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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trialetian_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trialetian_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Trialetian sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trialetian_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_the_Caspian_Mesolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_the_Caspian_Mesolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Relation with the Caspian Mesolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_the_Caspian_Mesolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_with_Kmlo-2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_with_Kmlo-2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Relation with Kmlo-2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_with_Kmlo-2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Final phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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title="Trialetien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trialetien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A9_(%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B7%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2)" title="Թրիալեթ (հուշարձանախումբ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թրիալեթ (հուշարձանախումբ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesolithische_Trialeticultuur" title="Mesolithische Trialeticultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mesolithische Trialeticultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Триалетская мезолитическая культура – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Триалетская мезолитическая культура" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trialetiyen_Mezolitik" title="Trialetiyen Mezolitik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trialetiyen Mezolitik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Upper Paleolithic-Epipaleolithic stone tool industry</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Trialeti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti culture">Trialeti culture</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Trialetian culture</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 16/13000 – c. 8000 BP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major sites</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trialeti" title="Trialeti">Trialeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanidar_Cave" title="Shanidar Cave">Shanidar Cave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huto_and_Kamarband_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Huto and Kamarband Caves">Huto and Kamarband Caves</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotias_Klde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotias Klde (page does not exist)">Kotias Klde</a>, Chokh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri-Shomu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulaveri-Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu culture</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Mesolithic cultures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Europe">Mesolithic Europe</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fosna%E2%80%93Hensbacka_culture" title="Fosna–Hensbacka culture">Fosna–Hensbacka culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Komsa_culture" title="Komsa culture">Komsa culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maglemosian_culture" title="Maglemosian culture">Maglemosian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iron_Gates_Mesolithic" title="Iron Gates Mesolithic">Iron Gates Mesolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Komornica_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Komornica culture">Komornica culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Swiderian_culture" title="Swiderian culture">Swiderian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic Transylvania">Epipaleolithic Transylvania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Transylvania">Mesolithic Transylvania</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Tardenoisian" title="Tardenoisian">Tardenoisian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Schela_Cladovei_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Schela Cladovei culture">Schela Cladovei culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolithic Southeastern Europe">Mesolithic Southeastern Europe</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic_Near_East" title="Epipalaeolithic Near East">Epipalaeolithic Near East</a> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></dd></dl> <p>Caucasus </p> <dl><dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trialetian Mesolithic</a></dd></dl> <p>Zagros </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesolithic" title="Template:Mesolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mesolithic" title="Template talk:Mesolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mesolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mesolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Trialetian</b> is the name for an <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic">Epipaleolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tool</a> industry from the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is tentatively dated to the period between 16,000 / 13,000 BP and 8,000 BP.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the archaeological culture derives from sites in the district of <a href="/wiki/Trialeti" title="Trialeti">Trialeti</a> in south <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Georgian</a> <a href="/wiki/Khrami" title="Khrami">Khrami</a> river basin. These sites include Barmaksyzkaya and Edzani-Zurtaketi.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Edzani, an Upper Paleolithic site, a significant percentage of the artifacts are made of obsidian.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caucasus" title="History of the Caucasus">Caucasian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> area of Trialetian culture was adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">Iraqi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a> to the east and south as well as the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a> to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan H. Simmons describes the culture as "very poorly documented".