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id="toc-Contemporary_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contemporary background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Totalitarians"_and_"Revisionists"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Totalitarians"_and_"Revisionists""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>"Totalitarians" and "Revisionists"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Totalitarians"_and_"Revisionists"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leninism_and_the_October_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninism_and_the_October_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Leninism and the October Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leninism_and_the_October_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revisionists_on_Stalinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revisionists_on_Stalinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Revisionists on Stalinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revisionists_on_Stalinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazism_and_Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism_and_Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Nazism and Fascism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism_and_Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Further debates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1980s_-_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s_-_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>1980s - 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s_-_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>After the 1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USSR" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USSR"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>USSR</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USSR-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Totalitarian_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarian_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Totalitarian model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarian_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_evolution_of_the_totalitarian_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_evolution_of_the_totalitarian_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Criticism and evolution of the totalitarian model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_evolution_of_the_totalitarian_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kremlinology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kremlinology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kremlinology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kremlinology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Totalitarian_model_as_an_official_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarian_model_as_an_official_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Totalitarian model as an official policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarian_model_as_an_official_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Post–Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Religious totalitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Islamic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_the_classification_of_Islamism_as_totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_the_classification_of_Islamism_as_totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Criticism of the classification of Islamism as totalitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_the_classification_of_Islamism_as_totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Christian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early totalitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Totalitarianism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismus" title="Totalitarismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Totalitarismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%8D%81%E1%88%9D_%E1%8C%A0%E1%89%85%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD" title="ፍፁም ጠቅላይ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍፁም ጠቅላይ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الشمولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشمولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismu" title="Totalitarismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Totalitarismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizm" title="Totalitarizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Totalitarizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="توتالیتاریزیم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="توتالیتاریزیم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="একচ্ছত্রবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="একচ্ছত্রবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho%C3%A2n-th%C3%A9-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Choân-thé-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Choân-thé-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Таталітарызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таталітарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Таталітарызм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таталітарызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тоталитаризъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizam" title="Totalitarizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Totalitarizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollveliouriezh" title="Hollveliouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hollveliouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismus" title="Totalitarismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Totalitarismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitariaeth" title="Totalitariaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Totalitariaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismus" title="Totalitarismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Totalitarismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Totalitarism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ολοκληρωτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολοκληρωτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalismo" title="Totalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Totalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="تمامیت‌خواهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تمامیت‌خواهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%B2%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="전체주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전체주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ամբողջատիրություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամբողջատիրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सर्वसत्तावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सर्वसत्तावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizam" title="Totalitarizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Totalitarizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totaliterisme" title="Totaliterisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Totaliterisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Alræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Alræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="טוטליטריזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טוטליטריזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტოტალიტარიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტოტალიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AE%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B3%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94" title="ລະບອບຮວມອຳນາດເບັດເສັດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລະບອບຮວມອຳນາດເບັດເສັດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalit%C4%81risms" title="Totalitārisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Totalitārisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismus" title="Totalitarismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Totalitarismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizmas" title="Totalitarizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Totalitarizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Totalitarism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianizmus" title="Totalitarianizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Totalitarianizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тоталитаризам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सर्वंकषवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सर्वंकषवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ტოტალიტარიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტოტალიტარიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الانظمه الشموليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الانظمه الشموليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="توتالیتاریسم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="توتالیتاریسم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianisme" title="Totalitarianisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Totalitarianisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%8F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%85%E1%80%94%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="အကြွင်းမဲ့ အာဏာရှင် စနစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အကြွင်းမဲ့ အာဏာရှင် စနစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="全体主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="全体主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarisme" title="Totalitarisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Totalitarisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizm" title="Totalitarizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Totalitarizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸਰਬ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਬ ਅਧਿਕਾਰਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="ټوټالېټر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټوټالېټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitaryzm" title="Totalitaryzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Totalitaryzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Totalitarism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizmi" title="Totalitarizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Totalitarizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutalitarismu" title="Tutalitarismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tutalitarismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Totalitarianism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="مطلق آمريت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مطلق آمريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizmus" title="Totalitarizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Totalitarizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizem" title="Totalitarizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Totalitarizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarysm" title="Totalitarysm – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Totalitarysm" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="تەواوخوازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەواوخوازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тоталитаризам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizam" title="Totalitarizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Totalitarizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismi" title="Totalitarismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Totalitarismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarism" title="Totalitarism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Totalitarism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarismo" title="Totalitarismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Totalitarismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталитаризм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тоталитаризм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88" title="ระบบรวบอำนาจเบ็ดเสร็จ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบรวบอำนาจเบ็ดเสร็จ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%85%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Тамомиятхоҳӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тамомиятхоҳӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarizm" title="Totalitarizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Totalitarizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Тоталітаризм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тоталітаризм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85%DB%81_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="ہمہ گیریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہمہ گیریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_to%C3%A0n_tr%E1%BB%8B" title="Chủ nghĩa toàn trị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa toàn trị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="极权主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="极权主义" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Extreme form of authoritarianism and a theoretical concept</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg/167px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg/251px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg/334px-JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4151" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg/167px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg/251px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg/334px-Adolf_Hitler_cropped_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1635" data-file-height="2263" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (left), leader of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (right), leader of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>; totalitarianism as a concept of Western political science and later historiography emerged from <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Stalinism_and_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of Stalinism and Nazism">comparison of the regimes of Hitler and Stalin</a><sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> defined as exemplary cases of totalitarianism<sup id="cite_ref-san_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p><b>Totalitarianism</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">political system</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Government#Forms" title="Government">form of government</a> that prohibits opposition from <a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">political parties</a>, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and completely controls the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private sphere</a> of society. In the field of <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political science</a>, totalitarianism is the extreme form of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>, wherein all <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">socio-political power</a> is held by a <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a>, who also controls the national politics and the peoples of the nation with continual propaganda campaigns that are broadcast by state-controlled and by friendly private <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass communications media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reflections2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflections2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The totalitarian government uses ideology to control most aspects of human life, such as the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of the country, the system of education, the arts, the sciences, and the private-life <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> of the citizens. <sup id="cite_ref-regime_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the exercise of socio-political power, the difference between a totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> of government and an authoritarian regime of government is one of degree; whereas totalitarianism features a <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic leadership">charismatic dictator</a> and a fixed <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a>, authoritarianism only features a dictator who holds power for the sake of holding power, and is supported, either jointly or individually, by a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> and by the socio-economic elites who are the <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinpoes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>totalitarianism</i> emerged in politics of the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>; in the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, it arose from <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">comparison</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> as a theoretical concept of Western political science, hegemonic in explaining nature of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>, and later entered Western <a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_Communist_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet and Communist studies">historiography</a> of Communism, the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>; in the 21st century, it became applied to <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> movements and their governments. The concept of totalitarianism has been challenged and criticized by some historians of Nazi Germany and Stalinist USSR, defined as exemplary cases of totalitarianism, as well as by the other authors, on the grounds that the main characteristics presented by the concept – total control over society, total mobilization of the masses, monolithic centralized character of the regime – were never achieved by the dictatorships called totalitarian, that on the contrary, their structure was disorganized and chaotic, and that despite the supposed external similarities between Nazism and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, their iternal logic and structure were substantially different. The applicability of the concept to Islamism has also been criticized.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-san_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-av_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-av-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of totalitarianism has also been applied to historical states that existed prior to the 20th century or even belonged to the period of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient history</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryan dynasty</a> of India, the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> of China, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_background">Contemporary background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern political science catalogues three régimes of government: (i) the democratic, (ii) the authoritarian, and (iii) the totalitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinzLinz2000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michie2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michie2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varying by political culture, the functional characteristics of the totalitarian régime of government are: <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> of all opposition (individual and collective); a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> about The Leader; official <a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">economic interventionism</a> (controlled wages and prices); official censorship of all mass communication media (the press, textbooks, cinema, television, radio, internet); official <a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass surveillance</a>-policing of public places; and <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reflections2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reflections2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the essay "Democide in Totalitarian States: Mortacracies and Megamurderers" (1994) the American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> said that: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png/220px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png/330px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png/440px-Kim_Il_Sung_Portrait.png 2x" data-file-width="1841" data-file-height="2377" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> was the founder and leader (r. 1948–1994) of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> totalitarian state based on the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Suh_2012_p._149_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suh_2012_p._149-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>There is much confusion about what is meant by <i>totalitarian</i> in the literature, including the denial that such [political] systems even exist. I define a <i>totalitarian state</i> as one with a system of government that is unlimited, [either] <a href="/wiki/Political_constitution" title="Political constitution">constitutionally</a> or by countervailing powers in society (such as by a Church, rural gentry, labor unions, or regional powers); is not held responsible to the public by periodic <a href="/wiki/Secret_ballot" title="Secret ballot">secret</a> and competitive elections; and employs its unlimited power to control all aspects of society, including the family, religion, education, business, private property, and social relationships. Under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was thus totalitarian, as was <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">U Ne Win</a>'s <a href="/wiki/History_of_Burma_(1962%E2%80%931988)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Burma (1962–1988)">Burma</a>.<br /> Totalitarianism is, then, a political ideology for which a totalitarian government is the agency for realizing its ends. Thus, totalitarianism characterizes such ideologies as <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> (as in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> as in former <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. Even revolutionary Muslim <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">overthrow of the Shah in 1978–79</a> has been totalitarian—here totalitarianism was married to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Muslim fundamentalism</a>. In short, totalitarianism is the ideology of absolute power. State socialism, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, Nazism, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and Muslim fundamentalism have been some of its recent raiments. Totalitarian governments have been its agency. The state, with its international legal sovereignty and independence, has been its base. As will be pointed out, <i>mortacracy</i> is the result.<sup id="cite_ref-Rummel_1994b_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rummel_1994b-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <dl><dt>Degree of control</dt></dl> <p>In exercising the power of government upon a society, the application of an official <a href="/wiki/Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> differentiates the <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> of the totalitarian régime from the worldview of the authoritarian régime, which is "only concerned with political power, and, as long as [government power] is not contested, [the authoritarian government] gives society a certain degree of liberty."<sup id="cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinpoes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having no ideology to propagate, the politically secular authoritarian government "does not attempt to change the world and human nature",<sup id="cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinpoes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the "totalitarian government seeks to completely control the thoughts and actions of its citizens",<sup id="cite_ref-regime_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by way of an official "totalist ideology, a [political] party reinforced by a <a href="/wiki/Secret_police" title="Secret police">secret police</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopolistic control</a> of industrial <a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">mass society</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinpoes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> perspective, the social phenomenon of political totalitarianism is a product of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, which the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> said originated in <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist philosophy</a>; in the <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> (<i>res publica</i>) proposed by <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>'s conception of <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">the State</a> as a polity of peoples, and in the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in the 19th century<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—yet historians and philosophers of those periods dispute the historiographic accuracy of Popper's 20th-century interpretation and delineation of the historical origins of totalitarianism, because, for example, the ancient Greek philosopher Plato did not invent the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">modern State</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his approach has been described as a radical denial of historical causation<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as an ahistorical attempt to present totalitarianism and <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> not as products of historical development, but as eternal and timeless categories of humankind itself.<sup id="cite_ref-trav_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were similar "ideocratic"<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempts in traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a><sup id="cite_ref-dos_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to trace totalitarianism back to the times preceding the 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Eric Voegelin</a> saw totalitarianism as "the journey's end of the Gnostic search for a civil theology", an epilogue of the process of secularization which began with the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> which led to a world deprived of any religiosity; <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Talmon" title="Jacob Talmon">Jacob Talmon</a> thought totalitarianism to be a merger of left-wing radical democracy (from <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">François-Noël Babeuf</a>) and right-wing irrationalism (from <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>) as traditions opposed to empirical liberalism;<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the German philosophers <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a> viewed totalitarianism as an ineluctable destiny of modernity rooted in the origins of the Western civilization and as an ultimate end of the evolution of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> from emancipatory reason to instrumental rationality,<sup id="cite_ref-trav_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a product of <a href="/wiki/Anthropocentrism" title="Anthropocentrism">anthropocentrist</a> proposition that: "Man has become the master of the world, a master unbound by any links to Nature, society, and history", which excludes the intervention of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural beings</a> to earthly politics of government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> believes that the idea of "total state", or "totalitarian state" as it would be called later, came from the concept of "total war" which was used to describe <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> by its contemporaries: the war "shaped the imagination of an <a href="/wiki/Lost_Generation" title="Lost Generation">entire generation</a>" by rationalizing nihilism and "methodical destruction of the enemy", introducing "a new warrior ethos in which the old ideals of heroism and chivalry merged with modern technology" and a process of brutalization of politics and such examples of "continentally planned industrial killing" as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>. "Total war" became "total state", and after the war, it was used as a pejorative by the Italian anti-fascists of the 1920s and later by the Italian Fascists themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> American historian <a href="/wiki/William_Rubinstein" title="William Rubinstein">William Rubinstein</a> wrote that:</p><blockquote><p>The 'Age of Totalitarianism' included nearly all the infamous examples of genocide in modern history, headed by the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, but also comprising <a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">the mass murders and purges of the Communist world</a>, other mass killings carried out by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its allies, and also the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> of 1915. All these slaughters, it is argued here, had a common origin, <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917-1923" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1917-1923">the collapse of the elite structure and normal modes of government</a> of much of central, eastern and southern Europe as a result of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, without which surely neither Communism nor Fascism would have existed except in the minds of unknown agitators and crackpots.