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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cultural exchanges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_exchanges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultural exchanges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_spice_trade_in_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_spice_trade_in_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Ancient spice trade in Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_spice_trade_in_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early modern trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>British influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Globalisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Curry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerrie" title="Kerrie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kerrie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="كاري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karri" title="Karri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="তরকারি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তরকারি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-l%C3%AD_(li%C4%81u-l%C3%AD)" title="Ka-lí (liāu-lí) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ka-lí (liāu-lí)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%A1)" title="Карри (ризыҡ) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карри (ризыҡ)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Кары (страва) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кары (страва)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Къри (ястие) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Къри (ястие)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curri" title="Curri – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Curri" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(Gericht)" title="Curry (Gericht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Curry (Gericht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%85" title="Κάρυ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρυ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karea%C4%B5o" title="Kareaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kareaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خورش کاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خورش کاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(plat)" title="Curry (plat) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Curry (plat)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cura%C3%AD" title="Curaí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Curaí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curraidh" title="Curraidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Curraidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80_(%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80)" title="કરી (મસાલેદાર રસાવાળી વાની) – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કરી (મસાલેદાર રસાવાળી વાની)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%A4%EB%A6%AC" title="커리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="커리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%AB_(%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF)" title="Կարրի (ուտեստ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարրի (ուտեստ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="करी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="करी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCurry" title="UCurry – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UCurry" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karr%C3%AD" title="Karrí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karrí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(piatto)" title="Curry (piatto) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Curry (piatto)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="מאכלי קארי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאכלי קארי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0" title="ಮೇಲೋಗರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೇಲೋಗರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caril" title="Caril – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Caril" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karijs_(%C4%93diens)" title="Karijs (ēdiens) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karijs (ēdiens)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karis_(valgis)" title="Karis (valgis) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karis (valgis)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cari" title="Cari – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cari" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(%C3%A9tel)" title="Curry (étel) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Curry (étel)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кари – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кари" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="കൂട്ടാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൂട്ടാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_(%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84)" title="كارى (توابل) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارى (توابل)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(gerecht)" title="Curry (gerecht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Curry (gerecht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="カレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karri" title="Karri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karri" title="Karri – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karri" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DD%A8" title="سالݨ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سالݨ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%8A_(%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%87)" title="کري (قورمه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کري (قورمه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caril" title="Caril – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caril" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%BE)" title="Карри (блюдо) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карри (блюдо)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A9" title="ᱩᱛᱩ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱩᱛᱩ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry" title="Curry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Curry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%AD" title="Karí – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karí" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_(jed)" title="Kari (jed) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kari (jed)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خۆرشتی کاری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆرشتی کاری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_(jelo)" title="Kari (jelo) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kari (jelo)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curry_(ruoka)" title="Curry (ruoka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Curry (ruoka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari" title="Kari – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kari" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF" title="கறி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0" title="కూర – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కూర" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88" title="แกงกะหรี่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แกงกะหรี่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96_(%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Карі (страва) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карі (страва)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کری – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کری" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%82)" title="كارى (تاماق) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كارى (تاماق)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahleij" title="Gahleij – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gahleij" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0_ri" title="Cà ri – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cà ri" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%96%B1" title="咖喱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="咖喱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99" title="קארי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קארי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%96%B1" title="咖喱 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="咖喱" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%93%A9" title="咖哩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="咖哩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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For the spice mix, see <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Curry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Curry (disambiguation)">Curry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg/300px-Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg/450px-Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg/600px-Taj_Mahal_-_Lamb_Curry_Madras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="3472" /></a><figcaption>Lamb <a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras curry</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Curry</b> is a dish with a sauce or <a href="/wiki/Gravy" title="Gravy">gravy</a> seasoned with spices, mainly derived from the interchange of <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a> with European taste in food, starting with the Portuguese, followed by the Dutch and British, and then thoroughly internationalised. Many dishes that would be described as curries in English are found in the native cuisines of countries in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. The English word is derived indirectly from some combination of Dravidian words such as the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kaṟi</i></span></i> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கறி</span></span>) meaning 'sauce' or 'relish for rice'. </p><p>A first step in the creation of curry was the arrival in India of spicy hot <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, along with other ingredients such as tomatoes and potatoes, part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> of plants between the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian cuisine</a> developed, leading to <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s 18th century recipe for "currey the India way" in England. Curry was then spread in the 19th century by indentured Indian sugar workers to the Caribbean, and by British traders to Japan. Further exchanges around the world made curry a fully international dish. </p><p>Many types of curry exist in different countries. In Southeast Asia, curry often contains a spice paste and coconut milk. In India, the spices are fried in oil or ghee to create a paste; this may be combined with a water-based <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a>, or sometimes with milk or coconut milk. In China and Korea, curries are based on a commercial curry powder. Curry restaurants outside their native countries often adapt their cuisine to suit local tastes; for instance, Thai restaurants in the West sell red, yellow, and green curries with chili peppers of those colours, often combined with additional spices of the same colours. In Britain, curry has become a national dish, with some types adopted from India, others modified or wholly invented, as with <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a>, created by British Bangladeshi restaurants in the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi">Kadhi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg/330px-To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg/495px-To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg/660px-To_make_a_Currey_the_India_Way_-_Hannah_Glasse_1748.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1945" data-file-height="1142" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s recipe for "currey the India way", first published in her 1747 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a></i>. It is the first known use of the word in English. (The recipe uses <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">the long s, "ſ"</a>). </figcaption></figure> <p>'Curry' is "ultimately derived"<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from some combination of Dravidian words of south Indian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of those words is the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Middle Tamil</a> <i><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">kaṟi</i></span></i> (<span title="Tamil-language text"><span lang="ta">கறி</span></span>) meaning 'black' or 'burnt' and hence spiced food.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Oxford Dictionaries suggest an origin specifically from Tamil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> (കറി <i>kari</i>, "hot condiments; meats, vegetables"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Middle Kannada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a>, have similar words.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kaṟi</i> is described in a 17th century <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese cookbook</a><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who were trading with Tamil merchants along the <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a> of southeast India, becoming known as a "spice blend ... called <i>kari podi</i> or curry powder".