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id="toc-Overloaded" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overloaded"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Overloaded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overloaded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Rescue attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Survivors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Survivors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Survivors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Survivors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_alternative_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_alternative_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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(steamboat)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(Schiff,_1863)" title="Sultana (Schiff, 1863) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultana (Schiff, 1863)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(laev_1863)" title="Sultana (laev 1863) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sultana (laev 1863)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sultana" title="SS Sultana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="SS Sultana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7" title="اس‌اس سلطانا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اس‌اس سلطانا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sultana" title="SS Sultana – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="SS Sultana" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana" title="Sultana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sultana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(battello_a_vapore)" title="Sultana (battello a vapore) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultana (battello a vapore)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%94" title="טביעתה של האונייה סולטנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טביעתה של האונייה סולטנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8A" title="サルタナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サルタナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sultana" title="SS Sultana – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="SS Sultana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sultana" title="SS Sultana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="SS Sultana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Султанша – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Султанша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Sultana" title="SS Sultana – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SS Sultana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultana_(fartyg)" title="Sultana (fartyg) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sultana (fartyg)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sultana_(steamboat)&params=35_11_26_N_90_6_52_W_region:US-TN_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°11′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°6′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.19056°N 90.11444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.19056; -90.11444</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American Mississippi steamboat, sank 1865</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other ships with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(ship)" title="Sultana (ship)">Sultana (ship)</a>.</div> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"> <caption><i>Sultana</i> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ill-fated_Sultana,_Helena,_Arkansas,_April_27,_1865.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ill-fated_Sultana%2C_Helena%2C_Arkansas%2C_April_27%2C_1865.jpg/300px-Ill-fated_Sultana%2C_Helena%2C_Arkansas%2C_April_27%2C_1865.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ill-fated_Sultana%2C_Helena%2C_Arkansas%2C_April_27%2C_1865.jpg/450px-Ill-fated_Sultana%2C_Helena%2C_Arkansas%2C_April_27%2C_1865.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ill-fated_Sultana%2C_Helena%2C_Arkansas%2C_April_27%2C_1865.jpg/600px-Ill-fated_Sultana%2C_Helena%2C_Arkansas%2C_April_27%2C_1865.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3757" data-file-height="2217" /></a></span><div><i>Sultana</i> at <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas" title="Helena, Arkansas">Helena, Arkansas</a>, on April 26, 1865, the day before her destruction. A crowd of paroled prisoners covers her decks.</div> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">History</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Name</td><td><i>Sultana</i></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Owner</td><td>Initially Capt. Preston Lodwick, then a consortium including Capt. James Cass Mason</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Port of registry</td><td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281863-1865%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Route</td><td><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Builder</td><td>John Litherbury Boatyard, <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Launched</td><td>January 3, 1863</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">In service</td><td>1863</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Fate</td><td>Exploded and sank, April 27, 1865, on <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> seven miles north of <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sultana_(steamboat)&params=35_11_26_N_90_6_52_W_region:US-TN_type:event"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°11′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">90°6′52″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.19056°N 90.11444°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.19056; -90.11444</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr> <tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">General characteristics</th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Tonnage</td><td>1,719 GRT</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Length</td><td>260 feet</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Beam</td><td>42 feet</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Decks</td><td>Four decks (including pilothouse)</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Propulsion</td><td>34 ft (10 m) diameter paddlewheels</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Capacity</td><td>376 passengers and cargo</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td style="font-weight: bold">Crew</td><td>85</td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><i><b>Sultana</b></i> was a commercial <a href="/wiki/Paddlewheeler" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddlewheeler">side-wheel</a> <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> which exploded and sank on the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> on April 27, 1865, killing 1,164 people in what remains the worst <a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters" title="List of maritime disasters">maritime disaster</a> in United States history. </p><p>Constructed of wood in 1863 by the John Litherbury Boatyard<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>, <i>Sultana</i> was intended for the lower Mississippi <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> trade. The steamer registered 1,719 <a href="/wiki/Ton_(volume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ton (volume)">tons</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and normally carried a crew of 85. For two years, she ran a regular route between <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> and was frequently commissioned to carry troops during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Although designed with a capacity of only 376 passengers, she was carrying 2,127 when three of the boat's four boilers exploded and caused it to sink near <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>. The disaster was overshadowed in the press by events surrounding the end of the Civil War, including the killing of President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s assassin <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> just the day before. No one was ever held accountable for the disaster. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultana was launched on January 3, 1863, the fifth <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> to bear the name. The vessel measured 260 feet (79 m) long, with a 42 feet (13 m) width at the <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">beam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Displacement_(ship)" title="Displacement (ship)">displaced</a> 1,719 short tons (1,559 t), and had a 7-foot (2.1 m) <a href="/wiki/Draft_(hull)" title="Draft (hull)">draft</a>. Her two side-mounted <a href="/wiki/Paddle_wheel" title="Paddle wheel">paddle wheels</a> were driven by four <a href="/wiki/Fire-tube_boiler" title="Fire-tube boiler"> fire-tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_boiler" class="mw-redirect" title="Steam boiler">boilers</a>. Introduced in 1848, they could generate twice as much steam per fuel load as conventional boilers. Each fire-tube boiler was 18 feet (5.5 m) long and 46 inches (120 cm) in diameter and contained 24 five-inch (13 cm) flues which ran from the firebox to the chimney.<sup id="cite_ref-civilwarstlouis2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilwarstlouis2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The power of the boilers came with risk - the water levels in the fire tubes had to be carefully maintained at all times. The areas between the many flues clogged easily, especially since dirty river water carried much sediment, and were difficult to clean. Low water levels could cause hot spots leading to <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(material)" title="Fatigue (material)">metal fatigue</a>, significantly increasing the risk of an explosion. Since most steamboats of the time were constructed of light-weight wood covered with oil-based paint and varnish, fires were a significant concern. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disaster">Disaster</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disaster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk,_Four_Mile_Bridge_(Vicksburg),_April,_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk%2C_Four_Mile_Bridge_%28Vicksburg%29%2C_April%2C_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg/375px-The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk%2C_Four_Mile_Bridge_%28Vicksburg%29%2C_April%2C_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk%2C_Four_Mile_Bridge_%28Vicksburg%29%2C_April%2C_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg/563px-The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk%2C_Four_Mile_Bridge_%28Vicksburg%29%2C_April%2C_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk%2C_Four_Mile_Bridge_%28Vicksburg%29%2C_April%2C_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg/750px-The_Last_exchange._Camp_Fisk%2C_Four_Mile_Bridge_%28Vicksburg%29%2C_April%2C_1865_LCCN90709414.