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id="toc-Prisoner_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoner_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Prisoner exchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoner_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dix-Hill_Cartel_of_1862" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dix-Hill_Cartel_of_1862"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Dix-Hill Cartel of 1862</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dix-Hill_Cartel_of_1862-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_exchanges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_exchanges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>End of exchanges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_exchanges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_rates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_rates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Death rates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_rates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Main camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specific_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Specific camps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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href="/wiki/File:Prisoner_of_war,_from_Belle_Isle,_Richmond,_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital,_Div._1,_Annapolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/170px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/255px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg/340px-Prisoner_of_war%2C_from_Belle_Isle%2C_Richmond%2C_at_the_U.S._General_Hospital%2C_Div._1%2C_Annapolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army soldier</a> barely alive in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> on his release in 1865. Both <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> suffered great hardships during their captivity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 1861 and 1865, <b>American Civil War prison camps</b> were operated by the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> to detain over 400,000 captured soldiers. From the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> through to 1863 a parole exchange system saw most <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> swapped relatively quickly. However, from 1863 this broke down following the Confederacy's refusal to treat black and white Union prisoners equally, leading to soaring numbers held on both sides. </p><p>Records indicate the capture of 211,411 Union soldiers, with 16,668 paroled and 30,218 died in captivity; of Confederate soldiers, 462,684 were captured, 247,769 paroled and 25,976 died in captivity. Just over 12% of the captives in Northern prisons died, compared to 15.5% for Southern prisons.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lorien Foote has noted, "the suffering of prisoners did more to inhibit postwar reconciliation than any other episode of the war."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parole">Parole</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Parole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lacking means for dealing with large numbers of captured troops early in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> governments both relied on the traditional European system of parole and exchange of prisoners. A prisoner who was on parole promised not to fight again until his name was "exchanged" for a similar man on the other side. Then both of them could rejoin their units. While awaiting exchange, prisoners were briefly confined to permanent camps. The exchange system broke down in mid-1863 when the Confederacy refused to treat captured black prisoners as equal to white prisoners. The prison populations on both sides then soared. There were 32 major Confederate prisons, 16 of them in the Deep South states of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Training camps were often turned into prisons, and new prisons also had to be made. The North had a much larger population than the South, and Gen. <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> was well aware that keeping its soldiers in Northern prisons hurt the Southern economy and war effort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prisoner_exchanges">Prisoner exchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prisoner exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dix%E2%80%93Hill_Cartel" title="Dix–Hill Cartel">Dix–Hill Cartel</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg/300px-Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg/450px-Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg/600px-Returned_prisoners_of_war_exchanging_their_rags_for_new_clothing_on_board_Flag_of_Truce_boat_New_York_LCCN2004661236.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8636" data-file-height="6088" /></a><figcaption>Returned prisoners of war exchanging their rags for new clothing, drawn by <a href="/wiki/William_Waud" title="William Waud">William Waud</a></figcaption></figure> <p>At the outbreak of the war, the federal government avoided any action, including prisoner exchanges, that might be viewed as official recognition of the Confederate government in Richmond. Public opinion forced a change after the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">First Battle of Bull Run</a>, when the Confederates captured over one thousand Union soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Union and Confederate forces exchanged prisoners sporadically, often as an act of humanity between opposing commanders. Support for prisoner exchanges grew throughout the initial months of the war, as the North saw increasing numbers of its soldiers captured. Petitions from prisoners in the South and editorials in Northern newspapers brought pressure on the Lincoln administration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 11, 1861, the US Congress passed a joint resolution calling on President Lincoln to "inaugurate systematic measures for the exchange of prisoners in the present rebellion".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In two meetings on February 23 and March 1, 1862, Union Major Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_E._Wool" title="John E. Wool">John E. Wool</a> and Confederate Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Howell Cobb</a> met to reach an agreement on prisoner exchanges. They discussed many of the provisions later adopted in the Dix-Hill agreement. However, differences over which side would cover expenses for prisoner transportation stymied the negotiations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dix-Hill_Cartel_of_1862">Dix-Hill Cartel of 1862</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dix-Hill Cartel of 1862"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prison camps were largely empty in mid-1862, thanks to the informal exchanges. Both sides agreed to formalize the system. Negotiations resumed in July 1862, when Union Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">John A. Dix</a> and Confederate Maj. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Harvey_Hill" title="Daniel Harvey Hill">D. H. Hill</a> were assigned the task. The agreement established a scale of equivalents for the exchange of military officers and enlisted men. Thus a navy captain or an army colonel was worth fifteen privates or ordinary seamen, while personnel of equal ranks were exchanged man for man. Each government appointed an agent to handle the exchange and parole of prisoners. The agreement also allowed the exchange of non-combatants, such as citizens accused of "disloyalty", and civilian employees of the military, and allowed the informal exchange or parole of captives between the commanders of the opposing forces. </p><p>Authorities were to <a href="/wiki/Parole#Prisoners_of_war" title="Parole">parole</a> any prisoners not formally exchanged within ten days following their capture. The terms of the cartel prohibited paroled prisoners from returning to the military in any capacity including "the performance of field, garrison, police, or guard, or constabulary duty".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_exchanges">End of exchanges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: End of exchanges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exchange system collapsed in 1863 because the Confederacy refused to treat Black prisoners the same as Whites. They said they were probably ex-slaves and belonged to their masters, not to the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South needed the exchanges much more than the North did, because of the severe manpower shortage in the Confederacy. In 1864 Ulysses Grant, noting the "prisoner gap" (Union camps held far more prisoners than Confederate camps), decided that the growing prisoner gap gave him a decided military advantage. He therefore opposed wholesale exchanges until the end was in sight. Around 5,600 Confederates were allowed to join the Union Army. Known as "<a href="/wiki/Galvanized_Yankees" title="Galvanized Yankees">galvanized Yankees</a>" these troops were stationed in the West facing Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prisoner exchanges resumed early in 1865, just before the war's end, with the Confederates sending 17,000 prisoners North while receiving 24,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 23, after the war ended, the riverboat <i><a href="/wiki/Sultana_(steamboat)" title="Sultana (steamboat)">Sultana</a></i> was taking 1900 ex-prisoners North on the Mississippi River when it exploded, killing about 1500 of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_rates">Death rates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death rates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The overall mortality rates in prisons on both sides were similar, and quite high. Many Southern prisons were located in regions with high disease rates, and were routinely short of medicine, doctors, food and ice. Northerners often believed their men were being deliberately weakened and killed in Confederate prisons, and demanded that conditions in Northern prisons be equally harsh, even though shortages were not a problem in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 56,000 soldiers died in prisons during the war, accounting for almost 10% of all Civil War fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a period of 14 months in <a href="/wiki/Camp_Sumter" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Sumter">Camp Sumter</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Andersonville,_Georgia" title="Andersonville, Georgia">Andersonville, Georgia</a>, 13,000 (28%) of the 45,000 Union soldiers confined there died.