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg/330px-Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg/440px-Vernet-Combat_de_Somah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Somah in 1836</figcaption></figure> Under the pretext of a slight to their consul, the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">French</a> invaded and <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_in_1830" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Algiers in 1830">captured Algiers</a> in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a> According to several historians, the methods used by the French to establish control over Algeria reached <a href="/wiki/Algerian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian genocide">genocidal</a> proportions.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Ben Kiernan</a> wrote on the French conquest of Algeria: "By 1875, the French conquest was complete. The war had killed approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians since 1830."<a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> French losses from 1831 to 1851 were 92,329 dead in the hospital and only 3,336 killed in action.<a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a> In 1872, The Algerian population stood at about 2.9 million.<a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] French policy was predicated on "civilising" the country.<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> The slave trade and piracy in Algeria ceased following the French conquest.<a href="#cite_note-Hannay_1911-117">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">conquest of Algeria</a> by the French took some time and resulted in considerable bloodshed. A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> Algerian population to decline by nearly one-third from 1830 to 1872.<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ricoux1880-148">[141]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] On 17 September 1860, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> declared "Our first duty is to take care of the happiness of the three million Arabs, whom the fate of arms has brought under our domination."<a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a> During this time, only Kabylia resisted, the Kabylians were not colonized until after the <a href="/wiki/Mokrani_Revolt" title="Mokrani Revolt">Mokrani Revolt</a> in 1871.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a> wrote and never completed an unpublished essay outlining his ideas for how to transform Algeria from an occupied tributary state to a colonial regime, wherein he advocated for a mixed system of "total domination and total colonization" whereby French military would wage total war against civilian populations while a colonial administration would provide rule of law and property rights to settlers within French occupied cities.<a href="#cite_note-Tocqueville_2023,_pp.47-150">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/170px-Abd_al-Qadir.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/255px-Abd_al-Qadir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Abd_al-Qadir.jpg/340px-Abd_al-Qadir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_El_Djezairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelkader El Djezairi">Emir Abdelkader</a>, Algerian leader insurgent against French colonial rule, 1865</figcaption></figure> From 1848 until independence, France administered the whole Mediterranean region of Algeria as an integral part and département of the nation. One of France's longest-held overseas territories, Algeria became a destination for hundreds of thousands of <a href="/wiki/European_ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="European ethnic groups">European</a> immigrants, who became known as colons and later, as <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noirs</a>. Between 1825 and 1847, 50,000 French people emigrated to Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> These settlers benefited from the French government's confiscation of communal land from tribal peoples, and the application of modern agricultural techniques that increased the amount of arable land.<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> Many Europeans settled in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the population in both cities.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg/220px-Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg/330px-Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg/440px-Six_chefs_FLN_-_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1028" data-file-height="956" /></a><figcaption>The six historical Leaders of the FLN: <a href="/wiki/Rabah_Bitat" title="Rabah Bitat">Rabah Bitat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Benboula%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Benboulaïd">Mostefa Ben Boulaïd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourad_Didouche" title="Mourad Didouche">Mourad Didouche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Boudiaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Boudiaf">Mohammed Boudiaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krim_Belkacem" title="Krim Belkacem">Krim Belkacem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larbi_Ben_M%27Hidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Larbi Ben M'Hidi">Larbi Ben M'Hidi</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the late 19th and early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/White_Africans_of_European_ancestry" title="White Africans of European ancestry">European share</a> was almost a fifth of the population. The French government aimed at making Algeria an assimilated part of France, and this included substantial educational investments especially after 1900. The indigenous cultural and religious resistance heavily opposed this tendency, but in contrast to the other colonized countries' path in central Asia and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, Algeria kept its individual skills and a relatively human-capital intensive agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Algeria came under <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy control</a> before being liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, which saw the first large-scale deployment of <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">American troops</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USMA-1945-156">[149]</a> Gradually, dissatisfaction among the Muslim population, which lacked political and economic status under the colonial system, gave rise to demands for greater political autonomy and eventually independence from <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">France</a>. In May 1945, the uprising against the occupying French forces was suppressed through what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_and_Guelma_massacre" title="Sétif and Guelma massacre">Sétif and Guelma massacre</a>. Tensions between the two population groups came to a head in 1954, when the first violent events of what was later called the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> began after the publication of the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_1_November_1954" title="Declaration of 1 November 1954">Declaration of 1 November 1954</a>. Historians have estimated that between 30,000 and 150,000 <a href="/wiki/Harki" title="Harki">Harkis</a> and their dependents were killed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">National Liberation Front</a> (FLN) or by <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynch</a> mobs in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> The FLN used hit and run attacks in Algeria and France as part of its war, and the French conducted <a href="/wiki/Torture_during_the_Algerian_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Torture during the Algerian War of Independence">severe reprisals</a>. In addition, the French destroyed over 8,000 villages<a href="#cite_note-Kevin_Shillington-158">[151]</a> and relocated over 2 million Algerians to <a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France#Algerian_War" title="Internment camps in France">concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> The war led to the death of hundreds of thousands of Algerians and hundreds of thousands of injuries. Historians, like <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a>, state that the actual number of Algerian Muslim war dead was far greater than the original FLN and official French estimates but was less than the 1 million deaths claimed by the Algerian government after independence. Horne estimated Algerian casualties during the span of eight years to be around 700,000.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The war uprooted more than 2 million Algerians.<a href="#cite_note-161">[154]</a> The war against French rule concluded in 1962, when Algeria gained complete independence following the March 1962 <a href="/wiki/Evian_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="Evian agreements">Evian agreements</a> and the July 1962 <a href="/wiki/Algerian_self-determination_referendum,_1962" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian self-determination referendum, 1962">self-determination referendum</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_three_decades_of_independence_(1962–1991)">The first three decades of independence (1962–1991)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">History of Algeria (1962–1999)</a></div> The number of European <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noirs</a> who fled Algeria totaled more than 900,000 between 1962 and 1964.<a href="#cite_note-162">[155]</a> The exodus to mainland France accelerated after the <a href="/wiki/Oran_massacre_of_1962" title="Oran massacre of 1962">Oran massacre of 1962</a>, in which hundreds of militants entered European sections of the city and began attacking civilians. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/140px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/210px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg/280px-Houari_Boumediene%27s_Portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houari_Boumediene" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumediene">Houari Boumediene</a></figcaption></figure> Algeria's first president was the Front de Libération Nationale (<a href="/wiki/FLN_(Algeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="FLN (Algeria)">FLN</a>) leader <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella" title="Ahmed Ben Bella">Ahmed Ben Bella</a>. Morocco's claim to <a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">portions of western Algeria</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a> in 1963. Ben Bella was <a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">overthrown in 1965</a> by <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8ne" title="Houari Boumédiène">Houari Boumédiène</a>, his former ally and defence minister. Under Ben Bella, the government had become increasingly <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and authoritarian; Boumédienne continued this trend. However, he relied much more on the army for his support, and reduced the sole legal party to a symbolic role. He <a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">collectivised</a> agriculture and launched a massive industrialisation drive. <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Oil extraction</a> facilities were nationalised. This was especially beneficial to the leadership after the international <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>. Boumédienne's successor, <a href="/wiki/Chadli_Bendjedid" title="Chadli Bendjedid">Chadli Bendjedid</a>, introduced some liberal economic reforms. He promoted a policy of <a href="/wiki/Arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabisation">Arabisation</a> in Algerian society and public life. Teachers of Arabic, brought in from other Muslim countries, spread conventional Islamic thought in schools and sowed the seeds of a return to Orthodox Islam.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> The Algerian economy became increasingly dependent on oil, leading to hardship when the price collapsed during the <a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prochaska-2013-164">[157]</a> Economic recession caused by the crash in world oil prices resulted in Algerian social unrest during the 1980s; by the end of the decade, Bendjedid introduced a multi-party system. Political parties developed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a> (FIS), a broad coalition of Muslim groups.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_War_(1991–2002)_and_aftermath">Civil War (1991–2002) and aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Algerian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png/220px-Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png/330px-Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png/440px-Algerian_massacres_1997-1998.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">Massacres</a> of over 50 people in 1997–1998. The <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Islamic Group">Armed Islamic Group (GIA)</a> claimed responsibility for many of them.</figcaption></figure> In December 1991 the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Salvation_Front" title="Islamic Salvation Front">Islamic Salvation Front</a> dominated the first of two rounds of <a href="/wiki/Algerian_legislative_election,_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian legislative election, 1991">legislative elections</a>. Fearing the election of an Islamist government, the authorities intervened on 11 January 1992, cancelling the elections. Bendjedid resigned and a <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_State_(Algeria)" title="High Council of State (Algeria)">High Council of State</a> was installed to act as the Presidency. It banned the FIS, triggering a civil <a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">insurgency</a> between the Front's armed wing, the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Islamic_Group_of_Algeria" title="Armed Islamic Group of Algeria">Armed Islamic Group</a>, and the national armed forces, in which more than 100,000 people are thought to have died. The Islamist militants conducted a violent campaign of <a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_during_the_Algerian_Civil_War" title="List of massacres during the Algerian Civil War">civilian massacres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[158]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] At several points in the conflict, the situation in Algeria became a point of international concern, most notably during the crisis surrounding <a href="/wiki/Air_France_Flight_8969" title="Air France Flight 8969">Air France Flight 8969</a>, a hijacking perpetrated by the Armed Islamic Group. The Armed Islamic Group declared a ceasefire in October 1997.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> Algeria held <a href="/wiki/Algerian_presidential_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian presidential election, 1999">elections in 1999</a>, considered biased by international observers and most opposition groups<a href="#cite_note-166">[159]</a> which were won by President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a>. He worked to restore political stability to the country and announced a "Civil Concord" initiative, approved in a <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_Concord_referendum,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Civil Concord referendum, 1999">referendum</a>, under which many political prisoners were pardoned, and several thousand members of armed groups were granted exemption from prosecution under a limited amnesty, in force until 13 January 2000. The AIS disbanded and levels of insurgent violence fell rapidly. The <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Salafiste_pour_la_Pr%C3%A9dication_et_le_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat">Groupe Salafiste pour la Prédication et le Combat</a> (GSPC), a splinter group of the Armed Islamic Group, continued a terrorist campaign against the Government.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> Bouteflika was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_presidential_election,_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian presidential election, 2004">April 2004 presidential election</a> after campaigning on a programme of national reconciliation. The programme comprised economic, institutional, political and social reform to modernise the country, raise living standards, and tackle the causes of alienation. It also included a second amnesty initiative, the <a href="/wiki/Charter_for_Peace_and_National_Reconciliation" title="Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation">Charter for Peace and National Reconciliation</a>, which was approved in a <a href="/wiki/Algerian_national_reconciliation_referendum,_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian national reconciliation referendum, 2005">referendum in September 2005</a>. It offered amnesty to most guerrillas and Government security forces.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> In November 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Constitution">Algerian Constitution</a> was amended following a vote in Parliament, removing the two-term limit on Presidential incumbents. This change enabled Bouteflika to stand for re-election in the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_presidential_election,_2009" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian presidential election, 2009">2009 presidential elections</a>, and he was re-elected in April 2009. During his election campaign and following his re-election, Bouteflika promised to extend the programme of national reconciliation and a $150-billion spending programme to create three million new jobs, the construction of one million new housing units, and to continue public sector and infrastructure modernisation programmes.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> A continuing series of protests throughout the country started on 28 December 2010, inspired by similar <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">protests across the Middle East and North Africa</a>. On 24 February 2011, the government lifted Algeria's 19-year-old <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> The government enacted legislation dealing with political parties, the electoral code, and the representation of women in elected bodies.<a href="#cite_note-aaeo-168">[161]</a> In April 2011, Bouteflika promised further constitutional and political reform.<a href="#cite_note-faco-163">[156]</a> However, elections are routinely criticised by opposition groups as unfair and international human rights groups say that media censorship and harassment of political opponents continue. On 2 April 2019, Bouteflika resigned from the presidency after <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2020 Algerian protests">mass protests</a> against his candidacy for a fifth term in office.<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> In December 2019, <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a> became Algeria's president, after winning the first round of the <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_presidential_election" title="2019 Algerian presidential election">presidential election</a> with a record abstention rate – the highest of all presidential elections since Algeria's democracy in 1989. Tebboune is accused of being close to the military and being loyal to the deposed president. Tebboune rejects these accusations, claiming to be the victim of a witch hunt. He also reminds his detractors that he was expelled from the Government in August 2017 at the instigation of oligarchs languishing in prison.<a href="#cite_note-170">[163]</a> In September 2024, President Tebboune <a href="/wiki/2024_Algerian_presidential_election" title="2024 Algerian presidential election">won</a> a second term with a landslide 84.3 percent of the vote, although his opponents called the results fraud.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_relief.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Algeria_relief.png/220px-Algeria_relief.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Algeria_relief.png/330px-Algeria_relief.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Algeria_relief.png/440px-Algeria_relief.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Mountains" title="Atlas Mountains">Atlas Mountains</a> compose the Algerian relief.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunes_of_Algeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dunes_of_Algeria.jpg/220px-Dunes_of_Algeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Dunes_of_Algeria.jpg/330px-Dunes_of_Algeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Dunes_of_Algeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Desert" title="Algerian Desert">Algerian Desert</a> makes up more than 90% of the country's total area.<a href="#cite_note-172">[165]</a></figcaption></figure> Since the 2011 breakup of Sudan, and the creation of South Sudan, Algeria has been the largest country in Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>. Its southern part includes a significant portion of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. To the north, the <a href="/wiki/Tell_Atlas" title="Tell Atlas">Tell Atlas</a> forms with the <a href="/wiki/Saharan_Atlas" title="Saharan Atlas">Saharan Atlas</a>, further south, two parallel sets of reliefs in approaching eastbound, and between which are inserted vast plains and highlands. Both Atlas tend to merge in eastern Algeria. The vast mountain ranges of <a href="/wiki/Aures" class="mw-redirect" title="Aures">Aures</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Nememcha</a> occupy the entire northeastern Algeria and are delineated by the Tunisian border. The highest point is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tahat" title="Mount Tahat">Mount Tahat</a> (3,003 metres or 9,852 feet). Algeria lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/19th_parallel_north" title="19th parallel north">19°</a> and <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37°N</a> (a small area is north of 37°N and south of 19°N), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_meridian_west" title="9th meridian west">9°W</a> and <a href="/wiki/12th_meridian_east" title="12th meridian east">12°E</a>. Most of the coastal area is hilly, sometimes even mountainous, and there are a few natural <a href="/wiki/Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour">harbours</a>. The area from the coast to the Tell Atlas is fertile. South of the Tell Atlas is a <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> landscape ending with the <a href="/wiki/Saharan_Atlas" title="Saharan Atlas">Saharan Atlas</a>; farther south, there is the Sahara desert.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-173">[166]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hoggar_Mountains" title="Hoggar Mountains">Hoggar Mountains</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: جبال هقار), also known as the Hoggar, are a highland region in central Sahara, southern Algeria. They are located about 1,500 km (932 mi) south of the capital, Algiers, and just east of <a href="/wiki/Tamanghasset" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamanghasset">Tamanghasset</a>. Algiers, <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> are Algeria's main cities.<a href="#cite_note-LOC-173">[166]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Djurdjura_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Djurdjura_mountains.jpg/220px-Djurdjura_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Djurdjura_mountains.jpg/330px-Djurdjura_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Djurdjura_mountains.jpg/440px-Djurdjura_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The Babor mountains and the Jijel Coast. The Erraguene lake can be seen on the right.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_and_hydrology">Climate and hydrology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Algeria">Climate of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_DZA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1391" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Algeria map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>.</figcaption></figure> In this region, midday desert temperatures can be hot year round. After sunset, however, the clear, dry air permits rapid loss of heat, and the nights are cool to chilly. Enormous daily ranges in temperature are recorded. Rainfall is fairly plentiful along the coastal part of the Tell Atlas, ranging from 400 to 670 mm (15.7 to 26.4 in) annually, the amount of precipitation increasing from west to east. <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">Precipitation</a> is heaviest in the northern part of eastern Algeria, where it reaches as much as 1,000 mm (39.4 in) in some years. Farther inland, the rainfall is less plentiful. Algeria also has <a href="/wiki/Erg_(landform)" title="Erg (landform)">ergs</a>, or sand dunes, between mountains. Among these, in the summer time when winds are heavy and gusty, temperatures can go up to 43.3 °C (110 °F). <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Algeria" title="Climate change in Algeria">Climate change in Algeria</a> has wide-reaching effects on the country. Algeria was not a significant contributor to climate change,<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Algeria_:0al-174">[167]</a> but, like other countries in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region</a>, is expected to be among the most affected by <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">climate change impacts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> Because a large part of the country is in already hot and <a href="/wiki/Aridity" title="Aridity">arid</a> geographies, including part of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, already strong heat and <a href="/wiki/Water_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Water resource">water resource</a> access challenges are expected to get worse.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Algeria_:0al-174">[167]</a> As early as 2014, scientists were attributing extreme <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a> to climate change in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Algeria_:0al-174">[167]</a> Algeria was ranked 46th of countries in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_Performance_Index" title="Climate Change Performance Index">Climate Change Performance Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_zerda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vulpes_zerda.JPG/220px-Vulpes_zerda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vulpes_zerda.JPG/330px-Vulpes_zerda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Vulpes_zerda.JPG/440px-Vulpes_zerda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">fennec fox</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> of Algeria</figcaption></figure> The varied vegetation of Algeria includes <a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">coastal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountainous" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountainous">mountainous</a> and grassy <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>-like regions which all support a wide range of wildlife. In Algeria <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 1% of the total land area, equivalent to 1,949,000 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, up from 1,667,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 1,439,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 510,000 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 6% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 80% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>, 18% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a> and 2% with ownership listed as other or unknown.<a href="#cite_note-177">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[171]</a> Many of the creatures constituting the Algerian wildlife live in close proximity to civilisation. The most commonly seen animals include the wild <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackal" title="Jackal">jackals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">gazelles</a>, although it is not uncommon to spot <a href="/wiki/Fennecs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fennecs">fennecs</a> (foxes), and <a href="/wiki/Jerboas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerboas">jerboas</a>. Algeria also has a small <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saharan_cheetah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saharan cheetah">Saharan cheetah</a> population, but these are seldom seen. A species of deer, the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_stag" title="Barbary stag">Barbary stag</a>, inhabits the dense humid forests in the north-eastern areas. The <a href="/wiki/Fennec_fox" title="Fennec fox">fennec fox</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="National animal">national animal</a> of Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-179">[172]</a> A variety of bird species makes the country an attraction for bird watchers. The forests are inhabited by boars and jackals. <a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaque" title="Barbary macaque">Barbary macaques</a> are the sole native monkey. Snakes, <a href="/wiki/Monitor_lizard" title="Monitor lizard">monitor lizards</a>, and numerous other reptiles can be found living among an array of <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Semi_arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi arid">semi arid</a> regions of Algeria. Many animals are now extinct, including the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlas_bear" title="Atlas bear">Atlas bears</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_African_crocodile" title="West African crocodile">crocodiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[173]</a> In the north, some of the native flora includes <a href="/wiki/Macchia" class="mw-redirect" title="Macchia">Macchia</a> scrub, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive trees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedrus" title="Cedrus">cedars</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a>. The mountain regions contain large forests of evergreens (<a href="/wiki/Aleppo_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo pine">Aleppo pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">juniper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Evergreen oak">evergreen oak</a>) and some deciduous trees. <a href="/wiki/Ficus" title="Ficus">Fig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agave</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a> grow in the warmer areas. The <a href="/wiki/Grape_vine" class="mw-redirect" title="Grape vine">grape vine</a> is indigenous to the coast. In the Sahara region, some oases have palm trees. <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">Acacias</a> with wild <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> are the predominant flora in the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Algeria had a 2018 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.22/10, ranking it 106th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-181">[174]</a> Camels are used extensively; the desert also abounds with venomous and nonvenomous snakes, <a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">scorpions</a>, and numerous insects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_(2023)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Abdelmadjid_Tebboune_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="1213" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, President of Algeria since 2019</figcaption></figure> Elected politicians have relatively little sway over Algeria. Instead, a group of unelected civilian and military "décideurs" ("deciders"), known as "le pouvoir" ("the power"), de facto rule the country, even deciding who should be president.