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>POW Camp Fisk, Four Mile Bridge, Vicksburg, Mississippi April 1865.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultana_Disaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sultana_Disaster.jpg/375px-Sultana_Disaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="375" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Sultana_Disaster.jpg/563px-Sultana_Disaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Sultana_Disaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption><i>Sultana</i> on fire, from <i><a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the command of Captain James Cass Mason of St. Louis, <i>Sultana</i> left St. Louis on April 13, 1865, bound for New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12">: 12 </span></sup> On the morning of April 15, she was tied up at <a href="/wiki/Cairo,_Illinois" title="Cairo, Illinois">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, when word reached the city that <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">had been shot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> Immediately, Captain Mason grabbed an armload of Cairo newspapers and headed south to spread the news, knowing that <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphic</a> communication with the southern states had been almost totally cut off because of the recently-ended <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27–28">: 27–28 </span></sup> </p><p>Upon reaching <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg, Mississippi</a>, Mason was approached by Captain Reuben Hatch, the chief <a href="/wiki/Quartermaster" title="Quartermaster">quartermaster</a> at Vicksburg, with a proposal. Thousands of recently released <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> who had been held in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> prison camps at <a href="/wiki/Cahaba_Prison" title="Cahaba Prison">Cahaba</a> near Selma, Alabama and <a href="/wiki/Andersonville_Prison" title="Andersonville Prison">Andersonville</a> below Atlanta, Georgia, had been brought to a small <a href="/wiki/Parole_camp" title="Parole camp">parole camp</a> outside of Vicksburg to await release to the northern states. The U.S. government would pay <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>2.75 per enlisted man and US$8 per officer to any steamboat captain who would take a group north. Knowing that Mason needed money, Hatch suggested that he could guarantee Mason a full load of about 1,000 prisoners if Mason would agree to give him a <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kickback</a>. Mason quickly agreed to Hatch's offer, hoping to gain much money through this deal.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29–31">: 29–31 </span></sup> </p><p>Leaving Vicksburg, <i>Sultana</i> traveled downriver to New Orleans, continuing to spread the news of Lincoln's assassination. On April 21, <i>Sultana</i> left New Orleans with about seventy cabin and deck passengers and a small amount of livestock. She also carried a crew of 85.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About ten hours south of Vicksburg, one of <i>Sultana</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> four boilers sprang a leak. Under reduced pressure, the steamboat limped into Vicksburg to get the boiler repaired and to pick up her promised load of prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33, 34–35, 38, 40–41">: 33, 34–35, 38, 40–41 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faulty_boiler_repair">Faulty boiler repair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Faulty boiler repair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the paroled prisoners, primarily from the states of Ohio, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 226–290">: 226–290 </span></sup> were brought from the parole camp to <i>Sultana</i>, a mechanic was brought down to work on the leaky boiler. Although the mechanic wanted to cut out and replace a ruptured seam, Mason knew such a job would take a few days and cost him his precious load of prisoners. By the time the repairs would have been completed, the prisoners would have been sent home on other boats. Instead, Mason and his chief engineer, Nathan Wintringer, convinced the mechanic to make temporary repairs, hammering back the bulged boiler plate and riveting a patch of lesser thickness over the seam. Instead of taking two or three days, the temporary repair took only one. During her time in port, and while the repairs were being made, <i>Sultana</i> took on the paroled prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 40">: 40 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overloaded">Overloaded</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Overloaded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Hatch had suggested that Mason might get as many as 1,000 released Union prisoners, a mix-up with the parole camp books and suspicion of bribery from other steamboat captains caused the Union officer in charge of the loading, Captain George Augustus Williams, to place every man at the parole camp on board <i>Sultana</i>, believing the number to be less than 1,500.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 50, 55–56">: 50, 55–56 </span></sup> Although <i>Sultana</i> had a legal capacity of only 376 passengers, by the time she backed away from Vicksburg on the night of April 24, she was severely overcrowded with 1,950 paroled prisoners, 22 guards from the 58th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, 70 fare-paying cabin passengers, and 85 crew members, for a total of 2,127 people. Many of the paroled prisoners had been weakened by their incarceration and associated illnesses but had managed to gain some strength while waiting at the parole camp to be officially released. The men were packed into every available space as all cabin spaces were already filled with civilian passengers; the overflow was so severe that in some places, the decks began to creak and sag and had to be supported with heavy wooden beams.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup> </p><p><i>Sultana</i> spent two days traveling upriver, fighting against one of the worst spring floods in the river's history. At some places, the river overflowed the banks and spread out three miles wide. Trees along the river bank were almost completely covered until only the very tops of the trees were visible above the swirling, powerful water.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 24">: 24 </span></sup> On April 26, <i>Sultana</i> stopped at <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Arkansas" title="Helena, Arkansas">Helena, Arkansas</a>, where photographer Thomas W. Bankes took a picture of the grossly overcrowded vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 72">: 72 </span></sup> <i>Sultana</i> subsequently arrived at <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis, Tennessee</a>, around 7:00 PM, and the crew began unloading 120 tons (109 tonnes) of sugar from the hold. Near midnight, <i>Sultana</i> left Memphis, leaving behind about 200 men. She then went a short distance upriver to take on a new load of coal from some coal barges and then, at about 1:00 AM, started north again.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74–79">: 74–79 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosion">Explosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At around 2 a.m. on April 27, 1865, when <i>Sultana</i> was about seven miles (11 km) north of Memphis, its boilers suddenly and violently exploded, killing many people instantly.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> First one boiler exploded, followed a split-second later by two more. </p><p>The massive steam explosion came from the top rear of the boilers. It went upward at a 45-degree angle, tearing through the crowded decks above and completely destroying the <a href="/wiki/Pilothouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilothouse">pilothouse</a>. Without a pilot to steer the boat, <i>Sultana</i> became a drifting, burning hulk. The violent explosion flung some deck passengers into the water and blew a gaping 25–30 foot hole in the steamer. With the boilers blown to pieces, the twin smokestacks fell; the <a href="/wiki/Port_and_starboard" title="Port and starboard">starboard</a> smokestack fell backward into the blasted hole, and the port smokestack fell forward onto the crowded forward section of the upper deck, hitting the steamboat's bell as it fell. The forward part of the upper deck collapsed onto the middle deck, killing and trapping many in the wreckage. Fortunately, the sturdy railings around the twin openings of the main stairway prevented the upper deck from crushing down completely onto the middle deck. The men located around the twin openings quickly crawled under the wreckage and down the main stairs. Further back, the collapsing decks formed a slope that led down into the exposed furnace boxes. The broken wood caught fire and turned the remaining superstructure into a raging inferno. Survivors panicked and raced for the safety of the water, but in their weakened condition, they soon ran out of strength and began to cling to each other. Whole groups went down together.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–85">: 79–85 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg/220px-Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg/330px-Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg/440px-Johan-windh-sultana-fire-3500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption>An artist's impression of the fire (2015)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_attempts">Rescue attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Rescue attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <i>Sultana</i> burned, and the men on the steamboat were either already dead or fighting for their lives, the southbound steamer <i>Bostona</i> (No. 2), built in 1860 but coming downriver on her maiden voyage after being refurbished,<sup id="cite_ref-Potter,_Amer._Hist._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potter,_Amer._Hist.