<sup id="cite_ref-Sahni_1980_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sahni_1980-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first appearance in its <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> form (spelt <i>currey</i>) was in <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s 1747 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "curry" is not derived from the name of the <a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">curry tree</a>, although some curries do include curry leaves among many other spices.<sup id="cite_ref-NPR_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPR_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not related, either, to the word <i>cury</i> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_2013_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 1390s English cookbook;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that term comes from the Middle French word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cuire" class="extiw" title="wikt:cuire">cuire</a></i>, meaning 'to cook'.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_exchanges">Cultural exchanges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cultural exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_spice_trade_in_Asia">Ancient spice trade in Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient spice trade in Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austronesian merchants in South East Asia <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">traded spices</a> along marine trade routes between South Asia (primarily the ports on the south eastern coast of India and Sri Lanka) and East Asia as far back at 5000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence dating to 2600 BCE from <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a> suggests the use of <a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">mortar and pestle</a> to pound spices including <a href="/wiki/Mustard_seed" title="Mustard seed">mustard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">tamarind</a> pods with which they flavoured food.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a> is native to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> and Southeast Asia and has been known to <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cooking</a> since at least 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Pepper_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Pepper-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three basic ingredients of the spicy stew were <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>. Using starch grain analysis, archaeologists identified the residue of these spices in both skeletons and pottery shards from excavations in India, finding that <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a> were present.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lawler_2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lawler_2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauces in India before Columbus could contain black pepper or <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a> to provide a little heat, but not chili, so they were not <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">spicy hot</a> by modern standards.<sup id="cite_ref-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_trade">Early modern trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early modern trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curry%27s_origins.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curry%27s_origins.svg/660px-Curry%27s_origins.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curry%27s_origins.svg/990px-Curry%27s_origins.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Curry%27s_origins.svg/1320px-Curry%27s_origins.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Origin and spread of curry around the world. Mild spices were traded between India and East Asia from 5000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Manguin2016_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a> brought chili peppers to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Batsha_2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batsha_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglo-Indian food came to Britain in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "curry" was first recorded in print in <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a>'s 1747 English cookery book.<sup id="cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, curry spread to the Caribbean<sup id="cite_ref-Mishan_2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishan_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_2011_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from there to Chinese people, starting in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_1886_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_1886-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further migration and globalisation (not shown) made curry a fully international dish.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, in the early 16th century, influenced some curries, especially in the north. Another influence was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese trading centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> in 1510, resulting in the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili peppers</a>, tomatoes and potatoes to India from the Americas, as a byproduct of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian Exchange">Columbian Exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Batsha_2020_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Batsha_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholar of food culture <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a> suggests that the Portuguese in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> (in West India) heard and adopted words adopted into a local language from the Dravidian words from South India, becoming <i>caril</i> or <i>carree</i> as transcribed by British travellers of the time. This adoption resulting eventually in curry's modern meaning of a dish, often spiced, in a sauce or gravy.<sup id="cite_ref-Twilley_Graber_2019_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twilley_Graber_2019-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1598, an English translation of a Dutch book about travel in the East Indies mentioned a "somewhat sour" broth called <i>Carriel</i>, eaten with rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later Dutch word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">karie</i></span> was used in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> from the 19th century; many Indians had by then migrated to Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_influence">British influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg/660px-How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="660" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg/990px-How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg/1320px-How_Anglo-Indians_made_Curry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">Anglo-Indian cooks</a> created what they called curry by selecting regional ingredients from all over <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a> using them in Indian dishes from other regions. <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a> describes their taste as "eclectic", "pan-Indian", "lacking sophistication", embodying a "passion for garnishes", and forming a "coherent repertoire"; but it was eaten only by the British. Among their creations were <a href="/wiki/Kedgeree" title="Kedgeree">kedgeree</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras curry</a>, which were served with <a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">chutneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay_duck" title="Bombay duck">Bombay duck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poppadom" class="mw-redirect" title="Poppadom">poppadoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Curry was introduced to <a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English cuisine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cooking" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian cooking">Anglo-Indian cooking</a> in the 17th century, as spicy sauces were added to plain boiled and cooked meats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That cuisine was created in the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> when British wives or memsahibs instructed Indian cooks on the food they wanted, transforming many dishes in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Anglo-Indian_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Anglo-Indian-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, when there were few British women in India, British men often lived with Indian mistresses, acquiring the local customs, language, and food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006110–111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006110–111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curry was first served in coffee houses in Britain from 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indian cooks in the 19th century prepared curries for their British masters simplified and adjusted to Anglo-Indian taste. For instance, a <i>quarama</i> from <a href="/wiki/Lucknow" title="Lucknow">Lucknow</a> contained (among other ingredients) ghee, yoghurt, cream, crushed almonds, cloves, cardamom, and saffron; whereas an 1869 Anglo-Indian <i>quorema</i> or <i>korma</i>, "different in substance as well as name",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had no cream, almonds, or saffron, but it added the then-standard British curry spices, namely coriander, ginger, and black peppercorns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curry, initially understood as "an unfamiliar set of Indian stews and ragouts",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had become "a dish in its own right, created for the British in India".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collingham describes the resulting Anglo-Indian cuisine as "eclectic", "pan-Indian", "lacking sophistication", embodying a "passion for garnishes", and forming a "coherent repertoire"; but it was eaten only by the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collingham writes that "The idea of a curry is, in fact, a concept that the Europeans imposed on India's food culture. Indians referred to their different dishes by specific names... But the British lumped all these together under the heading of curry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in the 19th century, curry was carried to the Caribbean by Indian <a href="/wiki/Indenture" title="Indenture">indentured</a> workers in the British <a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">sugar industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishan_2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishan_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Globalisation">Globalisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Globalisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mid-20th century, curries of many national styles have become popular far from their origins, and increasingly become part of international <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishan_2017_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishan_2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Alan Davidson</a> writes that curry's worldwide extension is a result of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalisation</a>, starting within the British Empire, and followed by economic migrants who brought Indian cuisine to many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1886, 咖喱 (<i>Gālí</i>) (Chinese pronunciation of "curry") appeared among the Chinese in Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-Lim_1886_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lim_1886-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Malay Chinese people</a> then most likely brought curry to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, spices are always freshly prepared for use in sauces.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Powder_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Powder-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Derived from such mixtures (but not containing curry leaves<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Leaves_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_2014_Leaves-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">curry powder</a> is a ready-prepared spice blend first sold by Indian merchants to European colonial traders. This was commercially available from the late 18th century,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChaudhuriStrobel1992_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChaudhuriStrobel1992-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with brands such as <a href="/wiki/Crosse_%26_Blackwell" title="Crosse & Blackwell">Crosse & Blackwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sharwood%27s" title="Sharwood's">Sharwood's</a> persisting to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British traders introduced the powder to <a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a> Japan, in the mid-19th century, where it became known as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese curry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Itoh_2011_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Itoh_2011-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many varieties of curry. The choice of spices for each dish in traditional cuisine depends on regional cultural traditions and personal preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such dishes have names such as dopiaza and rogan josh that refer to their ingredients, spicing, and cooking methods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the Indian subcontinent, a curry is a dish from Southeast Asia which uses <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> and spice pastes, and is commonly eaten over rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Van_Esterik_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Van_Esterik-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curries may contain fish, meat, poultry, or shellfish, either alone or in combination with vegetables. Others are vegetarian. A <a href="/wiki/Spice_mix#Masala" title="Spice mix">masala</a> mixture is a combination of dried or dry-roasted spices commonly homemade for some curries.