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/20th_century" title="20th century">20th century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> classified <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> as a political ideology with a philosophy that is "totalitarian, and [that] the Fascist State—a synthesis and a unity inclusive of all values—interprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people"; Gentile expessed his ideas in "<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" (1932), an essay he co-authored with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doctrine_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doctrine-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920s Germany, during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–1933), the Nazi jurist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a> integrated Gentile's Fascist philosophy of united national purpose to the supreme-leader ideology of the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i>. </p><p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the so-called 'traditionalist', or 'totalitarian', historians, (see below) claimed<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, one of the leaders of the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia, was the first politician to establish a totalitarian state;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riley_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such description of Lenin is opposed by the so-called 'revisionist' historians of Communism and the Soviet Union<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by a broad range of authors including <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lenin1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenin1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <i><a href="/wiki/Duce" title="Duce">Duce</a></i> leading the Italian people to the future, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> said that his dictatorial régime of government made <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a> (1922–1943) the representative <i>Totalitarian State</i>: "Everything in the State, nothing outside the State, nothing against the State."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> (1927), the Nazi jurist Schmitt used the term <i>der Totalstaat</i> (the Total State) to identify, describe, and establish the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> of a German totalitarian state led by a <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">supreme leader</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> would call a totalitarian state the goal of the Nazi Party,<sup id="cite_ref-franco_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franco-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the concept became downplayed in Nazi discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> (1937–1945), U.S. political discourse (domestic and foreign) included the concepts (ideologic and political) and the terms <i>totalitarian</i>, <i>totalitarianism</i>, and <i>totalitarian model</i>. In the post-war U.S. of the 1950s, to politically discredit the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">anti-fascism</a> of the Second World War as misguided <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and at the same time direct anti-fascists against Communism, <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyite</a> politicians claimed that Left-wing totalitarianism was an existential threat to <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilisation</a>, and so facilitated the creation of the American <a href="/wiki/National_security_state" class="mw-redirect" title="National security state">national security state</a> to execute the anti-communist Cold War (1945–1989) that was fought by <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client-state</a> proxies of the US and the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-siegel_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siegel-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guilhot_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guilhot-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reisch_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reisch-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-defty_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-defty-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caute_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caute-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the concept of totalitarianism became dominant in Anglo-American political discorse after World War II, it remained neglected in continental Europe except for <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>: in such countries as Italy and France, where the communist parties played a hegemonic role in the anti-Fascist resistance, the pioneering works of the theory of totalitarianism by such authors as <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Friedrich">Carl Friedrich</a> were often ignored or not even translated; the political theory of totalitarianism in these countries was promoted by <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a> supported by the CIA.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Totalitarians"_and_"Revisionists""><span id=".22Totalitarians.22_and_.22Revisionists.22"></span>"Totalitarians" and "Revisionists"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Totalitarians" and "Revisionists""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Western <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of the USSR and of the Soviet period of Russian history and is in two schools of research and interpretation: (i) the traditionalist school of historiography and (ii) the revisionist school of historiography;<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the traditionalists and neo-traditionalists, or anti-revisionists, are also known as 'totalitarian school' or 'totalitarian approach' and 'Cold War' historians,<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for relying on concepts and interpretations rooted in the early years of the Cold War and even in the sphere Russian <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a> of the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionalist-school historians characterise themselves as objective reporters of the claimed totalitarianism allegedly inherent to <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, and to the political nature of <a href="/wiki/Communist_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist states">Communist states</a>, such as the USSR, while the Cold War revisionists criticized the politically liberal and anti-communist bias they perceived in the predominance of the traditionalists and describe their approach as emotional and oversimplifying.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revisionist-school historians criticise the traditionalist school's concentration upon the police-state aspects of Cold War history which leads it to<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2025)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> interpretation of history biased towards a right-wing interpretation of the documentary facts. The revisionists also oppose the equation of Nazism and Communism and Stalinism and stress such their ideological differences as the humanist and egalitarian origins of Communist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1960s, revisionists studying the Cold War and the Communist movement in the U.S. criticized the dominant ideas that American Communists were an actual threat to the United States<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Cold War was the fault of Stalin's territorial and political ambitions and that Soviet expansionsim and its alleged strife to conquer the world forced the U.S. to turn from isolationism to a global containment policy.<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference between these two historiographic directions is not only political, but also as methodological: the 'traditionalists' focus on politics, ideology and personalities of the Bolshevik and Communist leaders, putting the latter in the centre of history while largely ignoring social processes,<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and traditionalists present "history from above", directed by the leaders, while the revisionists put emphasis on "history from below"<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and social history of the Soviet regime,<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they describe the traditionalists as '(right-wing) <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantics</a>.'<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their turn, the traditionalists defend their approach and methodology, dismiss focus on social history and accuse their opponents of Marxism and of rationalizing the actions of the Bolsheviks and failing to recognize the primary role of "one man" leading a movement (<a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>). Between the late 1970s and early 1980s, revisionist approaches became largely accepted in academic circles, and the term "revisionism" migrated to characterize a group of social historians focusing on the working class and the upheavals of the Stalin years. At the same time, traditionalist historians retained popularity and influence outside academic circles, especially in politics and public spheres of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where they supported harder policies towards the USSR: for example, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> served as National Security Advisor to President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, a prominent historian of 'totalitarian school', headed the CIA group <a href="/wiki/Team_B" title="Team B">Team B</a>; after 1991, their views have found popularity not only in the West, but also in the former USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyadya_lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/220px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg/330px-Dyadya_lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Dyadya_lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>1920 Soviet propaganda poster with a complimentary cartoon of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Deni" title="Viktor Deni">Viktor Deni</a>. According to 'traditionalist' historians, Lenin was the first politician to establish a totalitarian regime; such description have been opposed by the 'revisionists' and other authors</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leninism_and_the_October_Revolution">Leninism and the October Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leninism and the October Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution#Historiography" title="October Revolution">October Revolution § Historiography</a></div> <p>Since the 1980s, there has been a debate over the nature of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> between the traditionalists and the revisionists as well as a debate about the nature of the government of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. Traditionalist scholars believe that the government of Vladimir Lenin was a totalitarian dictatorship but revisionist scholars do not; the core argument of the traditionalists was based on their belief that the Revolution was a violent act which was carried out "from above" by a small group of intellectuals with brute force.<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such traditionalist historians as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">Soviet Russia of 1917–1924</a> was as totalitarian as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">Soviet Union under Stalin</a> was, and they also claim that <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist totalitarianism</a> was a mere continuation of Lenin's policies because Stalinism was prefigured by <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Lenin's ideology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-lenin1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lenin1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ryan_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thar Lenin was the "inventor" (Riley) of totalitarianism, and that further totalitarian regimes just implemented the policies already invented:<sup id="cite_ref-riley_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riley-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, Pipes compared Lenin to Hitler and stated that "The Stalinist and Nazi <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">holocausts</a>" stemmed from Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> and had "much greater decorum" than the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revisionists, on the contrary, stressed the genuinely 'popular' nature of the 1917 Revolution, and tended to see a discontinuity between Leninism and Stalinism;<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a revisionist historian <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Suny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Suny">Ronald Suny</a> cites Hannah Arendt who distinguished Lenin's terror of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>, "a means to exterminate and frighten opponents", from totalitarian terror aimed not at specific enemies but at fulfilling ideological goals, solving the problem of inequality and poverty, "an instrument to rule masses who are perfectly obedient."<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also noted that Stalin became an uncontested dictator after a period of "authoritarian pluralism",<sup id="cite_ref-san_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the one-party dictatorship and mass violence (the Red Terror) were interpreted not as a result not of Lenin's totalitarian "blueprint", but rather of reactions (yet justified by the ideology) to current events and external factors, including wartime conditions and the struggle for survival,<sup id="cite_ref-ryan_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ryan-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some historians highlighted the initial attempts of the Bolsheviks to form a coalition government.