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arrived at about 2:30 AM, a half hour after the explosion, and rescued scores of survivors. At the same time, dozens of people had floated seven miles down river and began to float past the Memphis waterfront, calling for help until they were noticed by the crews of docked steamboats and U.S. warships, who immediately set about rescuing the survivors.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 129">: 129 </span></sup> Eventually, the hulk of <i>Sultana</i> drifted about six miles (10 km) to the west bank of the river and sank at around 7:00 AM near <a href="/wiki/Mound_City,_Arkansas" title="Mound City, Arkansas">Mound City</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Marion,_Arkansas" title="Marion, Arkansas">Marion, Arkansas</a>, about five hours after the explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 164">: 164 </span></sup> Other vessels joined the rescue, including the steamers <i>Silver Spray</i>, <i>Jenny Lind</i>, and <i>Pocahontas</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ironclad_warship" title="Ironclad warship">navy ironclad</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Essex_(1856)" title="USS Essex (1856)">USS <i>Essex</i></a> and the sidewheel gunboat <a href="/wiki/USS_Tyler" title="USS Tyler">USS <i>Tyler</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 146–147, 168–176">: 146–147, 168–176 </span></sup> </p><p>Passengers who survived the initial explosion had to risk their lives in the icy spring runoff of the Mississippi or burn with the boat.<sup id="cite_ref-Bennett,_1976_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett,_1976-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many died of drowning or <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. Some survivors were plucked from the tops of semi-submerged trees along the Arkansas shore. Bodies of victims continued to be found downriver for months, some as far as Vicksburg. Many bodies were never recovered. Most of <i>Sultana</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s officers, including Captain Mason, were among those who perished.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg/220px-Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg/330px-Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg/440px-Sultana_disaster_historic_marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Historic marker in Memphis</figcaption></figure> <p>The exact death toll is unknown, although the most recent<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> evidence indicates that 1,164 died.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On May 19, 1865, less than a month after the disaster, <a href="/wiki/William_Hoffman_(United_States_Army)" title="William Hoffman (United States Army)">Brigadier general William Hoffman</a>, Commissary General of Prisoners who investigated the disaster, reported an overall loss of soldiers, passengers, and crew of 1,238.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1867, the Bureau of Military Justice placed the death toll at 1,100.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>, reported the loss of life as 1,259.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official count by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">United States Customs Service</a> was 1,547.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1880, the War Department placed the number of survivors at 931, but the most recent research<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> places the number at 961.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead soldiers were interred at the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickering_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Fort Pickering (Memphis, Tennessee)">Fort Pickering</a> cemetery, located on the south shore of Memphis. A year later, when the U.S. government established the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_National_Cemetery" title="Memphis National Cemetery">Memphis National Cemetery</a> on the northeast side of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 206">: 206 </span></sup> the bodies were moved there. Three civilian victims of the wreck of <i>Sultana</i> are interred at <a href="/wiki/Elmwood_Cemetery_(Memphis,_Tennessee)" title="Elmwood Cemetery (Memphis, Tennessee)">Elmwood Cemetery</a> in Memphis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survivors">Survivors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Survivors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because Union forces had captured Memphis in 1862 and turned it into a supply and recuperation city, numerous local hospitals treated the roughly 760 survivors with the latest medical equipment and trained personnel. Of this group, there were only 31 deaths between April 28 and June 28. Newspaper accounts indicate that the residents of Memphis had sympathy for the victims despite the ongoing Union occupation. The Chicago Opera Troupe, a <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel</a> group that had traveled upriver on <i>Sultana</i> before getting off at Memphis, staged a benefit performance, while the crew of the gunboat <i>Essex</i> raised US$1,000 (equivalent to $19,904 in 2023) <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1885, the survivors living in the northern states of Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio began attending annual reunions, forming the National Sultana Survivors' Association. Eventually, the group settled on meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a> area. Perhaps inspired by their northern comrades, a southern group of survivors, men from Tennessee and Kentucky, began meeting in 1889 around <a href="/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee" title="Knoxville, Tennessee">Knoxville, Tennessee</a>. Both groups met as close to the April 27 anniversary date as possible, corresponded with each other, and shared the title National Sultana Survivors' Association.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the mid-1920s, only a handful of survivors could attend the reunions. In 1929, only two men attended the southern reunion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The next year, only one man showed up. The last northern survivor, Private Jordan Barr of the <a href="/wiki/15th_Michigan_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="15th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment">15th Michigan Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a>, died on May 16, 1938, at age 93. The last of the southern survivors, and last overall survivor, was Private Charles M. Eldridge of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Tennessee_Cavalry_Regiment_(Union)" title="3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment (Union)">3rd Tennessee Cavalry Regiment</a>, who died at his home at age 96 on September 8, 1941, more than 76 years after the disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg/220px-The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg/330px-The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg/440px-The_Sultana_Disaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Memorial plaque for those who perished on the <i>Sultana</i> on April 27, 1865. Located in South Park, Mansfield, Ohio.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causes">Causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official cause of the <i>Sultana</i> disaster was determined to be the mismanagement of water levels in the boilers, exacerbated by the fact that the vessel was severely overcrowded and top-heavy. As the steamboat made her way north following the twists and turns of the river, she listed severely from side to side. Her four boilers were interconnected and mounted side-by-side so that if the boat tipped sideways, water would tend to run out of the highest boiler. The fires still going against the empty boiler created hot spots. When the boat tipped the other way, water rushing back into the empty boiler would hit the hot spots and flash instantly to steam, creating a sudden surge in pressure. This effect of <a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">careening</a> could have been minimized by maintaining high water levels in the boilers. The official inquiry found that the boilers exploded because of the combined effects of careening, low water levels, and the faulty repair made a few days earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2015 investigation into the cause of the disaster by Pat Jennings, principal engineer of <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Steam_Boiler_Inspection_and_Insurance_Company" title="Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company">Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company</a>, which came into existence in 1866 because of the <i>Sultana</i> explosion, determined that three main factors led to the disaster: </p> <ul><li>The type of metal used in the construction of the boilers – Charcoal Hammered No. 1, which tends to become brittle with prolonged heating and cooling. Charcoal Hammered No. 1 was no longer used to manufacture boilers after 1879.</li></ul> <ul><li>The use of the sediment-laden Mississippi River water to feed the boilers. The sediment tended to settle on the bottom of the boilers or clog between the flues and leave hotspots.</li></ul> <ul><li>The design of the boilers. <i>Sultana</i> had tubular boilers filled with 24 horizontal five-inch flues. Being so closely packed within the 48-inch (120 cm) diameter boilers tended to cause the muddy sediment to form hot pockets and were extremely difficult to clean. Tubular boilers were discontinued from use on steamboats plying the Lower Mississippi after two more steamboats with tubular boilers exploded shortly after the <i>Sultana</i> explosion.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_alternative_theories">Traditional alternative theories</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Traditional alternative theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1888, a St. Louis resident named William Streetor claimed that his former business partner, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louden" title="Robert Louden">Robert Louden</a>, made a confession of having <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotaged</a> <i>Sultana</i> by the use of a <a href="/wiki/Coal_torpedo" title="Coal torpedo">coal torpedo</a> while they were drinking in a saloon.<sup id="cite_ref-civilwarstlouis_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-civilwarstlouis-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louden, a former Confederate agent and saboteur who operated in and around St. Louis, had been responsible for the burning of the steamboat <i>Ruth</i>. In support of Louden's claim, what appeared to be a piece of an artillery shell was said to be recovered from the sunken wreck. However, Louden's claim is controversial, and most scholars support the official explanation. The location of the explosion, from the top rear of the boilers and far away from the fireboxes, tends to indicate that Louden's claim of sabotage of an exploding coal torpedo in the firebox, below the front part of the boilers, was pure bravado.