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dry curries are cooked using small amounts of liquid, which is allowed to evaporate, leaving the other ingredients coated with the spice mixture. Wet curries contain significant amounts of sauce or gravy based on <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut cream">coconut cream</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>, dairy <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legume</a> purée, <a href="/wiki/Saut%C3%A9ing" title="Sautéing">sautéed</a> crushed onion, or <a href="/wiki/Tomato_pur%C3%A9e" title="Tomato purée">tomato purée</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a>, a commercially prepared mixture of spices marketed in the West, was first exported to Britain in the 18th century when Indian merchants sold a <a href="/wiki/Concoction" title="Concoction">concoction</a> of spices, similar to <a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">garam masala</a>, to the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> returning to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Ways curries can vary<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_2024_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of variation</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <th>Mild ↔ Hot   </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">Korma</a> (aromatic spices<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras</a> (chili) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Watery ↔ Creamy </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">Rogan josh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">broth</a>)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">Korma</a> (yoghurt or cream) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dry ↔ Wet </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tikka_(food)" title="Tikka (food)">Tikka</a> (skewered meat, spices)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tikka_masala" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikka masala">Tikka masala</a> (tomato, cream) </td></tr> <tr> <th> Sour ↔ Sweet </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Dopiaza" title="Dopiaza">Dopiaza</a> (onion, lemon)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasanda" title="Pasanda">Pasanda</a> (almonds, sugar) </td></tr> <tr> <th> Stir-fry ↔ Simmer </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Balti_(food)" title="Balti (food)">Balti</a> (oil, onion, potato)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhansak" title="Dhansak">Dhansak</a> (lentils, spices, tomato) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">Curry in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg/220px-Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg/330px-Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg/440px-Chicken_Tikka_Masala-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a> has been called Britain's national dish.<sup id="cite_ref-Spinks_2005_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinks_2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Curry is very popular in the <a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, with a curry house in nearly every town.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such is its popularity that it has frequently been called its "adopted national dish".<sup id="cite_ref-Spinks_2005_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spinks_2005-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated that in 2016 there were 12,000 curry houses, employing 100,000 people and with annual combined sales of approximately £4.2 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The food offered is cooked to British taste, but with increasing demand for authentic Indian styles.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT11415_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT11415-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">chicken tikka masala</a> was described by the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs">foreign secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Robin_Cook" title="Robin Cook">Robin Cook</a> as "a true British national dish, not only because it is the most popular, but because it is a perfect illustration of the way Britain absorbs and adapts external influences."<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian2001_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian2001-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its origin is not certain, but many sources attribute it to <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British Asians</a>; some cite <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> as the city of origin.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ghosh_bb_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ghosh_bb-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may derive from <a href="/wiki/Butter_chicken" title="Butter chicken">butter chicken</a>, popular in the north of India.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curries in Britain are derived partly from India and partly from invention in local Indian restaurants. They vary from mildly-spiced to extremely hot, with names that are to an extent standardised across the country, but are often unknown in India.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_2024_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Range of strengths of British curries<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_2024_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Strength</th> <th>Example</th> <th>Place of origin</th> <th>Date of origin</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:Khaki;">Mild </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Korma" title="Korma">Korma</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> court, North India</td> <td>16th century</td> <td>Mild, creamy; may have almond, coconut, or fruit </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:Yellow;">Medium </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Madras_curry" title="Madras curry">Madras</a></td> <td>British Bangladeshi restaurants</td> <td>1970s</td> <td>Red, spicy with chili powder </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:Orange;">Hot </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vindaloo" title="Vindaloo">Vindaloo</a></td> <td>British Bangladeshi restaurants<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1970s</td> <td>Very spicy with chili peppers and potatoes<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:Salmon;">Extreme </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Phall" title="Phall">Phall</a></td> <td>British Bangladeshi, <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></td> <td>20th century</td> <td>High-strength chili pepper e.g. <a href="/wiki/Scotch_bonnet" title="Scotch bonnet">scotch bonnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habanero" title="Habanero">habanero</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Handi-and-karahi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Handi-and-karahi.jpg/220px-Handi-and-karahi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Handi-and-karahi.jpg/330px-Handi-and-karahi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Handi-and-karahi.jpg/440px-Handi-and-karahi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Karahi" title="Karahi">karahi</a></i> (left) and<i> <a href="/wiki/Handi" title="Handi">handi</a> </i>(right) serving dishes </figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian dishes</a> are spicy. The spices chosen for a dish are freshly ground and then fried in hot oil or ghee to create a paste.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The content of the dish and style of preparation vary by region.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sauces are made with spices including black pepper, cardamom, chili peppers, cinnamon, cloves, coriander, cumin, fennel seed, mustard seed, and turmeric.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 15 spices may be used for a meat curry.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spices are sometimes fried whole, sometimes roasted, sometimes ground and mixed into a paste.<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sauces are eaten with steamed rice or <a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">idli</a> rice cakes in south India,<sup id="cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and breads such as <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapatis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roti" title="Roti">roti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Naan" title="Naan">naan</a> in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popular <a href="/wiki/Rogan_josh" title="Rogan josh">rogan josh</a>, for example, from <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri cuisine</a>, is a wet dish of lamb with a red gravy coloured by Kashmiri chillies and an extract of the red flowers of the <a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">cockscomb plant</a> (<i>mawal</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice and curry is the staple dish of Sri Lanka.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese curry</a> is usually eaten as <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">karē raisu</i></span> – curry, rice, and often pickled vegetables, served on the same plate and eaten with a spoon, a common lunchtime canteen dish. It is less spicy and seasoned than Indian and Southeast Asian curries, being more of a thick stew than a curry. British people brought curry from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">Indian colony</a> back to Britain<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introduced it to Japan during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji period">Meiji period</a> (1868 to 1912), after Japan ended its policy of national self-isolation (<span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sakoku" title="Sakoku">sakoku</a></i></span>), and curry in Japan was categorised as a <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dshoku" title="Yōshoku">Western dish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its spread across the country is attributed to its use in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a> which adopted it extensively as convenient field and naval canteen cooking, allowing even conscripts from the remotest countryside to experience the dish. The <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a> traditionally have curry every Friday for lunch and many ships have their own recipes.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard Japanese curry contains onions, carrots, potatoes, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">celery</a>, and a meat that is cooked in a large pot. Sometimes grated apples or <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a> are added for additional sweetness and other vegetables are sometimes used instead.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curry spread to other regions of Asia. Curry powder is added to some dishes in the southern part of China. The curry powder sold in Chinese grocery stores is similar to Madras curry powder, but with the addition of <a href="/wiki/Illicium_verum" title="Illicium verum">star anise</a> and cinnamon.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen2009_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen2009-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former Portuguese colony of Macau has its <a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">own culinary traditions</a> and curry dishes, including <i><a href="/wiki/Galinha_%C3%A0_portuguesa" title="Galinha à portuguesa">Galinha à portuguesa</a></i> ("Portuguese-style chicken") and curry crab. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_sauce" title="Portuguese sauce">Portuguese sauce</a> is a sauce flavoured with curry and thickened with <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HoustonPTChicken_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoustonPTChicken-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Curry was popularized in <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> when <a href="/wiki/Ottogi" title="Ottogi">Ottogi</a> entered the Korean food industry with an imported curry powder in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sohn_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohn-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean curry powder contains spices including cardamom, chili, cinnamon, and turmeric.