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Malia" title="Martin Malia">Martin Malia</a> noted that the debates on history were politically significant: if the 'traditionalists' were right, "<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>" "must be abolished", but if they were not, it could be reformed.<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Understanding of relationship of Lenin and Stalin as a continuity of the totalitarian regime was consensual for a major period; the first revisionists of the 1960s, social historians, also believed it to be a continuity, but as a continuity of policies of modernisation, not as a continuity of totalitarianism; starting from the end of the 1960s, availability of new Soviet materials allowed to dispute the continuity for such historians as <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Moshe Lewin</a> and break the consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Evan Mawdsley</a>, "the 'revisionist’ school had been dominant from the 1970s", and achieved "some success" in challenging the traditionalists.<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_21-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revisionists_on_Stalinism">Revisionists on Stalinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revisionists on Stalinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PropagandaStudy_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/PropagandaStudy_6.jpg/220px-PropagandaStudy_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/PropagandaStudy_6.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A document from the collection of <a href="/wiki/Henri_Max_Corwin" title="Henri Max Corwin">Henri Max Corwin</a>, equating <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> with <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of Stalin in 1953 voided the simplistic <i>totalitarian model</i> of the police-state USSR as the epitome of <i>the totalitarian state</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting from the 1970s, the 'revisionist' historians,<sup id="cite_ref-ahor_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahor-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described as those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong" and focused not on typology of power, but social history,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a> began challenging the totalitarian paradigm; without denying the state violence by the regime, these scholars argued that the Stalinist system could not and did not rule only through coercion and terror, and pointed to support within the population for many of Stalin's policies and argued that the party and state were often responsive to people's desires and values.<sup id="cite_ref-ahor_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahor-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More to it, they examined the substantial differences of Stalinist and Nazi violence that inevitably put into question the attempt to gather Stalin's and Hitler's regimes into a single category which was presented by the concept of totalitarianism.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 the sociologists <a href="/wiki/Randall_Collins" title="Randall Collins">Randall Collins</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Waller" title="David Waller">David Waller</a> grouped the concept of totalitarianism among the "theories that were completely wrong"; in <i>Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</i> (2008), Fitzpatrick and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Geyer" title="Michael Geyer">Michael Geyer</a> critically examined the concept of totalitarianism and made a very detailed comparison of similarities and substantial differences between Hitler and Stalin and made conclusion in agreement with the point of Collins and Waller.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some historians who did not align themselves with the 'revisionist school' later openly stated that Stalinist system cannot be regarded as totalitarian. For example, the historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> in his biography of Stalin wrote that "this was not a totalitarian dictatorship as conventionally defined because Stalin lacked the capacity, even at the height of his power, to secure automatic universal compliance with his wishes."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> wrote that although Stalin indeed wanted to achieve total control of the population, he did not establish an actual totalitarian system, what, as he said, "throws considerable doubt on the usefulness of the term."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Fitzpatrick, "totalitarian-model scholarship" - the USSR as a "top-down entity," a monolithic party grounded on ideology and ruling by terror over a passive society - "was in effect a mirror image of the Soviet self-representation, but with the moral signs reversed (instead of the party being always right, it was always wrong)."<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fact common to the revisionist-school interpretations of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">reign of Stalin</a> (1927–1953) was that the USSR was a country with weak social institutions, and that <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> against Soviet citizens indicated the political illegitimacy of Stalin's government:<sup id="cite_ref-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to critics of totalitarian model state terror was a mark of a weak regime, and <a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">J. Arch Getty</a> wrote of a "technically weak and politically divided party whose organisational relationships seem more primitive than totalitarian", commenting the <a href="/wiki/Smolensk_Archive" title="Smolensk Archive">Smolensk Archive</a>, and so, the criticism of accepted model began with labelling Stalinism as "inefficient totalitarianism", where the dictator had to rely on "shock methods" to counter the resistance of local autonomies and administrations and political factionalism within the apparatus (including its highest levels);<sup id="cite_ref-san_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the citizens of the USSR were not devoid of <a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">personal agency</a> or of material resources for living, nor were Soviet citizens <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">psychologically atomised</a> by the totalist ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_1999_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick_1999-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—because "the Soviet political system was chaotic, that <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">institutions</a> often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted, to a considerable extent, in responding, on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis, to political crises as they arose",<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many purges and forced collectivisations were local or even "popular initiatives which Stalin and his henchmen' could not control", while the people collectively resisted by such methods as refusing to work efficiently and migrating by the millions.<sup id="cite_ref-san_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> of Stalin's régime of government relied upon the popular support of the Soviet citizenry as much as Stalin relied upon state terrorism for their support. That by politically purging Soviet society of anti–Soviet people Stalin created employment and upward <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> for the post–War generation of working class citizens for whom such socio-economic progress was unavailable before the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917–1924). That the people who benefited from Stalin's social engineering became <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinists</a> loyal to the USSR; thus, the Revolution had fulfilled her promise to those Stalinist citizens and they supported Stalin because of the state terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_1999_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick_1999-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The revisionists also conducted new comparative studies of the Third Reich and the USSR, but stressed substantial differences between them. Thus, fascisms lasted much shorter, but experienced cumulative radicalization until their collapse, while Stalinism arose in stabilized and pacified country and fell apart due to an internal crisis after a post-totalitarian period; fascism maintained traditional elites, while Stalinism was a result of revolution and radical social transformation; their ideologies were antipodal; totalitarian model likened "<a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic authorities</a>" of Stalin and Hitler and Mussolini, but they were different: Hitler and Mussolini were popular figures of "providential men" who needed an almost physical contact with the followers and exemplified the totalitarian "New Man" with their bodies and behaviour, while Stalin's cult is described as "afar", purely artificial and much more distant, and Stalin never merged with the people, always staying "hidden from his followers". Mass state violence was also different: Soviet violence was primarily iternal, while the one of the Nazis primarily external; the former was an ineffective and irrational means of a rational goal, modernization, while Nazis sought extremely irrational goals with rational industrial means; the efficiency of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced labour camps">forced labour camps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulags</a>) was measured by the authorities by practical results, like building train tracks, which would eventually lay a basis of modernity, while Nazism mobilized industry for extermination, and the efficiency of <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a> was measured by the number of deaths. Thus, the revisionists have argued, both regimes commited inhumane mass violence, but their iternal logic was fundamentally different.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, Eli Rubin posited that East Germany was not a totalitarian state but rather a society shaped by the confluence of unique economic and political circumstances interacting with the concerns of ordinary citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazism_and_Fascism">Nazism and Fascism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nazism and Fascism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gen._Otto_Schumann,_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart,_Fritz_Schmidt_(1941,_Den_Haag).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gen._Otto_Schumann%2C_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart%2C_Fritz_Schmidt_%281941%2C_Den_Haag%29.jpg/220px-Gen._Otto_Schumann%2C_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart%2C_Fritz_Schmidt_%281941%2C_Den_Haag%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gen._Otto_Schumann%2C_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart%2C_Fritz_Schmidt_%281941%2C_Den_Haag%29.jpg/330px-Gen._Otto_Schumann%2C_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart%2C_Fritz_Schmidt_%281941%2C_Den_Haag%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Gen._Otto_Schumann%2C_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart%2C_Fritz_Schmidt_%281941%2C_Den_Haag%29.jpg/440px-Gen._Otto_Schumann%2C_Arthur_Seyss-Inquart%2C_Fritz_Schmidt_%281941%2C_Den_Haag%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="3986" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schumann" title="Otto Schumann">Otto Schumann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Schmidt_(Generalkommissar)" title="Fritz Schmidt (Generalkommissar)">Fritz Schmidt</a> award a sportswoman with a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> and Andrew Vincent point out that the "totalitarian approach" or the theoretical concept of totalitarianism, which presented the idea of a monolithic party, no separation between state and society, and total mobilization of the atomized masses and total control over the state, society and economy, is not applicable not only to the USSR, but also to Nazi Germany and Fascist states as well, since it also did not present a monolithic structure excercising total control over society, but on the contrary, that Nazi bureaucracy was highly "chaotic", anomic and disorganized and disunited, and that Adolf Hitler was a "weak dictator" and "<a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> leader", as said by such historians as <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-san_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this description of Nazi Germany was first introduced in 1942 by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Leopold Neumann">Franz Leopold Neumann</a> in the work <i><a href="/wiki/Behemoth:_The_Structure_and_Practice_of_National_Socialism" title="Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism">Behemoth: The Structure and Practice of National Socialism</a></i>, where he provocatively presented Hitlerism "a Behemoth, a non-state, a chaos, a rule of lawlessness, disorder, and anarchy", and later entered historiography of Nazism. In the 1970s, the German historians of <a href="/wiki/Functionalism%E2%80%93intentionalism_debate" title="Functionalism–intentionalism debate">functionalist school</a> presented Nazism as a "<a href="/wiki/Polycracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycracy">polycratic</a>" system grounded on different centers of power — the Nazi party, the army, the economic elites, and the state bureaucracy; to such historians, totalitarian monolithic state and party were just a facade (similarly to Fitzpatrick's assesment of Stalinism).