<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[177]</a> The most powerful man might have been <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Medi%C3%A8ne" title="Mohamed Mediène">Mohamed Mediène</a>, the head of military intelligence, before he was brought down during the <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2020 Algerian protests">2019 protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> In recent years, many of these generals have died, retired, or been imprisoned. After the death of General <a href="/wiki/Larbi_Belkheir" title="Larbi Belkheir">Larbi Belkheir</a>, previous president <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Bouteflika</a> put loyalists in key posts, notably at <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>, and secured constitutional amendments that made him re-electable indefinitely, until he was brought down in 2019 during <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–2020 Algerian protests">protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[179]</a> The head of state is the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President of Algeria</a>, who is elected for a five-year term. The president is limited to two five-year terms. The <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_presidential_election" title="2019 Algerian presidential election">most recent presidential election</a> was planned to be in April 2019, but <a href="/wiki/2019_Algerian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Algerian protests">widespread protests</a> erupted on 22 February against the president's decision to participate in the election, which resulted in President Bouteflika announcing his resignation on 3 April.<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdelmadjid_Tebboune" title="Abdelmadjid Tebboune">Abdelmadjid Tebboune</a>, an independent candidate, was elected as president after the election eventually took place on 12 December 2019. Protestors refused to recognise Tebboune as president, citing demands for comprehensive reform of the political system.<a href="#cite_note-188">[181]</a> Algeria has universal <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> at 18 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-9">[5]</a> The President is the head of the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Army">army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Algeria">Council of Ministers</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Security_Council&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Security Council (page does not exist)">High Security Council</a>. He appoints the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a> who is also the head of government.<a href="#cite_note-president-189">[182]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_(Alg%C3%A9rie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/220px-H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/330px-H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg/440px-H%C3%A9micycle_de_l%27assembl%C3%A9e_populaire_nationale_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></figcaption></figure> The Algerian parliament is <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a>; the lower house, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a>, has 462 members who are directly elected for five-year terms, while the upper house, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a>, has 144 members serving six-year terms, of which 96 members are chosen by local assemblies and 48 are appointed by the president.<a href="#cite_note-fitw13-190">[183]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">constitution</a>, no political association may be formed if it is "based on differences in religion, language, race, gender, profession, or region". In addition, political campaigns must be exempt from the aforementioned subjects.<a href="#cite_note-191">[184]</a> Parliamentary elections were last held in <a href="/wiki/2017_Algerian_legislative_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Algerian legislative election">May 2017</a>. In the elections, the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Front (Algeria)">FLN</a> lost 44 of its seats, but remained the largest party with 164 seats, the military-backed <a href="/wiki/National_Rally_for_Democracy_(Algeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rally for Democracy (Algeria)">National Rally for Democracy</a> won 100, and the Muslim Brotherhood-linked <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Society_for_Peace" title="Movement of Society for Peace">Movement of the Society for Peace</a> won 33.<a href="#cite_note-192">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg/220px-Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg/330px-Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg/440px-Abdelaziz_Bouteflika_and_George_W_Bush_20080707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_Bouteflika" title="Abdelaziz Bouteflika">Abdelaziz Bouteflika</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> exchange handshakes at the Windsor Hotel Toya Resort and Spa in Tōyako Town, Abuta District, Hokkaidō in 2008. With them are <a href="/wiki/Dmitriy_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitriy Medvedev">Dmitriy Medvedev</a>, left, and <a href="/wiki/Yasuo_Fukuda" title="Yasuo Fukuda">Yasuo Fukuda</a>, right.</figcaption></figure> Algeria is included in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>'s <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a> (ENP) which aims at bringing the EU and its neighbours closer. Giving incentives and rewarding best performers, as well as offering funds in a faster and more flexible manner, are the two main principles underlying the European Neighbourhood Instrument (ENI) that came into force in 2014. It has a budget of €15.4 billion and provides the bulk of funding through a number of programmes. In 2009, the French government agreed to compensate victims of nuclear tests in Algeria. Defence Minister Hervé Morin stated that "It's time for our country to be at peace with itself, at peace thanks to a system of compensation and reparations," when presenting the draft law on the payouts. Algerian officials and activists believe that this is a good first step and hope that this move would encourage broader reparation.<a href="#cite_note-193">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Algeria–Morocco relations">Tensions between Algeria and Morocco</a> in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> have been an obstacle to tightening the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Maghreb_Union" title="Arab Maghreb Union">Arab Maghreb Union</a>, nominally established in 1989, but which has carried little practical weight.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> On 24 August 2021, Algeria announced the break of diplomatic relations with Morocco.<a href="#cite_note-195">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Algeria">Military of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-chihab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Al-chihab.jpg/220px-Al-chihab.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Al-chihab.jpg/330px-Al-chihab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Al-chihab.jpg/440px-Al-chihab.jpg 2x" data-file-width="913" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Djebel_Chenoua-class_corvette" title="Djebel Chenoua-class corvette">Djebel Chenoua-class corvette</a>, designed and assembled in Algeria</figcaption></figure> The military of Algeria consists of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="People's National Army">People's National Army</a> (ANP), the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_National_Navy" title="Algerian National Navy">Algerian National Navy</a> (MRA), and the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Air_Force" title="Algerian Air Force">Algerian Air Force</a> (QJJ), plus the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Territorial Air Defence Forces">Territorial Air Defence Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> It is the direct successor of the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Army_(Algeria)" title="National Liberation Army (Algeria)">National Liberation Army</a> (Armée de Libération Nationale or ALN), the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front which fought French colonial <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> during the Algerian War of Independence (1954–62). Total military personnel include 147,000 active, 150,000 reserve, and 187,000 paramilitary staff (2008 estimate).<a href="#cite_note-IISS_TMB-196">[189]</a> Service in the military is compulsory for men aged 19–30, for a total of 12 months.<a href="#cite_note-197">[190]</a> The military expenditure was 4.3% of the gross domestic product (GDP) in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> Algeria has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">second-largest military</a> in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa ($10 billion).<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaSpending-198">[191]</a> Most of Algeria's weapons are imported from Russia, with whom they <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Algeria–Russia relations">are a close ally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaSpending-198">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[192]</a> In 2007, the Algerian Air Force signed a deal with Russia to purchase 49 <a href="/wiki/MiG-29" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-29">MiG-29</a>SMT and 6 MiG-29UBT at an estimated cost of $1.9 billion. Russia is also building two <a href="/wiki/Kilo_class_submarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilo class submarine">636-type</a> diesel <a href="/wiki/Submarines" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarines">submarines</a> for Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-200">[193]</a> Algeria is the 90th most peaceful country in the world, according to the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria">Human rights in Algeria</a></div> Algeria has been categorised by the US government funded <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> as "not free" since it began publishing such ratings in 1972, with the exception of 1989, 1990, and 1991, when the country was labelled "partly free".<a href="#cite_note-202">[195]</a> In December 2016, the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor issued a report regarding violation of <a href="/wiki/Media_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Media freedom">media freedom</a> in Algeria. It clarified that the Algerian government imposed restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>; expression; and right to peaceful demonstration, protest and assembly as well as intensified censorship of the media and websites. Due to the fact that the journalists and activists criticise the ruling government, some media organisations' licenses are cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-203">[196]</a> Independent and autonomous trade unions face routine harassment from the government, with many leaders imprisoned and protests suppressed. In 2016, a number of unions, many of which were involved in the 2010–2012 Algerian Protests, have been deregistered by the government.<a href="#cite_note-204">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[199]</a> <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">Homosexuality</a> is illegal in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> Public homosexual behavior is punishable by up to two years in prison.<a href="#cite_note-208">[201]</a> Despite this, about 26% of Algerians think that homosexuality should be accepted, according to the survey conducted by the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Arabic" title="BBC Arabic">BBC News Arabic</a>-Arab Barometer in 2019. Algeria showed the highest LGBT acceptance compared to other Arab countries where the survey was conducted.<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> has accused the Algerian authorities of using the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> as an excuse to prevent pro-democracy movements and protests in the country, leading to the arrest of youths as part of <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces of Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts of Algeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Algeria">Municipalities of Algeria</a></div> Algeria is divided into 58 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayas</a>), 553 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Da%C3%AFra" title="Daïra">daïras</a>)<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> and 1,541 <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities of Algeria">municipalities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baladiyah" title="Baladiyah">baladiyahs</a>). Each province, district, and municipality is named after its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">seat</a>, which is usually the largest city. The administrative divisions have changed several times since independence. When introducing new provinces, the numbers of old provinces are kept, hence the non-alphabetical order. With their official numbers, currently (since 1983) they are:<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin:1em auto;"> <caption>The current 58 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wilaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya">wilayas</a>) of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Wilaya</a></th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Population</th> <th>map</th> <th>#</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Wilaya</a></th> <th>Area (km2)</th> <th>Population </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrar_Province" title="Adrar Province">Adrar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">402,197</td> <td style="text-align:right">439,700 </td> <td rowspan="29"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Provinces_of_Algeria.svg/280px-Provinces_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Provinces_of_Algeria.svg/420px-Provinces_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Provinces_of_Algeria.svg/560px-Provinces_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1585" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouargla_Province" title="Ouargla Province">Ouargla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">211,980</td> <td style="text-align:right">552,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlef_Province" title="Chlef Province">Chlef</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,975</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,013,718 </td> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,114</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,584,607 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laghouat_Province" title="Laghouat Province">Laghouat</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">25,057</td> <td style="text-align:right">477,328 </td> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Bayadh_Province" title="El Bayadh Province">El Bayadh</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">78,870</td> <td style="text-align:right">262,187 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oum_El_Bouaghi_Province" title="Oum El Bouaghi Province">Oum El Bouaghi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">6,768</td> <td style="text-align:right">644,364 </td> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Illizi_Province" title="Illizi Province">Illizi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">285,000</td> <td style="text-align:right">54,490 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batna_Province" title="Batna Province">Batna</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">12,192</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,128,030 </td> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj_Province" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj Province">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,115</td> <td style="text-align:right">634,396 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,268</td> <td style="text-align:right">915,835 </td> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boumerd%C3%A8s_Province" title="Boumerdès Province">Boumerdes</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,591</td> <td style="text-align:right">795,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Biskra_Province" title="Biskra Province">Biskra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,986</td> <td style="text-align:right">730,262 </td> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Taref_Province" title="El Taref Province">El Taref</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,339</td> <td style="text-align:right">411,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char_Province" title="Béchar Province">Béchar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">161,400</td> <td style="text-align:right">274,866 </td> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">58,193</td> <td style="text-align:right">159,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blida_Province" title="Blida Province">Blida</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,696</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,009,892 </td> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tissemsilt_Province" title="Tissemsilt Province">Tissemsilt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,152</td> <td style="text-align:right">296,366 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra_Province" title="Bouïra Province">Bouïra</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,439</td> <td style="text-align:right">694,750 </td> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Oued_Province" title="El Oued Province">El Oued</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">54,573</td> <td style="text-align:right">673,934 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tamanrasset_Province" title="Tamanrasset Province">Tamanrasset</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">556,200</td> <td style="text-align:right">198,691 </td> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khenchela_Province" title="Khenchela Province">Khenchela</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,811</td> <td style="text-align:right">384,268 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa_Province" title="Tébessa Province">Tébessa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">14,227</td> <td style="text-align:right">657,227 </td> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras_Province" title="Souk Ahras Province">Souk Ahras</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,541</td> <td style="text-align:right">440,299 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,061</td> <td style="text-align:right">945,525 </td> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tipaza_Province" title="Tipaza Province">Tipaza</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,166</td> <td style="text-align:right">617,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiaret_Province" title="Tiaret Province">Tiaret</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">20,673</td> <td style="text-align:right">842,060 </td> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mila_Province" title="Mila Province">Mila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,375</td> <td style="text-align:right">768,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou_Province" title="Tizi Ouzou Province">Tizi Ouzou</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">3,568</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,119,646 </td> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla_Province" title="Aïn Defla Province">Ain Defla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,897</td> <td style="text-align:right">771,890 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">273</td> <td style="text-align:right">2,947,461 </td> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A2ma_Province" title="Naâma Province">Naâma</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">29,950</td> <td style="text-align:right">209,470 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djelfa_Province" title="Djelfa Province">Djelfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">66,415</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,223,223 </td> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_T%C3%A9mouchent_Province" title="Aïn Témouchent Province">Ain Timouchent</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,376</td> <td style="text-align:right">384,565 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jijel_Province" title="Jijel Province">Jijel</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,577</td> <td style="text-align:right">634,412 </td> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa_Province" title="Ghardaïa Province">Ghardaia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">86,105</td> <td style="text-align:right">375,988 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_Province" title="Sétif Province">Sétif</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">6,504</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,496,150 </td> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Relizane_Province" title="Relizane Province">Relizane</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,870</td> <td style="text-align:right">733,060 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda_Province" title="Saïda Province">Saïda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">6,764</td> <td style="text-align:right">328,685 </td> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Touggourt_Province" title="Touggourt Province">Touggourt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8,835</td> <td style="text-align:right">162,267 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skikda_Province" title="Skikda Province">Skikda</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,026</td> <td style="text-align:right">904,195 </td> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Baji_Mokhtar_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordj Baji Mokhtar Province">Bordj Baji Mokhtar</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">62,215</td> <td style="text-align:right">57,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s_Province" title="Sidi Bel Abbès Province">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">9,150</td> <td style="text-align:right">603,369 </td> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Djellal_Province" title="Ouled Djellal Province">Ouled Djellal</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">11,410</td> <td style="text-align:right">174,219 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Annaba_Province" title="Annaba Province">Annaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">1,439</td> <td style="text-align:right">640,050 </td> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ni_Abb%C3%A8s_Province" title="Béni Abbès Province">Béni Abbès</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">120,026</td> <td style="text-align:right">16,437 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guelma_Province" title="Guelma Province">Guelma</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">4,101</td> <td style="text-align:right">482,261 </td> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/In_Salah_Province" title="In Salah Province">In Salah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">101,350</td> <td style="text-align:right">50,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Province" title="Constantine Province">Constantine</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,187</td> <td style="text-align:right">943,112 </td> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/In_Guezzam_Province" title="In Guezzam Province">In Guezzam</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">65,203</td> <td style="text-align:right">122,019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a_Province" title="Médéa Province">Médéa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">8,866</td> <td style="text-align:right">830,943 </td> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Touggourt_Province" title="Touggourt Province">Touggourt</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">17,428</td> <td style="text-align:right">247,221 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mostaganem_Province" title="Mostaganem Province">Mostaganem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">2,269</td> <td style="text-align:right">746,947 </td> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Djanet_Province" title="Djanet Province">Djanet</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">86,185</td> <td style="text-align:right">17,618 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%27Sila_Province" title="M'Sila Province">M'Sila</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">18,718</td> <td style="text-align:right">991,846 </td> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_M%27Ghair_Province" title="El M'Ghair Province">El M'Ghair</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">131,220</td> <td style="text-align:right">50,392 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mascara_Province" title="Mascara Province">Mascara</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">5,941</td> <td style="text-align:right">780,959 </td> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Menia_Province" title="El Menia Province">El Menia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right">88,126</td> <td style="text-align:right">11,202 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png/300px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png/450px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png/600px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Algeria.png 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development in Algeria</figcaption></figure> Algeria's currency is the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">dinar</a> (DZD). The economy remains dominated by the state, a legacy of the country's socialist post-independence development model. In June 2024 The World Bank's 2024 report marks a turning point for Algeria, which joins the select club of upper-middle-income countries. This economic rise, the result of an ambitious development strategy, places the country in the same category as emerging powers such as China, Brazil and Turkey<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[207]</a> In recent years, the Algerian government has halted the privatization of state-owned industries and imposed restrictions on imports and foreign involvement in its economy.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> These restrictions are just starting to be lifted off recently although questions about Algeria's slowly-diversifying economy remain.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Algeria has struggled to develop industries outside hydrocarbons in part because of high costs and an inert state bureaucracy. The government's efforts to diversify the economy by attracting foreign and domestic investment outside the energy sector have done little to reduce high youth unemployment rates or to address housing shortages.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> The country is facing a number of short-term and medium-term problems, including the need to diversify the economy, strengthen political, economic and financial reforms, improve the business climate and reduce inequalities among regions.<a href="#cite_note-aaeo-168">[161]</a> A wave of economic protests in February and March 2011 prompted the Algerian government to offer more than $23 billion in public grants and retroactive salary and benefit increases. Public spending has increased by 27% annually during the past five years. The 2010–14 public-investment programme will cost US$286 billion, 40% of which will go to human development.<a href="#cite_note-aaeo-168">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg/220px-A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg/330px-A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg/440px-A_Market_in_Algeria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Street_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Street market">Street market</a> in Algeria</figcaption></figure> Thanks to strong hydrocarbon revenues, Algeria has a cushion of $173 billion in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_currency_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign currency reserves">foreign currency reserves</a> and a large hydrocarbon stabilisation fund. In addition, Algeria's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt" title="List of countries by external debt">external debt</a> is extremely low at about 2% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> The economy remains very dependent on hydrocarbon wealth, and, despite high foreign exchange reserves (US$178 billion, equivalent to three years of imports), current expenditure growth makes Algeria's budget more vulnerable to the risk of prolonged lower hydrocarbon revenues.<a href="#cite_note-imfart4-215">[208]</a> Algeria has not joined the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a>, despite several years of negotiations but is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Arab Free Trade Area">Greater Arab Free Trade Area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source</a>] the <a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-217">[210]</a> and has an association agreement with the European Union.