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)" title="Camp Douglas (Chicago)">Camp Douglas</a> in Chicago, Illinois, 10% of its Confederate prisoners died during one cold winter month; and <a href="/wiki/Elmira_Prison" title="Elmira Prison">Elmira Prison</a> in New York state, with a death rate of 25%, very nearly equaled that of Andersonville.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_camps">Main camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Main camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:12%;">Combatant </th> <th style="width:10%;">Name </th> <th style="width:8%;">Location </th> <th style="width:40%;">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width:30px;">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Chase" title="Camp Chase">Camp Chase</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a> </td> <td>Established in May 1861 and closed in 1865. The camp's original capacity was for 4,000 men, but at times more than 7,000 prisoners were accommodated. The capacity was increased to 7,000, but towards the end of the war up to 10,000 men were crammed into the facility.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg/150px-Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg/225px-Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg/300px-Camp_Chase_Memorial_in_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1551" data-file-height="1959" /></a><figcaption>The memorial to the Confederate dead at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Chase" title="Camp Chase">Camp Chase</a>, dedicated in 1909</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Douglas_(Chicago)" title="Camp Douglas (Chicago)">Camp Douglas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> </td> <td>Camp Douglas, sometimes described as "The North's Andersonville", was the largest Union POW Camp. The Union Army first used the camp in 1861 as an organizational and training camp for volunteer regiments. It became a prisoner-of-war camp in early 1862 and is noteworthy due to its poor living conditions and a death rate of roughly 15%. Of the 26,060 interned over the four years, roughly 4,000 died from starvation, execution, or exposure.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png/275px-Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png/413px-Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png/550px-Camp_Douglas_Prison_Grounds_Chicago.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1227" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Slocum_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Slocum (New York)">Fort Slocum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Davids_Island_(New_York)" title="Davids Island (New York)">Davids Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> </td> <td>Davids Island was used from July 1863 to October 1863 as a temporary hospital for Confederate soldiers injured during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>. </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elmira_Prison" title="Elmira Prison">Elmira Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira, New York</a> </td> <td>Originally established as Camp Rathbun, a training base, the site was converted to a prisoner of war camp in 1864 with a capacity for approximately 12,000 prisoners. Before its closure in 1865, 2,963 prisoners died there from various causes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65,_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_(1911)_(14760407854).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814760407854%29.jpg/275px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814760407854%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814760407854%29.jpg/413px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814760407854%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814760407854%29.jpg/550px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814760407854%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Delaware" title="Fort Delaware">Fort Delaware</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware_City,_Delaware" title="Delaware City, Delaware">Delaware City, Delaware</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Delaware.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Fort_Delaware.jpg/275px-Fort_Delaware.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Fort_Delaware.jpg/413px-Fort_Delaware.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Fort_Delaware.jpg/550px-Fort_Delaware.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Warren_(Massachusetts)" title="Fort Warren (Massachusetts)">Fort Warren</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CWguardhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CWguardhouse.jpg/260px-CWguardhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CWguardhouse.jpg/390px-CWguardhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/CWguardhouse.jpg/520px-CWguardhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gratiot_Street_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Gratiot Street Prison">Gratiot Street Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg/220px-Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg/330px-Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg/440px-Photo_of_drawing_of_Gratiot_Military_Prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_Island" title="Johnson's Island">Johnson's Island</a> </td> <td>Lake Erie, <a href="/wiki/Sandusky,_Ohio" title="Sandusky, Ohio">Sandusky, Ohio</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png/275px-Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png" decoding="async" width="275" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png/413px-Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png/550px-Johnson%27s_Island_Prison_Drawing.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Penitentiary" title="Ohio Penitentiary">Ohio Penitentiary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg/300px-Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg/450px-Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg/600px-Ohio_Pen_01a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5520" data-file-height="3714" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Capitol_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Capitol Prison">Old Capitol Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitolprison1.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Capitolprison1.gif/220px-Capitolprison1.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Capitolprison1.gif/330px-Capitolprison1.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Capitolprison1.gif/440px-Capitolprison1.gif 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Point_Lookout,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Lookout, Maryland">Point Lookout</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Mary%27s_County,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Mary's County, Maryland">Saint Mary's County, Maryland</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island_Arsenal" title="Rock Island Arsenal">Rock Island Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a> </td> <td>A U.S. Government owned island in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island,_Illinois,_c1863-1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island%2C_Illinois%2C_c1863-1865.jpg/220px-The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island%2C_Illinois%2C_c1863-1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island%2C_Illinois%2C_c1863-1865.jpg/330px-The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island%2C_Illinois%2C_c1863-1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island%2C_Illinois%2C_c1863-1865.jpg/440px-The_Federal_prison_at_Rock_Island%2C_Illinois%2C_c1863-1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Union </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Morton" title="Camp Morton">Camp Morton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis, Indiana</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton,_c._1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton%2C_c._1863.jpg/275px-Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton%2C_c._1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton%2C_c._1863.jpg/413px-Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton%2C_c._1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton%2C_c._1863.jpg/550px-Prisoners_at_Camp_Morton%2C_c._1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5572" data-file-height="4364" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Andersonville National Historic Site">Andersonville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andersonville,_Georgia" title="Andersonville, Georgia">Andersonville, Georgia</a> </td> <td>13,000 of the 45,000 Union soldiers imprisoned here died, making Andersonville the deadliest prison in the Civil War. The site is now the <a href="/wiki/National_POW_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="National POW Museum">National POW Museum</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Andersonville_Prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andersonville_Prison.jpg/274px-Andersonville_Prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andersonville_Prison.jpg/411px-Andersonville_Prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Andersonville_Prison.jpg/548px-Andersonville_Prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7378" data-file-height="6001" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Lawton_(Georgia)" title="Camp Lawton (Georgia)">Camp Lawton</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Millen,_Georgia" title="Millen, Georgia">Millen, Georgia</a> </td> <td>To relieve some of the conditions at Andersonville, a larger prison was constructed in the summer of 1864 near the Lawton Depot in the town of Millen, Georgia. Around 10,000 prisoners were moved to Camp Lawton between October and late November 1864. It is currently a state park, <a href="/wiki/Magnolia_Springs_State_Park" title="Magnolia Springs State Park">Magnolia Springs</a>. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Lawton_earthenworks,_Jenkins_County,_GA,_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Camp_Lawton_earthenworks%2C_Jenkins_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/275px-Camp_Lawton_earthenworks%2C_Jenkins_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Camp_Lawton_earthenworks%2C_Jenkins_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/413px-Camp_Lawton_earthenworks%2C_Jenkins_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Camp_Lawton_earthenworks%2C_Jenkins_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg/550px-Camp_Lawton_earthenworks%2C_Jenkins_County%2C_GA%2C_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belle_Isle_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belle Isle (Virginia)">Belle Isle</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65,_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_(1911)_(14739737526).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814739737526%29.jpg/220px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814739737526%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814739737526%29.jpg/330px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814739737526%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814739737526%29.jpg/440px-The_photographic_history_of_the_Civil_War_-_thousands_of_scenes_photographed_1861-65%2C_with_text_by_many_special_authorities_%281911%29_%2814739737526%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="1510" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackshear_Prison" title="Blackshear Prison">Blackshear Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Blackshear,_Georgia" title="Blackshear, Georgia">Blackshear, Georgia</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cahaba_Prison" title="Cahaba Prison">Cahaba Prison</a> (Castle Morgan) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selma,_Alabama" title="Selma, Alabama">Selma, Alabama</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Castle Morgan, Cahaba, Alabama, 1863–65. Drawn from memory by Jesse Hawes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Castle_Morgan.jpg/276px-Castle_Morgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Castle_Morgan.jpg/414px-Castle_Morgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Castle_Morgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camp_Ford" title="Camp Ford">Camp Ford</a> </td> <td>Near <a href="/wiki/Tyler,_Texas" title="Tyler, Texas">Tyler, Texas</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wood cut engraving of Camp Ford, Texas. Originally drawn by Jas. S. McClain, captured on May 3, 1864, and held prisoner until the final exchange on May 27, 1865." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif/lossy-page1-274px-Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="274" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif/lossy-page1-411px-Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif/lossy-page1-548px-Camp_Ford_Lithograph.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7116" data-file-height="4904" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Pinckney" title="Castle Pinckney">Castle Pinckney</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Pickney1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Castle_Pickney1.JPG/220px-Castle_Pickney1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Castle_Pickney1.JPG/330px-Castle_Pickney1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Castle_Pickney1.JPG/440px-Castle_Pickney1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1227" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Sorghum" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Sorghum">Castle Sorghum</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia, South Carolina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_of_war_and_military_prisons;_personal_narratives_of_experience_in_the_prisons_at_Richmond,_Danville,_Macon,_Andersonville,_Savannah,_Millen,_Charleston,_and_Columbia_with_a_list_of_officers_(14759573681).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prisoners_of_war_and_military_prisons%3B_personal_narratives_of_experience_in_the_prisons_at_Richmond%2C_Danville%2C_Macon%2C_Andersonville%2C_Savannah%2C_Millen%2C_Charleston%2C_and_Columbia_with_a_list_of_officers_%2814759573681%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prisoners_of_war_and_military_prisons%3B_personal_narratives_of_experience_in_the_prisons_at_Richmond%2C_Danville%2C_Macon%2C_Andersonville%2C_Savannah%2C_Millen%2C_Charleston%2C_and_Columbia_with_a_list_of_officers_%2814759573681%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Prisoners_of_war_and_military_prisons%3B_personal_narratives_of_experience_in_the_prisons_at_Richmond%2C_Danville%2C_Macon%2C_Andersonville%2C_Savannah%2C_Millen%2C_Charleston%2C_and_Columbia_with_a_list_of_officers_%2814759573681%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Thunder_(prison)" title="Castle Thunder (prison)">Castle Thunder</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:CastleThunder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CastleThunder.jpg/220px-CastleThunder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CastleThunder.jpg/330px-CastleThunder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CastleThunder.jpg/440px-CastleThunder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td>Danville Prison </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Virginia" title="Danville, Virginia">Danville, Virginia</a> </td> <td>The Confederate prison at Danville, Va., was not one prison camp but six tobacco warehouses in which captured Union soldiers were confined during 1863–1865. Only Prison Number 6 remains on site at 300 Lynn Street </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence_Stockade" title="Florence Stockade">Florence Stockade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Florence,_South_Carolina" title="Florence, South Carolina">Florence, South Carolina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg/237px-Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg/356px-Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg/474px-Florence_Stockade_Confederate_Prison_Camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Pulaski">Fort Pulaski</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah, Georgia</a> </td> <td>Fort Pulaski was used as Confederate prison camp from 1861 to 1862. </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg/275px-Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg/413px-Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg/550px-Fort_Pulaski_Civil_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libby_Prison" title="Libby Prison">Libby Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Libby_Prison,_Richmond,_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Libby_Prison%2C_Richmond%2C_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg/275px-Libby_Prison%2C_Richmond%2C_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Libby_Prison%2C_Richmond%2C_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg/413px-Libby_Prison%2C_Richmond%2C_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Libby_Prison%2C_Richmond%2C_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg/550px-Libby_Prison%2C_Richmond%2C_05-1865_-_NARA_-_533454.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2943" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Confederate </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Salisbury Prison">Salisbury Prison</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salisbury,_North_Carolina" title="Salisbury, North Carolina">Salisbury, North Carolina</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg/275px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg/413px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg/550px-Bird%27s_Eye_View_of_the_Confederate_Prison_Pen_Salisbury_North_Carolina_1864.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2956" data-file-height="2180" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">Prisoner-of-war camp</a>, worldwide history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wirz" title="Henry Wirz">Henry Wirz</a>, commander at Andersonville; executed for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_camp" title="Parole camp">Parole camp</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ford_Rhodes1904" class="citation book cs1">James Ford Rhodes (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst20unkngoog"><i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1864-1866</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst20unkngoog/page/n529">507</a>–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+from+the+Compromise+of+1850%3A+1864-1866&rft.pages=507-8&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1904&rft.au=James+Ford+Rhodes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryunitedst20unkngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote2019" class="citation cs2">Foote, Lorien (2019-10-31), Sheehan-Dean, Aaron (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316650707%23CN-bp-15/type/book_part">"Prisoners of War"</a>, <i>The Cambridge History of the American Civil War</i> (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 293–316, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316650707.016">10.1017/9781316650707.016</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-65070-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-65070-7"><bdi>978-1-316-65070-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-24</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.atitle=Prisoners+of+War&rft.pages=293-316&rft.date=2019-10-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316650707.016&rft.isbn=978-1-316-65070-7&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Lorien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9781316650707%2523CN-bp-15%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Pickenpaugh, <i>Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union</i> (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hesseltine, <i>Civil War Prisons,</i> pp. 9–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Official Records,</i> Series II, Vol. 3, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikiSource" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/WikiSource" class="mw-redirect" title="WikiSource">WikiSource</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dix-Hill_Cartel">"WikiSource: Dix-Hill Cartel"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WikiSource%3A+Dix-Hill+Cartel&rft.au=WikiSource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FDix-Hill_Cartel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_GrimsleyBrooks_D._Simpson2002" class="citation book cs1">Mark Grimsley; Brooks D. Simpson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PkCTN9_38WgC&pg=PA88"><i>The Collapse of the Confederacy</i></a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803271034" title="Special:BookSources/0803271034"><bdi>0803271034</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Confederacy&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0803271034&rft.au=Mark+Grimsley&rft.au=Brooks+D.