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Curry <i><a href="/wiki/Tteokbokki" title="Tteokbokki">tteokbokki</a></i> is made of <i><a href="/wiki/Tteok" title="Tteok">tteok</a></i> (rice cakes), <i><a href="/wiki/Eomuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Eomuk">eomuk</a></i> (fish cakes), eggs, vegetables, and <i><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">gochujang</a></i>, fermented red chili paste. As in India, chilis were brought to Korea by European traders. Spicy chili sauce then replaced the soy sauce formerly used in <i>tteokbokki</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kare-Raisu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese style Karē-Raisu (curry rice)"><img alt="Japanese style Karē-Raisu (curry rice)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kare-Raisu.jpg/180px-Kare-Raisu.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kare-Raisu.jpg/270px-Kare-Raisu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Kare-Raisu.jpg/360px-Kare-Raisu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese</a> style <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">Karē-Raisu</i></span> (curry rice)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork,_gochujang,_and_gailan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Korean tteokbokki (rice cake curry)"><img alt="Korean tteokbokki (rice cake curry)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork%2C_gochujang%2C_and_gailan.jpg/180px-Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork%2C_gochujang%2C_and_gailan.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork%2C_gochujang%2C_and_gailan.jpg/270px-Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork%2C_gochujang%2C_and_gailan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork%2C_gochujang%2C_and_gailan.jpg/360px-Stir-fried_rice_cakes_with_ground_pork%2C_gochujang%2C_and_gailan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Korean <i><a href="/wiki/Tteokbokki" title="Tteokbokki">tteokbokki</a></i><br />(rice cake curry)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese cuisine</a>, curries are broadly called <i>hin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Burmese_curry" title="Burmese curry">Burmese curries</a> contains meat simmered in a curry paste containing onion, garlic, shrimp paste, tomato, and turmeric. Burmese curries are often mild, without chili, and somewhat oily.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thai_curry" title="Thai curry">Thai curries</a> are called <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th">gaeng</i></span>, and usually consist of meat, fish or vegetables in a sauce based on a paste made from chilies, onions or shallots, garlic, and <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">shrimp paste</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few stir-fried Thai dishes use <span title="Thai-language text"><i lang="th">phong kari</i></span>, an Indian style curry powder.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West, Thai curries are often colour-coded green, yellow, and red, with green usually the mildest, red the hottest. Green curry is flavoured with green chili, coriander, <a href="/wiki/Kaffir_lime" title="Kaffir lime">kaffir lime</a>, and basil; yellow, with yellow chili and turmeric; and red, with red chili.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian Indian cuisine</a> adapted curries (such as <span title="Burmese-language text"><i lang="my">gulai</i></span>, with coconut milk) via the region's Indian population,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it has become a staple among the Malay and Chinese populations there. Malaysian curries have many varieties, but are often flavoured with cumin, cinnamon, turmeric, coconut milk, shallots, chili peppers, and garlic.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indian Indonesian cuisine</a> consists of adaptations of authentic dishes from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, as well as original creations inspired by the diverse food culture of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Curry in <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is <i>kari</i> and in <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <i>kare</i>. In <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a> especially in <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, there is a dish called <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kari" title="Nasi kari">lontong kari</a></i>, a combined of <a href="/wiki/Lontong" title="Lontong">lontong</a> and beef yellow curry soup.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese cuisine</a>, <i>kare rajungan</i>, <a href="/wiki/Portunus_pelagicus" title="Portunus pelagicus">blue swimmer crab</a> curry has become a delicacy of <a href="/wiki/Tuban_Regency" title="Tuban Regency">Tuban Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Java" title="East Java">East Java</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese cuisine</a>, influenced by both Thai and Indian cooking, curry is known as <i>cà ri</i>. It is made with coconut milk, Madras curry powder with plenty of turmeric, and a variety of fresh ingredients such as coriander, lemongrass, and ginger.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">In the Philippines</a>, a dish that may have been directly inspired by Indian curries is the <a href="/wiki/Oxtail" title="Oxtail">oxtail</a> stew <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Kare-kare" title="Kare-kare">kare-kare</a></i></span>, possibly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a> expatriates during the brief <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_Manila" title="British occupation of Manila">British occupation of Manila</a> (1762–1764), or indirectly via Southeast Asian spicy dishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Villar_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villar-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Ginataan" title="Ginataan">Ginataan</a></i></span> are native dishes using <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Filipino_chicken_curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino chicken curry">Filipino chicken curry</a> can be called 'curries' when <a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">curry powder</a> is added.<sup id="cite_ref-pp_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pp-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mutton gulai (Indonesian curry), part of nasi padang"><img alt="Mutton gulai (Indonesian curry), part of nasi padang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG/180px-Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG/270px-Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG/360px-Gulai_kambing_masakan_Padang.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mutton <i><a href="/wiki/Gulai" title="Gulai">gulai</a></i> (Indonesian curry), part of <i><a href="/wiki/Nasi_padang" title="Nasi padang">nasi padang</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myanma_cuisine_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A traditional meal featuring several Burmese curries"><img alt="A traditional meal featuring several Burmese curries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Myanma_cuisine_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Myanma_cuisine_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Myanma_cuisine_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Myanma_cuisine_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Myanma_cuisine_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Myanma_cuisine_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1085" data-file-height="856" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A traditional meal featuring several <a href="/wiki/Burmese_curry" title="Burmese curry">Burmese curries</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_Chicken_curry_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Filipino chicken curry"><img alt="Filipino chicken curry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Philippine_Chicken_curry_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Philippine_Chicken_curry_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Philippine_Chicken_curry_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Philippine_Chicken_curry_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Philippine_Chicken_curry_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Philippine_Chicken_curry_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2487" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_chicken_curry" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino chicken curry">Filipino chicken curry</a> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phanaeng_mu_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thai phanaeng with pork"><img alt="Thai phanaeng with pork" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Phanaeng_mu_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Phanaeng_mu_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Phanaeng_mu_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Phanaeng_mu_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Phanaeng_mu_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Phanaeng_mu_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Thai <i><a href="/wiki/Phanaeng" title="Phanaeng">phanaeng</a></i> with pork</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vietnamese cà ri with chicken"><img alt="Vietnamese cà ri with chicken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg/180px-C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg/270px-C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg/360px-C%C3%A0_Ri_G%C3%A0_Vietnamese_Chicken_Curry_2019-1600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5092" data-file-height="4074" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vietnamese <i>cà ri</i> with chicken</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg/130px-Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg/195px-Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg/260px-Durban%27s_Famous_Mutton_Bunny_Chow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2136" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunny_chow" title="Bunny chow">Bunny chow</a>, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>Curry spread to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> with the migration of people from the Indian subcontinent to the region in the colonial era. <a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">African</a> curries, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Malay">Cape Malay</a> curries and <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">Natal</a> curries include the traditional Natal curry, the Durban curry, <a href="/wiki/Bunny_chow" title="Bunny chow">Bunny chow</a>, and roti rolls. South African curries appear to have been created in both <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal" title="KwaZulu-Natal">KwaZulu-Natal</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Cape" title="Western Cape">Western Cape</a>, while others developed across the country over the late 20th and early 21st centuries to include ekasi, coloured, and <a href="/wiki/Afrikaner" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaner">Afrikaner</a> varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-seid_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seid-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> has the largest population of Indians outside of India in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ishay_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ishay-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bunny chow or a "set", a South African standard, consists of either lamb, chicken or bean curry poured into a tunnelled-out loaf of bread to be eaten with one's fingers by dipping pieces of the bread into it.<sup id="cite_ref-seid_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seid-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ishay_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ishay-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'Bunny chow' means 'Indian food', from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/banyan" class="extiw" title="wikt:banyan">Banian</a>, an Indian. The method of serving the curry was created because <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> forbade black people from eating in Indian restaurants; the loaves could speedily be taken away and eaten in the street.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006243_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006243-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Curry_Club" title="The Curry Club">The Curry Club</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Korma can be made with flavourings such as cloves, ginger, cardamom, cumin, coriander, turmeric, bay, onion and garlic.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name 'Vindaloo' is from Portuguese <i>vinha d'alhos</i> (with wine [vinegar] and garlic), but the British version is quite different.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_2024_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The addition of potatoes may be from confusion of 'Vindaloo' with Hindi <span title="Hindi-language text"><span lang="hi">आलू</span></span> <span title="Hindi-language romanization"><i lang="hi-Latn">āloo</i></span>, potato.