<a href="#cite_note-218">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[212]</a> Turkish direct investments have accelerated in Algeria, with total value reaching $5 billion. As of 2022, the number of Turkish companies present in Algeria has reached 1,400. In 2020, despite the pandemic, more than 130 Turkish companies were created in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-220">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_and_natural_resources">Oil and natural resources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining industry of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg/220px-Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg/330px-Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg/440px-Algeria_pipelines_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="832" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Pipelines across Algeria</figcaption></figure> Algeria, whose economy is reliant on petroleum, has been an <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a> member since 1969. Its crude oil production stands at around 1.1 million barrels/day, but it is also a major gas producer and exporter, with important links to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-opb15-221">[214]</a> Hydrocarbons have long been the backbone of the economy, accounting for roughly 60% of budget revenues, 30% of GDP, and 87.7%<a href="#cite_note-222">[215]</a> of export earnings. Algeria has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">10th-largest reserves of natural gas</a> in the world and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">sixth-largest gas exporter</a>. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> reported that in 2005, Algeria had 4.5 trillion cubic metres (160×10<s style="display:none">^</s>12 cu ft) of proven <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves">natural gas reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-223">[216]</a> It also ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">16th in oil reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> Non-hydrocarbon growth for 2011 was projected at 5%. To cope with social demands, the authorities raised expenditure, especially on basic food support, employment creation, support for SMEs, and higher salaries. High hydrocarbon prices have improved the current account and the already large international reserves position.<a href="#cite_note-imfart4-215">[208]</a> Income from oil and gas rose in 2011 as a result of continuing high oil prices, though the trend in production volume is downward.<a href="#cite_note-aaeo-168">[161]</a> Production from the oil and gas sector in terms of volume continues to decline, dropping from 43.2 million tonnes to 32 million tonnes between 2007 and 2011. Nevertheless, the sector accounted for 98% of the total volume of exports in 2011, against 48% in 1962,<a href="#cite_note-224">[217]</a> and 70% of budgetary receipts, or US$71.4 billion.<a href="#cite_note-aaeo-168">[161]</a> The Algerian national oil company is <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>, which plays a key role in all aspects of the oil and natural gas sectors in Algeria. All foreign operators must work in partnership with Sonatrach, which usually has majority ownership in production-sharing agreements.<a href="#cite_note-225">[218]</a> Access to <a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">biocapacity</a> in Algeria is lower than world average. In 2016, Algeria had 0.53 global hectares<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-226">[219]</a> of biocapacity per person within its territory, much less than the world average of 1.6 global hectares per person.<a href="#cite_note-227">[220]</a> In 2016, Algeria used 2.4 global hectares of biocapacity per person – their <a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">ecological footprint</a> of consumption. This means they use just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity as Algeria contains. As a result, Algeria is running a biocapacity deficit.<a href="#cite_note-footprintdata-226">[219]</a> In April 2022, diplomats from Italy and Spain held talks after Rome's move to secure large volume of Algerian gas stoked concerns in Madrid.<a href="#cite_note-228">[221]</a> Under the deal between Algeria's Sonatrach and Italy's Eni, Algeria will send an additional 9 billion cubic metres of gas to Italy by next year and in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-229">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_and_alternative_energy_sources">Research and alternative energy sources</h3></div> Algeria has invested an estimated 100 billion dinars towards developing research facilities and paying researchers. This development program is meant to advance alternative energy production, especially solar and wind power.<a href="#cite_note-230">[223]</a> Algeria is estimated to have the largest solar energy potential in the Mediterranean, so the government has funded the creation of a solar science park in Hassi R'Mel. Currently, Algeria has 20,000 research professors at various universities and over 780 research labs, with state-set goals to expand to 1,000. Besides solar energy, areas of research in Algeria include space and satellite telecommunications, nuclear power and medical research. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_market">Labour market</h3></div> The overall rate of unemployment was 11.8% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-unemplyment-231">[224]</a> The government strengthened in 2011 the job programs introduced in 1988, in particular in the framework of the program to aid those seeking work (Dispositif d'Aide à l'Insertion Professionnelle).<a href="#cite_note-aaeo-168">[161]</a> Despite a decline in total unemployment, youth and women unemployment is high.<a href="#cite_note-imfart4-215">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg/220px-Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg/330px-Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg/440px-Giants_-_Rock_towers_in_the_Algerian_Sahara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Djanet" title="Djanet">Djanet</a></figcaption></figure> The development of the tourism sector in Algeria had previously been hampered by a lack of facilities, but since 2004 a broad tourism development strategy has been implemented resulting in many hotels of a high modern standard being built. There are several <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> in Algeria<a href="#cite_note-232">[225]</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Al_Qal%27a_of_Beni_Hammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad">Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad</a>, the first capital of the <a href="/wiki/Hammadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammadid">Hammadid</a> empire; <a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a>, a Phoenician and later Roman town;<a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%A9mila" title="Djémila">Djémila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timgad" title="Timgad">Timgad</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> ruins; <a href="/wiki/M%27Zab_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="M'Zab Valley">M'Zab Valley</a>, a limestone valley containing a large urbanized <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Casbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casbah">Casbah</a> of Algiers, an important citadel. The only natural <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> in Algeria is the <a href="/wiki/Tassili_n%27Ajjer" title="Tassili n'Ajjer">Tassili n'Ajjer</a>, a mountain range. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG/220px-Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG/330px-Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG/440px-Autoroute_est_ouest_ghomri2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>The main highway connecting the Moroccan to the Tunisian border was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Cairo%E2%80%93Dakar_Highway" title="Cairo–Dakar Highway">Cairo–Dakar Highway</a> project</figcaption></figure> Two trans-African automobile routes pass through Algeria: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cairo-Dakar_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo-Dakar Highway">Cairo-Dakar Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers-Lagos_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Algiers-Lagos Highway">Algiers-Lagos Highway</a></li></ul> The Algerian road network is the densest in Africa; its length is estimated at 180,000 km (110,000 mi) of highways, with more than 3,756 structures and a paving rate of 85%. This network will be complemented by the <a href="/wiki/Algeria_East%E2%80%93West_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Algeria East–West Highway">East-West Highway</a>, a major infrastructure project currently under construction. It is a three-way, 1,216-kilometre-long (756 mi) highway, linking <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> in the extreme east to the <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a> in the far west. Algeria is also crossed by the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Sahara_Highway" title="Trans-Sahara Highway">Trans-Sahara Highway</a>, which is now completely paved. This road is supported by the Algerian government to increase trade between the six countries crossed: Algeria, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics of Algeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">List of cities in Algeria</a></div> Algeria has a population of an estimated 45.6 million,<a href="#cite_note-233">[226]</a> of which the majority, 75%<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-234">[227]</a> to 85% are ethnically <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-ons-235">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-ber_evidance-236">[229]</a> At the outset of the 20th century, its population was approximately 4 million.<a href="#cite_note-237">[230]</a> About 90% of Algerians live in the northern, coastal area; the inhabitants of the Sahara desert are mainly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oases</a>, although some 1.5 million remain <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> or partly nomadic. 28.1% of Algerians are under the age of 15.<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> Between 90,000 and 165,000 <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a> live in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Sahrawi refugee camps</a>,<a href="#cite_note-UNHCRAlgeria-238">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCRIAlgeria-239">[232]</a> in the western Algerian Sahara desert.<a href="#cite_note-240">[233]</a> There are also more than 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_refugee" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian refugee">Palestinian refugees</a>, who are well integrated and have not asked for assistance from the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).<a href="#cite_note-UNHCRAlgeria-238">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-USCRIAlgeria-239">[232]</a> In 2009, 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese</a> migrant workers lived in Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-241">[234]</a> The largest concentration of Algerian migrants outside Algeria is in France, which has reportedly over 1.7 million <a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerians</a> of up to the second generation.<a href="#cite_note-242">[235]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Algeria <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2008 Census<a href="#cite_note-243">[236]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Algiers"><img alt="Algiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG/120px-Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG/180px-Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG/240px-Alger_View_Oct-2010_IMG_1039.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Oran_facade_maritime.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Oran"><img alt="Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oran_facade_maritime.JPG/120px-Oran_facade_maritime.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oran_facade_maritime.JPG/180px-Oran_facade_maritime.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Oran_facade_maritime.JPG/240px-Oran_facade_maritime.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,364,230</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tébessa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa_Province" title="Tébessa Province">Tébessa Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">194,461 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine10.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Constantine"><img alt="Constantine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Constantine10.JPG/120px-Constantine10.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Constantine10.JPG/180px-Constantine10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Constantine10.JPG/240px-Constantine10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Annaba,_algeria04.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Annaba"><img alt="Annaba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Annaba%2C_algeria04.jpg/120px-Annaba%2C_algeria04.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Annaba%2C_algeria04.jpg/180px-Annaba%2C_algeria04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Annaba%2C_algeria04.jpg/240px-Annaba%2C_algeria04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">803,329</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Oued" title="El Oued">El Oued</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/El_Oued_Province" title="El Oued Province">El Oued Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">186,525 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Province" title="Constantine Province">Constantine Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">448,028</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Skikda_Province" title="Skikda Province">Skikda Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">182,903 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Annaba_Province" title="Annaba Province">Annaba Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">342,703</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tiaret_Province" title="Tiaret Province">Tiaret Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">178,915 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blida_Province" title="Blida Province">Blida Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">331,779</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa_Province" title="Béjaïa Province">Béjaïa Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">176,139 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batna,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Batna, Algeria">Batna</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batna_Province" title="Batna Province">Batna Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">289,504</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen_Province" title="Tlemcen Province">Tlemcen Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">173,531 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Djelfa" title="Djelfa">Djelfa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Djelfa_Province" title="Djelfa Province">Djelfa Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">265,833</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouargla_Province" title="Ouargla Province">Ouargla Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">169,928 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif_Province" title="Sétif Province">Sétif Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">252,127</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char" title="Béchar">Béchar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char_Province" title="Béchar Province">Béchar Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">165,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Sidi Bel Abbès">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s_Province" title="Sidi Bel Abbès Province">Sidi Bel Abbès Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">210,146</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mostaganem_Province" title="Mostaganem Province">Mostaganem Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">162,885 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Biskra_Province" title="Biskra Province">Biskra Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">204,661</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj_Province" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj Province">Bordj Bou Arréridj Province</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">158,812 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png/220px-Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png/330px-Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png/440px-Tenus_traditionnelles_alg%C3%A9riennes_27.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="263" /></a><figcaption>Some of Algeria's traditional clothes</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-Saharan Africans">Sub-Saharan Africans</a>, and French have contributed to the history and culture of Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-244">[237]</a> Descendants of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusi</a> refugees are also present in the population of Algiers and other cities.<a href="#cite_note-245">[238]</a> Moreover, Spanish was spoken by these <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castilian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Castilian people">Castillian</a> <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Morisco</a> descendants deep into the 18th century, and even <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a> was spoken at the same time by <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Morisco</a> descendants in the small town of Grish El-Oued.<a href="#cite_note-246">[239]</a> Centuries of <a href="/wiki/Arab_migrations_to_the_Maghreb" title="Arab migrations to the Maghreb">Arab migrations to the Maghreb</a> since the seventh century shifted the demographic scope in Algeria. Estimates vary based on different sources. The majority of the population of Algeria is ethnically <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a>, constituting between 75%<a href="#cite_note-EB-2022-234">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-DK-2016-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seddon-2013-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-DK-2005-249">[242]</a> and 80%<a href="#cite_note-ESU-2024-250">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Laaredj-Campbell-2015-251">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[245]</a> to 85%<a href="#cite_note-253">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[247]</a> of the population. <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> who make up between 15%<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> and 20%<a href="#cite_note-Laaredj-Campbell-2015-251">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESU-2024-250">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[248]</a> to 24%<a href="#cite_note-DK-2016-247">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seddon-2013-248">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-DK-2005-249">[242]</a> of the population are divided into many groups with varying languages. The largest of these are the <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_people" title="Kabyle people">Kabyles</a>, who live in the <a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a> region east of Algiers, the <a href="/wiki/Chaoui_people" title="Chaoui people">Chaoui</a> of Northeast Algeria, the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuaregs</a> in the southern desert and the <a href="/wiki/Chenouas" title="Chenouas">Shenwa people</a> of North Algeria.<a href="#cite_note-256">[249]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] During the colonial period, there was a large (10% in 1960)<a href="#cite_note-Cook-257">[250]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a> population who became known as <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">Pied-Noirs</a>. They were primarily of French, Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Algerians" title="Italian Algerians">Italian origin</a>. Almost all of this population left during the war of independence or immediately after its end.<a href="#cite_note-258">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages of Algeria</a></div><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> are the official languages.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution_of_Algeria-259">[252]</a> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> (Darja) is the language used by the majority of the population. Colloquial Algerian Arabic has some Berber loanwords which represent 8% to 9% of its vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-Wexler-2012-260">[253]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg/220px-Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg/330px-Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg/440px-Tizi_Ouzou_Tasdawit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Signs in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tizi_Ouzou" title="University of Tizi Ouzou">University of Tizi Ouzou</a> in three languages: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, and French</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a> has been recognised as a "national language" by the constitutional amendment of 8 May 2002.<a href="#cite_note-261">[254]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabyle_language" title="Kabyle language">Kabyle</a>, the predominant Berber language, is taught and is partially co-official (with a few restrictions) in parts of <a href="/wiki/Kabylie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabylie">Kabylie</a>. Kabyle has a significant <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a> substratum, and Arabic loanwords represent 35% of the total Kabyle vocabulary.<a href="#cite_note-262">[255]</a> In February 2016, the Algerian constitution passed a resolution that made Berber an official language alongside Arabic. Algeria emerged as a bilingual state after 1962.<a href="#cite_note-263">[256]</a> Colloquial <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Arabic" title="Algerian Arabic">Algerian Arabic</a> is spoken by about 83% of the population and Berber by 27%.<a href="#cite_note-leclerc-264">[257]</a> Although French has no official status in Algeria, it has one of the largest Francophone populations in the world,<a href="#cite_note-265">[258]</a> and French is widely used in government, media (newspapers, radio, local television), and both the education system (from primary school onwards) and academia due to <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">Algeria's colonial history</a>. It can be regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of Algeria. In 2008, 11.2 million Algerians could read and write in French.<a href="#cite_note-266">[259]</a> In 2013, it was estimated that 60% of the population could speak or understand French.<a href="#cite_note-Natalie_Edwards-267">[260]</a> In 2022, it was estimated that 33% of the population was Francophone.<a href="#cite_note-268">[261]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/English_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Algeria">English in Algeria</a>, though limited in comparison to the previously mentioned languages, has increased due to globalization.<a href="#cite_note-Maraf_Osam_2023_pp._307–314-269">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Allah_2023_k545-270">[263]</a> In 2022 it was announced that English would be taught in elementary schools.<a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2024_o507-271">[264]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion in Algeria</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Algeria" title="Islam in Algeria">Islam in Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_African_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early African Church">Early African Church</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">History of the Jews in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_%286%29.jpg/220px-Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_%286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_%286%29.jpg/330px-Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_%286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_%286%29.jpg/440px-Mosque_Hassan_Pacha_Oran_1790_%286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hassan Pasha Mosque">Hassan Pasha Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2021 CIA <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a> estimate,<a href="#cite_note-AlgeriaFactbook-21">[15]</a> and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-pew-272">[265]</a> There are about 290,000 <a href="/wiki/Ibadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Ibadis</a> in the M'zab Valley in the region of <a href="/wiki/Ghardaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghardaia">Ghardaia</a>. Prior to independence, Algeria was home to more than 1.3 million Christians (mostly of <a href="/wiki/Pied-Noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-Noir">European ancestry</a>).<a href="#cite_note-273">[266]</a> Most of the Christian settlers left to France after the country's independence.<a href="#cite_note-274">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[268]</a> Today, estimates of the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Algeria" title="Christianity in Algeria">Christian population</a> range from 100,000 to 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-US_DoS-2020-276">[269]</a> Algerian citizens who are Christians predominantly belong to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations, which have seen increased pressure from the government in recent years including many forced closures.<a href="#cite_note-US_DoS-2020-276">[269]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Barometer" title="Arab Barometer">Arab Barometer</a> in 2018–2019, the vast majority of Algerians (99.1%) continue to identify as Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Barometer-2023-277">[270]</a> The June 2019 <a href="/wiki/Arab_Barometer" title="Arab Barometer">Arab Barometer</a>-<a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> report found that the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious has grown from around 8% in 2013 to around 15% in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-278">[271]</a> The Arab Barometer December 2019, found that the growth in the percentage of Algerians identifying as non-religious is largely driven by young Algerians, with roughly 25% describing themselves as non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-279">[272]</a> However, the 2021 Arab Barometer report found that those who said they were not religious among Algerians has decreased, with just 2.6% identifying as non-religious. In that same report, 69.5% of Algerians identified as religious and another 27.8% identifying as somewhat religious.<a href="#cite_note-Arab_Barometer-2023-277">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[273]</a> Algeria has given the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> a number of prominent thinkers, including <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Abdelhamid Ben Badis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouloud_Kacem_Na%C3%AEt_Belkacem" title="Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem">Mouloud Kacem Naît Belkacem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Arkoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Arkoun">Mohamed Arkoun</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health in Algeria</a></div> In 2018, Algeria had the highest numbers of physicians in the Maghreb region (1.72 per 1,000 people), nurses (2.23 per 1,000 people), and dentists (0.31 per 1,000 people). Access to "improved water sources" was around 97.4% of the population in urban areas and 98.7% of the population in the rural areas. Some 99% of Algerians living in urban areas, and around 93.4% of those living in rural areas, had access to "improved sanitation". According to the World Bank, Algeria is making progress toward its goal of "reducing by half the number of people without sustainable access to improved drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015". Given Algeria's young population, policy favours preventive health care and clinics over hospitals. In keeping with this policy, the government maintains an immunisation program. However, poor sanitation and unclean water still cause <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>. The poor generally receive healthcare free of charge.<a href="#cite_note-281">[274]</a> Health records have been maintained in Algeria since 1882 and began adding Muslims living in the south to their vital record database in 1905 during French rule.<a href="#cite_note-282">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education in Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Algeria" title="List of universities in Algeria">List of universities in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/220px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png/330px-UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/UIS_Literacy_Rate_Algeria_population_plus15_1980_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Institute_for_Statistics" title="UNESCO Institute for Statistics">UIS</a> literacy rate Algeria population plus 15 1985–2015</figcaption></figure> Since the 1970s, in a centralised system that was designed to significantly reduce the rate of illiteracy, the Algerian government introduced a decree by which school attendance became compulsory for all children aged between 6 and 15 years who have the ability to track their learning through the 20 facilities built since independence, now the literacy rate is around 92.6%.<a href="#cite_note-APSLIT-283">[276]</a> Since 1972, Arabic is used as the language of instruction during the first nine years of schooling. From the third year, French is taught and it is also the language of instruction for science classes. The students can also learn English, Italian, Spanish and German. In 2008, new programs at the elementary appeared, therefore the compulsory schooling does not start at the age of six anymore, but at the age of five.<a href="#cite_note-284">[277]</a> Apart from the 122 private schools, the Universities of the State are free of charge. After nine years of primary school, students can go to a high school or to an educational institution. The school offers two programs: general or technical. At the end of the third year of secondary school, students pass the exam of the baccalaureate, which allows once it is successful to pursue graduate studies in universities and institutes.<a href="#cite_note-285">[278]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_(96).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_%2896%29.jpg/220px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_%2896%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_%2896%29.jpg/330px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_%2896%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_%2896%29.jpg/440px-Wikipedia_Education_Program_Algeria_V2_Ceremony_%2896%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Students at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chlef" title="University of Chlef">University of Chlef</a> in Algeria</figcaption></figure> Education is officially compulsory for children between the ages of six and 15. In 2008, the illiteracy rate for people over 10 was 22.3%, 15.6% for men and 29.0% for women. The province with the lowest rate of illiteracy was <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Province" title="Algiers Province">Algiers Province</a> at 11.6%, while the province with the highest rate was <a href="/wiki/Djelfa_Province" title="Djelfa Province">Djelfa Province</a> at 35.5%.