+Simpson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPkCTN9_38WgC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service,_U.S._Department_of_the_Interior1992" class="citation journal cs1">National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/galvanized_yankees.pdf">"The Galvanized Yankees"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Experience Your America</i> (July)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 Jan</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experience+Your+America&rft.atitle=The+Galvanized+Yankees&rft.issue=July&rft.date=1992&rft.au=National+Park+Service%2C+U.S.+Department+of+the+Interior&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fjeff%2Fhistoryculture%2Fupload%2Fgalvanized_yankees.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pickenpaugh, <i>Captives in Blue</i> p 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The position is denied in James Gillispie, <i>Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners</i> (2012); he says there was no conspiracy to maltreat Confederate prisoners. However, he compares the death rates in Northern camps with the death rates of Confederate soldiers in a Confederate hospital that faced severe shortages; he did not compare with a Union hospital for Union soldiers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_and_Anderson1999" class="citation book cs1">Chambers and Anderson (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham"><i>The Oxford Companion to American Military History</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00cham/page/559">559</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-507198-6"><bdi>978-0-19-507198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+American+Military+History&rft.pages=559&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-507198-6&rft.au=Chambers+and+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11facts1.htm">"Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp-Reading 1"</a>. Nps.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Andersonville%3A+Prisoner+of+War+Camp-Reading+1&rft.pub=Nps.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftwhp%2Fwwwlps%2Flessons%2F11andersonville%2F11facts1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yancey Hall "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030707041320/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/07/0701_030701_civilwarprisons.html">"US Civil War Prison Camps Claimed Thousands"</a>. National Geographic News. July 1, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121108135215/http://www.censusdiggins.com/prison_campchase.html">"Camp Chase Civil War Prison"</a>. Censusdiggins.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdiggins.com/prison_campchase.html">the original</a> on November 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camp+Chase+Civil+War+Prison&rft.pub=Censusdiggins.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusdiggins.com%2Fprison_campchase.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levy, George. <i>To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65</i>. (2nd ed. 1999)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorigan2002" class="citation book cs1">Horigan, Michael (2002). <i>Elmira: Death Camp of the North</i>. Amazon.com: Stackpole Books. pp. 179–180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-1432-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-1432-2"><bdi>0-8117-1432-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elmira%3A+Death+Camp+of+the+North&rft.place=Amazon.com&rft.pages=179-180&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8117-1432-2&rft.aulast=Horigan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarnews.com/archive/articles/ft_warren.htm">"Preservationists Seek Funds For Film About Boston's Fort Warren"</a>. Civilwarnews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preservationists+Seek+Funds+For+Film+About+Boston%27s+Fort+Warren&rft.pub=Civilwarnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarnews.com%2Farchive%2Farticles%2Fft_warren.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722161557/http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/Gratiot/gratiot.htm">"Gratiot Street Prison"</a>. Civilwarstlouis.com. January 25, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/Gratiot/gratiot.htm">the original</a> on July 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gratiot+Street+Prison&rft.pub=Civilwarstlouis.com&rft.date=2001-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarstlouis.com%2FGratiot%2Fgratiot.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020421152605/http://www.nps.gov/pevi/HTML/johnson.html">"Johnson's Island"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/pevi/HTML/johnson.html">the original</a> on 2002-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnson%27s+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpevi%2FHTML%2Fjohnson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtv-zone.com/civilwar/ohio.html">"Ohio State Penitentiary"</a>. Wtv-zone.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ohio+State+Penitentiary&rft.pub=Wtv-zone.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wtv-zone.com%2Fcivilwar%2Fohio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonel_N._T._Colby2002" class="citation web cs1">Colonel N. T. Colby (March 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarhome.com/oldcapitolprison.htm">"The "Old Capitol" Prison"</a>. Civilwarhome.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%22Old+Capitol%22+Prison&rft.pub=Civilwarhome.com&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft.au=Colonel+N.+T.+Colby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarhome.com%2Foldcapitolprison.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091219191208/http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/ptlookouthistory.html">"Point Lookout State Park History"</a>. Maryland Department of Natural Resources. June 16, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnr.state.md.us/publiclands/ptlookouthistory.html">the original</a> on December 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Point+Lookout+State+Park+History&rft.pub=Maryland+Department+of+Natural+Resources&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnr.state.md.us%2Fpubliclands%2Fptlookouthistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.illinoiscivilwar.org/riarsenal.html">"Rock Island National Cemetery, Arsenal, and Confederate POW Camp"</a>. Illinoiscivilwar.org. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+Island+National+Cemetery%2C+Arsenal%2C+and+Confederate+POW+Camp&rft.pub=Illinoiscivilwar.org&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.illinoiscivilwar.org%2Friarsenal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://piercecounty.www.50megs.com/military/military_wbts_prison_camp.html">"Blackshear Prison Camp"</a>. Piercecounty.www.50megs.com. June 15, 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blackshear+Prison+Camp&rft.pub=Piercecounty.www.50megs.com&rft.date=2000-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpiercecounty.www.50megs.com%2Fmilitary%2Fmilitary_wbts_prison_camp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ford/">"Camp Ford"</a>. The University of Texas at Austin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camp+Ford&rft.pub=The+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texasbeyondhistory.net%2Fford%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burnham, Philip. <i>So Far from Dixie: Confederates in Yankee Prisons</i> (2003)</li> <li>Butts, Michele Tucker. <i>Galvanized Yankees on the Upper Missouri: The Face of Loyalty</i> (2003); Confederate POWs who joined the US Army</li> <li>Current, Richard N. et al., eds. <i>Encyclopedia of the Confederacy</i> (1993); reprinted in <i>The Confederacy: Macmillan Information Now Encyclopedia</i> (1998), articles on "Prisoners of War" and "Prisons"</li> <li>Gillispie, James M. <i>Andersonvilles of the North: The Myths and Realities of Northern Treatment of Civil War Confederate Prisoners</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O6Ki-EOl6A8C">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Gray, Michael P., ed. <i>Crossing the Deadlines: Civil War Prisons Reconsidered</i> (2018) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=53459">online review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Hesseltine" title="William B. Hesseltine">Hesseltine, William B.</a> (1930). <i>Civil War Prisons: A Study in War Psychology</i>. Ohio State University Press.</li> <li>Hesseltine, William B. (1935). "The Propaganda Literature of Confederate Prisons," <i>Journal of Southern History</i> 1#1 pp. 56–66 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2191752">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Joslyn, Mauriel P. (1996). <i>Captives Immortal: The Story of Six Hundred Confederate Officers and the United States Prisoner of War Policy.</i> White Mane Publishing.</li> <li>Kellogg, Robert H. (1865). <i>Life and Death in Rebel Prisons: Giving a Complete History of the Inhumane and Barbarous Treatment of Our Brave Soldiers by Rebel Authorities, Inflicting Terrible Suffering and Frightful Mortality, Principally at Andersonville, Ga., and Florence, S.C., Describing Plans of Escape, Arrival of Prisoners, with Numerous and Varied Incidents and Anecdotes of Prison Life.</i> Hartford, CT: L. Stebbins.</li> <li>Pickenpaugh, Roger (2013). <i>Captives in Blue: The Civil War Prisons of the Confederacy</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Captives-Blue-Prisons-Confederacy-ebook/dp/B00DL993CI/ref=sr_1_1?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1374282889&sr=1-1">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Pickenpaugh, Roger (2009). <i>Captives in Gray: The Civil War Prisons of the Union.