<sup id="cite_ref-Tidwell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidwell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rule,_2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rule,_2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edgeworth_Courtenay" title="Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay">Thomas Edgeworth Courtenay</a>, the inventor of the coal torpedo, was a former resident of St. Louis and was involved in similar acts of sabotage against Union shipping interests. However, Courtenay's great-great-grandson, Joseph Thatcher, who wrote a book on Courtenay and the coal torpedo, denies that a coal torpedo was used in the <i>Sultana</i> disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two years earlier, in May 1886, came a claim that 2nd Lt. James Worthington Barrett, an ex-prisoner and passenger on the steamboat, had caused the explosion. Barrett was a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> and had been captured at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Franklin_(1864)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Franklin (1864)">Battle of Franklin</a>. He was injured on <i>Sultana</i> and was honorably discharged in May 1865. There is no apparent motive for him to have blown up the boat, especially while on board.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1903, another person reported that <i>Sultana</i> had been sabotaged by a Tennessee farmer who lived along the river and cut wood for passing steamboats. After a few Union gunboats filled up their bunkers but refused to pay, the farmer supposedly hollowed out a log, filled it with gunpowder, and then left the lethal log on his woodpile. As stated in the 1903 newspaper article, the log was mistakenly taken by <i>Sultana</i>. However, <i>Sultana</i> was a coal-burning boat and not a wood-burner.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An episode of the <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/History_Detectives" title="History Detectives">History Detectives</a></i> that aired on July 2, 2014, reviewed the known evidence, thoroughly disputed a theory of sabotage, and then focused on the question of why <i>Sultana</i> was allowed to be crowded to several times its normal capacity before departure. The report blamed quartermaster Capt. Reuben Benton Hatch, an individual with a long history of corruption and incompetence, who kept his job through political connections: he was the younger brother of Illinois politician <a href="/wiki/Ozias_M._Hatch" title="Ozias M. Hatch">Ozias M. Hatch</a>, an advisor and close friend of President Lincoln. Throughout the war, Captain Hatch had shown incompetence as a quartermaster and competence as a thief, bilking the government out of thousands of dollars. Although brought up on <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">courts-martial</a> charges, Hatch managed to get letters of recommendation from no less reputable personages than President Lincoln and <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>. The letters reside in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Archives">National Archives</a> in Washington, D.C. After the disaster, Reuben Benton Hatch refused three separate <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenas</a> to appear before Captain Speed's trial and give testimony. He died in 1871, having escaped justice because of his numerous highly placed patrons—including two presidents.<sup id="cite_ref-sal2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 193–197">: 193–197 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_accountability">Lack of accountability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lack of accountability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite the magnitude of the disaster, no one was ever formally held accountable. Captain Frederic Speed, a Union officer who sent the 1,950 paroled prisoners into Vicksburg from the parole camp, was charged with grossly overcrowding <i>Sultana</i> and found guilty. However, the <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Judge Advocate General of the United States Army">Judge Advocate General of the United States Army</a> overturned the guilty verdict because Speed had been at the parole camp all day and had not personally placed a single soldier on board <i>Sultana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 197–202">: 197–202 </span></sup> Captain George Augustus Williams, who had placed the men on board, was a regular Army officer, and the military refused to go after one of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202">: 202 </span></sup> Captain Hatch, who had concocted a bribe with Captain Mason to crowd as many men onto <i>Sultana</i> as possible, had quickly quit the service to avoid a court-martial and then had gone into hiding. Captain Mason of <i>Sultana</i>, who was ultimately responsible for dangerously overloading his vessel and ordering the faulty repairs to her leaky boiler, had died in the disaster. In the end, no one was ever held accountable for what remains the deadliest maritime disaster in United States history.<sup id="cite_ref-sal_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sal-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 198, 200, 202">: 198, 200, 202 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8_27_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_1865_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2,_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_(%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8_27_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_1865_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8_27_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_1865_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%B8_27_%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F_1865_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%2C_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%28%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><i>Sultana</i> Memorial at the Mount Olive Baptist Church Cemetery in Knoxville, Tennessee in 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Monuments and historical markers to <i>Sultana</i> and her victims have been erected at Memphis, Tennessee;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie, Indiana</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marion, Arkansas;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vicksburg, Mississippi;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati, Ohio">Cincinnati, Ohio</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Knoxville, Tennessee;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hillsdale,_Michigan" title="Hillsdale, Michigan">Hillsdale, Michigan</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mansfield,_Ohio" title="Mansfield, Ohio">Mansfield, Ohio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remnants_found">Remnants found</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Remnants found"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1982, a local archaeological expedition, led by Memphis attorney Jerry O. Potter, uncovered what was believed to be the wreckage of <i>Sultana</i>. Blackened wooden deck planks and timbers were found about 32 feet (10 m) under a soybean field on the Arkansas side, about 4 miles (6 km) from Memphis. The Mississippi River has changed course several times since the disaster, leaving the wreck under dry land and far from today's river. The main channel now flows about 2 miles (3 km) east of its 1865 position.<sup id="cite_ref-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museum">Museum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2015, on the 150th anniversary of the disaster, an interim <i>Sultana</i> Disaster Museum was opened in Marion, Arkansas, the closest town to the buried remains of the steamboat,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Need sources on the existence of the museum and its current status (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> across the Mississippi River from Memphis.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The museum is only a temporary museum featuring a number of relics from <i>Sultana</i> such as shaker plates from the boat's furnace, furnace bricks, a few pieces of wood, and some small metal pieces. The museum also features many artifacts from the <i>Sultana</i> Survivors' Association, as well as a fourteen-foot model replica of the boat. One wall is decorated with the names of every soldier, crewmember, and passenger on the boat on April 27, 1865.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A new state-of-the-art permanent museum, which will be housed in a renovated auditorium/gymnasium is expected to open is September/October 2025. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artwork">Artwork</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Artwork"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The J. Mack Gamble Fund of the <a href="/wiki/Sons_and_Daughters_of_Pioneer_Rivermen" title="Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen">Sons and Daughters of Pioneer Rivermen</a> and the Association of <i>Sultana</i> Descendants and Friends sponsored a mural by Louisiana artist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dafford" title="Robert Dafford">Robert Dafford</a> and his crew, entitled <i>The Sultana Departs from Vicksburg</i>, as one of the <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi#Contemporary_Vicksburg" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg Riverfront Murals</a>. It was dedicated on April 9, 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHendricks2015" class="citation book cs1">Hendricks, Nancy (2015). <i>Terrible Swift Sword: Long Road to the Sultana</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1507764688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1507764688"><bdi>978-1507764688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Swift+Sword%3A+Long+Road+to+the+Sultana&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1507764688&rft.aulast=Hendricks&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThom2015" class="citation book cs1">Thom, James Alexander (2015). <i>Fire in the Water</i>. Blue River Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935628569" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935628569"><bdi>978-1935628569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Water&rft.pub=Blue+River+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1935628569&rft.aulast=Thom&rft.aufirst=James+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Smith, Joe W. (2010) <i>Sultana</i>! J & M Printing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931916-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931916-64-6">978-1-931916-64-6</a>. Illustrations by Linda L. Smith.