<a href="#cite_note-illit-286">[279]</a> Algeria has 26 universities and 67 institutions of higher education, which must accommodate a million Algerians and 80,000 foreign students in 2008. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Algiers">University of Algiers</a>, founded in 1879, is the oldest, it offers education in various disciplines (law, medicine, science and letters). Twenty-five of these universities and almost all of the institutions of higher education were founded after the independence of the country. Even if some of them offer instruction in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> like areas of law and the economy, most of the other sectors such as science and medicine continue to be provided in French and English. Among the most important universities, there are the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sciences_and_Technology_Houari_Boumediene" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene">University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mentouri" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Mentouri">University of Mentouri</a> Constantine, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Oran">University of Oran</a> Es-Senia. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Abou_Bekr_Belka%C3%AFd" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd">University of Abou Bekr Belkaïd</a> in Tlemcen and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Batna" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Batna">University of Batna</a> Hadj Lakhdar occupy the 26th and 45th row in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-287">[280]</a> Algeria was ranked 115th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-288">[281]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Culture of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bensari2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/220px-Bensari2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/330px-Bensari2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bensari2.jpg/440px-Bensari2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1724" data-file-height="1189" /></a><figcaption>Algerian musicians in <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a>; by <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Yell%C3%A8s" title="Bachir Yellès">Bachir Yellès</a></figcaption></figure> Modern Algerian literature, split between <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Tamazight</a> and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history. <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">Famous novelists</a> of the 20th century include <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dib" title="Mohammed Dib">Mohammed Dib</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a> while <a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a> is widely translated. Among the important novelists of the 1980s were <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Mimouni" title="Rachid Mimouni">Rachid Mimouni</a>, later vice-president of <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a>, murdered by an <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> group in 1993 for his secularist views.<a href="#cite_note-289">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a> are noted for their thoughts on <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>; <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Tagaste" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagaste">Tagaste</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a>); and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a>, though born in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, wrote the <a href="/wiki/Muqaddima" class="mw-redirect" title="Muqaddima">Muqaddima</a> while staying in Algeria. The works of the <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Sanusi</a> family in pre-colonial times, and of <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> and Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis">Ben Badis</a> in colonial times, are widely noted. The Latin author <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> was born in <a href="/wiki/Madaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Madaurus">Madaurus</a> (Mdaourouch), in what later became Algeria. Contemporary <a href="/wiki/Algerian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian cinema">Algerian cinema</a> is varied in terms of genre, exploring a wider range of themes and issues. There has been a transition from cinema which focused on the war of independence to films more concerned with the everyday lives of Algerians.<a href="#cite_note-290">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Algeria">Media of Algeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait-racim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Portrait-racim.jpg/140px-Portrait-racim.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Portrait-racim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="231" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Racim" title="Mohammed Racim">Mohammed Racim</a>; founder of the Algerian school for painting</figcaption></figure> Algerian painters, like <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Racim" title="Mohammed Racim">Mohammed Racim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baya_(artist)" title="Baya (artist)">Baya</a>, attempted to revive the prestigious Algerian past prior to French colonisation, at the same time that they have contributed to the preservation of the authentic values of Algeria. In this line, <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Temam" title="Mohamed Temam">Mohamed Temam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdelkhader_Houamel" title="Abdelkhader Houamel">Abdelkhader Houamel</a> have also returned through this art, scenes from the history of the country, the habits and customs of the past and the country life. Other new artistic currents including the one of <a href="/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">M'hamed Issiakhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Mohammed Khadda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Yelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachir Yelles">Bachir Yelles</a>, appeared on the scene of Algerian painting, abandoning figurative classical painting to find new pictorial ways, to adapt Algerian paintings to the new realities of the country through its struggle and its aspirations. <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Khadda" title="Mohammed Khadda">Mohammed Khadda</a><a href="#cite_note-art-291">[284]</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%27hamed_Issiakhem" title="M'hamed Issiakhem">M'hamed Issiakhem</a> have been notable in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-art-291">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Algeria">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Algeria%22">"Algeria"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Algeria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Algeria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Algeria%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Algeria%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Algeria%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algerian literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_writers" title="List of Algerian writers">List of Algerian writers</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:116px;max-width:116px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus,_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27,_published_in_1825_(C19).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg/114px-Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg/171px-Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg/228px-Lucius_Apuleius_Platonicus%2C_from_%27Crabbes_Historical_Dictionary%27%2C_published_in_1825_%28C19%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="719" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:147px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg/120px-Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg/180px-Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg/240px-Kateb_Yacine_Nedjma_authograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1627" data-file-height="2008" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a></div></div></div></div></div> The historic roots of Algerian literature go back to the <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman African</a> era, when <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Ass" title="The Golden Ass">The Golden Ass</a>, the only Latin novel to survive in its entirety. This period had also known <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius Marcellus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>, among many others. The Middle Ages have known many Arabic writers who revolutionised the Arab world literature, with authors like <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Ahmad al-Buni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Manzur" title="Ibn Manzur">Ibn Manzur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a>, who wrote the <a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a> while staying in Algeria, and many others. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> was an Algerian-born French Pied-Noir author. In 1957, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in literature">Nobel Prize in literature</a>. Today Algeria contains, in its literary landscape, big names having not only marked the Algerian literature, but also the universal literary heritage in Arabic and French. As a first step, Algerian literature was marked by works whose main concern was the assertion of the Algerian national entity, there is the publication of novels as the Algerian trilogy of <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Dib" title="Mohammed Dib">Mohammed Dib</a>, or even Nedjma of <a href="/wiki/Kateb_Yacine" title="Kateb Yacine">Kateb Yacine</a> novel which is often regarded as a monumental and major work. Other known writers will contribute to the emergence of Algerian literature whom include <a href="/wiki/Mouloud_Feraoun" title="Mouloud Feraoun">Mouloud Feraoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malek_Haddad" title="Malek Haddad">Malek Haddad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moufdi_Zakaria" title="Moufdi Zakaria">Moufdi Zakaria</a>, Abdelhamid Ben Badis, Mohamed Laïd Al-Khalifa, <a href="/wiki/Mouloud_Mammeri" title="Mouloud Mammeri">Mouloud Mammeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Frantz Fanon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assia_Djebar" title="Assia Djebar">Assia Djebar</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG/170px-Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG/255px-Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG/340px-Ahlem_Mosteghanemi_at_Beirut_Book_Fair_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a>, the most widely read female writer in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[285]</a></figcaption></figure> In the aftermath of the independence, several new authors emerged on the Algerian literary scene, they will attempt through their works to expose a number of social problems, among them there are <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Boudjedra" title="Rachid Boudjedra">Rachid Boudjedra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Mimouni" title="Rachid Mimouni">Rachid Mimouni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leila_Sebbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Leila Sebbar">Leila Sebbar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahar_Djaout" title="Tahar Djaout">Tahar Djaout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tahir_Wattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahir Wattar">Tahir Wattar</a>. Currently, a part of Algerian writers tends to be defined in a literature of shocking expression, due to the terrorism that occurred during the 1990s, the other party is defined in a different style of literature who staged an individualistic conception of the human adventure. Among the most noted recent works, there is the writer, the swallows of Kabul and the attack of <a href="/wiki/Yasmina_Khadra" title="Yasmina Khadra">Yasmina Khadra</a>, the oath of barbarians of <a href="/wiki/Boualem_Sansal" title="Boualem Sansal">Boualem Sansal</a>, memory of the flesh of <a href="/wiki/Ahlam_Mosteghanemi" title="Ahlam Mosteghanemi">Ahlam Mosteghanemi</a> and the last novel by Assia Djebar nowhere in my father's House. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema of Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png/220px-Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png/330px-Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png/440px-Mohamed_LAKHDAR_HAMINA.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Lakhdar-Hamina" title="Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina">Mohammed Lakhdar-Hamina</a>, one of the most prominent figures in contemporary Arabic cinema.</figcaption></figure> The Algerian state's interest in film-industry activities can be seen in the annual budget of DZD 200 million (EUR 1.3 million) allocated to production, specific measures and an ambitious programme plan implemented by the Ministry of Culture to promote national production, renovate the cinema stock and remedy the weak links in distribution and exploitation. The financial support provided by the state, through the Fund for the Development of the Arts, Techniques and the Film Industry (FDATIC) and the Algerian Agency for Cultural Influence (AARC), plays a key role in the promotion of national production. Between 2007 and 2013, FDATIC subsidised 98 films (feature films, documentaries and short films). In mid-2013, AARC had already supported a total of 78 films, including 42 feature films, 6 short films and 30 documentaries. According to the European Audiovisual Observatory's LUMIERE database, 41 Algerian films were distributed in Europe between 1996 and 2013; 21 films in this repertoire were Algerian-French co-productions. <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Glory_(2006_film)" title="Days of Glory (2006 film)">Days of Glory (2006)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outside_the_Law_(2010_film)" title="Outside the Law (2010 film)">Outside the Law (2010)</a> recorded the highest number of admissions in the European Union, 3,172,612 and 474,722, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-293">[286]</a> Algeria won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> for <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_the_Years_of_Fire" title="Chronicle of the Years of Fire">Chronicle of the Years of Fire</a> (1975), two Oscars for <a href="/wiki/Z_(1969_film)" title="Z (1969 film)">Z (1969)</a>, and other awards for the Italian-Algerian movie <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Algiers" title="The Battle of Algiers">The Battle of Algiers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couscous_(Alg%C3%A9rie,_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Couscous_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%2C_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9%29.jpg/150px-Couscous_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%2C_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Couscous_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%2C_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9%29.jpg/225px-Couscous_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%2C_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Couscous_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%2C_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9%29.jpg/300px-Couscous_%28Alg%C3%A9rie%2C_lieu_exact_non_pr%C3%A9cis%C3%A9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>, the national dish of Algeria</figcaption></figure> Algerian cuisine is rich and diverse as a result of interactions and exchanges with other cultures and nations over the centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v327-294">[287]</a> It is based on both land and sea products. Conquests or demographic movement towards the Algerian territory were two of the main factors of exchanges between the different peoples and cultures. The Algerian cuisine is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-295">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v327-294">[287]</a> Algerian cuisine offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and the season, but vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">cereals</a> remain at its core. Most of the Algerian dishes are centered around bread, meats (lamb, beef or poultry), olive oil, vegetables, and fresh herbs. Vegetables are often used for salads, soups, <a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">tajines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>, and sauce-based dishes. Of all the Algerian traditional dishes available, the most famous one is <a href="/wiki/Algerian_couscous" title="Algerian couscous">couscous</a>, recognized as a national dish.<a href="#cite_note-ebin.pub_2005_h182-296">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport in Algeria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/220px-Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/330px-Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/440px-Alg%C3%A9rie_-_Arm%C3%A9nie_-_20140531_-_Equipe_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team" title="Algeria national football team">Algeria national football team</a></figcaption></figure> Various games have existed in Algeria since antiquity. In the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aures</a>, people played several games such as El Kherba or El khergueba (<a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> variant). Playing cards, <a href="/wiki/Checkers" title="Checkers">checkers</a> and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Racing (<a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(culture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasia (culture)">fantasia</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rifle_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle shooting">rifle shooting</a> are part of cultural recreation of the Algerians.<a href="#cite_note-297">[290]</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a> is the most popular sport in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team" title="Algeria national football team">Algerian national football team</a>, known as the Desert Foxes, has a strong fan base and has achieved success both domestically and internationally.<a href="#cite_note-Amara_Bouandel_2022_pp._735–746-298">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liverpool_University_Press_2017_p.-299">[292]</a> Algeria has a long history in other sports such as <a href="/wiki/Athletics_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics in Algeria">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxing in Algeria">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Volleyball in Algeria">volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Handball in Algeria">handball</a> and the study of <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Martial arts in Algeria">martial arts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Algeria_b859-300">[293]</a> Algerian athletes have <a href="/wiki/Algeria_at_the_Olympics" title="Algeria at the Olympics">competed in the Olympic Games</a> and have won medals in various events.<a href="#cite_note-Verlete_Sports_2020_a344-301">[294]</a> Many sports clubs and organizations exist in Algeria to promote and develop sports among young people.<a href="#cite_note-SmartScraper_2024_d760-302">[295]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Youth_and_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Youth and Sports">Ministry of Youth and Sports</a> in Algeria manages sport-related activities.<a href="#cite_note-Devex_e776-303">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index of Algeria-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline of Algeria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Algerian_constitutional_amendment_of_2016" title="Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016">Algerian constitutional amendment of 2016</a> officialized Berber as Algeria's second "official" language. The revised constitution also created the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Academy_of_Amazigh_Language" title="Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language">Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language</a>, which is responsible for promoting Berber "in view of cementing, in the future, its official language status".<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The official languages are <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> and, since 2016, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Algerian_Berber" title="Standard Algerian Berber">Standard Algerian Berber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Algerian Arabic is the <a href="/wiki/Spoken_language" title="Spoken language">spoken language</a> used by the vast majority of the population. Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Arabic dialects and minority languages</a> are spoken regionally. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/French_language_in_Algeria" title="French language in Algeria">French language in Algeria</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> see <a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Algeria" title="English language in Algeria">English language in Algeria</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ælˈdʒɪəriə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/16\/En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg\/En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg/En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:En-Algeria-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">al-JEER-ee-ə</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجزائر, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Jazāʾir, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[al.d͡ʒazaːʔir]</a>; French: Algérie </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: al-Jumhūriyah al-Jazāʾiriyah ad-Dīmuqrāṭiyah ash‑Shaʿbiyah; French: République algérienne démocratique et populaire. Formerly also rendered as the Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria in English, as seen on the <a href="/wiki/Algiers_Accords" title="Algiers Accords">1981 Algiers Accords</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-transcription-27"><a href="#cite_ref-transcription_27-0">^</a> The transcription of Tamazight in the Tifinagh alphabet is not <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codified</a>.<a href="#cite_note-El_Watan_2020-26">[20]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CONST-AR-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CONST-AR_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718124116/http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm">"Constitution of Algeria, Art. 11"</a>. El-mouradia.dz. language: France and Arabic (government language); people of Algeria speak Arabic and Berber. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.el-mouradia.dz/arabe/symbole/textes/constitution96.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2012. 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Retrieved 17 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.energy.gov.dz&rft.atitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+l%27%C3%89nergie+%7C+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov.dz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Watan_2020-26"><a href="#cite_ref-El_Watan_2020_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314144817/https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020">"La standardisation de la transcription n'est pas tranchée : Quelle graphie pour tamazight ?"</a>. El Watan (in French). 22 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elwatan.com/regions/kabylie/tizi-ouzou/la-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020">the original</a> on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 14 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Watan&rft.atitle=La+standardisation+de+la+transcription+n%27est+pas+tranch%C3%A9e+%3A+Quelle+graphie+pour+tamazight+%3F&rft.date=2020-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elwatan.com%2Fregions%2Fkabylie%2Ftizi-ouzou%2Fla-standardisation-de-la-transcription-nest-pas-tranchee-quelle-graphie-pour-tamazight-22-04-2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aps.dz/tamazight-tal/algerie/71962-ase-new-n-gpra-ila-iswi-n-usddukkel-n-tegrawla-akked-usegrew-n-um-iwan-a-elnaw">"Aseɣnew n GPRA ila iswi n useddukkel n Tegrawla akked usegrew n umɣiwan aɣelnaw"</a>. Algeria Press Service.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Algeria+Press+Service&rft.atitle=Ase%C9%A3new+n+GPRA+ila+iswi+n+useddukkel+n+Tegrawla+akked+usegrew+n+um%C9%A3iwan+a%C9%A3elnaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aps.dz%2Ftamazight-tal%2Falgerie%2F71962-ase-new-n-gpra-ila-iswi-n-usddukkel-n-tegrawla-akked-usegrew-n-um-iwan-a-elnaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLLC2013" class="citation book cs1">LLC, Forbidden Fruits (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JA7tcmEx5lsC&q=origin+of+the+word+algeria+island&pg=PT14">iAfrica – Ancient History UNTOLD</a>. Forbidden Fruit Books LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154334/https://books.google.com/books?id=JA7tcmEx5lsC&q=origin+of+the+word+algeria+island&pg=PT14#v=snippet&q=origin%20of%20the%20word%20algeria%20island&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 8 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iAfrica+%E2%80%93+Ancient+History+UNTOLD&rft.pub=Forbidden+Fruit+Books+LLC&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.aulast=LLC&rft.aufirst=Forbidden+Fruits&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJA7tcmEx5lsC%26q%3Dorigin%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bword%2Balgeria%2Bisland%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBazina2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bazina, Abdullah Salem (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EpvHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">The spread of Islam in Sub-Saharan in Africa</a> (in Arabic). Al Manhal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9796500024" title="Special:BookSources/978-9796500024"><bdi>978-9796500024</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181216030953/https://books.google.ca/books?id=EpvHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA23">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2018. 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U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Algeria&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Nyrop&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBdn0p4kDs6cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudies1979" class="citation book cs1">Studies, American University (Washington, D. C. ) Foreign Area (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ALHjoSJm-PsC&dq=Algeria+name+ottoman&pg=PA3">Algeria, a Country Study</a>. [Department of Defense], Department of the Army. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria%2C+a+Country+Study&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=%5BDepartment+of+Defense%5D%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Studies&rft.aufirst=American+University+%28Washington%2C+D.+C.+%29+Foreign+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALHjoSJm-PsC%26dq%3DAlgeria%2Bname%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeasleeXydis1974" class="citation book cs1">Peaslee, Amos Jenkins; Xydis, Dorothy Peaslee (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2ICyUltcvIC">Constitutions of Nations: Volume I, Africa</a>. BRILL. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1681-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-247-1681-4"><bdi>978-90-247-1681-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutions+of+Nations%3A+Volume+I%2C+Africa&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-90-247-1681-4&rft.aulast=Peaslee&rft.aufirst=Amos+Jenkins&rft.au=Xydis%2C+Dorothy+Peaslee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2ICyUltcvIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardman2009" class="citation book cs1">Hardman, Ben (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ES_wd_TaxIoC&dq=Algeria+name+ottoman&pg=PA2">Islam and the Métropole: A Case Study of Religion and Rhetoric in Algeria</a>. Peter Lang. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0271-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0271-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-0271-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+M%C3%A9tropole%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Religion+and+Rhetoric+in+Algeria&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0271-4&rft.aulast=Hardman&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DES_wd_TaxIoC%26dq%3DAlgeria%2Bname%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerouche2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Merouche, Lemnouar (15 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeNPDwAAQBAJ">Recherches sur l'Algérie à l'époque ottomane II.: La course, mythes et réalité</a> (in French). Editions Bouchène. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35676-055-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35676-055-5"><bdi>978-2-35676-055-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recherches+sur+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+ottomane+II.%3A+La+course%2C+mythes+et+r%C3%A9alit%C3%A9&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Editions+Bouch%C3%A8ne&rft.date=2007-10-15&rft.isbn=978-2-35676-055-5&rft.aulast=Merouche&rft.aufirst=Lemnouar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxeNPDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStudies1979" class="citation book cs1">Studies, American University (Washington, D. 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[Department of Defense], Department of the Army. p. 23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria%2C+a+Country+Study&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=%5BDepartment+of+Defense%5D%2C+Department+of+the+Army&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Studies&rft.aufirst=American+University+%28Washington%2C+D.+C.+%29+Foreign+Area&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DALHjoSJm-PsC%26dq%3DAlgeria%2Bname%2Bottoman%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Naylor-2006-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naylor-2006_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naylor-2006_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2006" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip Chiviges (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000nayl">Historical dictionary of Algeria</a>. Internet Archive. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5340-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5340-9"><bdi>978-0-8108-5340-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Lanham%2C+Md.+%3A+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5340-9&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+Chiviges&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio0000nayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulien1970" class="citation book cs1">Julien, Charles André (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/historyofnorthaf0000juli">History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco. From the Arab Conquest to 1830</a>. Internet Archive. New York, Praeger. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-6614-5"><bdi>978-0-7100-6614-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+North+Africa%3A+Tunisia%2C+Algeria%2C+Morocco.+From+the+Arab+Conquest+to+1830&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Praeger&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-6614-5&rft.aulast=Julien&rft.aufirst=Charles+Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnorthaf0000juli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenterBalow1978" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Allan; Balow, Tom (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/algeria00carp">Algeria</a>. 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Chicago : Childrens Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-516-04551-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-516-04551-1"><bdi>978-0-516-04551-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Chicago+%3A+Childrens+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-516-04551-1&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft.au=Balow%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falgeria00carp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuedy1992" class="citation book cs1">Ruedy, John (John Douglas) (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/modernalgeriaori0000rued">Modern Algeria : the origins and development of a nation</a>. 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Bloomington : Indiana University Press. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34998-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34998-9"><bdi>978-0-253-34998-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria+%3A+the+origins+and+development+of+a+nation&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bloomington+%3A+Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34998-9&rft.aulast=Ruedy&rft.aufirst=John+%28John+Douglas%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmodernalgeriaori0000rued&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyrop197215-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyrop197215_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyrop1972">Nyrop 1972</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Maddy-Weitzman, Bruce (1 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xVpxZSTyhb0C&dq=Algerian+ottoman+republic&pg=PA34">The Berber Identity Movement and the Challenge to North African States</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-74505-6"><bdi>978-0-292-74505-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berber+Identity+Movement+and+the+Challenge+to+North+African+States&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-292-74505-6&rft.aulast=Maddy-Weitzman&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxVpxZSTyhb0C%26dq%3DAlgerian%2Bottoman%2Brepublic%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColler2020" class="citation book cs1">Coller, Ian (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5A3UDwAAQBAJ&dq=Algerian+ottoman+republic&pg=PA127">Muslims and Citizens: Islam, Politics, and the French Revolution</a>. Yale University Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24953-8"><bdi>978-0-300-24953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Citizens%3A+Islam%2C+Politics%2C+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24953-8&rft.aulast=Coller&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5A3UDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DAlgerian%2Bottoman%2Brepublic%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-science.org-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-science.org_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-science.org_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahnouni2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sahnouni; et al. 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Science. 362 (6420): 1297–1301. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...362.1297S">2018Sci...362.1297S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aau0008">10.1126/science.aau0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F383164">10072/383164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30498166">30498166</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54166305">54166305</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211122211753/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aau0008">Archived</a> from the original on 22 November 2021. Retrieved 22 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=1.9-million-+and+2.4-million-year-old+artifacts+and+stone+tool%E2%80%93cutmarked+bones+from+Ain+Boucherit%2C+Algeria&rft.volume=362&rft.issue=6420&rft.pages=1297-1301&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F383164&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54166305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...362.1297S&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aau0008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30498166&rft.au=Sahnouni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aau0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahnouni,_Mohamedde_Heinzelin,_Jean" class="citation web cs1">Sahnouni, Mohamed; de Heinzelin, Jean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510140017/http://www.gi.ulpgc.es/tarha/Ain_Hanech.pdf">"The Site of Ain Hanech Revisited: New Investigations at this Lower Pleistocene Site in Northern Algeria"</a> (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Science. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gi.ulpgc.es/tarha/Ain_Hanech.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 May 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Site+of+Ain+Hanech+Revisited%3A+New+Investigations+at+this+Lower+Pleistocene+Site+in+Northern+Algeria&rft.pub=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.au=Sahnouni%2C+Mohamed&rft.au=de+Heinzelin%2C+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gi.ulpgc.es%2Ftarha%2FAin_Hanech.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stoneageinstitute.org/ain-hanech.html">"Research at Ain Hanech, Algeria"</a>. Stoneageinstitute.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712045121/http://www.stoneageinstitute.org/ain-hanech.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2012. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+at+Ain+Hanech%2C+Algeria&rft.pub=Stoneageinstitute.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stoneageinstitute.org%2Fain-hanech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DelsonTattersall2004-50"><a href="#cite_ref-DelsonTattersall2004_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_DelsonIan_TattersallJohn_Van_CouveringAlison_S._Brooks2004" class="citation book cs1">Eric Delson; Ian Tattersall; John Van Couvering; Alison S. 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PLOS Genetics. 8 (1): e1002397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002397">10.1371/journal.pgen.1002397</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3257290">3257290</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22253600">22253600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genomic+Ancestry+of+North+Africans+Supports+Back-to-Africa+Migrations&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1002397&rft.date=2012-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257290%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22253600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002397&rft.aulast=Henn&rft.aufirst=Brenna+M.&rft.au=Botigu%C3%A9%2C+Laura+R.&rft.au=Gravel%2C+Simon&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wei&rft.au=Brisbin%2C+Abra&rft.au=Byrnes%2C+Jake+K.&rft.au=Fadhlaoui-Zid%2C+Karima&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre+A.&rft.au=Moreno-Estrada%2C+Andres&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3257290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett,_MichaelFentress,_Elizabeth1997" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zcz91t29ukC">"Berbers in Antiquity"</a>. The Berbers. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20767-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-20767-2"><bdi>978-0-631-20767-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154212/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zcz91t29ukC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berbers+in+Antiquity&rft.btitle=The+Berbers&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-631-20767-2&rft.au=Brett%2C+Michael&rft.au=Fentress%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Zcz91t29ukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer-Bovet2014-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Fischer-Bovet2014_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristelle_Fischer-Bovet2014" class="citation book cs1">Christelle Fischer-Bovet (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0sHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Army and Society in Ptolemaic Egypt</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00775-8"><bdi>978-1-107-00775-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154212/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0sHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+and+Society+in+Ptolemaic+Egypt&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00775-8&rft.au=Christelle+Fischer-Bovet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0sHAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spielvogel2014-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Spielvogel2014_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson_J._Spielvogel2014" class="citation book cs1">Jackson J. Spielvogel (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBFvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156">Western Civilization: Volume A: To 1500</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-98299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-98299-1"><bdi>978-1-285-98299-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154213/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBFvCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization%3A+Volume+A%3A+To+1500&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-285-98299-1&rft.au=Jackson+J.+Spielvogel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZBFvCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penguintravel.com/Offer/RoundtripsandCulturalTours/2062/AlgeriasRomanHeritage.html#:~:text=Algeria%20is%20the%20second%20country,new%20master%20of%20North%20Africa.">"Algeria's Roman Heritage – Roundtrips and Cultural Tours Penguin Travel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230422142230/https://www.penguintravel.com/Offer/RoundtripsandCulturalTours/2062/AlgeriasRomanHeritage.html#:~:text=Algeria%20is%20the%20second%20country,new%20master%20of%20North%20Africa.">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria%27s+Roman+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Roundtrips+and+Cultural+Tours+Penguin+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penguintravel.com%2FOffer%2FRoundtripsandCulturalTours%2F2062%2FAlgeriasRomanHeritage.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAlgeria%2520is%2520the%2520second%2520country%2Cnew%2520master%2520of%2520North%2520Africa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vandaf-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vandaf_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-vandaf_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronWard-Perkins2001" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil; Ward-Perkins, Bryan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf8mrHjfZRoC&pg=RA1-PA124">"Vandal Africa, 429–533"</a>. The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 14. Cambridge University Press. pp. 124–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32591-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32591-2"><bdi>978-0-521-32591-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandal+Africa%2C+429%E2%80%93533&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.pages=124-126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32591-2&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rft.au=Ward-Perkins%2C+Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQf8mrHjfZRoC%26pg%3DRA1-PA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattingly1983" class="citation journal cs1">Mattingly, D.J. (1983). 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Libyan Studies. 14: 96–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263718900007810">10.1017/S0263718900007810</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164294564">164294564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libyan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Laguatan%3A+A+Libyan+Tribal+Confederation+in+the+late+Roman+Empire.&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=96-108&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263718900007810&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164294564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mattingly&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156">The Middle East and North Africa 2003</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857431322" title="Special:BookSources/9781857431322"><bdi>9781857431322</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191214/https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+North+Africa+2003&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.isbn=9781857431322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CfBKvsiWeQC%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walmsley-1858-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Walmsley-1858_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalmsley1858" class="citation web cs1">Walmsley, Hugh Mulleneux (1 April 1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118">"Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War"</a>. Chapman and Hall. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191255/https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Algeria+During+the+Kabyle+War&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1858-04-01&rft.aulast=Walmsley&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Mulleneux&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D83koAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWysner2013" class="citation book cs1">Wysner, Glora M. 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Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kabyle+People&rft.pub=Read+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013-01-30&rft.isbn=9781447483526&rft.aulast=Wysner&rft.aufirst=Glora+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqF8CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia">The Encyclopedia Americana</a>. Grolier. 1 April 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717201211" title="Special:BookSources/9780717201211"><bdi>9780717201211</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191229/https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ&q=Kabylia">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.pub=Grolier&rft.date=1990-04-01&rft.isbn=9780717201211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpv80AQAAMAAJ%26q%3DKabylia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45">"The art journal London"</a>. Virtue. 1 April 1865 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+art+journal+London&rft.pub=Virtue&rft.date=1865-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGI5CAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1893" class="citation web cs1">Field, Henry Martyn (1 April 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">"The Barbary Coast"</a>. C. Scribner's Sons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191254/https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Barbary+Coast&rft.pub=C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1893-04-01&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=Henry+Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJU5CAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&pg=PT139">The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live InHugh Kennedy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pk7BS9XC10QC&pg=PT139">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hachette UK, </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yeUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Koceila+,+chef+Fès+aux">Gibraltar: Croisée de mondes : d'Hercule à Boabdil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045214/https://books.google.com/books?id=yeUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Koceila+,+chef+F%C3%A8s+aux">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Zakya Daoud Séguier </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">The History of Northern Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dCcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Britannica Educational Publishing Britannica Educational Publishing </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA458">Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=oHMBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA458">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17">Historical Dictionary of Tunisia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164801/https://books.google.com/books?id=AIMRDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR17">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciOAAAAMAAJ&q=+kairouan+kusaila">Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403231359/https://books.google.com/books?id=1ciOAAAAMAAJ&q=+kairouan+kusaila">Archived</a> 3 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications, </li> <li id="cite_note-jonathan-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jonathan_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jonathan_70-1">b</a> Jonathan Conant, Staying Roman, 2012, pp. 364–365 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19697-0">978-0-521-19697-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202580/Fatimid-Dynasty/2238/Conquest-of-Egypt">"Fatimid Dynasty (Islamic dynasty)"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101203234/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202580/Fatimid-Dynasty/2238/Conquest-of-Egypt">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fatimid+Dynasty+%28Islamic+dynasty%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F202580%2FFatimid-Dynasty%2F2238%2FConquest-of-Egypt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131009220925/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05">"Qantara"</a>. Qantara-med.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_carte.php?carte=carte-05">the original</a> on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara&rft.pub=Qantara-med.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_carte.php%3Fcarte%3Dcarte-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921185314/http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=595">"Qantara – Les Almoravides (1056–1147)"</a>. Qantara-med.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=595">the original</a> on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qantara+%E2%80%93+Les+Almoravides+%281056%E2%80%931147%29&rft.pub=Qantara-med.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fqantara4%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaldūn,_Ibn1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR2">Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane</a> [History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa] (in French). p. XV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154337/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR2#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+Septentrionale+Par+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%2C+William+MacGuckin+Slane&rft.pages=XV&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Khald%C5%ABn%2C+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3RBAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhaldūn,_Ibn1852" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khaldūn, Ibn (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR115">Histoire des Berbères et des dynasties musulmanes de l'Afrique Septentrionale Par Ibn Khaldūn, William MacGuckin Slane</a> [History of the Berbers and the Muslim dynasties of northern Africa] (in French). pp. X. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328154213/https://books.google.com/books?id=H3RBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PR115#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Berb%C3%A8res+et+des+dynasties+musulmanes+de+l%27Afrique+Septentrionale+Par+Ibn+Khald%C5%ABn%2C+William+MacGuckin+Slane&rft.pages=X&rft.date=1852&rft.au=Khald%C5%ABn%2C+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH3RBAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPR115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaadj2015" class="citation book cs1">Baadj, Amar S. (19 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BvTjCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA42">Saladin, the Almohads and the Banū Ghāniya: The Contest for North Africa (12th and 13th centuries)</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004298576" title="Special:BookSources/9789004298576"><bdi>9789004298576</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saladin%2C+the+Almohads+and+the+Ban%C5%AB+Gh%C4%81niya%3A+The+Contest+for+North+Africa+%2812th+and+13th+centuries%29&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-06-19&rft.isbn=9789004298576&rft.aulast=Baadj&rft.aufirst=Amar+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvTjCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHattsteinDelius2004" class="citation book cs1">Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=huOBwihhwyQC&q=%22hammadids+extended+their+empire+to+Morocco%22&pg=PA614">Islam: Art and Architecture: Pg 614</a>. Könemann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783833111785" title="Special:BookSources/9783833111785"><bdi>9783833111785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Art+and+Architecture%3A+Pg+614&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783833111785&rft.aulast=Hattstein&rft.aufirst=Markus&rft.au=Delius%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhuOBwihhwyQC%26q%3D%2522hammadids%2Bextended%2Btheir%2Bempire%2Bto%2BMorocco%2522%26pg%3DPA614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIlahiane2006" class="citation book cs1">Ilahiane, Hsain (17 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC&pg=PA55">Historical Dictionary of the Berbers (Imazighen)</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864900" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864900"><bdi>9780810864900</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730171425/https://books.google.com/books?id=0E8qp_k515oC&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Berbers+%28Imazighen%29&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2006-07-17&rft.isbn=9780810864900&rft.aulast=Ilahiane&rft.aufirst=Hsain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0E8qp_k515oC%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nanjira-2010-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Nanjira-2010_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNanjira2010" class="citation book cs1">Nanjira, Daniel Don (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA92">African Foreign Policy and Diplomacy from Antiquity to the 21st Century</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313379826" title="Special:BookSources/9780313379826"><bdi>9780313379826</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191212/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZuxGsXVPoMC&pg=PA92">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Foreign+Policy+and+Diplomacy+from+Antiquity+to+the+21st+Century&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.isbn=9780313379826&rft.aulast=Nanjira&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZuxGsXVPoMC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fage-1958-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Fage-1958_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFage1958" class="citation web cs1">Fage, J. D. (1 April 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MN4EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+kutama+berbers+from+little+kabylia,+conquered+ifriqiya%22">"An Atlas of African History"</a>. E. Arnold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230315191155/https://books.google.com/books?id=MN4EAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+kutama+berbers+from+little+kabylia,+conquered+ifriqiya%22">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 16 April 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+African+History&rft.pub=E.+Arnold&rft.date=1958-04-01&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMN4EAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bkutama%2Bberbers%2Bfrom%2Blittle%2Bkabylia%2C%2Bconquered%2Bifriqiya%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MmtBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311">The Puffin History of the World: Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=MmtBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT311">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, By <a href="/wiki/Roshen_Dalal" title="Roshen Dalal">Roshen Dalal</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R2lIAAAAMAAJ&q=rustamide+">Revue africaine:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409023109/https://books.google.com/books?id=R2lIAAAAMAAJ&q=rustamide+">Archived</a> 9 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> journal des travaux de la Société historique algérienne, Volumes 105–106 Kraus Reprint, </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zpIMAQAAMAAJ&q=tiaret+rostemide+commerce">Vers la paix en Algérie:</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045219/https://books.google.com/books?id=zpIMAQAAMAAJ&q=tiaret+rostemide+commerce">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> les négociations d'Evian dans les archives diplomatiques françaises (15 janvier 1961-29 juin 1962). Bruylant, </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> The Zīrids of Granada Andrew Handler University of Miami Press, 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA15">The Cambridge History of Africa, Volume 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA15">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – J.D. Fage </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliffe2017" class="citation book cs1">Iliffe, John (13 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9AoDwAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PA47">Africans: The History of a Continent</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19832-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-19832-6"><bdi>978-1-107-19832-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africans%3A+The+History+of+a+Continent&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft.isbn=978-1-107-19832-6&rft.aulast=Iliffe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di9AoDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1048%2Bbanu%2Bhilal%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meredith-2014-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meredith-2014_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meredith-2014_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith2014" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Martin (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xXN0AwAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PT66">Fortunes of Africa: A 5,000 Year History of Wealth, Greed and Endeavour</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-3546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-3546-0"><bdi>978-1-4711-3546-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fortunes+of+Africa%3A+A+5%2C000+Year+History+of+Wealth%2C+Greed+and+Endeavour&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-3546-0&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxXN0AwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1048%2Bbanu%2Bhilal%26pg%3DPT66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830), Volumes 1–2 Ernest Mercier E. Leroux, </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnMcAAAAMAAJ&q=maghrawa+dynasty">In Barbary: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and the Sahara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409023111/https://books.google.com/books?id=LnMcAAAAMAAJ&q=maghrawa+dynasty">Archived</a> 9 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Edward Alexander Powell Century Company </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Roudh El-Kartas: Histoire des souverains du Maghreb (Espagne et Maroc) et annales de la ville de Fès Abū al-Ḥasan ʻAlī b. ʻAbd Allāh Ibn Abī Zarʻ, ʿAlī Ibn-ʿAbdallāh Ibn-Abī-Zarʿ Imprimerie Imperiale </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wFBAAAAYAAJ&q=+Atïa+maghreb">Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De la Kahina à l'occupation Turque</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405060009/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wFBAAAAYAAJ&q=+At%C3%AFa+maghreb">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Mouloud Gaïd Editions Mimouni </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFageTordoff2013" class="citation book cs1">Fage, John; Tordoff, with William (23 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXa4AQAAQBAJ&q=1048+banu+hilal&pg=PA166">A History of Africa</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-79727-2"><bdi>978-1-317-79727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-317-79727-2&rft.aulast=Fage&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tordoff%2C+with+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXa4AQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1048%2Bbanu%2Bhilal%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RfBAAAAAYAAJ&q=1051+banu+hilal">The Maghreb Review: Majallat Al-Maghrib</a>. 1979.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maghreb+Review%3A+Majallat+Al-Maghrib&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRfBAAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D1051%2Bbanu%2Bhilal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslimheritage.com/the-great-mosque-of-tlemcen/">"The Great Mosque of Tlemcen"</a>. MuslimHeritage.com. Foundation for Science Technology and Civilization. 