<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-av_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-av-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians like Mommsen and <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> were critical of concepts of totalitarianism and focused on lack of beureaucratic coherence in the Nazi system and on its immanent tendency towards self-destruction. Michael Mann wrote that these descriptions doubted theories of totalitarianism, since "anything less like the rigid top-down bureaucracy of totalitarian theory is hard to imagine", but that Stalinism and Nazism "belong together", and that "it is only a question of finding the right family name". According to Mann, "totalitarian theorists depicted an unreal level of coherence for any state. Modern states are a long way short of Hegelian or Weberian rational bureaucracy and they rarely act as singular, coherent actors. Normally regimes are factionalised; in an unpredictable world they stumble along with many foul-ups. Second, we should remember Weber's essential point about bureaucracy: it kept politics out of administration. Political and moral values ('value rationality') were settled outside of bureaucratic administration, which then limited itself to finding efficient means of implementing those values ('formal rationality'). Contrary to totalitarian theory, the twentieth-century states most capable of such formally rational bureaucracy were not the dictatorships but the democracies."<sup id="cite_ref-san_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept of totaliarianism appeared in the debates among German historians and public intellectuals known as <i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i>, in which one of the parties defended the idea of exceptionalism of Nazism, while their conservative opponents believed that the Third Reich may be explained through comparison with the USSR; at the same time, such conservative historians as <a href="/wiki/Karl-Dietrich_Bracher" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl-Dietrich Bracher">Karl-Dietrich Bracher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Klaus Hildebrand</a> rejected the notion of Nazism as a branch of generic fascism, on the grounds that the uniqueness of Nazism lay in the person and ideology of Hitler and that Nazism was defined primarily by Hitler's personality and personal beliefs rather than by any external factors.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Payne" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Payne">Stanley Payne</a> wrote that indeed, both Mussolini and Hitler failed to achieve full totalitarianism, and of Mussolini it was said that his regime was not totalitarian (exluding "merely fascist" Italy from totalitarian regimes, started by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> who also thought that Nazism became totalitarian only in 1938-1942, is a popular but contested position in contemporary historiography<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), so Payne concludes that "only a socialist or Communist system can achieve full totalitarianism, since total control requires total institutional revolution that can only be effected by state socialism" (according to Payne, both Lenin and Stalin were totalitarian). Payne writes that "it is easy to argue either that many different kinds of regimes are totalitarian or conversely that none were perfectly total", yet, he writes that the concept "totalitarianism is both valid and useful if defined in the precise and literal sense of a state system that attempts to exercise direct control over all significant aspects of all major national institutions."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_debates">Further debates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980s_-_1990s">1980s - 1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1980s - 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G-Antitota.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G-Antitota.jpg/220px-G-Antitota.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G-Antitota.jpg/330px-G-Antitota.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/G-Antitota.jpg/440px-G-Antitota.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>An 'anti-totalitarian' graffiti in Bucharest, Romania, in 2013, equating Communism with Nazism and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Legionarism</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Writing in 1987, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> dismissed the arguments of revisionists as "reappraisals of Stalin and Stalinism" and compared them with <a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">German 'revisionist' historians</a> of Nazism, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, whom he did not distinguish from functionalist historians of Nazism ("weak dictator" thesis), and called their analysis "Marxist", for which Stalin was "not promising material".<sup id="cite_ref-Laqueur,_Walter_p._228_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laqueur,_Walter_p._228-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Laqueur wrote, the historians who disagreed with the revisionists "still ha[d] very strong feelings" towards Stalinism and found concepts such as modernisation inadequate tools for explaining Soviet history, unlike the concept of totalitarianism; citing <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> using the term "totalitarianism", Laqueur wrote that the efforts of the revisionists to abolish the totalitarian model "ha[d] become difficult."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Laure_Neumayer" title="Laure Neumayer">Laure Neumayer</a> posited that "despite the disputes over its heuristic value and its normative assumptions, the concept of totalitarianism made a vigorous return to the political and academic fields at the end of the Cold War".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, the term was 'revived' in Western Europe: such historians as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Furet" title="François Furet">François Furet</a> produced 'revisionist' critical re-evaluations of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> which, according to them, led to the emergence of totalitarianism, while in Italy, "anti-anti-Fascist" historians, notably <a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">Renzo De Felice</a> and after him <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Emilio Gentile</a>, challenged the 'myth' produced by the hegemonic role of the Communists in the Italian resistance, stated that the choice between Fascism and Communism was equal for Italy, and implied that the latter could be even worse, what led to the resurgence of the concept of totalitarianism as a new dimension of studies of Fascism, while the ones who doubted their theories were "swept away" with the collapse of the Eastern Bloc between 1989 and 1991. The 'revival' of the concept which started in the 1970s in Europe took some time to re-appear in English-language literature, as the 'revisionists' achieved hegemony in the academy, while the 'totalitarians' retained control over public discourse; the European debates were transfered to English-language historiography by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Malia" title="Martin Malia">Martin Malia</a>. In 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-tot2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tot2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furet made a comparative analysis<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used the term <i><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">totalitarian twins</a></i> to link Nazism and Stalinism.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipes and Malia continued depicting ideological developments as the grounds of communism, and thus, totalitarianism, drawing a line from utopianism and the French Revolution, which Pipes compared to a "virus", to Lenin, and in order to describe the nature of totalitarianism, they used the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ideocracy" title="Ideocracy">ideocracy</a>. Furet and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, a historian praised by Furet, also identified <a href="/wiki/Anti-Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Fascism">anti-Fascism</a> as Communist totalitarianism; Nolte presented a conflict between totalitarianisms as <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_War" title="European Civil War">European Civil War</a>, stating that it was began by Bolshevism and produced Nazism, an "inverted Bolshevism", thus assessing the latter as only a response to the threat of Bolshevism and the Holocaust and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> as "both a retaliation and a preventive measure" against Bolshevism. Another major work belonging to the same period was <i><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></i> (1997), the editor of which, <a href="/wiki/Stephane_Courtois" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephane Courtois">Stephane Courtois</a>, stressed structural homology of totalitarian systems embodied in identity of "class genocide" of Communism and "race genocide" of Nazism, and concluded that Communism was more murderous than Nazism<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or any other ideology from counting and summing the number of victims that can be attributed to '<a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>' and thus communism in general, what triggered an emotional debate in France on whether Communism should be treated as a single unified phenomena and whether "a blanket condemnation" of Communism as an ideology makes sense.<sup id="cite_ref-dbt_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbt-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Nolte and the historians supporting him were not victorious in the <i>Historikerstreit</i>, but his influence on Furet and the historians outside Germany legitimized his ideas, and they returned to Germany in other forms, what thus led to the resurgence of the concept in Germany. The concept entered historiography in Eastern Europe, in former countries of the Eastern Bloc, describing not only Stalinism, but the whole Communist project in general<sup id="cite_ref-tot2013_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tot2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the "<a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a>", which summarized Nazi and Stalinist violence into a single metenarrative and became an influential framework of interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-dbt_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbt-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furet's totalitarian interpretation of the French Revolution, directed against the classic "Marxist" or "Jacobin" interpretation, triggered debates with such historians as <a href="/wiki/Michel_Vovelle" title="Michel Vovelle">Michel Vovelle</a>, who led new studies on it; as <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Eric Hobsbawm</a> concluded in 2007, "the Furet Revolution" was "now over".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In regards to Furet's ideas on the 20th century, Hobsbawm wrote that "[Nazism and Stalinism] were functionally and not ideologically derived [...] Furet, as a dinstinguished historian of ideas, knows that they belonged to different if structurally convergent taxanomic families"; contrary to conception of anti-Fascism as a mask of Stalinism, Hobsbawm attributed the "alliance" between liberalism and communism, which had enabled capitalism to overcome its crisis, and wrote that Furet's work "reads like a belated product of the Cold War era".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Arno J. Mayer</a> and the author <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a> accepted Nolte's concept of the "European Civil War", although set its beginning to 1914 and differently interpreted it, not in terms of struggle between two totalitarianisms.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a> (1997) and <a href="/wiki/James_Petras" title="James Petras">James Petras</a> (1999) have suggested that the totalitarianism concept has been politically employed and used for anti-communist purposes. Parenti has also analysed how "left anti-communists" attacked the Soviet Union during the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Petras, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> funded the <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a> to attack "Stalinist anti-totalitarianism."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some scholars and authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a> calling Joseph Stalin <i>totalitarian</i> instead of <i>authoritarian</i> has been asserted to be a high-sounding but specious excuse for Western self-interest, just as surely as the counterclaim that allegedly debunking the totalitarian concept may be a high-sounding but specious excuse for Russian self-interest. For Losurdo, totalitarianism is a polysemic concept with origins in <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and applying it to the political sphere requires an operation of abstract schematism which makes use of isolated elements of historical reality to place fascist regimes and the Soviet Union in the dock together, serving the anti-communism of Cold War-era intellectuals rather than reflecting intellectual research.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="After_the_1990s">After the 1990s</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After the 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After 1990s, criticisms of totalitarianism as a historical concept and a tool of analysis continued; however, while these critics called for expulsion of the concept from academic field, they stated that its legitimate outside it.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a> criticized it as "a descriptive concept, not a theory" with "little or no explanatory power": "But the basis of comparison is a shallow one, largely confined to the apparatus of rule." However, he wrote that "the totalitarianism concept allows comparative analysis of a number of techniques and instruments of domination, and this, too, must be seen as legitimate in itself", and that it is legitimate in "non-scholarly usage".