<sup id="cite_ref-Dillon_2024_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dillon_2024-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Online_Etym_Dict-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Online_Etym_Dict_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491">"Curry"</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009013123/https://www.etymonline.com/word/curry#etymonline_v_491">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Curry&rft.pub=Online+Etymology+Dictionary%2C+Douglas+Harper&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fcurry%23etymonline_v_491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thetakeout.com/what-we-know-as-curry-has-a-long-and-curious-history-1798252495">"What we know as "curry" has a long and curious history"</a>. <i>The Takeout</i>. 28 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Takeout&rft.atitle=What+we+know+as+%22curry%22+has+a+long+and+curious+history&rft.date=2018-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthetakeout.com%2Fwhat-we-know-as-curry-has-a-long-and-curious-history-1798252495&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/curry_1">"curry noun"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2025</span>. <q>late 16th cent.: from Tamil kar̲i.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=curry+noun&rft.pub=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fcurry_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGundert1872" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gundert, Herman (1872). "കറി <i>kari</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MalayalamAndEnglishDictionary/page/n235/mode/2up"><i>Malayalam and English Dictionary</i></a>. C. Stolz. p. 216.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF+kari&rft.btitle=Malayalam+and+English+Dictionary&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=C.+Stolz&rft.date=1872&rft.aulast=Gundert&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMalayalamAndEnglishDictionary%2Fpage%2Fn235%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ka%E1%B9%9Fi&searchhws=yes">"kari – A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary"</a>. 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623031133/https://dsalsrv04.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/burrow_query.py?qs=ka%E1%B9%9Fi&searchhws=yes">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=kari+%E2%80%93+A+Dravidian+Etymological+Dictionary&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsalsrv04.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fapp%2Fburrow_query.py%3Fqs%3Dka%25E1%25B9%259Fi%26searchhws%3Dyes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_2013_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2013" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Anna-Louise (11 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329151125/http://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750">"Curry: Where did it come from?"</a>. <i>BBC Food</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/0/24432750">the original</a> on 29 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Food&rft.atitle=Curry%3A+Where+did+it+come+from%3F&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Anna-Louise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Ffood%2F0%2F24432750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sahni_1980-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sahni_1980_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSahni1980" class="citation book cs1">Sahni, Julie (1980). <i>Classic Indian Cooking</i>. New York: William Morrow. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Indian+Cooking&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Sahni&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPR_2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPR_2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140735689/fresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india">"Fresh Curry Leaves Add a Touch of India"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. 28 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180411111413/https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140735689/fresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fresh+Curry+Leaves+Add+a+Touch+of+India&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F09%2F28%2F140735689%2Ffresh-curry-leaves-add-a-touch-of-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan2007" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, S. (2007). <i>Handbook of Spices, Seasonings and Flavourings</i>. CRC Press. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2842-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2842-8"><bdi>978-0-8493-2842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Spices%2C+Seasonings+and+Flavourings&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2842-8&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Thys fourme of cury ys compyled of þe mayster cokes of kyng Richard þe secund ... by assent of Maysters of physik and of phylosophye". <i>Things sweet to taste: selections from the Forme of Cury</i>. 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86373-134-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-86373-134-1">0-86373-134-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manguin2016-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manguin2016_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManguin2016" class="citation book cs1">Manguin, Pierre-Yves (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">"Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships"</a>. In Campbell, Gwyn (ed.). <i>Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">51–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319338224" title="Special:BookSources/9783319338224"><bdi>9783319338224</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326195021/https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Shipping+in+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+From+Outrigger+Boats+to+Trading+Ships&rft.btitle=Early+Exchange+between+Africa+and+the+Wider+Indian+Ocean+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9783319338224&rft.aulast=Manguin&rft.aufirst=Pierre-Yves&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXsvDDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolheim1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solheim" title="Wilhelm Solheim">Solheim, Wilhelm G.</a> (1996). 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New York: Workman Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761137870" title="Special:BookSources/9780761137870"><bdi>9780761137870</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=660+Curries&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Workman+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780761137870&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Raghavan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_2014_Pepper-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Pepper_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, "Pepper", pp. 612–613</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/">"People Have Been Eating Curry for 4,500 Years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012343/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/people-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=People+Have+Been+Eating+Curry+for+4%2C500+Years&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fpeople-have-been-eating-curry-for-4500-years-8604270%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lawler_2013-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lawler_2013_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawler2013" class="citation web cs1">Lawler, Andrew (29 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html">"Where Did Curry Come From?"</a>. <i>Slate</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115085836/https://slate.com/human-interest/2013/01/indus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Where+Did+Curry+Come+From%3F&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Lawler&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Fhuman-interest%2F2013%2F01%2Findus-civilization-food-how-scientists-are-figuring-out-what-curry-was-like-4500-years-ago.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twilley_Graber_2019_transcript_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwilleyGraberIyerCollingham2019" class="citation web cs1">Twilley, Nicola; Graber, Nicola; <a href="/wiki/Raghavan_Iyer_(chef)" title="Raghavan Iyer (chef)">Iyer, Raghavan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Collingham, Lizzie</a> (9 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gastropod.com/transcript-the-curry-chronicles/">"Transcript: The Curry Chronicles"</a>. <i>Gastropod</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gastropod&rft.atitle=Transcript%3A+The+Curry+Chronicles&rft.date=2019-04-09&rft.aulast=Twilley&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Graber%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Iyer%2C+Raghavan&rft.au=Collingham%2C+Lizzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgastropod.com%2Ftranscript-the-curry-chronicles%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Batsha_2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Batsha_2020_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Batsha_2020_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatsha2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nishant_Batsha" title="Nishant Batsha">Batsha, Nishant</a> (25 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/">"Curry Before Columbus"</a>. <i>Contingent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012336/https://contingentmagazine.org/2020/06/25/curry-before-columbus/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Contingent&rft.atitle=Curry+Before+Columbus&rft.date=2020-06-25&rft.aulast=Batsha&rft.aufirst=Nishant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontingentmagazine.org%2F2020%2F06%2F25%2Fcurry-before-columbus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishan_2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mishan_2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishan_2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishan_2017_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishan2017" class="citation news cs1">Mishan, Ligaya (10 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/t-magazine/asian-american-cuisine.html">"Asian-American Cuisine's Rise, and Triumph"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322223518/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/10/t-magazine/asian-american-cuisine.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asian-American+Cuisine%27s+Rise%2C+and+Triumph&rft.date=2017-11-10&rft.aulast=Mishan&rft.aufirst=Ligaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F10%2Ft-magazine%2Fasian-american-cuisine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Itoh_2011-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Itoh_2011_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Itoh_2011_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItoh2011" class="citation news cs1">Itoh, Makiko (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233344/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/">"Curry — it's more 'Japanese' than you think"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/">the original</a> on 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Curry+%E2%80%94+it%27s+more+%27Japanese%27+than+you+think&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.aulast=Itoh&rft.aufirst=Makiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2011%2F08%2F26%2Ffood%2Fcurry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim_1886-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_1886_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim_1886_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim1886" class="citation book cs1">Lim, Hiong Seng (1886). "Provisions, Fish, Vegetable and Fruit". <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Handbook_of_the_Swatow_vernacular.djvu/111"><i>Handbook of the Swatow Vernacular</i></a>. Singapore: Koh Yew Hean Press. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Provisions%2C+Fish%2C+Vegetable+and+Fruit&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Swatow+Vernacular&rft.place=Singapore&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Koh+Yew+Hean+Press&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Hiong+Seng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3AHandbook_of_the_Swatow_vernacular.djvu%2F111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_2014_Curry-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Curry_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, "Curry", p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twilley_Graber_2019-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Twilley_Graber_2019_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwilleyGraber2019" class="citation news cs1">Twilley, Nicola; Graber, Cynthia (20 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/04/why-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history/586828/">"The Word Curry Came From a Colonial Misunderstanding"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517012341/https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2019/04/why-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history/586828/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Word+Curry+Came+From+a+Colonial+Misunderstanding&rft.date=2019-04-20&rft.aulast=Twilley&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft.au=Graber%2C+Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fhealth%2Farchive%2F2019%2F04%2Fwhy-we-call-indian-dishes-curry-colonial-history%2F586828%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118–125,_140_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, pp. 118–125, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006115_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_2014_Anglo-Indian-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Anglo-Indian_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, "Anglo-Indian" pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006110–111-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006110–111_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm">"How Britain got the hots for curry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 26 November 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128165253/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8370054.