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Farrar" title="Jay Farrar">Jay Farrar</a> of the band <a href="/wiki/Son_Volt" title="Son Volt">Son Volt</a> wrote a song called "Sultana", paying tribute to "the worst American disaster of the maritime". Farrar calls the boat "the <i>Titanic</i> of the Mississippi" in the song, which was released on the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Central_Dust" title="American Central Dust">American Central Dust</a></i> album (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-pitchfork_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pitchfork-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>King's German Legion – "Blues in the Water" tells a stylized version of the <i>Sultana</i> disaster on their EP release <i>Marching Orders.</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cory_Branan" title="Cory Branan">Cory Branan</a>'s song "The Wreck of the Sultana" tells the story of the disaster, though the song gets a few details wrong, calling it "deadlier than the Titanic's legendary fall."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2018, a movie called <i><a href="/wiki/Remember_the_Sultana" class="mw-redirect" title="Remember the Sultana">Remember the Sultana</a></i> was released detailing the maritime disaster, directed by Mark and Mike Marshall and starring Ray Appleton, Mackenzie Astin, and Sean Astin.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters" title="List of maritime disasters">List of maritime disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arisan_Maru" title="Arisan Maru">Arisan Maru</a> – Japanese type 2A freighter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Wing_disaster" title="Sea Wing disaster">Sea Wing disaster</a> – Excursion boat overturned 1890</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(steamboat)" title="Eclipse (steamboat)">Eclipse (steamboat)</a> – U.S. troop transport exploded 1865</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Given as the "John Lithoberry Shipyard" on Ohio Historical Marker 18–31 (1999) on the Ohio River at Sawyer Point.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berry (1892), p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilwarstlouis2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civilwarstlouis2_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2009/august/death-river">"Death on the River"</a>. <i>U.S. Naval Institute</i>. August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Naval+Institute&rft.atitle=Death+on+the+River&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usni.org%2Fmagazines%2Fnaval-history-magazine%2F2009%2Faugust%2Fdeath-river&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sal-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sal_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalecker1996" class="citation book cs1">Salecker, Gene Eric (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disasteronmissis00sale"><i>Disaster on the Mississippi : the Sultana explosion, April 27, 1865</i></a>. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Inst. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-739-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-739-2"><bdi>1-55750-739-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+on+the+Mississippi+%3A+the+Sultana+explosion%2C+April+27%2C+1865&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Inst.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55750-739-2&rft.aulast=Salecker&rft.aufirst=Gene+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisasteronmissis00sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The St. Louis Daily Missouri Democrat, April 29, 1865, states that the "steamer Sultana left New Orleans on Friday evening the 21st, with about seventy cabin passengers, and about eighty five employees on the boat."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potter,_Amer._Hist.-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Potter,_Amer._Hist._6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter" class="citation journal cs1">Potter, Jerry O. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080128150746/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3032116.html?page=4&c=y">"Sultana: A Tragic Postscript to the Civil War"</a>. <i>American History Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/american_history/3032116.html?page=4&c=y">the original</a> on 2008-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Sultana%3A+A+Tragic+Postscript+to+the+Civil+War&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Jerry+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historynet.com%2Fmagazines%2Famerican_history%2F3032116.html%3Fpage%3D4%26c%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bennett,_1976-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bennett,_1976_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Bennett,_1976" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett, Robert Frank, CDR USCG (March 1976). "A Case of Calculated Mischief". <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_(magazine)" title="Proceedings (magazine)">Proceedings</a></i>: 77–83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings&rft.atitle=A+Case+of+Calculated+Mischief&rft.pages=77-83&rft.date=1976-03&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Robert+Frank%2C+CDR+USCG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harvey,_Hank_1996,_Pages_3,6_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1996" class="citation news cs1">Harvey, Hank (October 27, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rTQxAAAAIBAJ&pg=5892%2C8438988">"The Sinking of the Sultana"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blade_(Toledo)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blade (Toledo)">The Blade</a></i>. Toledo, Ohio. Section C, pp. 6,3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Blade&rft.atitle=The+Sinking+of+the+Sultana&rft.pages=Section+C%2C+pp.+6%2C3&rft.date=1996-10-27&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DrTQxAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5892%252C8438988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fold3.com website, The Civil War, <i>Sultana</i> Disaster, April 1865, Quartermaster vessel file relating to the <i>Sultana</i>, page 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fold3.com website, The Civil War, <i>Sultana</i> Disaster, April 1865, Quartermaster vessel file relating to the <i>Sultana</i>, pages 68-9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fold3.com website, The Civil War, <i>Sultana</i> Disaster, April 1865, Enlisted Branch file (HAAQ 981 EB 1865, page 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrutchfield2008" class="citation book cs1">Crutchfield, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9C1NkkPWJUC&q=1547"><i>It Happened on the Mississippi River</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-762-75236-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-762-75236-2"><bdi>978-0-762-75236-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It+Happened+on+the+Mississippi+River&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-762-75236-2&rft.aulast=Crutchfield&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9C1NkkPWJUC%26q%3D1547&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fold3.com website, The Civil War, <i>Sultana</i> Disaster, April 1865, Enlisted Branch file (HAAQ 981 EB 1865, page 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Memphis Daily Bulletin</i>, and <i>Memphis Daily Appeal</i>, various dates, April 1865</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ancestry.com, Texas Death Certificates, 1903–1980<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (April 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2009" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, Alan (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultanasurviving00huff"><i>Sultana: Surviving Civil War, Prison, and the Worst Maritime Disaster in American History</i></a></span>. Collins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultanasurviving00huff/page/n251">242</a>–243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061470547" title="Special:BookSources/9780061470547"><bdi>9780061470547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultana%3A+Surviving+Civil+War%2C+Prison%2C+and+the+Worst+Maritime+Disaster+in+American+History&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780061470547&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultanasurviving00huff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, Pat "What Happened to the Sultana?" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nationalboard.org/SiteDocuments/General%20Meeting/Jennings.pdf">https://www.nationalboard.org/SiteDocuments/General%20Meeting/Jennings.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-civilwarstlouis-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-civilwarstlouis_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civilwarstlouis.com/boatburners/index.htm">"The Sultana Disaster (Coal Torpedo theory)"</a>. <i>Civil War St Louis</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+War+St+Louis&rft.atitle=The+Sultana+Disaster+%28Coal+Torpedo+theory%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.civilwarstlouis.com%2Fboatburners%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tidwell-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tidwell_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Tidwell,_1995" class="citation book cs1">Tidwell, William A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMK-y-_61sEC"><i>April '65: Confederate Covert Action in the American Civil War</i></a>. Kent, Ohio: The Kent State University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jMK-y-_61sEC&pg=PA52">52</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873385152" title="Special:BookSources/9780873385152"><bdi>9780873385152</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906647559">906647559</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=April+%2765%3A+Confederate+Covert+Action+in+the+American+Civil+War&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=The+Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906647559&rft.isbn=9780873385152&rft.aulast=Tidwell&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjMK-y-_61sEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rule,_2001-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rule,_2001_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuleRule2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rule, G.E.; Rule, Deb (December 2001). "The Sultana: A case for sabotage". <i>North and South Magazine</i>. <b>5</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+and+South+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Sultana%3A+A+case+for+sabotage&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2001-12&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=G.E.