<sup id="cite_ref-san_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-san-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a> in his essay "Totalitarianism Between History and Theory" (2017) dismisses the term as "both useless and irreplacible" for political science and academic history and cites <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Leopold Neumann">Franz Leopold Neumann</a> who called it a Weberian "ideal type", an abstraction that does not exist in reality as opposed to concrete totality of history, and believes it to be a term of abuse in Western political science and propaganda, he writes about its legitimacy for storing traumatic collective experience of the 20th century state violence: </p> <blockquote><p>Thus, if the concept of totalitarianism continue to be criticized for its ambiguities, weaknesses, and abuses, it probably will not be abandoned. Beyond being a Western banner, it stores the memory a century that experienced Auschwitz and Kolyma, the death camps of Nazism, the Stalinist Gulags, and Pol Pot's killing fields. There lies its legitimacy, which does not need any academic recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the essay, "Totalitarianism: Defunct Theory, Useful Word" (2010), the historian <a href="/wiki/John_Connelly_(historian)" title="John Connelly (historian)">John Connelly</a> said that <i>totalitarianism</i> is a useful word, but that the old 1950s <i>theory</i> about totalitarianism is defunct among scholars, because "The word is as functional now as it was fifty years ago. It means the kind of régime that existed in Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, the Soviet satellites, Communist China, and maybe Fascist Italy, where the word originated. . . . Who are we to tell <a href="/wiki/Vaclav_Havel" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaclav Havel">Václav Havel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adam_Michnik" title="Adam Michnik">Adam Michnik</a> that they were fooling themselves when they perceived their rulers as totalitarian? Or, for that matter, any of the millions of former subjects of Soviet-type rule who use the local equivalents of the Czech [word] <i>totalita</i> to describe the systems they lived under before 1989? [Totalitarianism] is a useful word, and everyone knows what it means as a general referent. Problems arise when people confuse the useful descriptive term with the old 'theory' from the 1950s."<sup id="cite_ref-Connelly_2010_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connelly_2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_usages">Early usages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Early usages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1923, in the early reign of Mussolini's government (1922–1943), the anti-fascist academic <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Amendola" title="Giovanni Amendola">Giovanni Amendola</a> was the first Italian public intellectual to define and describe Totalitarianism as a <i>régime of government</i> wherein the supreme leader personally exercises total power (political, military, economic, social) as <i>Il Duce</i> of The State. That <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> is a political system with an ideological, utopian <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> unlike the <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">realistic politics</a> of the personal dictatorship of a man who holds power for the sake of holding power.<sup id="cite_ref-regime_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster,_1934.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster%2C_1934.png/220px-Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster%2C_1934.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster%2C_1934.png/330px-Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster%2C_1934.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster%2C_1934.png/440px-Palazzo_Braschi_Fascist_Poster%2C_1934.png 2x" data-file-width="458" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>Facade of the <a href="/wiki/Palazzo_Braschi" title="Palazzo Braschi">Palazzo Braschi</a> (Rome, 1934) with <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Duce" class="mw-redirect" title="Il Duce">Il Duce</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s face. As the leader of <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy (1922–1943)</a>, Mussolini and his ideologues used the term 'totalitarian' to characterize his government</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, the theoretician of Italian Fascism <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> ascribed politically positive meanings to the ideological terms <i>totalitarianism</i> and <i>totalitarian</i> in defence of <i>Duce</i> Mussolini's legal, illegal, and legalistic social engineering of Italy. As ideologues, the intellectual Gentile and the politician Mussolini used the term <i>totalitario</i> to identify and describe the ideological nature of the societal structures (government, social, economic, political) and the practical goals (economic, geopolitical, social) of the new <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Fascist Italy (1922–1943)</a>, which was the "total representation of the nation and total guidance of national goals."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In proposing the totalitarian society of Italian Fascism, Gentile defined and described a civil society wherein totalitarian ideology (subservience to the state) determined the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private sphere</a> of the lives of the Italian people.<sup id="cite_ref-doctrine_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doctrine-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That to achieve the Fascist <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopia</a> in the imperial future, Italian totalitarianism must politicise human existence into subservience to the state, which Mussolini summarised with the epigram: "Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state."<sup id="cite_ref-regime_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Hannah Arendt, in her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i>, contended that Mussolini's dictatorship was not a totalitarian regime until 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1958256–257_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1958256–257-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguing that one of the key characteristics of a totalitarian movement was its ability to garner <a href="/wiki/Mass_mobilization" title="Mass mobilization">mass mobilization</a>, Arendt wrote: </p><blockquote><p>"While all political groups depend upon proportionate strength, totalitarian movements depend on the sheer force of numbers to such an extent that totalitarian regimes seem impossible, even under otherwise favorable circumstances, in countries with relatively small populations.... [E]ven Mussolini, who was so fond of the term "totalitarian state," did not attempt to establish a full-fledged totalitarian regime and contented himself with dictatorship and <a href="/wiki/One-party_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party rule">one-party rule</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1958308–309_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1958308–309-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> still reigned as a <a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">figurehead</a> and helped play a role in the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">dismissal of Mussolini</a> in 1943. Also, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> was allowed to independently exercise its religious authority in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> per the 1929 <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a>, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> (1922–1939) and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> (1939–1958). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Britain">Britain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first people to use the term <i>totalitarianism</i> in the English language was Austrian writer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Franz Borkenau</a> in his 1938 book <i>The Communist International</i>, in which he commented that it united the Soviet and German dictatorships more than it divided them.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The label <i>totalitarian</i> was twice affixed to Nazi Germany during <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s speech of 5 October 1938 before the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a>, in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a>, by which France and Great Britain consented to Nazi Germany's annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill was then a <a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">backbencher</a> MP representing the <a href="/wiki/Epping_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Epping (UK Parliament constituency)">Epping constituency</a>. In a radio address two weeks later, Churchill again employed the term, this time applying the concept to "a Communist or a Nazi tyranny."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Nazis rose to power in 1933, they began using the concept of totaliarian state propagated by Mussolini and Schmitt to characterize their regime. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> stated in his 1933 speech: "Our party has always aspired to the totalitarian state. […] the goal of the revolution [National Socialist] has to be a totalitarian state that penetrates into all spheres of public life."<sup id="cite_ref-franco_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franco-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Gil-Robles_y_Qui%C3%B1ones" title="José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones">José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones</a>, the leader of the historic Spanish <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> party called the <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right</a> (CEDA),<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> declared his intention to "give Spain a true unity, a new spirit, a totalitarian polity" and went on to say: "Democracy is not an end but a means to the conquest of the new state. When the time comes, either <a href="/wiki/Cortes_Generales" title="Cortes Generales">parliament</a> submits or we will eliminate it."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a> was determined not to have competing right-wing parties in Spain and CEDA was dissolved in April 1937. Later, Gil-Robles went into exile.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Franco began using the term 'totalitarian' towards his regime during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> (1936–1939). On 1 October 1936, he announced his intention to organize Spain "within a broad totalitarian concept of unity and continuity", and practical realization of this intention began with the forced unification of all parties of the Nationalist zone into <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a>, the sole ruling party of the new regime; after that, he and his ideologues stressed the "missionary and totalitarian" nature of the new state that was under construction "as in other countries of totalitarian regime", these being Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, and totalitarianism was described as an essentially Spanish way of government. In December 1942, as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> progressed, Franco stopped using the term, and it received negative connotation as Franco called for struggle with "Bolshevist totalitarianism."<sup id="cite_ref-franco_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franco-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Politically matured by having fought and been wounded and survived the Spanish Civil War, in the essay "<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946), the socialist George Orwell said, "the Spanish war and other events in 1936–37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a>, as I understand it." That future totalitarian régimes would spy upon their societies and use the mass communications media to perpetuate their dictatorships, that "If you want a vision of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face—forever."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="USSR">USSR</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: USSR"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky,_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg/170px-Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg/255px-Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg/340px-Leon_Trotsky%2C_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2850" data-file-height="3592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> formulated a concept of totalitarianism in his analysis of the USSR in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1930s, left-wing critics of Stalinism began applying the term to the Soviet state and use it to compare it to fascist states. <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was one of the first<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to do so (becoming the most famous example of such usage of the term<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). It seems that the first to use the term towards the USSR was the writer and left-wing activist <a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a>, who did it shortly before his arrest in the USSR in a letter published after the arrest in France. The same year, Trotsky compared fascist and Soviet bureaucracies, describing both as parasitic, and later stated that "in the last period the Soviet bureaucracy has familiarised itself with many traits of victorious fascism, first of all by getting rid of the control of the party and establishing the cult of the leader." In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></i> (1936), Trotsky began using the term "totalitarian" to analyse the USSR and compare it with Fascism, attributing to totalitarianism, rooted in "the dilatoriness of the world proletariat in solving the problems set for it by history", such features as concentration of power in the hands of a single individual, the abolition of popular control over the leadership, the use of extreme repression, and the elimination of contending loci of power; later he included "the suppression of all freedom to criticize; the subjection of the accused to the military; examining magistrates, a prosecutor and judge in one; a monolithic press whose howlings terrorize the accused and hypnotize public opinion"; Trotsky wrote that the USSR "had become "totalitarian" in character several years before this word arrived from Germany." However, his concept was much less defined than the one of the Cold War theorists, and he would have disagreed with their core points: that 'central control and direction of the entire economy' was applicable to fascism, and would have rejected their tendency to depict 'totalitarian' societies as politically monolithic and inherently static, as well as their anti-communist perspective and their description of Lenin as a totalitarian dictator;<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> scholars even argued that for him it was a pejorative, not a sociologal concept based on equating Fascism and socialism, like it was for Cold War theorists.