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Britain+got+the+hots+for+curry&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8370054.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006116–117_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThirty-Five_Years'_Resident1869" class="citation book cs1">Thirty-Five Years' Resident (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=EvcpAAAAYAAJ&pg=GBS.PA22&hl=en_GB">"Kurma or Quorema Curry"</a>. <i>The Indian Cookery Book</i>. Calcutta: Wyman & Co. p. 22. <q>This, without exception, is one of the richest of Hindoostanee curries, but it is quite unsuited to European taste, if made according to the original recipe, of which the following is a [Europeanised] copy:</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kurma+or+Quorema+Curry&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Cookery+Book&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Wyman+%26+Co.&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Thirty-Five+Years%27+Resident&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DEvcpAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA22%26hl%3Den_GB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006118_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_2014_Powder-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Powder_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, "Curry Powder" p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_2014_Leaves-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_2014_Leaves_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson2014">Davidson 2014</a>, "Curry leaf" p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180723/http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126721.html">"First British advert for curry powder"</a>. <i>bl.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item126721.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bl.uk&rft.atitle=First+British+advert+for+curry+powder&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Ftimeline%2Fitem126721.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChaudhuriStrobel1992-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChaudhuriStrobel1992_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNupur_ChaudhuriMargaret_Strobel1992" class="citation book cs1">Nupur Chaudhuri; Margaret Strobel (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-jH6LEPVn80C&pg=PA240"><i>Western Women and Imperialism: Complicity and Resistance</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 240–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20705-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20705-3"><bdi>0-253-20705-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230413123912/https://books.google.com/books?id=-jH6LEPVn80C&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Women+and+Imperialism%3A+Complicity+and+Resistance&rft.pages=240-&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-253-20705-3&rft.au=Nupur+Chaudhuri&rft.au=Margaret+Strobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-jH6LEPVn80C%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/inside-factory-tv-review-greg-wallace-curry-chicken-tikka-masala-a8489311.html">"TV review: Inside the Factory lifts the lid on how our curries are made"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 15 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211017012043/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/tv/inside-factory-tv-review-greg-wallace-curry-chicken-tikka-masala-a8489311.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=TV+review%3A+Inside+the+Factory+lifts+the+lid+on+how+our+curries+are+made&rft.date=2018-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Ftv%2Finside-factory-tv-review-greg-wallace-curry-chicken-tikka-masala-a8489311.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/curry">"Curry"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 31 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Curry&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fcurry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Esterik-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Van_Esterik_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Esterik2008" class="citation book cs1">Van Esterik, Penny (2008). <i>Food Culture in Southeast Asia</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Curry+on+cooking%3A+how+long+will+the+UK%27s+adopted+national+dish+survive%3F&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.aulast=Spinks&rft.aufirst=Rosie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsustainable-business%2F2015%2Fjul%2F08%2Fuk-indian-restaurants-struggling-to-curry-on-lack-of-chefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahangir2009" class="citation news cs1">Jahangir, Rumeana (26 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm">"How Britain got the hots for curry"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824122427/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8370054.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Britons+Perturbed+by+a+Troubling+Shortage+of+Curry+Chefs&rft.date=2015-11-04&rft.aulast=de+Freytas-Tamura&rft.aufirst=Kimiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F11%2F05%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbritain-curry-house-shortage-chefs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian2001-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guardian2001_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/apr/19/race.britishidentity">"Robin Cook's chicken tikka masala speech: Extracts from a speech by the foreign secretary to the Social Market Foundation in London"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 19 April 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Robin+Cook%27s+chicken+tikka+masala+speech%3A+Extracts+from+a+speech+by+the+foreign+secretary+to+the+Social+Market+Foundation+in+London&rft.date=2001-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Fapr%2F19%2Frace.britishidentity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt2007" class="citation web cs1">Dutt, Vijay (21 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/60-years-of-chicken-tikka-masala/story-cPUJ0MAdX4WxqcxYTrqA3H.html">"60 years of Chicken Tikka Masala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=60+years+of+Chicken+Tikka+Masala&rft.date=2007-10-21&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2F60-years-of-chicken-tikka-masala%2Fstory-cPUJ0MAdX4WxqcxYTrqA3H.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ghosh_bb-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ghosh_bb_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh2023" class="citation news cs1">Ghosh, Bobby (19 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-01-19/who-created-chicken-tikka-masala-history-of-uk-s-national-dish">"How I Learned to Stop Hating and Respect Chicken Tikka Masala"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+News&rft.atitle=How+I+Learned+to+Stop+Hating+and+Respect+Chicken+Tikka+Masala&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-01-19%2Fwho-created-chicken-tikka-masala-history-of-uk-s-national-dish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, Emma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insider.com/chicken-tikka-masala-not-indian-dishoom-chef-naved-nasir-2019-11">"Most people have no clue chicken tikka masala isn't an Indian dish, according to a top Indian chef"</a>. <i>Insider</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Insider&rft.atitle=Most+people+have+no+clue+chicken+tikka+masala+isn%27t+an+Indian+dish%2C+according+to+a+top+Indian+chef&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insider.com%2Fchicken-tikka-masala-not-indian-dishoom-chef-naved-nasir-2019-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handbook-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handbook_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakerBarton2012" class="citation book cs1">Thaker, Aruna; Barton, Arlene (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YF1YCg5Ig-EC&pg=PA74"><i>Multicultural Handbook of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405173582" title="Special:BookSources/9781405173582"><bdi>9781405173582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multicultural+Handbook+of+Food%2C+Nutrition+and+Dietetics&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781405173582&rft.aulast=Thaker&rft.aufirst=Aruna&rft.au=Barton%2C+Arlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYF1YCg5Ig-EC%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.seasonedpioneers.com/what-is-a-bhuna">"What is a Bhuna?"</a>. <i>Seasoned Pioneers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seasoned+Pioneers&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Bhuna%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.seasonedpioneers.com%2Fwhat-is-a-bhuna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaffrey_1982-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaffrey_1982_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaffrey1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Madhur_Jaffrey" title="Madhur Jaffrey">Jaffrey, Madhur</a> (1982). <i>Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery</i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-16491-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-16491-3"><bdi>978-0-563-16491-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madhur+Jaffrey%27s+Indian+Cookery&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-563-16491-3&rft.aulast=Jaffrey&rft.aufirst=Madhur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalakrishnan" class="citation web cs1">Gopalakrishnan, Srividhya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tasteofhome.com/collection/indian-bread-types/">"The Indian Bread Types You Need to Know"</a>. <i>Taste of Home</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taste+of+Home&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Bread+Types+You+Need+to+Know&rft.aulast=Gopalakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Srividhya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasteofhome.com%2Fcollection%2Findian-bread-types%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rogan Josh". In Khan Mohammed Sharief Waza, Khan Mohammed Shafi Waza, and Khan Mohammed Rafiq Waza (2007). <i>Wazwaan: Traditional Kashmiri Cuisine</i>. New Delhi: Roli & Janssen. p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalfoods.org/recipe/national-dish-of-sri-lanka-rice-and-curry/">"National Dish of Sri Lanka Rice and Curry"</a>. <i>National Dishes of the World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Dishes+of+the+World&rft.atitle=National+Dish+of+Sri+Lanka+Rice+and+Curry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalfoods.org%2Frecipe%2Fnational-dish-of-sri-lanka-rice-and-curry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS&B_Company" class="citation web cs1">S&B Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130411190436/http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html">"History of Japanese curry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sb-worldwide.com/curry/history.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Japanese+curry&rft.au=S%26B+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sb-worldwide.com%2Fcurry%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2017" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYPkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278"><i>The Meaning of Rice: And Other Tales from the Belly of Japan</i></a>. Random House. p. 278. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781473545816" title="Special:BookSources/9781473545816"><bdi>9781473545816</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230219053208/https://books.google.com/books?id=rYPkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT278">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Rice%3A+And+Other+Tales+from+the+Belly+of+Japan&rft.pages=278&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781473545816&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYPkDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItoh2011" class="citation news cs1">Itoh, Makiko (26 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/">"Curry – it's more 'Japanese' than you think"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">The Japan Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180108233344/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/08/26/food/curry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Curry+%E2%80%93+it%27s+more+%27Japanese%27+than+you+think&rft.date=2011-08-26&rft.aulast=Itoh&rft.aufirst=Makiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.japantimes.co.jp%2Flife%2F2011%2F08%2F26%2Ffood%2Fcurry-its-more-japanese-than-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curryken.fc2web.com/minzoku/minzoku.htm">"The Curry Rice Research"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110710232600/http://curryken.fc2web.com/minzoku/minzoku.htm">Archived</a> 10 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Japanese)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen2009-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen2009_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Colleen Taylor (15 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=94tRvbuCqWcC&pg=PA1"><i>Curry: A Global History</i></a>. Reaktion Books. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-704-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-704-6"><bdi>978-1-86189-704-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191226114045/https://books.google.com/books?id=94tRvbuCqWcC&pg=PA1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curry%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2009-11-15&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-704-6&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Colleen+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D94tRvbuCqWcC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoustonPTChicken-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HoustonPTChicken_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2016" class="citation news cs1">Levitt, Alice (28 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2016/12/28/our-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant">"Our Latest Obsession: Portuguese Chicken at Wing Kee Restaurant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houstonia_(magazine)" title="Houstonia (magazine)">Houstonia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307023204/https://www.houstoniamag.com/articles/2016/12/28/our-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houstonia&rft.atitle=Our+Latest+Obsession%3A+Portuguese+Chicken+at+Wing+Kee+Restaurant&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Levitt&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstoniamag.com%2Farticles%2F2016%2F12%2F28%2Four-latest-obsession-portuguese-chicken-wing-kee-restaurant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150625001118">"[Best Brand] Ottogi becomes Korea's representative curry product"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald">The Korea Herald</a></i>. 25 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110163940/http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20150625001118">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Herald&rft.atitle=%5BBest+Brand%5D+Ottogi+becomes+Korea%27s+representative+curry+product&rft.date=2015-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreaherald.com%2Fview.php%3Fud%3D20150625001118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sohn-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sohn_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohn2014" class="citation news cs1">Sohn, JiAe (24 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Business/view?articleId=122393">"Ottogi Curry brings Indian cuisine to the table"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215171434/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Business/view?articleId=122393">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ottogi+Curry+brings+Indian+cuisine+to+the+table&rft.date=2014-10-24&rft.aulast=Sohn&rft.aufirst=JiAe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FNewsFocus%2FBusiness%2Fview%3FarticleId%3D122393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2024" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jiyoung (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHP8EAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Korean+curry%22+%22turmeric%22&pg=PA23"><i>Real Korean Recipes</i></a>. Seoul, Korea: Beeolive Books. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-987166-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/979-11-987166-0-6"><bdi>979-11-987166-0-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Korean+Recipes&rft.place=Seoul%2C+Korea&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Beeolive+Books&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=979-11-987166-0-6&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jiyoung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHP8EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Korean%2Bcurry%2522%2B%2522turmeric%2522%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuskey2022" class="citation book cs1">Huskey, Brian (2022). <i>Asia: The Ultimate Cookbook (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Thai, Vietnamese, Asian)</i>. Cider Mill Press. pp. 19, 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%3A+The+Ultimate+Cookbook+%28Chinese%2C+Japanese%2C+Korean%2C+Thai%2C+Vietnamese%2C+Asian%29&rft.pages=19%2C+398&rft.pub=Cider+Mill+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Huskey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBush2012" class="citation web cs1">Bush, Austin (5 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html">"Burmese curry restaurants"</a>. Austin Bush Photography. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223207/https://www.austinbushphotography.com/blog/blog/burmese-curry-restaurants.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burmese+curry+restaurants&rft.pub=Austin+Bush+Photography&rft.date=2012-12-05&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinbushphotography.com%2Fblog%2Fblog%2Fburmese-curry-restaurants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeWitt2014" class="citation book cs1">DeWitt, Dave (26 May 2014). <i>Precious Cargo: How Foods From the Americas Changed The World</i>. Catapult. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61902-388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61902-388-8"><bdi>978-1-61902-388-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Precious+Cargo%3A+How+Foods+From+the+Americas+Changed+The+World&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Catapult&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft.isbn=978-1-61902-388-8&rft.aulast=DeWitt&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817162611/http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382">"Thai Food History Chapter 5: Thai Cuisine: Original?"</a>. <i>The Nation</i>. Thailand. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thaicooking.nationmultimedia.com/?p=1382">the original</a> on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Thai+Food+History+Chapter+5%3A+Thai+Cuisine%3A+Original%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthaicooking.nationmultimedia.com%2F%3Fp%3D1382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100309200917/http://www.thaifoodmaster.com/recipes/main_dish_recipes/42">"Stir Fried Prawns with Curry Powder and Eggs Recipe"</a>. <i>Thaifoodmaster</i>. 18 May 2009. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cinnamon+Snail&rft.atitle=Ginataang+Langka+%28Filipino+Jackfruit+in+Coconut+Milk%29&rft.date=2024-07-25&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcinnamonsnail.com%2Fginataang-langka-recipe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pp-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pp_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/">"Pinoy Chicken Curry Recipe"</a>. <i>Panlasang Pinoy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420064900/https://panlasangpinoy.com/chicken-curry-pinoy-style/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sunday+Times&rft.atitle=Curry+is+the+story+of+South+Africa+on+a+plate&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Seid&rft.aufirst=Shelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeslive.co.za%2Fsunday-times%2Flifestyle%2Ffood%2F2017-10-18-curry-is-the-story-of-south-africa-on-a-plate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ishay-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ishay_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ishay_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovender-Ypma2017" class="citation web cs1">Govender-Ypma, Ishay (11 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry">"The Brutal History of South Africa's Most Famous Curry"</a>. Munchies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180128021236/https://munchies.vice.com/en_us/article/qv3njv/the-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Brutal+History+of+South+Africa%27s+Most+Famous+Curry&rft.pub=Munchies&rft.date=2017-11-11&rft.aulast=Govender-Ypma&rft.aufirst=Ishay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmunchies.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fqv3njv%2Fthe-brutal-history-of-south-africas-most-famous-curry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollingham2006243-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollingham2006243_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollingham2006">Collingham 2006</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollingham2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Collingham, Lizzie</a> (2006) [2005 (<a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a>)]. <i>Curry: A Tale of Cooks and Conquerors</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-099-43786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-099-43786-4"><bdi>978-0-099-43786-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curry%3A+A+Tale+of+Cooks+and+Conquerors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-099-43786-4&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=Lizzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Davidson_(food_writer)" title="Alan Davidson (food writer)">Davidson, Alan</a> (2014). Tom Jaine (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Food" title="The Oxford Companion to Food">The Oxford Companion to Food</a></i> (3rd ed.). Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7"><bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967733-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACurry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Achaya, K.T. <i>Indian Food: A Historical Companion</i>. Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 1994.</li> <li>Burton, David. <i>The Raj at Table</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>, 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Chapman" title="Pat Chapman">Chapman, Pat</a>. <i>Pat Chapman's Curry Bible</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hodder_%26_Stoughton" title="Hodder & Stoughton">Hodder & Stoughton</a>, 1997.</li> <li>Grove, Peter & Colleen. <i>The Flavours of History</i>. London: Godiva Books, 2011.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romano-British_culture" title="Romano-British culture">Roman times</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dishes6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">Sausages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Middle Ages</a><br />to 15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Utilis_Coquinario" title="Utilis Coquinario">Utilis Coquinario</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1300</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Forme_of_Cury" title="The Forme of Cury">The Forme of Cury</a></i> (c. 1390)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_pie" title="Apple pie">Apple pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon" title="Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbury_cake" title="Banbury cake">Banbury cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheesecake" title="Cheesecake">Cheesecake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custard" title="Custard">Custard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_pie" title="Game pie">Game pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortis_(food)" title="Mortis (food)">Mortis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasty" title="Pasty">Pasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pease_pudding" title="Pease pudding">Pease pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">Pottage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pynson" title="Richard Pynson">Richard Pynson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Boke_of_Cokery" title="The Boke of Cokery">The Boke of Cokery</a></i>, 1500)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dawson_(cook)" title="Thomas Dawson (cook)">Thomas Dawson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Huswifes_Jewell" title="The Good Huswifes Jewell">The Good Huswifes Jewell</a></i>, 1585)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_pudding" title="Black pudding">Black pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_fool" title="Fruit fool">Fruit fool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancake" title="Pancake">Pancake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scone" title="Scone">Scones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syllabub" title="Syllabub">Syllabub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">Trifle (without jelly)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace" title="Elinor Fettiplace">Elinor Fettiplace</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elinor_Fettiplace%27s_Receipt_Book" title="Elinor Fettiplace's Receipt Book"><i>Receipt Book</i></a>, 1604)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Markham" title="Gervase Markham">Gervase Markham</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Huswife" title="The English Huswife">The English Huswife</a></i>, 1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_May_(cook)" title="Robert May (cook)">Robert May</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Accomplisht_Cook" title="The Accomplisht Cook">The Accomplisht Cook</a></i>, 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Woolley" title="Hannah Woolley">Hannah