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, recent excavations in the Valley of <a href="/wiki/Qvirila_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Qvirila River">Qvirila river</a>, to the north of the Trialetian region, display a Mesolithic culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The subsistence of these groups were based on hunting <i><a href="/wiki/Capra_caucasica" class="mw-redirect" title="Capra caucasica">Capra caucasica</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Trialetian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Trialetian.png/403px-Map_of_Trialetian.png" decoding="async" width="403" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Trialetian.png/605px-Map_of_Trialetian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Trialetian.png/806px-Map_of_Trialetian.png 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the Trialetian according to Kozłowski and Kaczanowska (2004) <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trialetian_sites">Trialetian sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Trialetian sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Caucasus and Transcaucasia</b>: </p> <ul><li>Edzani (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chokh (<a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>), layers E-C200<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kotias Klde, layer B <sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Eastern Anatolia</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (from ca. 8.6-8.5k BC to 7.6-7.5k BC <sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevali Çori</a> shows some Trialetian admixture in a <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">PPNB</a> context<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Trialetian influences can also be found in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Boy Tepe<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Southeast of the Caspian Sea</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huto_and_Kamarband_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Huto and Kamarband Caves">Hotu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ali Tepe (Iran) <sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(from cal. 10.5k BC to 8.87 BC<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huto_and_Kamarband_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Huto and Kamarband Caves">Belt Cave</a> (Iran), layers 28-11 <sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the last remains date from ca. 6k BC <sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li>Dam-Dam-Cheshme II (<a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>), layers7-3<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The belonging of these Caspian Mesolithic sites to the Trialetian has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_the_Caspian_Mesolithic">Relation with the Caspian Mesolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relation with the Caspian Mesolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Differences have been found<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the Trialetian and the <b>Caspian Mesolithic</b> of the southeastern part of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> (represented by sites like Komishan, <a href="/wiki/Huto_and_Kamarband_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Huto and Kamarband Caves">Hotu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huto_and_Kamarband_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Huto and Kamarband Caves">Kamarband</a> and Ali Tepe), even though the Caspian Mesolithic had previously been attributed to Trialetian by Kozłowski (1994, 1996 and 1999), Kozłowski and Aurenche 2005 and Peregrine and Ember 2002. These differences have been established through a detailed study of the site of Komishan and are driven by the underlying differences at the level of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">cultural ecology</a>. </p><p>While Trialetian industry developed in steppe riparian and mountain ecozones, as for example in the Khrami river and the mountainous site of Chokh respectively, the Caspian Mesolithic took place in a transitional ecotone between the sea (Caspian Sea), plain and mountains (<a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz mountain range</a>). The Caspian Mesolithic hunter-gatherers were adapted to the exploitation of marine resources and had access to high quality raw material, whereas in the Trialetian sites as Chokh and Trialeti there is imported raw material from distances of 100 km. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_with_Kmlo-2">Relation with Kmlo-2</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relation with Kmlo-2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kmlo-2 is a rock shelter situated on the west slope of the <a href="/wiki/Kasagh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasagh River">Kasakh River</a> valley,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Aragats" title="Mount Aragats">Aragats</a> massif, in <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. This site seems to present three different phases of occupation (11-10k cal BC, 9-8k cal BC and 6-5k cal BC).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lithic_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithic industry">lithic industry</a> of the three phases show similarities such as the predominance of <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a>, small cores and <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> as raw material.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backed an scalene bladelets are the dominant type of microlith; these tools show similarities with those of the Late Upper Paleolithic of Kalavan-1 and the Mesolithic layer B of the Kotias Klde.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural affinities of the Kmlo-2 lithic industry with the Epipaleolithic and Aceramic Neolithic sites in Taurus-Zagros mountains have also been noted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Let us quote a few words from Gasparyan<sup id="cite_ref-:7_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about the industry found in Apnagyugh-8 (Kmlo-2) cave that express these similarities:</p><blockquote><p>Let us conclude that Apnagyugh-8 industry is closer to the production complexes with traditions of Mesolithic and/or Upper Paleolithic periods. But it’s difficult to show any culture or archaeological source in Armenia today, which belongs to these periods, preceding Apnagyugh-8 and could have been its origin or prototype. The only site that emerged before Apnagyugh-8 is Kalavan-1, an Upper Paleolithic site dating to 16th–14th millennia B.C., where microliths of geometrical forms are fully absent. Though Apnagyugh-8 industry shows some similarities with Zarzian and Trialeti cultures, analytic studies for proving this comparison are still in the process.</p></blockquote><p>Layer III of Kmlo-2 contained the so-called “Kmlo tools”.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kmlo tools are characterized by "continuous and parallel retouch by pressure flaking of one or both lateral edges".<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar tools have been found, as the associated to the Paluri-Nagutny culture in Georgia),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the so-called "Çayönü tools” (Çayönü, Cafer Höyük, Shimshara),<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in Neolithic sites from the 8th to 7th millennia BC in eastern Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia, and some found in the layer A2 of the Kotias Klde cave.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that the Kmlo tools are distinctive features of a culture established circa 9-8k cal BC on the highlands of western Armenia and continued at least until the 6th-5th millennia calBC.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A local development of the Kmlo tools has also been hypothesized.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_phase">Final phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Final phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known about the end of the Trialetian. 6k BC has been proposed as the time on which the decline phase took place.