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept gained legitimacy in 1939 with the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, after which it became accepted, at least until 1941, to present Stalin and Hitler as "twin dictators" and call Nazism "brown Bolshevism" and Stalinism "red Fascism". The same year, scholars of various disciplines held the first international symposium on totalitarianism in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trav_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was abandoned in 1941, as the Third Reich <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">invaded the USSR</a>, and the latter became depicted in Western propaganda as "valiant freedom-loving" ally in the war;<sup id="cite_ref-dos_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among the major productions of pro-Stalinist Western propaganda was the film <i><a href="/wiki/Mission_to_Moscow" title="Mission to Moscow">Mission to Moscow</a></i> (1943), based on the 1941 book of the same name.<sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the Second World War (1939–1945), in the lecture series (1945) and book (1946) titled <i>The Soviet Impact on the Western World</i>, the British historian <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a> said that "the trend away from <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and towards totalitarianism is everywhere unmistakable" in the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonising</a> countries of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. That <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">revolutionary</a> Marxism–Leninism was the most successful type of totalitarianism, as proved by the USSR's <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">rapid industrialisation</a> (1929–1941) and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> (1941–1945) that defeated Nazi Germany. That, despite those achievements in social engineering and warfare, in dealing with the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist bloc">Communist bloc</a> only the "blind and incurable" ideologue could ignore the Communist régimes' trend towards police-state totalitarianism in their societies.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg/220px-Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg/330px-Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg/440px-Hannah_Arendt_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>Anti-totalitarian: Hannah Arendt thwarted the <i>totalitarian model</i> Kremlinologists who sought to co-opt the thesis of <i>The Origins of Totalitarianism</i> (1951) as American anti–Communist propaganda that claimed that every <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Communist state</a> was of the totalitarian model.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> (1951), the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a> said that, in their times in the early 20th century, corporate <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">soviet Communism</a> were new forms of totalitarian government, not updated versions of the old <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrannies</a> of a military or a corporate dictatorship. That the human emotional comfort of <i>political certainty</i> is the source of the mass appeal of revolutionary totalitarian régimes, because the totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Worldview" title="Worldview">worldview</a> gives psychologically comforting and definitive answers about the complex socio-political mysteries of the past, of the present, and of the future; thus did Nazism propose that all history is the history of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic conflict</a>, of the survival of the fittest race; and Marxism–Leninism proposes that all history is the history of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, of the survival of the fittest social class. That upon the believers' acceptance of the <i>universal applicability</i> of totalitarian ideology, the Nazi revolutionary and the Communist revolutionary then possess the simplistic moral certainty with which to justify all other actions by the State, either by an appeal to <a href="/wiki/Historicism" title="Historicism">historicism</a> (Law of History) or by an <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">appeal to nature</a>, as expedient actions necessary to establishing an authoritarian state apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>True belief</dt></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Believer" title="The True Believer">The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements</a></i> (1951), <a href="/wiki/Eric_Hoffer" title="Eric Hoffer">Eric Hoffer</a> said that political mass movements, such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> (1922–1943), German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> (1933–1945), and Russian <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> (1929–1953), featured the common political praxis of negatively comparing their totalitarian society as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">culturally superior</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">morally decadent</a> societies of the democratic countries of Western Europe. That such <a href="/wiki/Mass_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass psychology">mass psychology</a> indicates that participating in and then joining a political mass movement offers people the prospect of a glorious future, that such membership in a community of political belief is an emotional refuge for people with few accomplishments in their real lives, in both the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Private_sphere" title="Private sphere">private sphere</a>. In the event, the true believer is assimilated into a collective body of true believers who are mentally protected with "fact-proof screens from reality" drawn from the official texts of the totalitarian ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Collaborationism</dt></dl> <p>In "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?" (2018) the historian Paul Hanebrink said that Hitler's assumption of power in Germany in 1933 frightened Christians into anti-communism, because for European Christians, Catholic and Protestant alike, the new postwar '<a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">culture war</a>' crystallized as a struggle against Communism. Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">European interwar period</a> (1918–1939), right-wing totalitarian régimes indoctrinated Christians to demonize the Communist régime in Russia as the apotheosis of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">secular materialism</a> and [as] a militarized threat to worldwide Christian social and moral order".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That throughout Europe, the Christians who became anti-communist totalitarians perceived Communism and communist régimes of government as an existential threat to the moral order of their respective societies; and <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborated</a> with Fascists and Nazis in the idealistic hope that anti-communism would restore the societies of Europe to their root Christian culture.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Totalitarian_model">Totalitarian model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Totalitarian model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S. geopolitics of the late 1950s, the Cold War concepts and the terms <i>totalitarianism</i>, <i>totalitarian</i>, and <i>totalitarian model</i>, presented in <i>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</i> (1956), by Carl Joachim Friedrich and Zbigniew Brzezinski, became common usages in the foreign-policy discourse of the U.S. Subsequently established, the <i>totalitarian model</i> became the analytic and interpretational paradigm for <a href="/wiki/Kremlinology" title="Kremlinology">Kremlinology</a>, the academic study of the monolithic police-state USSR. The Kremlinologists analyses of the internal politics (policy and personality) of the politburo crafting policy (national and foreign) yielded <a href="/wiki/Strategic_intelligence" title="Strategic intelligence">strategic intelligence</a> for dealing with the USSR. Moreover, the U.S. also used the totalitarian model when dealing with fascist totalitarian régimes, such as that of a <a href="/wiki/Banana_republic" title="Banana republic">banana republic</a> country.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinski_&_Friedrich_1956_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinski_&_Friedrich_1956-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As anti–Communist political scientists, Friedrich and Brzezinski described and defined totalitarianism with the monolithic totalitarian model of six interlocking, mutually supporting characteristics: </p> <ol><li>Elaborate guiding ideology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></li> <li>Monopoly control of weapons</li> <li>Monopoly control of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass communications media</a></li> <li>Centrally directed and controlled <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_and_evolution_of_the_totalitarian_model">Criticism and evolution of the totalitarian model</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Criticism and evolution of the totalitarian model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zbigniew_Brzezinski,_1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/170px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/255px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg/340px-Zbigniew_Brzezinski%2C_1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>The American political scientist <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> popularised 'combating left-wing totalitarianism' in U.S. foreign policy<sup id="cite_ref-Connelly_2010_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connelly_2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and served as National Security Advisor to the United States President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a><sup id="cite_ref-suny_22-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>As traditionalist historians, Friedrich and Brzezinski said that the totalitarian régimes of government in the USSR (1917), Fascist Italy (1922–1943), and Nazi Germany (1933–1945) originated from the political discontent caused by the socio-economic aftermath of the First World War (1914–1918), which rendered impotent the government of <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> (1918–1933) to resist, counter, and quell left-wing and right-wing revolutions of totalitarian temper.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revisionist historians noted the historiographic limitations of the totalitarian-model interpretation of Soviet and Russian history, because Friedrich and Brzezinski did not take account of the actual functioning of the Soviet social system, neither as a political entity (the USSR) nor as a social entity (Soviet civil society), which could be understood in terms of socialist class struggle among the professional élites (political, academic, artistic, scientific, military) seeking upward mobility into the <i><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a></i>, the ruling class of the USSR. That the political economics of the politburo allowed measured executive power to regional authorities for them to implement policy was interpreted by revisionist historians as evidence that a totalitarian régime adapts the political economy to include new economic demands from civil society; whereas traditionalist historians interpreted the politico-economic collapse of the USSR to prove that the totalitarian régime of economics failed because the politburo did not adapt the political economy to include actual popular participation in the Soviet economy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The historian of Nazi Germany, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Karl Dietrich Bracher</a> said that the <i>totalitarian typology</i> developed by Friedrich and Brzezinski was an inflexible model, for not including the <i>revolutionary dynamics</i> of bellicose people committed to realising the violent revolution required to establish totalitarianism in a sovereign state.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That the essence of totalitarianism is total control to remake every aspect of civil society using a universal ideology—which is interpreted by an authoritarian leader—to create a collective national identity by merging civil society into the State.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that the supreme leaders of the Communist, the Fascist, and the Nazi total states did possess government administrators, Bracher said that a totalitarian government did not necessarily require an actual supreme leader, and could function by way of <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a>. The American historian <a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Walter Laqueur</a> agreed that Bracher's totalitarian typology more accurately described the functional reality of the politburo than did the totalitarian typology proposed by Friedrich and Brzezinski.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HafezalAssadspeech1_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HafezalAssadspeech1_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-HafezalAssadspeech1_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HafezalAssadspeech1_%28cropped%29.jpg/242px-HafezalAssadspeech1_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/HafezalAssadspeech1_%28cropped%29.jpg/322px-HafezalAssadspeech1_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:191px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bashar2000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bashar2000.png/173px-Bashar2000.png" decoding="async" width="173" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bashar2000.png/260px-Bashar2000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Bashar2000.png/346px-Bashar2000.png 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dynasty of totalitarians: <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> was ruled by the generational dictatorships of <a href="/wiki/Hafez_al-Assad" title="Hafez al-Assad">Hafez al-Assad</a> (r. 1971–2000) and his son <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a> (r. 2000 – 2024) between the late Cold War in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-fall_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fall-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Totalitarianism" title="Democracy and Totalitarianism">Democracy and Totalitarianism</a></i> (1968) the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> said that for a régime of government to be considered totalitarian it can be described and defined with the totalitarian model of five interlocking, mutually supporting characteristics: </p> <ol><li>A one-party state where the ruling party has a monopoly on all political activity.