Woolley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Queen-Like_Closet" title="The Queen-Like Closet">The Queen-like Closet or Rich Cabinet</a></i> 1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenelm_Digby" title="Kenelm Digby">Kenelm Digby</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Closet_Opened" title="The Closet Opened">The Closet Opened</a></i> 1699)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battalia_pie" title="Battalia pie">Battalia pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currant_bun" title="Currant bun">Currant bun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Puddings" title="Queen of Puddings">Queen of Puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponge_cake" title="Sponge cake">Sponge cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_pond_pudding" title="Sussex pond pudding">Sussex pond pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_sour" title="Sweet and sour">Sweet and sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">Tea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mary Kettilby (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Collection_of_Above_Three_Hundred_Receipts_in_Cookery,_Physick_and_Surgery" title="A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery">A Collection of Above Three Hundred Receipts in Cookery, Physick and Surgery</a></i> 1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eales" title="Mary Eales">Mary Eales</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mrs_Mary_Eales%27s_Receipts" title="Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts">Mrs Mary Eales's Receipts</a></i> 1718)</li> <li>John Nott (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Cooks_and_Confectioners_Dictionary" title="The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary">The Cooks and Confectioners Dictionary</a></i>, 1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Smith_(writer)" title="Eliza Smith (writer)">Eliza Smith</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Compleat_Housewife" title="The Compleat Housewife">The Compleat Housewife</a></i> 1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Glasse" title="Hannah Glasse">Hannah Glasse</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Cookery_Made_Plain_and_Easy" title="The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy">The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy</a></i> 1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Cook_(cookery_book_writer)" title="Ann Cook (cookery book writer)">Ann Cook</a> (<i>Professed Cookery</i>, 1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley" title="Martha Bradley">Martha Bradley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Martha_Bradley#The_British_Housewife_(1758)" title="Martha Bradley">The British Housewife</a></i> 1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Raffald" title="Elizabeth Raffald">Elizabeth Raffald</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Experienced_English_Housekeeper" title="The Experienced English Housekeeper">The Experienced English Housekeeper</a></i> 1769)</li> <li>Richard Briggs (<i><a href="/wiki/The_English_Art_of_Cookery" title="The English Art of Cookery">The English Art of Cookery</a></i> 1788)</li> <li>William Augustus Henderson (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Housekeeper%27s_Instructor" title="The Housekeeper's Instructor">The Housekeeper's Instructor</a></i> 1791)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_pudding" title="Bread and butter pudding">Bread and butter pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney" title="Chutney">Chutney</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Curry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Curry in the United Kingdom">In UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie" title="Shepherd's pie">Cottage or Shepherd's pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_rum_nicky" title="Cumberland rum nicky">Cumberland rum nicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccles_cake" title="Eccles cake">Eccles cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellied_eels" title="Jellied eels">Jellied eels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugging" title="Jugging">Jugged hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketchup" title="Ketchup">Ketchup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmalade" title="Marmalade">Marmalade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piccalilli" title="Piccalilli">Piccalilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pork_pie" title="Pork pie">Pork pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">Roast beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandwich" title="Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse_(food)" title="Scouse (food)">Scouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suet_pudding" title="Suet pudding">Suet pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">Toad in the hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifle" title="Trifle">Trifle (with jelly)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_rarebit" title="Welsh rarebit">Welsh rarebit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Rundell" title="Maria Rundell">Maria Rundell</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_New_System_of_Domestic_Cookery" title="A New System of Domestic Cookery">A New System of Domestic Cookery</a></i> 1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Acton" title="Eliza Acton">Eliza Acton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cookery_for_Private_Families" title="Modern Cookery for Private Families">Modern Cookery for Private Families</a></i> 1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Elm%C3%A9_Francatelli" title="Charles Elmé Francatelli">Charles Elmé Francatelli</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Cook" title="The Modern Cook">The Modern Cook</a></i> 1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Beeton" title="Isabella Beeton">Isabella Beeton</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Beeton%27s_Book_of_Household_Management" title="Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management">Mrs. Beeton's Book of Household Management</a></i> 1861)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_and_squeak" title="Bubble and squeak">Bubble and squeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cauliflower_cheese" title="Cauliflower cheese">Cauliflower cheese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobbler_(food)" title="Cobbler (food)">Cobbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devilled_kidneys" title="Devilled kidneys">Devilled kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faggot_(food)" title="Faggot (food)">Faggots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_and_chips" title="Fish and chips">Fish and chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast" title="Full breakfast">Full English breakfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Sauce" title="HP Sauce">HP Sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream_cone" title="Ice cream cone">Ice cream cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_hotpot" title="Lancashire hotpot">Lancashire hotpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potted_shrimps" title="Potted shrimps">Potted shrimps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sausage_roll" title="Sausage roll">Sausage roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steak_and_kidney_pudding" title="Steak and kidney pudding">Steak and kidney pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_cake" title="Battenberg cake">Battenberg cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_mess" title="Eton mess">Eton mess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eve%27s_pudding" title="Eve's pudding">Eve's pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_roly-poly" title="Jam roly-poly">Jam roly-poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardy_cake" title="Lardy cake">Lardy cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira_cake" title="Madeira cake">Madeira cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_pudding" title="Summer pudding">Summer pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_soup" title="Windsor soup">Windsor soup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire_sauce" title="Worcestershire sauce">Worcestershire sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Petty" title="Florence Petty">Florence Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_David" title="Elizabeth David">Elizabeth David</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_Book_of_Mediterranean_Food" title="A Book of Mediterranean Food">A Book of Mediterranean Food</a></i> 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hartley" title="Dorothy Hartley">Dorothy Hartley</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Food_in_England" title="Food in England">Food in England</a></i> 1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Spry" title="Constance Spry">Constance Spry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Cradock" title="Fanny Cradock">Fanny Cradock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Patten" title="Marguerite Patten">Marguerite Patten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Grigson" title="Jane Grigson">Jane Grigson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delia_Smith" title="Delia Smith">Delia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Stein" title="Rick Stein">Rick Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Slater" title="Nigel Slater">Nigel Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Floyd" title="Keith Floyd">Keith Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Pierre_White" title="Marco Pierre White">Marco Pierre White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_Lawson" title="Nigella Lawson">Nigella Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Oliver" title="Jamie Oliver">Jamie Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Henderson" title="Fergus Henderson">Fergus Henderson</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Whole_Beast" title="The Whole Beast">The Whole Beast</a></i> 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Ramsay" title="Gordon Ramsay">Gordon Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Rhodes" title="Gary Rhodes">Gary Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Berry" title="Mary Berry">Mary Berry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakewell_tart" title="Bakewell tart">Bakewell tart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beef_Wellington" title="Beef Wellington">Beef Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrot_cake" title="Carrot cake">Carrot cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala" title="Chicken tikka masala">Chicken tikka masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_chicken" title="Coronation chicken">Coronation chicken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumble" title="Crumble">Crumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_glory" title="Knickerbocker glory">Knickerbocker glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch" title="Ploughman's lunch">Ploughman's lunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salad_cream" title="Salad cream">Salad cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_toffee_pudding" title="Sticky toffee pudding">Sticky toffee pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Exemplars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heston_Blumenthal" title="Heston Blumenthal">Heston Blumenthal</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Fat_Duck" title="The Fat Duck">The Fat Duck</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Collingham" title="Lizzie Collingham">Lizzie Collingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Fearnley-Whittingstall" title="Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall">Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall</a> (<a href="/wiki/River_Cottage" title="River Cottage">River Cottage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Khoo" title="Rachel Khoo">Rachel Khoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Albert_Roux" title="Michel Albert Roux">Michel Roux Jr.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Le_Gavroche" title="Le Gavroche">Le Gavroche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Worrall_Thompson" title="Antony Worrall Thompson">Antony Worrall Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarissa_Dickson_Wright" title="Clarissa Dickson Wright">Clarissa Dickson Wright</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_English_Food" title="A History of English Food">A History of English Food</a></i> 2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Dishes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_quiche" title="Coronation quiche">Coronation quiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_Pudding" title="Platinum Pudding">Platinum Pudding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dishes" title="List of English dishes">List of English dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_cheeses" title="List of English cheeses">List of English cheeses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_savoury_puddings" title="List of savoury puddings">List of savoury puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sweet_puddings" title="List of sweet puddings">List of sweet puddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rationing in the United Kingdom">Rationing in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox662" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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