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes1904" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, James Ford (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyunitedst20unkngoog/page/n505"><i>History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850</i></a>. Harper & Brothers. pp. 483–508, vol. 4 ch. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+States+from+the+Compromise+of+1850&rft.pages=483-508%2C+vol.+4+ch.+29&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=James+Ford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryunitedst20unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmerican+Civil+War+prison+camps" class="Z3988"></span> for an impartial account. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/prisons.htm">another copy online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627223756/http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/prisons.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Robins, Glenn. "Race, Repatriation, and Galvanized Rebels: Union Prisoners and the Exchange Question in Deep South Prison Camps," <i>Civil War History</i> (2007) 53#2 pp. 117–140 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/cwh/summary/v053/53.2robins.html">in Project MUSE</a>.</li> <li>Sanders, Charles W., Jr. (2005). <i>While in the Hands of the Enemy: Military Prisons of the Civil War.</i> Louisiana State University Press.</li> <li>Silkenat, David (2019). <i>Raising the White Flag: How Surrender Defined the American Civil War</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-4972-6">978-1-4696-4972-6</a>.</li> <li>Speer, Lonnie R. (1997). <i>Portals to Hell: Military Prisons of the Civil War</i>.</li> <li>Speer, Lonnie R. (2002). <i>War of Vengeance: Acts of Retaliation Against Civil War POWs</i>. Stackpole Books.</li> <li>Stokes, Karen (2013). <i>The Immortal 600: Surviving Civil War Charleston and Savannah.</i> The History Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_camps">Specific camps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specific camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Arnold-Scriber, Theresa and Scriber, Terry G. (2012). <i>Ship Island, Mississippi: Rosters and History of the Civil War Prison.</i> McFarland <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Ship-Island-Mississippi-Rosters-ebook/dp/B00AB3IS5A/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Byrne, Frank L., "Libby Prison: A Study in Emotions," <i>Journal of Southern History</i> (1958) 24(4): 430–444. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/2954671">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Casstevens, Frances (2004). <i>George W. Alexander and Castle Thunder: A Confederate Prison and Its Commandant</i>. McFarland.</li> <li>Davis, Robert Scott (2006). <i>Ghosts and Shadows of Andersonville: Essays on the Secret Social Histories of America's Deadliest Prison.</i> Mercer University Press.</li> <li>Fetzer Jr., Dale and Bruce E. Mowdey (2002). <i>Unlikely Allies: Fort Delaware's Prison Community in the Civil War</i>. Stackpole Books.</li> <li>Genoways, Ted and Genoways, Hugh H. (eds.) (2001). <i>A Perfect Picture of Hell: Eyewitness Accounts by Civil War Prisoners from the 12th Iowa.</i> University of Iowa Press.</li> <li>Gray, Michael P. (2001). <i>The Business of Captivity in the Chemung Valley: Elmira and Its Civil War Prison</i> (2001)</li> <li>Hesseltine William B., ed. (1972). <i>Civil War Prisons.</i> reprints among other articles: <ul><li>Futch, Ovid (1962). "Prison Life at Andersonville," <i>Civil War History</i> 8#2 pp. 121–135</li> <li>McLain, Minor H. (1962) "The Military Prison at Fort Warren," <i>Civil War History.</i> 8#2 pp. 135–151.</li> <li>Robertson, James I., Jr. (1962). "The Scourge of Elmira," <i>Civil War History.</i> 8#2 pp. 184–201.</li> <li>Walker, T. R. (1962). "Rock Island Prison Barracks," <i>Civil War History.</i> 8#2 pp. 152–163.</li></ul></li> <li>Hesseltine, William B. (1956). "Andersonville Revisited," <i>The Georgia Review.</i> 10#1 pp. 92–101 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41396606">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Horigan, Michael (2002). <i>Elmira: Death Camp of the North</i>. Stackpole Books.</li> <li>Levy, George (1999). <i>To Die in Chicago: Confederate Prisoners at Camp Douglas, 1862–65</i>. (2nd ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/To-Die-Chicago-Confederate-Prisoners/dp/1565543319/">excerpt and text search</a>.</li> <li>Marvel, William (1994). <i>Andersonville: The Last Depot.</i> University of North Carolina Press.</li> <li>McAdams, Benton (2000). <i>Rebels at Rock Island: The Story of a Civil War Prison.</i></li> <li>Richardson, Rufus B. "Andersonville," <i>New Englander and Yale Review</i> (November 1880) 39# 157 pp. 729–774 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=nwng;idno=nwng0039-6">online</a></li> <li>Triebe, Richard H. (2011). <i>Fort Fisher to Elmira: The Fateful Journey of 518 Confederate Soldiers</i>. CreateSpace.</li> <li>Waggoner, Jesse. "The Role of the Physician: Eugene Sanger and a Standard of Care at the Elmira Prison Camp," <i>Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences</i> (2008) 63#1 pp 1–22; Sanger reportedly boasted of killing enemy soldiers.</li> <li>Wheelan, Joseph (2010). <i>Libby Prison Breakout: The Daring Escape from the Notorious Civil War Prison</i>. New York: Public Affairs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chesson, Michael B. (1996). "Prison Camps and Prisoners of War," in Steven E. Woodworth, ed., <i>The American Civil War.</i> pp. 466–78; review of published studies.</li> <li>Cloyd, Benjamin G. (2010). <i>Haunted by Atrocity: Civil War Prisons in American Memory.</i> (Louisiana State University Press. Traces shifts in Americans' views of the brutal treatment of soldiers in both Confederate and Union prisons, from raw memories in the decades after the war to a position that deflected responsibility. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0807136417/">excerpt and text search</a> <ul><li>Robins, Glenn. "Andersonville in History and Memory," <i>Georgia Historical Quarterly</i> (2011) 95#3, pp. 408–422; review of Cloyd (2010)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kantor, MacKinlay (1956). <i>Andersonville.</i> A novel that won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000830123806/http://www.civilwarliterature.com/1AspectsOfMilitaryLife/InTheLibey/InTheLibey.htm">[1]</a> reports from <i>Harper's Weekly</i> 1863–64; illustrated</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/military/cwrd/main.htm">[2]</a> Civil War Research Database search for individual soldiers</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/pageviewer?frames=1&coll=moa&view=50&root=%2Fmoa%2Fwaro%2Fwaro0120%2F&tif=00558.TIF&cite=http%3A%2F%2Fcdl.library.cornell.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fmoa%2Fsgml%2Fmoa-idx%3Fnotisid%3DANU4519-0120">[3]</a> Chandler's 1864 Confederate report; the single most important original document. From <i>Official Records</i> series. ii. vol. vii. pp. 546–551</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABR0102-0083-8">[4]</a> Extracts from the <i>Minutes of Proceedings of the Standing Committee of the United States Sanitary Commission...1864 </i>, with hair-raising details</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://cdl.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/moa/moa-cgi?notisid=ABR0102-0083-9">[5]</a> <i>Appendix to the Report of the Sanitary Commission</i> (1864) much more detail</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19980524214017/http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/wirz/wirz.htm">[6]</a> Trial of Captain Henry Wirz with documents</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0425141462/gregreevesA/102-8214099-8103338">[7]</a> Ransom, John. <i>Andersonville</i>] (original edition 1881; reprinted as <i>Andersonville Diary</i>); first person account that greatly exaggerated conditions; historians consider it untrustworthy as a primary source.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ehistory.com/uscw/library/books/life.cfm">[8]</a> Robert H. Kellogg, <i>Life and Death in Rebel Prisons</i> (1866) ch 1</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.letterscivilwar.com/lmoswdapindex.html">[9]</a> prison letters from Massachusetts men who died in prison</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Civil_War_prison_camps&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/ande">Andersonville National Historic Site at NPS.gov</a> – official site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/11andersonville/11andersonville.htm">"Andersonville: Prisoner of War Camp", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/346938">U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: American Civil War prison camps</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/prisons.htm">"WWW Guide to Civil War Prisons" (2004)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627223756/http://tigger.uic.edu/~rjensen/prisons.htm">Archived</a> 2010-06-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Civil_War" title="Template talk:American Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_events_leading_to_the_American_Civil_War" title="Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War">Timeline leading to the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas-Nebraska_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Kansas-Nebraska Act">Kansas-Nebraska Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Compromise" title="Missouri Compromise">Missouri Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Popular sovereignty in the United States">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Declaration_of_Secession" title="South Carolina Declaration of Secession">South Carolina Declaration of Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornerstone_Speech" title="Cornerstone Speech">Cornerstone Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slave_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slave laws in the United States">Fugitive slave laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_complexes_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="Plantation complexes in the Southern United States">Plantations in the American South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_as_a_positive_good_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery as a positive good in the United States">Positive good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Treatment of slaves in the United States">Treatment of slaves in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Birney" title="James G. Birney">James G. Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_Debates_on_Slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Lane Debates on Slavery">Lane Debates on Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Elijah Parish Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Sella_Martin" title="J. Sella Martin">J. Sella Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="CombatantsTheatersCampaignsBattlesStates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Combatants</li><li>Theaters</li><li>Campaigns</li><li>Battles</li><li>States</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_army" title="Union army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Navy" title="Union Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service" title="United States Revenue Cutter Service">Revenue Cutter Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Navy" title="Confederate States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Marine_Corps" title="Confederate States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Theaters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Eastern theater of the American Civil War">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Western theater of the American Civil War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_seaboard_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Lower seaboard theater of the American Civil War">Lower Seaboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Mississippi_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War">Trans-Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast_theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War">Pacific Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_blockade" title="Union blockade">Union naval blockade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Campaigns of the American Civil War">campaigns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Anaconda Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_runners_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Blockade runners of the American Civil War">Blockade runners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_campaign" title="New Mexico campaign">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson%27s_Valley_campaign" title="Jackson's Valley campaign">Jackson's Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_campaign" title="Peninsula campaign">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Virginia_campaign" title="Northern Virginia campaign">Northern Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_campaign" title="Maryland campaign">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicksburg_campaign" title="Vicksburg campaign">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_campaign" title="Tullahoma campaign">Tullahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_campaign" title="Gettysburg campaign">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristoe_campaign" title="Bristoe campaign">Bristoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoxville_campaign" title="Knoxville campaign">Knoxville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_campaign" title="Red River campaign">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign" title="Overland Campaign">Overland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_campaign" title="Atlanta campaign">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_campaigns_of_1864" title="Valley campaigns of 1864">Valley 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Hundred_campaign" title="Bermuda Hundred campaign">Bermuda Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petersburg" title="Siege of Petersburg">Richmond-Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%E2%80%93Nashville_campaign" title="Franklin–Nashville campaign">Franklin–Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Missouri_Expedition" title="Price's Missouri Expedition">Price's Missouri Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_of_the_Carolinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaign of the Carolinas">Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign_(1865)" title="Mobile campaign (1865)">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appomattox_campaign" title="Appomattox campaign">Appomattox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_battles" title="List of American Civil War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="First Battle of Bull Run">1st Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wilson%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Wilson's Creek">Wilson's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Donelson" title="Battle of Fort Donelson">Fort Donelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pea_Ridge" title="Battle of Pea Ridge">Pea Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampton_Roads" title="Battle of Hampton Roads">Hampton Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Jackson_and_St._Philip" title="Battle of Forts Jackson and St. Philip">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Seven_Pines" title="Battle of Seven Pines">Seven Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Days_Battles" title="Seven Days Battles">Seven Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">2nd Bull Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Antietam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Perryville" title="Battle of Perryville">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fredericksburg" title="Battle of Fredericksburg">Fredericksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stones_River" title="Battle of Stones River">Stones River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chancellorsville" title="Battle of Chancellorsville">Chancellorsville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Gettysburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vicksburg" title="Siege of Vicksburg">Vicksburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_campaign" title="Chattanooga campaign">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wilderness" title="Battle of the Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Pillow" title="Battle of Fort Pillow">Fort Pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Spotsylvania_Court_House" title="Battle of Spotsylvania Court House">Spotsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cold_Harbor" title="Battle of Cold Harbor">Cold Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Atlanta" title="Battle of Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Crater" title="Battle of the Crater">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Mobile Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nashville" title="Battle of Nashville">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Forks" title="Battle of Five Forks">Five Forks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">States and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="California in the American Civil War">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado in the American Civil War">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Connecticut in the American Civil War">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory#Dakota_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware#Delaware_in_the_Civil_War" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_and_the_American_Civil_War" title="Hawaii and the American Civil War">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Idaho in the American Civil War">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Illinois in the American Civil War">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indian Territory in the American Civil War">Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Indiana in the American Civil War">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Iowa in the American Civil War">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kansas in the American Civil War">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Kentucky in the American Civil War">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maine in the American Civil War">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Maryland in the American Civil War">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Massachusetts in the American Civil War">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Michigan in the American Civil War">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota#Civil_War_era_and_Dakota_War_of_1862" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Missouri in the American Civil War">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Montana in the American Civil War">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nebraska Territory in the American Civil War">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Nevada in the American Civil War">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Civil_War:_1861–1865" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Jersey in the American Civil War">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Oregon in the American Civil War">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Pennsylvania in the American Civil War">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Rhode Island in the American Civil War">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah in the American Civil War">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Vermont in the American Civil War">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington in the American Civil War">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="West Virginia in the American Civil War">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Wisconsin in the American Civil War">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Atlanta in the American Civil War">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Charleston in the American Civil War">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattanooga_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Chattanooga in the American Civil War">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New Orleans in the American Civil War">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C.,_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Washington, D.C., in the American Civil War">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Winchester, Virginia in the American Civil War">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_leadership_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military leadership in the American Civil War">Leaders</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_H._Anderson_(general)" title="Richard H. Anderson (general)">R. H. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">Beauregard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Buchanan" title="Franklin Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cooper_(general)" title="Samuel Cooper (general)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Early" title="Jubal Early">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ewell" title="Richard S. Ewell">Ewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Bedford_Forrest" title="Nathan Bedford Forrest">Forrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gorgas" title="Josiah Gorgas">Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Hill" title="A. P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bell_Hood" title="John Bell Hood">Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">A. S. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Johnston" title="Joseph E. Johnston">J. E. Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Longstreet" title="James Longstreet">Longstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hunt_Morgan" title="John Hunt Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Mosby" title="John S. Mosby">Mosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonidas_Polk" title="Leonidas Polk">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_Price" title="Sterling Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Semmes" title="Raphael Semmes">Semmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Kirby_Smith" title="Edmund Kirby Smith">E. K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Taylor_(Confederate_general)" title="Richard Taylor (Confederate general)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wheeler" title="Joseph Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judah_P._Benjamin" title="Judah P. Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge" title="John C. Breckinridge">Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mallory" title="Stephen Mallory">Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Memminger" title="Christopher Memminger">Memminger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Seddon" title="James Seddon">Seddon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Stephens" title="Alexander H. Stephens">Stephens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Anderson_(Civil_War)" title="Robert Anderson (Civil War)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Buell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Burnside" title="Ambrose Burnside">Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Du Pont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hull_Foote" title="Andrew Hull Foote">Foote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooker" title="Joseph Hooker">Hooker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jackson_Hunt" title="Henry Jackson Hunt">Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_McDowell" title="Irvin McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_C._Meigs" title="Montgomery C. Meigs">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ord" title="Edward Ord">Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pope (military officer)">Pope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Dixon_Porter" title="David Dixon Porter">D. D. Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson" title="John Ericsson">Ericsson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Wade" title="Benjamin Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Welles" title="Gideon Welles">Welles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction Amendments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Claims" title="Alabama Claims">Alabama Claims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%E2%80%93Baxter_War" title="Brooks–Baxter War">Brooks–Baxter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger">Carpetbaggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colfax_massacre" title="Colfax massacre">Colfax riot of 1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1877" title="Compromise of 1877">Compromise of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_colonies" title="Confederate colonies">Confederate refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederados" title="Confederados">Confederados</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_riot_of_1874" class="mw-redirect" title="Election riot of 1874">Eufaula riot of 1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Savings_Bank" title="Freedman's Savings Bank">Freedman's Savings Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Homestead_Act_of_1866" title="Southern Homestead Act of 1866">Southern Homestead Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_Culture_Act" title="Timber Culture Act">Timber Culture Act</a> of 1873</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">Impeachment of Andrew Johnson</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">efforts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Timeline of the impeachment of Andrew Johnson">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="First impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">first inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_into_Andrew_Johnson" title="Second impeachment inquiry into Andrew Johnson">second inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_impeachment_managers_investigation" title="1868 impeachment managers investigation">impeachment managers investigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%E2%80%93Holden_war" title="Kirk–Holden war">Kirk–Holden war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_White_Camelia" title="Knights of the White Camelia">Knights of the White Camelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_riots_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="Memphis riots of 1866">Memphis riots of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_race_riot_of_1871" title="Meridian race riot of 1871">Meridian riot of 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_massacre_of_1866" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans massacre of 1866">New Orleans riot of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaski_riot" title="Pulaski riot">Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Acts" title="Reconstruction Acts">Reconstruction acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Act_of_1867" title="Habeas Corpus Act of 1867">Habeas Corpus Act of 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enforcement_Act_of_1870" title="Enforcement Act of 1870">Enforcement Act of 1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Enforcement_Act" title="Second Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of February 1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Enforcement_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Enforcement Act">Enforcement Act of April 1871</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_military_districts" title="Reconstruction military districts">Reconstruction military districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Treaties" title="Reconstruction Treaties">Reconstruction Treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Smith_Council" title="Fort Smith Council">Indian Council at Fort Smith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalawag" title="Scalawag">Scalawags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_civil_disturbances_of_1876" title="South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876">South Carolina riots of 1876</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Claims_Commission" title="Southern Claims Commission">Southern Claims Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_League" title="White League">White League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-<br />Reconstruction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Commemoration of the American Civil War">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Discovery_Trail" title="Civil War Discovery Trail">Civil War Discovery Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Roundtable" title="Civil War Roundtable">Civil War Roundtables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trails_Program" title="Civil War Trails Program">Civil War Trails Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil War Trust">Civil War Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_History_Month" title="Confederate History Month">Confederate History Month</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Day" title="Confederate Memorial Day">Confederate Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day" title="Memorial Day">Decoration Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee_Day" title="Robert E. Lee Day">Robert E. Lee Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disenfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">Disenfranchisement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Codes_(United_States)" title="Black Codes (United States)">Black Codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiographic_issues_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="Historiographic issues about the American Civil War">Historiographic issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause_of_the_Confederacy" title="Lost Cause of the Confederacy">Lost Cause mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_display_of_the_Confederate_battle_flag" title="Modern display of the Confederate battle flag">Modern display of the Confederate flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Shirts_(United_States)" title="Red Shirts (United States)">Red Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Confederate_Veterans" title="Sons of Confederate Veterans">Sons of Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Union_Veterans_of_the_Civil_War" title="Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War">Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Society" title="Southern Historical Society">Southern Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Daughters_of_the_Confederacy" title="United Daughters of the Confederacy">United Daughters of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of the Confederacy">Children of the Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmington_insurrection_of_1898" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilmington insurrection of 1898">Wilmington insurrection of 1898</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Monuments<br />and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Civil_War_monuments_and_memorials" title="List of Union Civil War monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_the_Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="List of memorials to the Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials to Lincoln</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Confederate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Confederate monuments and memorials">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_artworks_in_the_United_States_Capitol" title="Confederate artworks in the United States Capitol">artworks in Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Jefferson_Davis" title="List of memorials to Jefferson Davis">memorials to Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Robert_E._Lee" title="List of memorials to Robert E. Lee">memorials to Lee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Confederate_monuments_and_memorials" title="Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials">Removal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Cemeteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Memorial_Association" title="Ladies' Memorial Association">Ladies' Memorial Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Era_National_Cemeteries_MPS" title="Civil War Era National Cemeteries MPS">U.S. national cemeteries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Veterans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1938 Gettysburg reunion">1938 Gettysburg reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Memorial_Hall" title="Confederate Memorial Hall">Confederate Memorial Hall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Veteran" title="Confederate Veteran">Confederate Veteran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Army_of_the_Republic" title="Grand Army of the Republic">Grand Army of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_the_Loyal_Legion_of_the_United_States" title="Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States">Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_soldiers%27_home" title="Old soldiers' home">Old soldiers' homes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cross_of_Honor" title="Southern Cross of Honor">Southern Cross of Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Confederate_Veterans" title="United Confederate Veterans">United Confederate Veterans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of weapons in the American Civil War">Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Campaign_Medal" title="Civil War Campaign Medal">Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cavalry in the American Civil War">Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Home_Guard" title="Confederate Home Guard">Confederate Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_railroads_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Confederate railroads in the American Civil War">Confederate railroads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_revolving_cannon" title="Confederate revolving cannon">Confederate revolving cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_artillery_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Field artillery in the American Civil War">Field artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Civil_War_Medal_of_Honor_recipients" title="List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients">Medal of Honor recipients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Medicine in the American Civil War">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of naval battles of the American Civil War">Naval battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_Ranger_Act" title="Partisan Ranger Act">Partisan rangers</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">POW camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foods_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Foods of the American Civil War">Rations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Signal Corps in the American Civil War">Signal Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_point_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Turning point of the American Civil War">Turning point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Corps_Badges" title="American Civil War Corps Badges">Union corps badges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Army_Balloon_Corps" title="Union Army Balloon Corps">U.S. Balloon Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(Union)" title="Home Guard (Union)">U.S. Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Railroad" title="United States Military Railroad">U.S. Military Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress_Joint_Committee_on_the_Conduct_of_the_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War">Committee on the Conduct of the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate States presidential election">Confederate States presidential election of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1861" title="Confiscation Act of 1861">Confiscation Act of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Act_of_1862" title="Confiscation Act of 1862">Confiscation Act of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperheads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Diplomacy of the American Civil War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_(1863)" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act (1863)">Habeas Corpus Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_politicians_killed_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of politicians killed in the American Civil War">Politicians killed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Republicans" title="Radical Republicans">Radical Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">Trent Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_League" title="Union League">Union Leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">U.S. Presidential Election of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Democrat" title="War Democrat">War Democrats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Music of the American Civil War">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_(song)" title="Dixie (song)">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Lincoln_Portrait" class="mw-redirect" title="A Lincoln Portrait">A Lincoln Portrait</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Through_Georgia" title="Marching Through Georgia">Marching Through Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland,_My_Maryland" title="Maryland, My Maryland">Maryland, My Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_Johnny_Comes_Marching_Home" title="When Johnny Comes Marching Home">When Johnny Comes Marching Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daar_kom_die_Alibama" title="Daar kom die Alibama">Daar kom die Alibama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">By ethnicity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_African_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="German Americans in the American Civil War">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Irish Americans in the American Civil War">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Native Americans in the American Civil War">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catawba_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Catawba in the American Civil War">Catawba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cherokee in the American Civil War">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Choctaw in the American Civil War">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Seminole in the American Civil War">Seminole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_battlefield_preservation" title="American Civil War battlefield preservation">Battlefield preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the American Civil War">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_war_finance" title="Confederate war finance">Confederate war finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_dollar" title="Confederate States dollar">Confederate States dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_spies" title="American Civil War spies">Espionage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service" title="Confederate Secret Service">Confederate Secret Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Hanging_at_Gainesville" title="Great Hanging at Gainesville">Great Hanging at Gainesville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army_revival" title="Confederate States Army revival">Great Revival of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_issues_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Gender issues in the American Civil War">Gender issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juneteenth" title="Juneteenth">Juneteenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Names of the American Civil War">Naming the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax" title="Civil War gold hoax">New York City Gold Hoax of 1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographers_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Photographers of the American Civil War">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Richmond riots of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Salt in the American Civil War">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Supreme Court cases of the American Civil War">Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_token" title="Civil War token">Tokens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Sanitary_Commission" title="United States Sanitary Commission">U.S. Sanitary Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_American_Civil_War_soldiers" title="List of female American Civil War soldiers">Women soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_and_television_shows_about_the_American_Civil_War" title="List of films and television shows about the American Civil War">List of films and television shows about the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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