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this date are the first evidence of the <a href="/wiki/Jeitun" title="Jeitun">Jeitunian</a>, an industry that has probably evolved from the Trialetian. Also from this date are the first pieces of evidence of Neolithic materials in the Belt cave. </p><p>In the southwest corner of the Trialetian region it has been proposed<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that this culture evolved towards a local version of the PPNB around 7k BC, in sites as <a href="/wiki/Cafer_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Cafer Höyük">Cafer Höyük</a>. </p><p>Kozłowski suggests that the Trialetian does not seem to have continuation in the Neolithic of Georgia (as for example in Paluri and Kobuleti). Although in the 5k BC certain <a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">microliths</a> similar to those of the Trialetian reappear in Shulaveris Gora (see <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri-Shomu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Shulaveri-Shomu culture">Shulaveri-Shomu</a>) and Irmis Gora. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/220px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/330px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/440px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1087" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fertile_crescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertile crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> circa 7500 BC, with main sites of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> period. In this map we can see some sites that have been associated with the Trialetian culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi_Tepesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallan Çemi Tepesi">Hallan Çemi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevali Çori</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genome of a Mesolithic hunter-gatherer individual found at the layer A2 of the Kotias Klde rock shelter in Georgia (labeled KK1), dating from 9,700 BP, has been analysed. This individual forms a genetic cluster with another hunter-gatherer from the <a href="/wiki/Satsurblia_Cave" title="Satsurblia Cave">Satsurblia Cave</a>, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer</a> (CHG) cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> KK1 belongs to the Y-chromosome <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J-M172" title="Haplogroup J-M172">haplogroup J2a</a> and mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)#H13" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">haplogroup H13c</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an independent analysis<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has assigned him J2a1b-Y12379*). </p><p>Although the belonging of the Caspian Mesolithic to the Trialetian has been questioned,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is worth noting that genetic similarities have been found between an Mesolithic hunther-gatherer from the <a href="/wiki/Huto_and_Kamarband_Caves" class="mw-redirect" title="Huto and Kamarband Caves">Hotu cave</a> (labeled Iran_HotuIIIb) dating from 9,100-8,600 BCE and the CHG from Kotias Klde. The Iran_HotuIIIb individual belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_J_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup J (Y-DNA)">Y-chromosome haplogroup J</a> (xJ2a1b3, J2b2a1a1)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (an independent analysis<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yields J2a-CTS1085(xCTS11251,PF5073) -probably J2a2-). Then, both KK1 and Iran_HotuIIIb individuals share a paternal ancestor that lived approximately 18.7k years ago (according to the estimates of yfull <sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). At the <a href="/wiki/Autosome" title="Autosome">autosomal</a> level it falls in the cluster of the CHG's and the Iranian Neolithic Farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipaleolithic_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipaleolithic Near East">Epipaleolithic Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Caucasus" title="Prehistoric Caucasus">Prehistoric Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Georgia" title="Prehistoric Georgia">Prehistoric Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer">Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trialetian_Mesolithic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anna Stolberg: <i>Glossar</i> In: <i>Vor 12.000 Jahren in Anatolien. Die ältesten Monumente der Menschheit</i>, Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe (ed.), Stuttgart 2007, pg. 375–377, here: pg. 377.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frédérique Brunet: <i>Asie centrale: vers une redéfinition des complexes culturels de la fin du Pléistocène et des débuts de l’Holocène</i>, in: Paléorient 28,2 (2002) pg. 9-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nikolay I. Burchak-Abramovich, Oleg Grigor'evich Bendukidze: <i>Fauna epipaleoliticheskoy stoyanki Zurtaketi</i>, in: SANGSSR 55,3 (1969) pg. 32-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karine Khristoforovna Kushnareva: <i>The Southern Caucasus in Prehistory. Stages of Cultural and Socioeconomic Development from the Eighth to the Second Millennium B.C.</i>, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology, 1997, pg. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nach Henri de Cotenson in: Syria, tomus 80, 2003, 270-271, here: pg. 271; Besprechung zu <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Otte" title="Marcel Otte">Marcel Otte</a> (ed.): <i>Préhistoire d’Anatolie. Genèse de deux mondes. Actes du Colloque international, Liège, 28 avril-3 mai 1997.</i> Liège 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alan H. Simmons says the culture is "very poorly documented" (Alan H. Simmons: <i>The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East. Transforming the Human Landscape</i>, University of Arizona Press, 2011, pg. 53).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ofer_Bar-Yosef" title="Ofer Bar-Yosef">Ofer Bar-Yosef</a>: <i>Upper palaeolithic hunter-gatherers in western Asia</i>, in: Vicki Cummings, Peter Jordan, Marek Zvelebil (ed.): <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers</i>, Oxford University Press, 2014, pg. 252–278, here: pg. 265 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._K._Kozlowski,_M._Kaczanowska2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">J. K. Kozlowski, M. Kaczanowska (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maajournal.com/Issues2004a.php">"Gravettian/Epigravettian sequences in the Balkans and Anatolia"</a>. <i>Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry</i>. 4 - Issue 1: 5–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Archaeology+and+Archaeometry&rft.atitle=Gravettian%2FEpigravettian+sequences+in+the+Balkans+and+Anatolia&rft.volume=4+-+Issue+1&rft.pages=5-18&rft.date=2004&rft.au=J.+K.+Kozlowski%2C+M.+Kaczanowska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maajournal.com%2FIssues2004a.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrialetian+Mesolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Karol Kozłowski: <i>The Trialetian “Mesolithic” industry of the Caucasus, Transcaspia, Eastern Anatolia, and the Iranian Plateau</i>. In: Stefan Karol Kozłowski, Hans Georg Gebel (ed.): <i>Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions</i>. Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 3, Berlin 1996, pg. 161–170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagona2017" class="citation book cs1">Sagona, Antonio (November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/archaeology-of-the-caucasus/E34E3D7504D03BFADCE819C2D5138C4B"><i>The Archaeology of the Caucasus by Antonio Sagona</i></a>. Cambridge Core. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781139061254">10.1017/9781139061254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139061254" title="Special:BookSources/9781139061254"><bdi>9781139061254</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+the+Caucasus+by+Antonio+Sagona&rft.pub=Cambridge+Core&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781139061254&rft.isbn=9781139061254&rft.aulast=Sagona&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Farchaeology-of-the-caucasus%2FE34E3D7504D03BFADCE819C2D5138C4B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATrialetian+Mesolithic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVahdati_NasabJayez2016" class="citation journal cs1">Vahdati Nasab, Hamed; Jayez, Mozhgan (2016). 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In: Stefan Karol Kozłowski, Hans Georg Gebel (ed.): <i>Neolithic chipped stone industries of the Fertile Crescent, and their contemporaries in adjacent regions.</i>, Studies in Early Near Eastern Production, Subsistence and Environment 3, Berlin 1996, pg. 161–170.</li> <li>Sagona, A. (2017). <i>The Archaeology of the Caucasus: From Earliest Settlements to the Iron Age</i> (Cambridge World Archaeology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781139061254</li> <li>Olivier Aurenche, Philippe Galet, Emmanuelle Régagnon-Caroline, Jacques Évin: <i>Proto-Neolithic and Neolithic Cultures in the Middle East – the Birth of Agriculture, Livestock Raising, and Ceramics: A Calibrated 14C Chronology 12, 500-5500 cal BC</i>, in: Near East Chronology: Archaeology and Environment. Radiocarbon 43,3 (2001) 1191–1202. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/PDF/RadioCarbon.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024121/http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/PDF/RadioCarbon.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PDF)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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title="Geography of Mesopotamia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mesopotamia" title="Lower Mesopotamia">Lower Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_Marshes" title="Mesopotamian Marshes">Mesopotamian Marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris%E2%80%93Euphrates_river_system" title="Tigris–Euphrates river system">Tigris–Euphrates river system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamrin_Mountains" title="Hamrin Mountains">Hamrin Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkad_(city)" title="Akkad (city)">Akkad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armani_(kingdom)" title="Armani (kingdom)">Armani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhum" title="Suhum">Suhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turukkaeans" title="Turukkaeans">Tukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ishtar_Gate.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon"><img alt="Ishtar Gate in the city of Babylon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/110px-Ishtar_Gate.gif" decoding="async" width="110" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/165px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Ishtar_Gate.gif/220px-Ishtar_Gate.gif 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">(Pre)history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Mesopotamia" title="Prehistory of Mesopotamia">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jemdet_Nasr_period" title="Jemdet Nasr period">Jemdet Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_civilization" title="Kish civilization">Kish civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia" title="History of Mesopotamia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_rule_in_Mesopotamia" title="Gutian rule in Mesopotamia">Gutians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simurrum" title="Simurrum">Simurrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_dynasty" title="Kassite dynasty">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">Fall of Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorite_language" title="Amorite language">Amorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eblaite_language" title="Eblaite language">Eblaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwian_language" title="Luwian language">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Armenian_language" title="Proto-Armenian language">Proto-Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutean_language" title="Sutean language">Sutean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartian_language" title="Urartian language">Urartian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture/society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mesopotamia" title="Architecture of Mesopotamia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akitu" title="Akitu">Akitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mathematics" title="Babylonian mathematics">Babylonian mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_literature" title="Akkadian literature">Akkadian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sumer" title="Economy of Sumer">Economy of Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warfare_in_Sumer" title="Warfare in Sumer">Warfare in Sumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire">Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumerian_cuisine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumerian cuisine (page does not exist)">Sumerian cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_literature" title="Sumerian literature">Sumerian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mesopotamia" title="Music of Mesopotamia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt-Mesopotamia relations">Egypt-Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_royal_titulary" title="Akkadian royal titulary">Royal titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_dynasties" title="List of Mesopotamian dynasties">List of rulers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_looting_in_Iraq" title="Archaeological looting in Iraq">Looting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">Destruction by ISIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian myths">Mesopotamian myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_divination" title="Mesopotamian divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_prayer" title="Mesopotamian prayer">Prayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">Ziggurat (Temple)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyriology" title="Assyriology">Assyriology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Assyriologists" title="List of Assyriologists">Assyriologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittitology" title="Hittitology">Hittitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Sumerian_Dictionary" title="Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary">Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Assyrian_Dictionary" title="Chicago Assyrian Dictionary">Chicago Assyrian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Hittite_Dictionary" title="Chicago Hittite Dictionary">Chicago Hittite Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> 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class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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