8 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190923162057/https://muslimheritage.com/the-great-mosque-of-tlemcen/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MuslimHeritage.com&rft.atitle=The+Great+Mosque+of+Tlemcen&rft.date=2004-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuslimheritage.com%2Fthe-great-mosque-of-tlemcen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm">Populations Crises and Population Cycles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527170154/http://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/Newsletters/GINL9603/PopCrises3.htm">Archived</a> 27 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Claire Russell and W. M. S. Russell </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghKhan2001" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Nagendra Kr; Khan, Abdul Mabud (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EMTXAAAAMAAJ">Encyclopaedia of the World Muslims: Tribes, Castes and Communities</a>. Global Vision. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87746-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87746-05-8"><bdi>978-81-87746-05-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+World+Muslims%3A+Tribes%2C+Castes+and+Communities&rft.pub=Global+Vision&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-87746-05-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Nagendra+Kr&rft.au=Khan%2C+Abdul+Mabud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEMTXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4fs-8VIPcC&pg=RA2-PA255">du moyen age</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=ql4fs-8VIPcC&pg=RA2-PA255">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Louis Cibrario Libraire de Guillaumin et C.ie </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Neal (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TtolAQAAMAAJ&q=1147+almohad">Islam, a Concise Introduction</a>. Georgetown University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-224-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-224-3"><bdi>978-0-87840-224-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+a+Concise+Introduction&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-224-3&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTtolAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D1147%2Balmohad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huebner-1996-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huebner-1996_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huebner-1996_99-1">b</a> Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places (Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Jamil M. Abun-Nasr (20 August 1987). A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period. Cambridge University Press. pp. 103–104 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowtherFinlay1992" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Geoff; Finlay, Hugh (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TfX-eAeG0uIC&q=eastern+algeria+hafsids">Morocco, Algeria & Tunisia: A Travel Survival Kit</a>. Lonely Planet Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-126-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-126-5"><bdi>978-0-86442-126-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco%2C+Algeria+%26+Tunisia%3A+A+Travel+Survival+Kit&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-86442-126-5&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Finlay%2C+Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTfX-eAeG0uIC%26q%3Deastern%2Balgeria%2Bhafsids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o3SRAAAAIAAJ">Les états de l'Occident musulman aux XIIIe, XIVe et XVe siècles: institutions gouvernementales et administratives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=o3SRAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Atallah Dhina Office des Publications Universitaires, </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpdyAAAAMAAJ">Histoire générale de la Tunisie, Volume 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=qpdyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Hédi Slim, Ammar Mahjoubi, Khaled Belkhodja, Hichem Djaït, Abdelmajid Ennabli Sud éditions, </li> <li id="cite_note-Constantine2-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Constantine2_104-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ&q=vassal+tlemcen">Recueil des Notices et Memoires</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230518100115/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ&q=vassal+tlemcen">Archived</a> 18 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine </li> <li id="cite_note-Constantine-105"><a href="#cite_ref-Constantine_105-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ">Recueil des Notices et Memoires</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CIaAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volumes 52–53 Société archéologique du département de Constantine </li> <li id="cite_note-Cour-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Cour_106-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9FAAAAYAAJ&q=Wattâside+vassal+d%27tlemcen">La dynastie marocaine des Beni Wattâs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526010511/https://books.google.com/books?id=oD9FAAAAYAAJ&q=Watt%C3%A2side+vassal+d%27tlemcen">Archived</a> 26 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1420–1544) Auguste Cour P. 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Estudio Teológico de San Ildefonso. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVera1884" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vera, León Galindo y de (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8j4OAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA95">Historia vicisitudes y política tradicional de España respecto de sus posesiones en las costas de África desde la monarquía gótica y en los tiempos posteriores á la restauración hasta el último siglo</a> (in Spanish). Impr. y fundición de M. 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BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09790-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09790-2"><bdi>978-90-04-09790-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913%E2%80%931936&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09790-2&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=M.+Th&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CP7fYghBFQC%26pg%3DPA873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davis_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Davis2003" class="citation book cs1">Robert Davis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trent_0116405722392">Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast and Italy, 1500–1800</a>. 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BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110425235016/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_01.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2011. Retrieved 7 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.au=Robert+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">"British Slaves on the Barbary Coast"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208143435/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/white_slaves_02.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 7 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Slaves+on+the+Barbary+Coast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fempire_seapower%2Fwhite_slaves_02.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPovoledo2003" class="citation news cs1">Povoledo, Elisabetta (26 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/26/style/26iht-trsic_ed3_.html">"The Mysteries and Majesties of the Aeolian Islands"</a>. International Herald Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722205034/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/09/26/style/26iht-trsic_ed3_.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Mysteries+and+Majesties+of+the+Aeolian+Islands&rft.date=2003-09-26&rft.aulast=Povoledo&rft.aufirst=Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F09%2F26%2Fstyle%2F26iht-trsic_ed3_.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725220038/http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">"When Europeans were slaves: Research suggests white slavery was much more common than previously believed"</a>. Ohio State Research Communications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/whtslav.htm">the original</a> on 25 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+Research+Communications&rft.atitle=When+Europeans+were+slaves%3A+Research+suggests+white+slavery+was+much+more+common+than+previously+believed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearchnews.osu.edu%2Farchive%2Fwhtslav.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Auchterlonie2012-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Auchterlonie2012_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Auchterlonie2012" class="citation book cs1">Paul Auchterlonie (24 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f6JZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA21">Encountering Islam: Joseph Pitts: An English Slave in 17th-century Algiers and Mecca</a>. Arabian Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9571060-8-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9571060-8-6"><bdi>978-0-9571060-8-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+Islam%3A+Joseph+Pitts%3A+An+English+Slave+in+17th-century+Algiers+and+Mecca&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Arabian+Publishing&rft.date=2012-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-9571060-8-6&rft.au=Paul+Auchterlonie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df6JZBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5770">"Vísindavefurinn: Hverjir stóðu raunverulega að Tyrkjaráninu?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081804/http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5770">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vísindavefurinn. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5743">"Vísindavefurinn: Hvað gerðist í Tyrkjaráninu?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081316/http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=5743">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vísindavefurinn. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Turkish_invasion_walk">"Turkish invasion walk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081146/http://www.heimaslod.is/index.php/Turkish_invasion_walk">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. heimaslod.is. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Etravel Travel service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitwestmanislands.com/sidur/turkish-invasion">"Turkish Invasion – Visit Westman Islands .com"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206083010/http://www.visitwestmanislands.com/sidur/turkish-invasion">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. visitwestmanislands.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655">"Vísindavefurinn: Voru Tyrkjarán framin í öðrum löndum?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206081705/http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=66655">Archived</a> 6 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Vísindavefurinn. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation1918" class="citation book cs1">Association, American Historical (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6gOAQAAMAAJ&q=Algiers+independence+1710&pg=PA23">General Index to Papers and Annual Reports of the American Historical Association, 1884–1914</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518180753/https://books.google.com/books?id=D6gOAQAAMAAJ&q=Algiers+independence+1710&pg=PA23#v=snippet&q=Algiers%20independence%201710&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 4 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Index+to+Papers+and+Annual+Reports+of+the+American+Historical+Association%2C+1884%E2%80%931914&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Association&rft.aufirst=American+Historical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6gOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DAlgiers%2Bindependence%2B1710%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutt2019" class="citation book cs1">Hutt, Graham (1 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxGQDwAAQBAJ&q=Algiers+independence+1710+influence&pg=PA114">North Africa</a>. Imray, Laurie, Norie and Wilson Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84623-883-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84623-883-3"><bdi>978-1-84623-883-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Africa&rft.pub=Imray%2C+Laurie%2C+Norie+and+Wilson+Ltd&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84623-883-3&rft.aulast=Hutt&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxGQDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlgiers%2Bindependence%2B1710%2Binfluence%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstantine1868" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Constantine, Société Archéologique de la Province de (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ygt2-v21DRUC&q=sept+mille+hommes+mourad-bey+kouhil&pg=PA275">Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société Archéologique de la Province de Constantine</a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+notices+et+m%C3%A9moires+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Province+de+Constantine&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Constantine&rft.aufirst=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+Arch%C3%A9ologique+de+la+Province+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYgt2-v21DRUC%26q%3Dsept%2Bmille%2Bhommes%2Bmourad-bey%2Bkouhil%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFalgérienne1873" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">algérienne, Société historique (1873). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jM0OAAAAQAAJ&q=Si+Amar+el+kadi&pg=PA136">Revue africaine</a> (in French). La Société.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revue+africaine&rft.pub=La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9&rft.date=1873&rft.aulast=alg%C3%A9rienne&rft.aufirst=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+historique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjM0OAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DSi%2BAmar%2Bel%2Bkadi%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poo8-aABnVwC&q=laghouat+1727+1828&pg=PA128">Bulletin du comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques: section de géographie</a> (in French). Imprimerie nationale. 1894.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulletin+du+comit%C3%A9+des+travaux+historiques+et+scientifiques%3A+section+de+g%C3%A9ographie&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpoo8-aABnVwC%26q%3Dlaghouat%2B1727%2B1828%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreier2017" class="citation book cs1">Schreier, Joshua (16 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zUUkDwAAQBAJ&q=1792+oran&pg=PT67">The Merchants of Oran: A Jewish Port at the Dawn of Empire</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0216-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0216-8"><bdi>978-1-5036-0216-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merchants+of+Oran%3A+A+Jewish+Port+at+the+Dawn+of+Empire&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0216-8&rft.aulast=Schreier&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzUUkDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1792%2Boran%26pg%3DPT67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFyAAAAMAAJ">Morocco in the Reign of Mawlay Sulayman</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164803/https://books.google.com/books?id=WQFyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 26 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Mohamed El Mansour Middle East & North African Studies Press, 1990 – Morocco – 248 pages: Pg 104 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mackie, Erin Skye (1 January 2005). "Welcome the Outlaw: Pirates, Maroons, and Caribbean Countercultures". Cultural Critique. 59 (1): 24–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcul.2005.0008">10.1353/cul.2005.0008</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145628873">145628873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultural+Critique&rft.atitle=Welcome+the+Outlaw%3A+Pirates%2C+Maroons%2C+and+Caribbean+Countercultures&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-62&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcul.2005.0008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145628873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=Erin+Skye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittell,_Eliakim1836" class="citation book cs1">Littell, Eliakim (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231">The Museum of foreign literature, science and art</a>. E. Littell. p. 231. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906021446/https://books.google.com/books?id=48L1w21XYI4C&pg=PA231">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum+of+foreign+literature%2C+science+and+art&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=E.+Littell&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Littell%2C+Eliakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D48L1w21XYI4C%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm">"Background Note: Algeria"</a>. U.S. Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170619072130/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/8005.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 24 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Background+Note%3A+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F8005.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne,_Alistair2006" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (2006). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. New York, NY: NYRB Classics. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6"><bdi>978-1-59017-218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace%3A+Algeria+1954%E2%80%931962&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-218-6&rft.au=Horne%2C+Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaller2010" class="citation book cs1">Schaller, Dominik J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bEcTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA356">"Genocide and Mass Violence in the 'Heart of Darkness': Africa in the Colonial Period"</a>. In Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923211-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923211-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genocide+and+Mass+Violence+in+the+%27Heart+of+Darkness%27%3A+Africa+in+the+Colonial+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923211-6&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=Dominik+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbEcTDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalata2016" class="citation book cs1">Jalata, Asafa (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCjxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Phases of Terrorism in the Age of Globalization: From Christopher Columbus to Osama bin Laden</a>. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 92–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55234-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-55234-1"><bdi>978-1-137-55234-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160439/https://books.google.com/books?id=SCjxCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA92#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phases+of+Terrorism+in+the+Age+of+Globalization%3A+From+Christopher+Columbus+to+Osama+bin+Laden&rft.pages=92-93&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+US&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-137-55234-1&rft.aulast=Jalata&rft.aufirst=Asafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCjxCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326">Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/364">364</a>–ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10098-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pages=364-ff&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10098-3&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2007" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326">Blood and Soil: A World History of Genocide and Extermination from Sparta to Darfur</a>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bloodan_kie_2007_00_0326/page/374">374</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10098-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10098-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Soil%3A+A+World+History+of+Genocide+and+Extermination+from+Sparta+to+Darfur&rft.pages=374&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10098-3&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbloodan_kie_2007_00_0326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennoune2002" class="citation book cs1">Bennoune, Mahfoud (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4nXl7h8i5scC&pg=PA42">The Making of Contemporary Algeria, 1830–1987</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52432-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52432-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52432-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328160440/https://books.google.com/books?id=4nXl7h8i5scC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. Retrieved 22 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Contemporary+Algeria%2C+1830%E2%80%931987&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52432-2&rft.aulast=Bennoune&rft.aufirst=Mahfoud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4nXl7h8i5scC%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> "Had planning been better (barracks, hospitals, medical services), the drain on men would have been miniscule: it has been calculated that between 1831 and 1851, 92,329 died in hospital, and only 3,336 in battle." The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman Landscape of North Africa ... – <a href="/wiki/Michael_Greenhalgh" title="Michael Greenhalgh">Michael Greenhalgh</a>, p366 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5pCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320064550/https://books.google.com/books?id=5pCfAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA366">Archived</a> 20 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahmeyer,_Jan2003" class="citation web cs1">Lahmeyer, Jan (11 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718104037/http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriac.htm">"Algeria (Djazaïria) historical demographic data of the whole country"</a>. Population Statistics. populstat.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriac.htm">the original</a> on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Population+Statistics&rft.atitle=Algeria+%28Djaza%C3%AFria%29+historical+demographic+data+of+the+whole+country&rft.date=2003-10-11&rft.au=Lahmeyer%2C+Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FAfrica%2Falgeriac.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuedy,_John_Douglas2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA103">Modern Algeria: The Origins And Development of a Nation</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-21782-0"><bdi>978-0-253-21782-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906032036/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria%3A+The+Origins+And+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-253-21782-0&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+John+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIRWgrbE_fEC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowerwine2018" class="citation book cs1">Sowerwine, Charles (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37">France since 1870</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137406118" title="Special:BookSources/9781137406118"><bdi>9781137406118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+since+1870&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781137406118&rft.aulast=Sowerwine&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-xIDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricoux1880-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Ricoux1880_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicoux1880" class="citation book cs1">Ricoux, René (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103772b/f299.image">La démographie figurée de l'Algérie: étude statistique des...</a> [The figurative demographics of Algeria]. G. Masson. pp. 260–261. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513102734/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k103772b/f299.image">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 14 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+d%C3%A9mographie+figur%C3%A9e+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+%C3%A9tude+statistique+des...&rft.pages=260-261&rft.pub=G.+Masson&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Ricoux&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k103772b%2Ff299.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lhistoire.fr/le-r%C3%AAve-arabe-de-napol%C3%A9on-iii-0">"Le rêve arabe de Napoléon III"</a>. lhistoire.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210121033913/https://www.lhistoire.fr/le-r%C3%AAve-arabe-de-napol%C3%A9on-iii-0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lhistoire.fr&rft.atitle=Le+r%C3%AAve+arabe+de+Napol%C3%A9on+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhistoire.fr%2Fle-r%25C3%25AAve-arabe-de-napol%25C3%25A9on-iii-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tocqueville_2023,_pp.47-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Tocqueville_2023,_pp.47_150-0">^</a> Alexis de Tocqueville, Travels in Algeria, ed. Yusuf Ritter, Tikhanov Library, 2023 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandell1986" class="citation book cs1">Randell, Keith (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvyGHAAACAAJ">France: Monarchy, Republic and Empire, 1814–70</a>. Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-51805-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-51805-2"><bdi>978-0-340-51805-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906031725/https://books.google.com/books?id=AvyGHAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France%3A+Monarchy%2C+Republic+and+Empire%2C+1814%E2%80%9370&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-340-51805-2&rft.aulast=Randell&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvyGHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2014" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, Michael H. (2014). Migration: A World History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199764341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199764341"><bdi>978-0199764341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration%3A+A+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199764341&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Michael+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorne,_Alistair2006" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Alistair (2006). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962 (New York Review Books Classics). New York: NYRB Classics. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6"><bdi>978-1-59017-218-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Savage+War+of+Peace%3A+Algeria+1954%E2%80%931962+%28New+York+Review+Books+Classics%29&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=NYRB+Classics&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-218-6&rft.au=Horne%2C+Alistair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Albert Habib Hourani, Malise Ruthven (2002). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egbOb0mewz4C&pg=PA323">A history of the Arab peoples</a>". Harvard University Press. p.323. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01017-5">0-674-01017-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107507180" title="Special:BookSources/9781107507180"><bdi>9781107507180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781107507180&rft.au=Baten%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USMA-1945-156"><a href="#cite_ref-USMA-1945_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Military_Academy._Department_of_Military_Art_and_Engineering1947" class="citation book cs1">United States Military Academy. Department of Military Art and Engineering (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5">The War in North Africa Part 2—The Allied Invasion</a>. West Point, NY: Department of Military Art and Engineering, United States Military Academy. pp. 4–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230203050305/https://books.google.com/books?id=KThNAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2023. 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Peter Lang. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433110740" title="Special:BookSources/9781433110740"><bdi>9781433110740</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328161116/https://books.google.com/books?id=8ztnVsIiefwC&pg=PA179#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2024. 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Foreign and Commonwealth Office. 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Retrieved 16 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+president+and+the+police&rft.date=2010-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F15612455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichaelson2019" class="citation web cs1">Michaelson, Ruth (3 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/02/algeria-latest-news-president-abdelaziz-bouteflika-resigns">"Algeria's president Abdelaziz Bouteflika resigns after 20 years"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402200757/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/02/algeria-latest-news-president-abdelaziz-bouteflika-resigns">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Algeria%27s+president+Abdelaziz+Bouteflika+resigns+after+20+years&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Michaelson&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2019%2Fapr%2F02%2Falgeria-latest-news-president-abdelaziz-bouteflika-resigns&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-50782676">"Algeria election: Fresh protests as Tebboune replaces Bouteflika"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Algeria+election%3A+Fresh+protests+as+Tebboune+replaces+Bouteflika&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-50782676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-president-189"><a href="#cite_ref-president_189-0">^</a> Articles: 85, 87, 77, 78 and 79 of the Algerian constitution <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlgerian_government" class="citation web cs1">Algerian government. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120422193224/http://www.conseil-constitutionnel.dz/Constitution08_6.htm">"Constitution"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Refugee+Survey+2009%3A+Algeria&rft.pub=U.S.