&rft.au=Rule%2C+Deb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">History Detective Episode on Sultana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/civil-war-sabotage/">http://www.pbs.org/opb/historydetectives/investigation/civil-war-sabotage/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>National Tribune</i> (Washington DC), May 20, 1886, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Portsmouth</i> [NH] <i>Herald</i>, June 13, 1903, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sal2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sal2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalecker1996" class="citation book cs1">Salecker, Gene Eric (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disasteronmissis00sale"><i>Disaster on the Mississippi : the Sultana explosion, April 27, 1865</i></a>. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Inst. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-739-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-739-2"><bdi>1-55750-739-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+on+the+Mississippi+%3A+the+Sultana+explosion%2C+April+27%2C+1865&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md.&rft.pub=Naval+Inst.+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55750-739-2&rft.aulast=Salecker&rft.aufirst=Gene+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisasteronmissis00sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historic-memphis.com/memphis-historic/elmwood/elmwood.html">"Historic Memphis Elmwood Cemetery"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Memphis+Elmwood+Cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoric-memphis.com%2Fmemphis-historic%2Felmwood%2Felmwood.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribtown.com/2019/07/18/the_ss_sultana_a_civil_war_tragedy_lost_to_history/"><i>The Tribune</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkansas.com/attractions/detail/sultana-historic-marker/95445/">"Sultana Historic Marker"</a>. <i>Arkansas: The Natural State</i>. Arkansas Department of Parks & Tourism<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arkansas%3A+The+Natural+State&rft.atitle=Sultana+Historic+Marker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansas.com%2Fattractions%2Fdetail%2Fsultana-historic-marker%2F95445%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://histchron.kbacon.com/disaster-multiplied">"Disaster Multiplied"</a>. <i>Historical Chronicles Press</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Chronicles+Press&rft.atitle=Disaster+Multiplied&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistchron.kbacon.com%2Fdisaster-multiplied&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=24614">"The Sultana"</a>. <i>Historical Marker Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Marker+Database&rft.atitle=The+Sultana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fmarker.asp%3Fmarker%3D24614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tennesseerivervalleygeotourism.org/content/sultana-monument-civil-war/ten20C9C07524035BE0F">"Sultana Monument – Civil War"</a>. <i>East Tennessee River Valley GeoTourism Guide</i>. National Geographic<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=East+Tennessee+River+Valley+GeoTourism+Guide&rft.atitle=Sultana+Monument+%E2%80%93+Civil+War&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tennesseerivervalleygeotourism.org%2Fcontent%2Fsultana-monument-civil-war%2Ften20C9C07524035BE0F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austinblaircamp7.com/sulmemor.htm">"Sultana Memorial"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sultana+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austinblaircamp7.com%2Fsulmemor.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=20888">"Sultana Tragedy"</a>. <i>Historical Marker Database</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Marker+Database&rft.atitle=Sultana+Tragedy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fmarker.asp%3Fmarker%3D20888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Schnedler2018" class="citation news cs1">Jack Schnedler (2018-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2018/jul/03/sultana-museum-memorializes-1-800-who-d/">"Sultana museum in Arkansas memorializes 1,800 people who died in river"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Democrat-Gazette" title="Arkansas Democrat-Gazette">Arkansas Democrat-Gazette</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arkansas+Democrat-Gazette&rft.atitle=Sultana+museum+in+Arkansas+memorializes+1%2C800+people+who+died+in+river&rft.date=2018-07-03&rft.au=Jack+Schnedler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arkansasonline.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjul%2F03%2Fsultana-museum-memorializes-1-800-who-d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riverfrontmurals.com/sultana.htm">"The Sultana Departs from Vicksburg"</a>. <i>Vicksburg Riverfront Murals</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vicksburg+Riverfront+Murals&rft.atitle=The+Sultana+Departs+from+Vicksburg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riverfrontmurals.com%2Fsultana.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2009" class="citation web cs1">Huffman, Alan (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mshistory.k12.ms.us/articles/319/surviving-the-worst-the-wreck-of-the-sultana">"Surviving the Worst: The Wreck of the Sultana at the End of the American Civil War"</a>. <i>Mississippi Historical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mississippi+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Surviving+the+Worst%3A+The+Wreck+of+the+Sultana+at+the+End+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.date=2009-10&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmshistory.k12.ms.us%2Farticles%2F319%2Fsurviving-the-worst-the-wreck-of-the-sultana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pitchfork-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pitchfork_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeusner" class="citation web cs1">Deusner, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/13214-american-central-dust/">"American Central Dust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitchfork Media">Pitchfork Media</a></i> (Review)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pitchfork+Media&rft.atitle=American+Central+Dust&rft.aulast=Deusner&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpitchfork.com%2Freviews%2Falbums%2F13214-american-central-dust%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kingsgermanlegion.bandcamp.com/track/blues-in-the-water">"Blues in the Water, by King's German Legion"</a>. <i>King's German Legion</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King%27s+German+Legion&rft.atitle=Blues+in+the+Water%2C+by+King%27s+German+Legion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkingsgermanlegion.bandcamp.com%2Ftrack%2Fblues-in-the-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/sfCe0B77i3w">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807133425/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfCe0B77i3w">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfCe0B77i3w">"Ardent Presents: Cory Branan – "The Wreck of the Sultana"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Ardent+Presents%3A+Cory+Branan+%E2%80%93+%22The+Wreck+of+the+Sultana%22&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DsfCe0B77i3w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://filmthreat.com/reviews/remember-the-sultana/2/">"Remember the Sultana | Film Threat - Part 2"</a>. 2020-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Remember+the+Sultana+%7C+Film+Threat+-+Part+2&rft.date=2020-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffilmthreat.com%2Freviews%2Fremember-the-sultana%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBearss1978" class="citation journal cs1">Bearss, Margie Riddle (Spring 1978). "Messenger of Lincoln Death Herself Doomed". <i>The Lincoln Herald</i>: 49–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lincoln+Herald&rft.atitle=Messenger+of+Lincoln+Death+Herself+Doomed&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=49-51&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Bearss&rft.aufirst=Margie+Riddle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Berry,_1892" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Chester D. (2005) [1892]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEh3AAAAMAAJ&q=Loss+of+the+Sultana&pg=PA12"><i>Loss of the Sultana and Reminiscences of Survivors</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57233-372-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57233-372-3"><bdi>1-57233-372-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loss+of+the+Sultana+and+Reminiscences+of+Survivors&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-57233-372-3&rft.aulast=Berry&rft.aufirst=Chester+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEh3AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DLoss%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSultana%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1990" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, William O. (1990). <i>Cahaba Prison and the "Sultana" Disaster</i>. University of Alabama Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0468-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-0468-1"><bdi>0-8173-0468-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cahaba+Prison+and+the+%22Sultana%22+Disaster&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8173-0468-1&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=William+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Elliott, Joseph Taylor (1913). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=inu.30000132231808">The Sultana Disaster</a></i>. E.J. Hecker. Indiana Historical Society Publications, v. 5, no. 3.</li> <li>Hendricks, Nancy (2015). <i>Terrible Swift Sword: Long Road to the Sultana.