+Committee+for+Refugees+and+Immigrants&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refugees.org%2Fresources%2Frefugee-warehousing%2Farchived-world-refugee-surveys%2F2009-wrs-country-updates%2Falgeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/74134/western-sahara-lack-of-donor-funds-threatens-humanitarian-projects">"Western Sahara: Lack of Donor Funds Threatens Humanitarian Projects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Humanitarian" title="The New Humanitarian">IRIN</a>. 5 September 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212160848/http://www.irinnews.org/report/74134/western-sahara-lack-of-donor-funds-threatens-humanitarian-projects">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Lack+of+Donor+Funds+Threatens+Humanitarian+Projects&rft.date=2007-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irinnews.org%2Freport%2F74134%2Fwestern-sahara-lack-of-donor-funds-threatens-humanitarian-projects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8184499.stm">"Chinese Migrants in Algiers Clash"</a>. BBC News. 4 August 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121206105216/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8184499.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Chinese+Migrants+in+Algiers+Clash&rft.date=2009-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8184499.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop">"Fiches thématiques – Population immigrée – Immigrés 2012"</a>. Insee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130220075247/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?reg_id=0&ref_id=IMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiches+th%C3%A9matiques+%E2%80%93+Population+immigr%C3%A9e+%E2%80%93+Immigr%C3%A9s+2012&rft.pub=Insee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fthemes%2Fdocument.asp%3Freg_id%3D0%26ref_id%3DIMMFRA12_g_Flot1_pop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/cities/">"Algeria: Provinces & Major Cities – Population Statistics, Maps, Charts, Weather and Web Information"</a>. City Population. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517222605/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/algeria/cities/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=City+Population&rft.atitle=Algeria%3A+Provinces+%26+Major+Cities+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics%2C+Maps%2C+Charts%2C+Weather+and+Web+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Falgeria%2Fcities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725111743/http://rabat.unesco.org/IMG/pdf/Diversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf">"Diversité et interculturalité en Algérie"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. 2009. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rabat.unesco.org/IMG/pdf/Diversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diversit%C3%A9+et+interculturalit%C3%A9+en+Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frabat.unesco.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2FDiversite_InterculturalitAlgerie.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuedy,_John_Douglas2005" class="citation book cs1">Ruedy, John Douglas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA22">Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253217820" title="Special:BookSources/9780253217820"><bdi>9780253217820</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906031345/https://books.google.com/books?id=WIRWgrbE_fEC&pg=PA22">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Algeria+%E2%80%93+The+Origins+and+Development+of+a+Nation&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780253217820&rft.au=Ruedy%2C+John+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWIRWgrbE_fEC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Epalza2011" class="citation book cs1">De Epalza, Mikel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC">El español hablado en Túnez por los moriscos (siglos XVII-XVIII)</a>. Universitat de València. pp. 32–38–39–444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-370-8415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-370-8415-2"><bdi>978-84-370-8415-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020075020/https://books.google.com/books?id=D7_VKzdSIzwC">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+espa%C3%B1ol+hablado+en+T%C3%BAnez+por+los+moriscos+%28siglos+XVII-XVIII%29&rft.pages=32-38-39-444&rft.pub=Universitat+de+Val%C3%A8ncia&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-370-8415-2&rft.aulast=De+Epalza&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7_VKzdSIzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-2016-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DK-2016_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK-2016_247-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK2016" class="citation book cs1">DK (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=joxoDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Reference World Atlas: Everything You Need to Know About Our Planet Today</a>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-28679-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-28679-1"><bdi>978-0-241-28679-1</bdi></a>. <q>Ethnic groups: Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reference+World+Atlas%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Our+Planet+Today&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0-241-28679-1&rft.au=DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjoxoDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seddon-2013-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seddon-2013_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seddon-2013_248-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2013" class="citation book cs1">Seddon, David (11 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buyrxARN_H0C&pg=PT39">A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East</a>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35561-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-35561-6"><bdi>978-1-135-35561-6</bdi></a>. <q>The population was estimated at 32,277,942 in July 2002, of which 75% were Arabs, 24% Berbers, and 1% others (mostly Europeans).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+and+Economic+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-01-11&rft.isbn=978-1-135-35561-6&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbuyrxARN_H0C%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DK-2005-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DK-2005_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DK-2005_249-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDK2005" class="citation book cs1">DK (27 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVVtZn6goCAC&pg=PA82">FT World Desk Reference 2005</a>. Dorling Kindersley Limited. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-6726-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4053-6726-4"><bdi>978-1-4053-6726-4</bdi></a>. <q>Arab 75%, Berber 24%, European and Jewish 1%. The population is predominantly Arab, under 30 years of age and urban; some 24% are Berber. More than 85% speak Arabic and 99% are Sunni Muslim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FT+World+Desk+Reference+2005&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=2005-01-27&rft.isbn=978-1-4053-6726-4&rft.au=DK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVVtZn6goCAC%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ESU-2024-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ESU-2024_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ESU-2024_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/19/Algeria-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html">"Algeria - History Background"</a>. education.stateuniversity.com. Retrieved 18 August 2024. <q>The combined Arab-Berber people comprise more than 99 percent of the population (Arabs approximately 80 percent; Berbers 20 percent), with Europeans less than one percent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.stateuniversity.com&rft.atitle=Algeria+-+History+Background&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.stateuniversity.com%2Fpages%2F19%2FAlgeria-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laaredj-Campbell-2015-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laaredj-Campbell-2015_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laaredj-Campbell-2015_251-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaaredj-Campbell2015" class="citation book cs1">Laaredj-Campbell, Anne (10 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7UvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Changing Female Literacy Practices in Algeria: Empirical Study on Cultural Construction of Gender and Empowerment</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-658-11633-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-658-11633-0"><bdi>978-3-658-11633-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164800/https://books.google.com/books?id=C7UvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023. <q>Ethnically the population is made up of about 80% Arabic and 20% Berber.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Female+Literacy+Practices+in+Algeria%3A+Empirical+Study+on+Cultural+Construction+of+Gender+and+Empowerment&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft.isbn=978-3-658-11633-0&rft.aulast=Laaredj-Campbell&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7UvCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouherarGhafsi2022" class="citation book cs1">Bouherar, Salim; Ghafsi, Abderrezzaq (3 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ppXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR8">Algerian Languages in Education: Conflicts and Reconciliation</a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-89324-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-89324-8"><bdi>978-3-030-89324-8</bdi></a>. <q>In Algeria, on the other hand, Berberists supported by France ask to expand the use of Tamazight even on Arabs who represent 80% of Algerian population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algerian+Languages+in+Education%3A+Conflicts+and+Reconciliation&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft.isbn=978-3-030-89324-8&rft.aulast=Bouherar&rft.aufirst=Salim&rft.au=Ghafsi%2C+Abderrezzaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ppXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Naylor, Phillip C. (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ftFbCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87">Historical Dictionary of Algeria</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7919-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7919-5</bdi></a>. <q>Most Algerians, approximately 85 percent of the population, today claim an Arab background.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Algeria&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7919-5&rft.aulast=Naylor&rft.aufirst=Phillip+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DftFbCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/algeria-ethnic-groups.html">"Algeria Ethnic Groups"</a>. study.com. Retrieved 18 August 2024. <q>Partly due to the strong association between Islam and Arab identity, there is a fair amount of social pressure in Algeria to identify with Arab ancestry. In fact, roughly 85% of the nation identifies much more strongly with their Arab heritage than their Berber heritage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=study.com&rft.atitle=Algeria+Ethnic+Groups&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstudy.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Falgeria-ethnic-groups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschudinMoffatBuchanan-ClarkeRussell2019" class="citation book cs1">Tschudin, Alain; Moffat, Craig; Buchanan-Clarke, Stephen; Russell, Susan; Coutts, Lloyd (18 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sXnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT28">Extremisms in Africa Volume 2</a>. Jonathan Ball Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6399928-3-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6399928-3-9"><bdi>978-0-6399928-3-9</bdi></a>. <q>The majority of Algerians are Arab, but around 20% are Berbers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extremisms+in+Africa+Volume+2&rft.pub=Jonathan+Ball+Publishers&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.isbn=978-0-6399928-3-9&rft.aulast=Tschudin&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.au=Moffat%2C+Craig&rft.au=Buchanan-Clarke%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Russell%2C+Susan&rft.au=Coutts%2C+Lloyd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sXnDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarion_Mill_Preminger1961" class="citation book cs1">Marion Mill Preminger (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfCfAAAAMAAJ">The sands of Tamanrasset: the story of Charles de Foucauld</a>. Hawthorn Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906031938/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfCfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sands+of+Tamanrasset%3A+the+story+of+Charles+de+Foucauld&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Marion+Mill+Preminger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfCfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Cook_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_Bernard_A.2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. (2001). Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland. p. 398. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4057-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-4057-7"><bdi>978-0-8153-4057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+since+1945%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-4057-7&rft.au=Cook%2C+Bernard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_AzevedoRaimond_Cagiano1994" class="citation book cs1">De Azevedo; Raimond Cagiano (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25">Migration and Development Co-Operation</a>. Council of Europe. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789287126115" title="Special:BookSources/9789287126115"><bdi>9789287126115</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906025429/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Development+Co-Operation&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789287126115&rft.au=De+Azevedo&rft.au=Raimond+Cagiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN8VHizsqaH0C%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Constitution_of_Algeria-259"><a href="#cite_ref-Constitution_of_Algeria_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria">"Constitution of Algeria"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421195005/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021 – via Wikisource.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitution_of_Algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexler-2012-260"><a href="#cite_ref-Wexler-2012_260-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler2012" class="citation book cs1">Wexler, Paul (1 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA174">The Non-Jewish Origins of the Sephardic Jews</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2393-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-2393-7"><bdi>978-1-4384-2393-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326164800/https://books.google.com/books?id=YJpdiPiG2g4C&pg=PA174">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Non-Jewish+Origins+of+the+Sephardic+Jews&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-2393-7&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYJpdiPiG2g4C%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110216045948/http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01">"L'Algérie crée une académie de la langue amazigh"</a>. Magharebia.com. 2 June 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magharebia.com/cocoon/awi/xhtml1/fr/features/awi/features/2007/06/21/feature-01">the original</a> on 16 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Alg%C3%A9rie+cr%C3%A9e+une+acad%C3%A9mie+de+la+langue+amazigh&rft.pub=Magharebia.com&rft.date=2006-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magharebia.com%2Fcocoon%2Fawi%2Fxhtml1%2Ffr%2Ffeatures%2Fawi%2Ffeatures%2F2007%2F06%2F21%2Ffeature-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldaufKaplan2007" class="citation book cs1">Baldauf, Richard B.; Kaplan, Robert B. (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50">Language Planning and Policy in Africa</a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84769-011-1"><bdi>978-1-84769-011-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131153531/https://books.google.com/books?id=Sabe8l9hox0C&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Planning+and+Policy+in+Africa&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-84769-011-1&rft.aulast=Baldauf&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Robert+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSabe8l9hox0C%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDargin2008" class="citation news cs1">Dargin, Justin (19 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510130831/http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/">"Algeria's Liberation, Terrorism, and Arabization"</a>. The New York Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/19/algerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization/">the original</a> on 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Algeria%27s+Liberation%2C+Terrorism%2C+and+Arabization&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Dargin&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftopics.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F11%2F19%2Falgerias-liberation-terrorism-and-arabization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-leclerc-264"><a href="#cite_ref-leclerc_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeclerc,_Jacques2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leclerc, Jacques (5 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124150058/http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/afrique/algerie-1demo.htm">"Algérie: Situation géographique et démolinguistique"</a>. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde (in French). <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval" title="Université Laval">Université Laval</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/AXL/AFRIQUE/algerie-1demo.htm">the original</a> on 24 January 2010. Retrieved 8 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27am%C3%A9nagement+linguistique+dans+le+monde&rft.atitle=Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+Situation+g%C3%A9ographique+et+d%C3%A9molinguistique&rft.date=2009-04-05&rft.au=Leclerc%2C+Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2FAXL%2FAFRIQUE%2Falgerie-1demo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201075711/http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html">"La mondialisation, une chance pour la francophonie"</a>. Senat.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.fr/colloques/actes_mondialisation_francophonie/actes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+mondialisation%2C+une+chance+pour+la+francophonie&rft.pub=Senat.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.fr%2Fcolloques%2Factes_mondialisation_francophonie%2Factes_mondialisation_francophonie10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> () "L'Algérie, non-membre de l'Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, comptabilise la seconde communauté francophone au monde, avec environ 16 millions de locuteurs, suivie par la Côte d'Ivoire avec près de 12 millions de locuteurs francophones, le Québec avec 6 millions et la Belgique avec plus de 4 millions de francophones." </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012052949/http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf">"Le dénombrement des francophones"</a> (PDF). Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/1e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+d%C3%A9nombrement+des+francophones&rft.pub=Organisation+internationale+de+la+Francophonie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2F1e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> () p. 9 "Nous y agrégeons néanmoins quelques données disponibles pour des pays n'appartenant pas à l'OIF mais dont nous savons, comme pour l'Algérie (11,2 millions en 20081)," and "1. Nombre de personnes âgées de cinq ans et plus déclarant savoir lire et écrire le français, d'après les données du recensement de 2008 communiquées par l'<a href="/wiki/Office_national_des_statistiques_d%27Alg%C3%A9rie" class="mw-redirect" title="Office national des statistiques d'Algérie">Office national des statistiques d'Algérie</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-Natalie_Edwards-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Natalie_Edwards_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2013" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Natalie (2013). The Contemporary Francophone African Intellectual. 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Éditions Gallimard. p. 35. Archived from the original on 18 January 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Langue+Fran%C3%A7aise+Dans+le+Monde+2019%E2%80%932022&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=2022&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Gallimard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francophonie.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-03%2FRapport-La-langue-francaise-dans-le-monde_VF-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Maraf_Osam_2023_pp._307–314-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Maraf_Osam_2023_pp._307–314_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarafOsam2023" class="citation journal cs1">Maraf, Baya; Osam, Ulker Vanci (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS026607842200013X">"The booming wave of English in the linguistic landscape in Algeria: Timeline of the presence of English language in Algerian bottom-up signs"</a>. English Today. 39 (4): 307–314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS026607842200013X">10.1017/S026607842200013X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-0784">0266-0784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Today&rft.atitle=The+booming+wave+of+English+in+the+linguistic+landscape+in+Algeria%3A+Timeline+of+the+presence+of+English+language+in+Algerian+bottom-up+signs&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=307-314&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS026607842200013X&rft.issn=0266-0784&rft.aulast=Maraf&rft.aufirst=Baya&rft.au=Osam%2C+Ulker+Vanci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS026607842200013X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allah_2023_k545-270"><a href="#cite_ref-Allah_2023_k545_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllah2023" class="citation web cs1">Allah, Abu Bakr Khaled Saad (20 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/90230">"The Politics of Language in Algerian Education"</a>. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240418193904/https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/90230">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Language+in+Algerian+Education&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft.aulast=Allah&rft.aufirst=Abu+Bakr+Khaled+Saad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fsada%2F90230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2024_o507-271"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Associated_Press_2024_o507_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/world/africa/algeria-expands-english-lessons-to-primary-school-students/article_8a2d3b20-672b-5eb6-9e94-e5bfc6c30abd.html">"Algeria expands English lessons to primary school students"</a>. Toronto Star. Associated Press. 2 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402222458/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/africa/algeria-expands-english-lessons-to-primary-school-students/article_8a2d3b20-672b-5eb6-9e94-e5bfc6c30abd.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Algeria+expands+English+lessons+to+primary+school+students&rft.date=2024-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Falgeria-expands-english-lessons-to-primary-school-students%2Farticle_8a2d3b20-672b-5eb6-9e94-e5bfc6c30abd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pew-272"><a href="#cite_ref-pew_272-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/algeria/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020">"Religion in Algeria"</a>. 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Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781512824971" title="Special:BookSources/9781512824971"><bdi>9781512824971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decolonization+and+the+Remaking+of+Christianity&rft.place=Pennsylvania&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781512824971&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Udi&rft.au=A.+Foster%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25">Migration and development co-operation.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429204819/https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25">Archived</a> 29 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 7 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taux+d%27Analphab%C3%A9tisme+et+taux+d%27Alphab%C3%A9tisation+de+la+population+%C3%A2g%C3%A9e+de+10+ans+et+plus+selon+le+sexe+et+la+wilaya+de+r%C3%A9sidence&rft.pub=Office+National+des+Statistiques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.dz%2FIMG%2Fpdf%2Fpop9_national.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208084507/http://webometrics.info/en/Africa/Algeria">"Algeria | Ranking Web of Universities"</a>. Webometrics.info. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webometrics.info/en/Africa/Algeria">the original</a> on 8 February 2014. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria+%26%23124%3B+Ranking+Web+of+Universities&rft.pub=Webometrics.info&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebometrics.info%2Fen%2FAfrica%2FAlgeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">"Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship"</a>. www.wipo.int. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frenchpubagency.com/?fuseaction=people.main&pid=517">"Tahar Djaout"</a>. French Publishers' Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620082020/http://www.frenchpubagency.com/?fuseaction=people.main&pid=517">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tahar+Djaout&rft.pub=French+Publishers%27+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frenchpubagency.com%2F%3Ffuseaction%3Dpeople.main%26pid%3D517&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311032134/http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550">"Short guide to contemporary Algerian cinema"</a>. Mapping Contemporary Cinema. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk/?p=550">the original</a> on 11 March 2014. Retrieved 1 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+guide+to+contemporary+Algerian+cinema&rft.pub=Mapping+Contemporary+Cinema&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcc.sllf.qmul.ac.uk%2F%3Fp%3D550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-art-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-art_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-art_291-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130402061339/http://www.khadda.com/">"Mohammed Khadda"</a>. Khadda.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khadda.com/">the original</a> on 2 April 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mohammed+Khadda&rft.pub=Khadda.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khadda.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHonorary_and_Goodwill_Ambassadors2017" class="citation web cs1">Honorary and Goodwill Ambassadors (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/">"Algerian novelist Ahlem Mosteghanemi designated UNESCO artist for peace"</a>. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170507062814/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/single-view/news/algerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific+and+Cultural+Organization&rft.atitle=Algerian+novelist+Ahlem+Mosteghanemi+designated+UNESCO+artist+for+peace&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.au=Honorary+and+Goodwill+Ambassadors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Fmedia-services%2Fsingle-view%2Fnews%2Falgerian_novelist_ahlam_mosteghanemi_designated_unesco_artis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Ali, Sahar (25 March 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf">ALGÉRIE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203213653/http://www.obs.coe.int/documents/205595/412951/Rapport_Alg%C3%A9rie_FR_21-05-2014.pdf">Archived</a> 3 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. European Audiovisual Observatory </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v327-294">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v327_294-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_Britannica_1998_v327_294-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Cultural-life">"Culture, Traditions, Cuisine"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 12 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403191637/https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria/Cultural-life">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Culture%2C+Traditions%2C+Cuisine&rft.date=1998-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlgeria%2FCultural-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-cuisine-of-algeria.html">"The Cuisine of Algeria"</a>. WorldAtlas. 13 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219171838/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-cuisine-of-algeria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=The+Cuisine+of+Algeria&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-cuisine-of-algeria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebin.pub_2005_h182-296"><a href="#cite_ref-ebin.pub_2005_h182_296-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebin.pub/food-cultures-of-the-world-encyclopedia-4-volumes-0313376263-9780313376269.html">"Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia 4 volumes 0313376263, 9780313376269"</a>. ebin.pub. 10 June 2005. p. 17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402225500/https://ebin.pub/food-cultures-of-the-world-encyclopedia-4-volumes-0313376263-9780313376269.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebin.pub&rft.atitle=Food+Cultures+of+the+World+Encyclopedia+4+volumes+0313376263%2C+9780313376269&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2005-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febin.pub%2Ffood-cultures-of-the-world-encyclopedia-4-volumes-0313376263-9780313376269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15001/Algeria/220546/Sports-and-recreation">"Algeria :: Sports and recreation"</a>. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328233832/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/15001/Algeria/220546/Sports-and-recreation">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Algeria+%3A%3A+Sports+and+recreation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F15001%2FAlgeria%2F220546%2FSports-and-recreation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amara_Bouandel_2022_pp._735–746-298"><a href="#cite_ref-Amara_Bouandel_2022_pp._735–746_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmaraBouandel2022" class="citation journal cs1">Amara, Mahfoud; Bouandel, Youcef (3 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14660970.2022.2108241">"Algeria and the FIFA World Cup: between political legitimization and regional rivalry"</a>. Soccer & Society. 23 (7): 735–746. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14660970.2022.2108241">10.1080/14660970.2022.2108241</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1466-0970">1466-0970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Soccer+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Algeria+and+the+FIFA+World+Cup%3A+between+political+legitimization+and+regional+rivalry&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=735-746&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14660970.2022.2108241&rft.issn=1466-0970&rft.aulast=Amara&rft.aufirst=Mahfoud&rft.au=Bouandel%2C+Youcef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F14660970.2022.2108241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liverpool_University_Press_2017_p.-299"><a href="#cite_ref-Liverpool_University_Press_2017_p._299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Algeria. Liverpool University Press. 1 December 2017. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781786940216.003.0011">10.5949/liverpool/9781786940216.003.0011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-021-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78694-021-6"><bdi>978-1-78694-021-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Algeria&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2017-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5949%2Fliverpool%2F9781786940216.003.0011&rft.isbn=978-1-78694-021-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Algeria_b859-300"><a href="#cite_ref-Algeria_b859_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://algeriansareawesome.weebly.com/recreations-and-leisure.html">"Recreations and Leisure"</a>. Algeria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402232629/https://algeriansareawesome.weebly.com/recreations-and-leisure.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algeria&rft.atitle=Recreations+and+Leisure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falgeriansareawesome.weebly.com%2Frecreations-and-leisure.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verlete_Sports_2020_a344-301"><a href="#cite_ref-Verlete_Sports_2020_a344_301-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.verlete.com/country/algeria/">"Global Sports Industry Data"</a>. Verlete Sports. 12 February 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412061815/https://www.verlete.com/country/algeria/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Verlete+Sports&rft.atitle=Global+Sports+Industry+Data&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verlete.com%2Fcountry%2Falgeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmartScraper_2024_d760-302"><a href="#cite_ref-SmartScraper_2024_d760_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rentechdigital.com/smartscraper/business-report-details/algeria/sports-clubs">"List Of Sports clubs in Algeria"</a>. SmartScraper. 15 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402232629/https://rentechdigital.com/smartscraper/business-report-details/algeria/sports-clubs">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SmartScraper&rft.atitle=List+Of+Sports+clubs+in+Algeria&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frentechdigital.com%2Fsmartscraper%2Fbusiness-report-details%2Falgeria%2Fsports-clubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devex_e776-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Devex_e776_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.devex.com/organizations/ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-algeria-ministry-of-youth-and-sports-128824">"Ministère de la Jeunesse et des Sports (Algeria) (Ministry of Youth and Sports)"</a>. Devex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402232636/https://www.devex.com/organizations/ministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-algeria-ministry-of-youth-and-sports-128824">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 2 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Devex&rft.atitle=Minist%C3%A8re+de+la+Jeunesse+et+des+Sports+%28Algeria%29+%28Ministry+of+Youth+and+Sports%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.devex.com%2Forganizations%2Fministere-de-la-jeunesse-et-des-sports-algeria-ministry-of-youth-and-sports-128824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_bibliography">General bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ageron, Charles-Robert (1991). Modern Algeria – A History from 1830 to the Present. Translated from French and edited by Michael Brett. London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Hurst & Co">Hurst</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-266-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86543-266-6">978-0-86543-266-6</a>.</li> <li>Aghrout, Ahmed; Bougherira, Redha M. (2004). Algeria in Transition – Reforms and Development Prospects. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34848-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34848-5">978-0-415-34848-5</a>.</li> <li>Bennoune, Mahfoud (1988). The Making of Contemporary Algeria – Colonial Upheavals and Post-Independence Development, 1830–1987. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30150-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30150-3">978-0-521-30150-3</a>.</li> <li>Christelow, Allan (1985) Muslim Law Courts and the French Colonial State in Algeria. Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon, Frantz</a> (1966; 2005 paperback). The Wretched of the Earth. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. ASIN B0007FW4AW, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4132-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4132-3">978-0-8021-4132-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibsonCanaGirault1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walcot_Gibson" title="Walcot Gibson">Gibson, Walcot</a>; Cana, Frank Richardson; Girault, Arthur (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Algeria">"Algeria" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 642–653.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Algeria&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=642-653&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Walcot&rft.au=Cana%2C+Frank+Richardson&rft.au=Girault%2C+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlgeria" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne, Alistair</a> (1977). A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. <a href="/wiki/Viking_Adult" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Adult">Viking Adult</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-61964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-61964-1">978-0-670-61964-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-218-6">978-1-59017-218-6</a> (2006 reprint)</li> <li>Laouisset, Djamel (2009). A Retrospective Study of the Algerian Iron and Steel Industry. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Nova_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Publishers">Nova Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61761-190-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61761-190-2">978-1-61761-190-2</a>.</li> <li>Roberts, Hugh (2003). The Battlefield – Algeria, 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity. London: <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-684-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-684-1">978-1-85984-684-1</a>.</li> <li>Ruedy, John (1992). Modern Algeria – The Origins and Development of a Nation. Bloomington: <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34998-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34998-9">978-0-253-34998-9</a>.</li> <li>Stora, Benjamin (2001). Algeria, 1830–2000 – A Short History. Ithaca, New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3715-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3715-1">978-0-8014-3715-1</a>.</li> <li>Sidaoui, Riadh (2009). "Islamic Politics and the Military – Algeria 1962–2008". Religion and Politics – Islam and Muslim Civilisation. Farnham: <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-7418-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-7418-5">0-7546-7418-5</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Algeria <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Algeria">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Algeria&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=DZ">Key Development Forecasts for Algeria</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government">Government</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bawabatic.dz/">Public Services</a> – gateway to government sites</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.el-mouradia.dz/">El Mouradia Palace</a> – official website of the president of Algeria</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.dz">Statistics</a> – official website of National Office of Statistics</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_2">History</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.dz/en/discover-algeria/history-of-algeria">"History"</a> – Algerian history at Ministry of Foreign Affairs</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_2">Tourism</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitalgeria.dz/en/">Visit Algeria</a> – Algeria's official tourism portal</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps">Maps</h3></div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Algeria" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Algeria">Wikimedia Atlas of Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/192756">Algeria</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Algeria_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Algeria_topics" title="Template talk:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Algeria topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Algeria_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria" title="History of Algeria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical period (Antiquity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_Algeria" title="Medieval Muslim Algeria">Medieval Muslim Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Ottoman regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_resistance_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism and resistance in Algeria">Nationalism and resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1965 Algerian coup d'état">1965 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Algerian_coup_attempt" title="1967 Algerian coup attempt">1967 coup attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Algeria_(1962%E2%80%931999)" title="History of Algeria (1962–1999)">1962–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Algerian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1992 Algerian coup d'état">1992 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Civil_War" title="Algerian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Algeria" title="2000s in Algeria">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932012_Algerian_protests" title="2010–2012 Algerian protests">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_(Algeria)" title="Hirak (Algeria)">Hirak Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Algeria" title="Geography of Algeria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Algeria" title="Template:Borders of Algeria">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Algeria" title="List of cities in Algeria">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Algeria" title="List of earthquakes in Algeria">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Algeria" title="List of ecoregions in Algeria">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">Municipalities (communes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks of Algeria">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Algeria" title="List of rivers of Algeria">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Algeria" title="List of volcanoes in Algeria">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Algeria" title="Wildlife of Algeria">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Algeria" title="Politics of Algeria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Algeria" title="Cabinet of Algeria">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Algeria" title="Constitution of Algeria">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Nation" title="Council of the Nation">Council of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Algeria" title="Elections in Algeria">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Algeria" title="Foreign relations of Algeria">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Algeria" title="Human rights in Algeria">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Algeria">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Algeria" title="Law enforcement in Algeria">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_People%27s_National_Army" title="Algerian People's National Army">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_People%27s_National_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the People's National Army">Chief of Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Assembly" title="People's National Assembly">People's National Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Algeria" title="Parliament of Algeria">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Algeria" title="List of political parties in Algeria">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Algeria" title="President of Algeria">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Algeria" title="Prime Minister of Algeria">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Algeria" title="Bank of Algeria">Bank of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Algeria" title="List of companies of Algeria">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_dinar" title="Algerian dinar">Dinar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Algeria" title="Energy in Algeria">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Algeria" title="Health in Algeria">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Algeria" title="Mining industry of Algeria">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Algeria" title="Taxation in Algeria">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Algeria" title="Tourism in Algeria">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Algeria" title="Trade unions in Algeria">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Algeria" title="Transport in Algeria">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Algeria" title="Category:Society of Algeria">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Algeria" title="Demographics of Algeria">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Algeria" title="Education in Algeria">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Algeria" title="Ethnic groups in Algeria">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Algeria" title="Languages of Algeria">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Algerians">List of Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Algeria" title="Public holidays in Algeria">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Algeria" title="Squatting in Algeria">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Algeria" title="Culture of Algeria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Algeria" title="Cinema of Algeria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Algeria" title="Flag of Algeria">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Algeria" title="Football in Algeria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Algeria">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Algerian_films" title="List of Algerian films">films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Algeria" title="Music of Algeria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Algeria" title="Sport in Algeria">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Algeria" title="National symbols of Algeria">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Algeria" title="Outline of Algeria">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Algeria-related_articles" title="Index of Algeria-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Algeria</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>1</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a>2</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a>5</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a>6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a>6</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a>7</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a>8</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>. 2Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco. 3Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain. 4Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan. 5<a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed territory</a> located between Egypt and the Sudan. 6Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan. 7Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya. 8Disputed between Morocco and Spain</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">United States of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/21px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/42px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_countries-vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/21px-P_countries-vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/32px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/P_countries-vector.svg/42px-P_countries-vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Countries" title="Portal:Countries">Countries</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Algeria at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1_/_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%94" class="extiw" title="c:الجزائر / ⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔ">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Algeria" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Algeria">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Algeria" class="extiw" title="q:Algeria">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Egypt" class="extiw" title="voy:Egypt">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000405297018">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/134198819">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137121776">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205459/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRpBFrVykKjXQhKGYcGB">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001179-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79064760">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118621987">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238304z">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930860j">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118621987">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15238304z">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11930860j">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560369">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35003176">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128658&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451452">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13064859">Norway</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/16229">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564350705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/28242750-534a-326b-8ed6-1b03dfb88cd0">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/36e3a10d-d176-4a05-8d5b-1ecfd238b976">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785669">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/ZKgHyBU3">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026358581">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003434">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046212">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43767">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/cezayir">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Algeria&params=28_N_2_E_scale:10000000_type:country_region:DZ">28°N 2°E / 28°N 2°E / 28; 2</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&oldid=1259562254">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algeria&oldid=1259562254</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Algeria" title="Category:Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:North_African_countries" title="Category:North African countries">North African countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maghrebi_countries" title="Category:Maghrebi countries">Maghrebi countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries" title="Category:Saharan countries">Saharan countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_republics" title="Category:Arab republics">Arab republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Republics" title="Category:Republics">Republics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G15_nations" title="Category:G15 nations">G15 nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_OPEC" title="Category:Member states of OPEC">Member states of OPEC</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Category:Member states of the African Union">Member states of the African Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Category:Member states of the Arab League">Member states of the Arab League</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Category:Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Category:Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean">Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Category:Member states of the United Nations">Member states of the United Nations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1962" title="Category:States and territories established in 1962">States and territories established in 1962</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Algeria" title="Category:1962 establishments in Algeria">1962 establishments in Algeria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1962_establishments_in_Africa" title="Category:1962 establishments in Africa">1962 establishments in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in Africa">Countries in Africa</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded 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</div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 21:02 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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Template:Navboxes"," 5.21% 176.559 11 Template:Navbox"," 4.18% 141.806 3 Template:ISO_3166_code"," 4.18% 141.710 1 Template:Algeria_topics"," 4.13% 139.797 1 Template:Country_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.247","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24390273,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbdelkader_Aoudjit2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbderahman1377\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlgerian_Government\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlgerian_government\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllah2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmaraBouandel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAps-dz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrediPoloniParacchiniZerjal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociation1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaadj2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaldaufKaplan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaten,_Jörg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBazina2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenchicou,_Mohamed2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennoune2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBheria2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouherarGhafsi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrett,_MichaelFentress,_Elizabeth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCameronWard-Perkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarpenterBalow1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristelle_Fischer-Bovet2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstantine1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook,_Bernard_A.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowtherFinlay1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDK2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDK2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDargin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_AzevedoRaimond_Cagiano1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Epalza2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDubessy\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_DelsonIan_TattersallJohn_Van_CouveringAlison_S._Brooks2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFF._Nyrop1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFage1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFageTordoff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedom_House\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcía1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsonCanaGirault1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranthamDuncanEvansJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenbergA._Foster2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett,_James2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHannay1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHattsteinDelius2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHennBotiguéGravelWang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodges\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonorary_and_Goodwill_Ambassadors2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorne,_Alistair2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHorne1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoutsma1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIlahiane2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIliffe2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIzouaouen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson_J._Spielvogel2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJalata2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulien1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemp,_Thomas_Jay2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKestler-D\u0026#039;Amours\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Shillington2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhaldūn,_Ibn1852\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKiernan2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLLC2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaaredj-Campbell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLahmeyer,_Jan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeclerc,_Jacques2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinHanscomMurthyGalli2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLittell,_Eliakim1836\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMARIANA1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackie2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddy-Weitzman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarafOsam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarion_Mill_Preminger1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMattingly1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerouche2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichaelson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonitor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNanjira2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaylor2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaylor2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNyrop1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOttaway2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Auchterlonie2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeasleeXydis1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPovoledo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProchaska\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandell1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicoux1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Davis2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Davis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuedy,_John_Douglas2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRuedy1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRézette1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahnouni,_Mohamedde_Heinzelin,_Jean\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSahnouni2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreier2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeddon2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghKhan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSowerwine2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStudies1979\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTschudinMoffatBuchanan-ClarkeRussell2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUNESCO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Military_Academy._Department_of_Military_Art_and_Engineering1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUssama_Samir_MakdisiPaul_A._Silverstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVera1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalmsley1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWexler2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWindrow1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWysner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFalgérienne1873\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Abbr.\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"African Union\"] = 1,\n [\"Algeria Wilayas\"] = 1,\n [\"Algeria topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 91,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 24,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 116,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of North Africa\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"G-15 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 11,\n [\"Langx\"] = 10,\n [\"Largest cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 30,\n [\"Map caption\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"Rs?\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 2,\n [\"Unsourced\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 32,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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