</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5077-6468-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5077-6468-8">978-1-5077-6468-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman2009" class="citation book cs1">Huffman, Alan (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultanasurviving00alan"><i>Sultana: Surviving the Civil War, Prison, and the Worst Maritime Disaster in American History</i></a></span>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147054-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-147054-7"><bdi>978-0-06-147054-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultana%3A+Surviving+the+Civil+War%2C+Prison%2C+and+the+Worst+Maritime+Disaster+in+American+History&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-147054-7&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultanasurviving00alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Potter,_Sultana_Tragedy" class="citation book cs1">Potter, Jerry O. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sultanatragedyam00unse"><i>The Sultana Tragedy: America's Greatest Maritime Disaster</i></a></span>. Pelican Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88289-861-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88289-861-2"><bdi>0-88289-861-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultana+Tragedy%3A+America%27s+Greatest+Maritime+Disaster&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-88289-861-2&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=Jerry+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsultanatragedyam00unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuleRule" class="citation journal cs1">Rule, G. E.; Rule, Deb. "The <i>Sultana</i>: A Case for Sabotage". <i>North and South Magazine</i>. <b>5</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+and+South+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Sultana%3A+A+Case+for+Sabotage&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.aulast=Rule&rft.aufirst=G.+E.&rft.au=Rule%2C+Deb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Salecker,_Disaster_on_the_Mississippi" class="citation book cs1">Salecker, Gene Eric (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/disasteronmissis00sale"><i>Disaster on the Mississippi: the Sultana Explosion, April 27, 1865</i></a>. Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-739-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-739-2"><bdi>1-55750-739-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disaster+on+the+Mississippi%3A+the+Sultana+Explosion%2C+April+27%2C+1865&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55750-739-2&rft.aulast=Salecker&rft.aufirst=Gene+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdisasteronmissis00sale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalecker2002" class="citation journal cs1">Salecker, Gene Eric (May 2002). "A Tremendous Tumult and Uproar". <i>America's Civil War</i>. <b>15</b> (26). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1046-2899">1046-2899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Civil+War&rft.atitle=A+Tremendous+Tumult+and+Uproar&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=26&rft.date=2002-05&rft.issn=1046-2899&rft.aulast=Salecker&rft.aufirst=Gene+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2017" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Sally M. (2017). <i>Sinking the Sultana: A Civil War Story of Imprisonment, Greed, and a Doomed Journey Home</i>. Candlewick. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-7755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-7755-8"><bdi>978-0-7636-7755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinking+the+Sultana%3A+A+Civil+War+Story+of+Imprisonment%2C+Greed%2C+and+a+Doomed+Journey+Home&rft.pub=Candlewick&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7636-7755-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sally+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sultana_(ship,_1863)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sultana (ship, 1863)">Sultana (ship, 1863)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unexplainedfiles.com/2009/10/sultana-titanic-of-mississippi.html">"<i>Sultana: Titanic of the Mississippi</i> – Investigation with several videos"</a>. 27 April 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sultana%3A+Titanic+of+the+Mississippi+%E2%80%93+Investigation+with+several+videos&rft.date=2001-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unexplainedfiles.com%2F2009%2F10%2Fsultana-titanic-of-mississippi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASultana+%28steamboat%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728235609/http://sultana.cdi.astateweb.org/home">Raising The Sultana</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fold3.com/title_797/sultana_disaster_april_1865/"><i>Sultana</i> Disaster Records</a> – Records relating to the explosion of the steamer <i>Sultana</i>, including lists of those aboard the boat.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzPrDZxPzVY">History Guy presents the Sultana's loss and explains why it was unnoticed</a></li></ul> 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href="/wiki/Ohio_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Ohio in the American Civil War">Ohio in the American Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1861</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Ohio Infantry">Early military recruiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Chase" title="Camp Chase">Camp Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Dennison" title="Camp Dennison">Camp Dennison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Harrison" title="Camp Harrison">Camp Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thomas" title="Camp Thomas">Camp Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Ohio" title="Department of the Ohio">Department of the Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson%27s_Island" title="Johnson's Island">Johnson's Island POW camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1862</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham" title="Clement Vallandigham">Anti-war movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Golden_Circle" title="Knights of the Golden Circle">Knights of the Golden Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Jenkins" title="Albert G. Jenkins">First Confederate incursion into Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Cincinnati" title="Defense of Cincinnati">Defense of Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigade_of_Cincinnati" title="Black Brigade of Cincinnati">Black Brigade of Cincinnati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1863</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Fizzle" title="Battle of Fort Fizzle">"Fort Fizzle"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan%27s_Raid" title="Morgan's Raid">Morgan's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffington_Island" title="Battle of Buffington Island">Battle of Buffington Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salineville" title="Battle of Salineville">Battle of Salineville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1864–65</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days_Men" title="Hundred Days Men">Hundred Days Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cincinnati in the American Civil War">Cincinnati in the War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Cleveland in the American Civil War">Cleveland in the War</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Buckeye POWs and the <i>Sultana</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio_Civil_War_units" title="List of Ohio Civil War units">Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ohio%27s_American_Civil_War_generals" title="List of Ohio's American Civil War generals">Generals and Admirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_McCooks" title="Fighting McCooks">Fighting McCooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1865" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1865_shipwrecks" title="Template:1865 shipwrecks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1865_shipwrecks" title="Template talk:1865 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1865_shipwrecks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1865 shipwrecks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shipwrecks_and_maritime_incidents_in_1865" class="hlist vevent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="summary"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1865" title="List of shipwrecks in 1865">Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1865</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shipwrecks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_San_Jacinto_(1850)" title="USS San Jacinto (1850)"><i>San Jacinto</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">12 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Columbia" title="CSS Columbia">CSS <i>Columbia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">15 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Patapsco_(1862)" title="USS Patapsco (1862)"><i>Patapsco</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">24 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Drewry" title="CSS Drewry">CSS <i>Drewry</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">24 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Scorpion" title="CSS Scorpion">CSS <i>Scorpion</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">26 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Dai_Ching" title="USS Dai Ching"><i>Dai Ching</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">c. Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/PS_Lelia" title="PS Lelia"><i>Lelia</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">6 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/Favorita_(pilot_boat)" title="Favorita (pilot boat)"><i>Favorita</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">15 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Merrimac_(1864)" title="USS Merrimac (1864)"><i>Merrimac</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Charleston" title="CSS Charleston">CSS <i>Charleston</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Chicora" title="CSS Chicora">CSS <i>Chicora</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Indian_Chief" title="CSS Indian Chief">CSS <i>Indian Chief</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Palmetto_State" title="CSS Palmetto State">CSS <i>Palmetto State</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Peedee" title="CSS Peedee">CSS <i>Peedee</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/Daring_(schooner)" title="Daring (schooner)"><i>Daring</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">25 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Chickamauga" title="CSS Chickamauga">CSS <i>Chickamauga</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">27 Feb:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_(1858)" title="USS Arizona (1858)"><i>Arizona</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Harvest_Moon" title="USS Harvest Moon"><i>Harvest Moon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 2 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Rob_Roy" title="CSS Rob Roy">CSS <i>Rob Roy</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">12 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Althea_(1863)" title="USS Althea (1863)"><i>Althea</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">14 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Neuse" title="CSS Neuse">CSS <i>Neuse</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">28 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Milwaukee_(1864)" title="USS Milwaukee (1864)"><i>Milwaukee</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">29 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Osage_(1863)" title="USS Osage (1863)"><i>Osage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Spray" title="CSS Spray">CSS <i>Spray</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_(steamboat)" title="Bertrand (steamboat)"><i>Bertrand</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Rodolph" title="USS Rodolph"><i>Rodolph</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Beaufort" title="CSS Beaufort">CSS <i>Beaufort</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Fredericksburg" title="CSS Fredericksburg">CSS <i>Fredericksburg</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Hampton" title="CSS Hampton">CSS <i>Hampton</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Patrick_Henry" title="CSS Patrick Henry">CSS <i>Patrick Henry</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Richmond" title="CSS Richmond">CSS <i>Richmond</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Raleigh_(1861)" title="CSS Raleigh (1861)">CSS <i>Roanoke</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia_II" title="CSS Virginia II">CSS <i>Virginia II</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">12 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Huntsville" title="CSS Huntsville">CSS <i>Huntsville</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">12 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Tuscaloosa" title="CSS Tuscaloosa">CSS <i>Tuscaloosa</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">13 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Ida" title="USS Ida">USS <i>Ida</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">14 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Sciota_(1861)" title="USS Sciota (1861)"><i>Sciota</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">17 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Chattahoochee" title="CSS Chattahoochee">CSS <i>Chattahoochee</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">17 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Muscogee" title="CSS Muscogee">CSS <i>Jackson</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">22 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Black_Hawk_(1848)" title="USS Black Hawk (1848)"><i>Black Hawk</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">24 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_O._M._Pettit" title="USS O. M. Pettit"><i>O. M. Pettit</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">24 Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/CSS_Webb" title="CSS Webb">CSS <i>Webb</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">27 Apr:</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Sultana</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">c. Apr:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Rose" title="USS Rose"><i>Rose</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 8 May:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Glasgow" title="USS Glasgow"><i>Glasgow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">12 May:</span> <a href="/wiki/Comet_(clipper)" title="Comet (clipper)"><i>Fiery Star</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">20 May:</span> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Dunedin_(ship)" title="City of Dunedin (ship)"><i>City of Dunedin</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">c. May:</span> <a href="/wiki/Race_Horse" title="Race Horse"><i>Race Horse</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 8 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/PS_Anglia" title="PS Anglia"><i>Admiral Du Pont</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 8 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_corvette_Jequitinhonha" title="Brazilian corvette Jequitinhonha"><i>Jequitinhonha</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">28 Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_(1827_ship)" title="Brunswick (1827 ship)"><i>Brunswick</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> Jun:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Bloomer" title="USS Bloomer">USS <i>Bloomer</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 4 Jul:</span> <a href="/wiki/Agnes_(cutter)" title="Agnes (cutter)"><i>Agnes</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">30 Jul:</span> <a href="/wiki/Brother_Jonathan_(steamer)" title="Brother Jonathan (steamer)"><i>Brother Jonathan</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 4 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_monitor_Smerch" title="Russian monitor Smerch"><i>Smerch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 9 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Pewabic" title="SS Pewabic"><i>Pewabic</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">18 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/HCS_Hugh_Lindsay_(1829)" title="HCS Hugh Lindsay (1829)"><i>Hugh Lindsay</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">23 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Commodore_McDonough" title="USS Commodore McDonough"><i>Commodore McDonough</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">16 Sep:</span> <a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_(steamer)" title="Lone Star (steamer)"><i>Lone Star</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">22 Sep:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Pink" title="USS Pink"><i>Pink</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 7 Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Dunbar" title="Duncan Dunbar"><i>Duncan Dunbar</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">25 Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Republic_(1853)" title="SS Republic (1853)"><i>Republic</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 6 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Jacob_Bell" title="USS Jacob Bell"><i>Jacob Bell</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">10 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Patroon" title="USS Patroon"><i>Patroon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">13 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/Aenid_(ship)" title="Aenid (ship)"><i>Aenid</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">19 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_City_of_Launceston" title="SS City of Launceston"><i>City of Launceston</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">27 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/Fairlie_(1810_ship)" title="Fairlie (1810 ship)"><i>Fairlie</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Clyde_(1863)" title="USS Clyde (1863)"><i>Indian River</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 5 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Neptune_(1863)" title="USS Neptune (1863)"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">16 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_New_Ironsides" title="USS New Ironsides">USS <i>New Ironsides</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">30 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Huntress_(1862)" title="USS Huntress (1862)"><i>Huntress</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">31 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/USS_Juliet_(1862)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Juliet (1862)"><i>Goldena</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding:0 1em 0 1em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 14em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 4 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cadmus_(1856)" title="HMS Cadmus (1856)">HMS <i>Cadmus</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">14 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Geyser_(1841)" title="HMS Geyser (1841)">HMS <i>Geyser</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">14 Jan:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Terrible_(1845)" title="HMS Terrible (1845)">HMS <i>Terrible</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 3 Mar:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Niger_(1846)" title="HMS Niger (1846)">HMS <i>Niger</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">13 Jul:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Eclipse_(1860)" title="HMS Eclipse (1860)">HMS <i>Eclipse</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 9 Aug:</span> <a href="/wiki/PS_Ipswich_(1864)" title="PS Ipswich (1864)"><i>Ipswich</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">10 Oct:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sepoy_(1856)" title="HMS Sepoy (1856)">HMS <i>Sepoy</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">10 Nov:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Bristol_(1861)" title="HMS Bristol (1861)">HMS <i>Bristol</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;"> 1 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Research_(1863)" title="HMS Research (1863)">HMS <i>Research</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block; width:3.6em; text-align:right; font-weight:normal;">20 Dec:</span> <a href="/wiki/SS_Tararua" title="SS Tararua"><i>Tararua</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Unknown: <a href="/wiki/SS_Ironsides" title="SS Ironsides"><i>Ironsides</i></a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist vevent" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1864" title="List of shipwrecks in 1864">← 1864</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_1866" title="List of shipwrecks in 1866">1866 →</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&oldid=1256797259">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sultana_(steamboat)&oldid=1256797259</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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