</li> <li>A state ideology upheld by the ruling party that is given official status as the only authority.</li> <li>A state monopoly on information; control of the mass communications media to broadcast the official truth.</li> <li>A state-controlled economy featuring major economic entities under state control.</li> <li>An ideological police-state terror; criminalisation of political, economic, and professional activities.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In 1980, in a book review of <i>How the Soviet Union is Governed</i> (1979), by J.F. Hough and Merle Fainsod, William Zimmerman said that "the Soviet Union has changed substantially. Our knowledge of the Soviet Union has changed, as well. We all know that the traditional paradigm [of the totalitarian model] no longer satisfies [our ignorance], despite several efforts, primarily in the early 1960s (the directed society, totalitarianism without police terrorism, the system of conscription) to articulate an acceptable variant [of Communist totalitarianism]. We have come to realize that models which were, in effect, offshoots of totalitarian models do not provide good approximations of post–Stalinist reality [of the USSR]."<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_1980_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman_1980-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a book review of <i>Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura</i> (2019), by Ahmed Saladdin, Michael Scott Christofferson said that Hannah Arendt's interpretation of the USSR after <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalin</a> was her attempt to <a href="/wiki/Intellect" title="Intellect">intellectually</a> distance her work from "the Cold War misuse of the concept [of the origins of totalitarianism]" as anti-Communist propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Saladdin_2019_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladdin_2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kremlinology">Kremlinology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kremlinology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Russo–American Cold War (1945–1989), the academic field of <a href="/wiki/Kremlinology" title="Kremlinology">Kremlinology</a> (analysing politburo policy politics) produced historical and policy analyses dominated by the <i>totalitarian model</i> of the USSR as a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> controlled by the absolute power of the supreme leader <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>, who heads a monolithic, centralised hierarchy of government.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of the internal politics of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">politburo</a> crafting policy at the Kremlin produced two schools of historiographic interpretation of Cold War history: (i) traditionalist Kremlinology and (ii) revisionist Kremlinology. Traditionalist Kremlinologists worked with and for the <i>totalitarian model</i> and produced interpretations of Kremlin politics and policies that supported the police-state version of <i>Communist Russia</i>. The revisionist Kremlinologists presented alternative interpretations of Kremlin politics and reported the effects of politburo policies upon Soviet society, civil and military. Despite the limitations of police-state historiography, <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionist</a> Kremlinologists said that the old image of the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist USSR</a> of the 1950s—a totalitarian state intent upon world domination—was oversimplified and inaccurate, because the death of Stalin changed Soviet society.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Cold War and the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>, most revisionist Kremlinologists worked the national archives of ex–Communist states, especially the <a href="/wiki/State_Archive_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Archive of the Russian Federation">State Archive of the Russian Federation</a> about Soviet-period Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Totalitarian_model_as_an_official_policy">Totalitarian model as an official policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Totalitarian model as an official policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1950s, the political scientist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Friedrich" title="Carl Joachim Friedrich">Carl Joachim Friedrich</a> said that <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist states</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">Soviet Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Red China</a>, were countries which were systematically controlled by a supreme leader who utilized the five features of the <i>totalitarian model</i> of government: (i) an official <a href="/wiki/Dominant_ideology" title="Dominant ideology">dominant ideology</a> that includes a <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of personality</a> about the leader, (ii) control of all civil and military weapons, (iii) control of the public and the private <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass communications media</a>, (iv) the use of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> to police the populace, and (v) a political party of mass membership who perpetually re-elect The Leader.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, the revisionist Kremlinologists researched the organisations and they also studied the policies of the relatively autonomous <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracies</a> that influenced the crafting of high-level policy for governing Soviet society in the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revisionist Kremlinologists, such as <a href="/wiki/J._Arch_Getty" title="J. Arch Getty">J. Arch Getty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynne_Viola" title="Lynne Viola">Lynne Viola</a>, transcended the interpretational limitations of the totalitarian model by <i>recognising</i> and <i>reporting</i> that the Soviet government, the communist party, and the civil society of the USSR had greatly changed upon the death of Stalin. The revisionist <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">social forces</a> of Soviet society had compelled the Government of the USSR to adjust <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a> to the actual <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of a Soviet society composed of pre–War and post–War generations of people with different perceptions of the utility of <a href="/wiki/Communist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist economics">Communist economics</a> for all the Russias.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence, Russian modern history had outdated the <i>totalitarian model</i> that was the post–<a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> perception of the police-state USSR of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_1980_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman_1980-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War"><span id="Post.E2.80.93Cold_War"></span>Post–Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Ambassador_Nura_Abba_Rimi_%26_President_Isaias_Afwerki_of_Eritrea_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a> has ruled <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> as a totalitarian dictator since the country's independence in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_State_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/220px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/330px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Islamic_State_flag.svg/440px-Islamic_State_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>, which is a self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a> that demands the religious, political, and military obedience of <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslims worldwide</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism?: Five Interventions in the (Mis)Use of a Notion</i>, <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Slavoj Žižek</a> ironcially described the concept of totalitarianism as an "ideological antioxidant" similar to the "<a href="/wiki/Celestial_Seasonings" title="Celestial Seasonings">Celestial Seasonings</a>" green tea that, according to its advertisment, "neutralizes harmful molecules in the body known as free radicals" and wrote that "[t]he notion of 'totalitarianism', far from being an effective theoretical concept, is a kind of stopgap: instead of enabling us to think, forcing us to acquire a new insight into the historical reality it describes, it relieves us of the duty to think, or even actively prevents us from thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Saladdin Ahmed criticizes the concept of totalitarianism as formulated by Brzezinski and Friedrich, and to less extent, Arendt, in <i>Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura</i> (2019) and notes that their definition of totalitarianism can be invalidated by questioning whether the term 'totalitarian' is applicable to a regime which lacks "any one" of criterion formulated by them: "this was the case in General August Pinochet's Chile", yet it would be absurd to exempt it from the class of totalitarian regimes for that reason alone", since while Pinochet did not adopt an "official" ideology, but "ideological hegemony, whereby the dominant ideology becomes internalized and normalized, is far more effective than imposing an official ideology." Saladdin posited that while <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Military dictatorship of Chile">Chile under Pinochet</a> had no "official" ideology, there was one man who ruled Chile from "behind the scenes", "none other than <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, the godfather of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a> and the most influential teacher of the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Boys" title="Chicago Boys">Chicago Boys</a>, was Pinochet's adviser". To Saladdin, such hegemonic yet not "official" ideology is much a more effective means of "totalitarian" control of society than an "official" ideology openly imposed by the state, what is exemplified by comparing Chile to <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a>'s Romania, which collapsed within a short period: "No one defended them; no masses poured onto the streets to mourn their deaths. Ceausescu's Romania, as an exemplary Stalinist state, met all of Friedrich and Brzezinski's criteria of a totalitarian state, but it was nowhere close to achieving total domination." In this sense, Saladdin criticised the concept of totalitarianism because it was only being applied to "opposing ideologies" and it was not being applied to liberalism. He also criticized the other criterion of totalitarianism formulated by Brzezinski, Friedrich and Arendt. "In sum, a regime that does not meet all of Friedrich and Brzezinski's criteria would not necessarily be nontotalitarian or even less totalitarian, if we agree that totalitarianism ultimately amounts to total domination. If anything, realizing a greater degree of domination would necessarily require going beyond each of Friedrich and Brzezinski's criteria. Even without empirical cases which can always be dismissed to spare the proposed criteria - we could, with little difficulty, imagine a system that demonstrates none of the six criteria but is nonetheless more efficient as a totalitarian system. This will become clearer over the course of the rest of this chapter, but it should already be evident that the pioneers of the Cold War definition of totalitarianism molded their conception on the least developed of totalitarian systems... Tailored to Stalinism, [totalitarianism] aimed to predetermine that the negation of liberal capitalism would logically and empirically lead to a horrific system of total and arbitrary terror"; "Philosophically, their account of totalitarianism is invalid because it stipulates "criteria" that amount to an abstracted description of Stalin's USSR, rendering the notion predeterministic."<sup id="cite_ref-Saladdin_2019_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saladdin_2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 2010s, Richard Shorten, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tism%C4%83neanu" title="Vladimir Tismăneanu">Vladimir Tismăneanu</a>, and Aviezer Tucker posited that totalitarian ideologies can take different forms in different political systems but all of them focus on <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>. They posit that Nazism and Stalinism both emphasised the role of specialisation in modern societies and they also saw <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymathy</a> as a thing of the past, and they also stated that their claims were supported by statistics and science, which led them to impose strict ethical regulations on culture, use psychological violence, and persecute entire groups.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their arguments have been criticised by other scholars due to their partiality and anachronism. <a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Fuentes" title="Juan Francisco Fuentes">Juan Francisco Fuentes</a> treats totalitarianism as an "<a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">invented tradition</a>" and he believes that the notion of "modern <a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">despotism</a>" is a "reverse anachronism"; for Fuentes, "the anachronistic use of totalitarian/totalitarianism involves the will to reshape the past in the image and likeness of the present".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other studies try to link modern technological changes to totalitarianism. According to <a href="/wiki/Shoshana_Zuboff" title="Shoshana Zuboff">Shoshana Zuboff</a>, the economic pressures of modern <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">surveillance capitalism</a> are driving the intensification of connection and monitoring online with spaces of social life becoming open to saturation by corporate actors, directed at the making of profit and/or the regulation of action.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Toby_Ord" title="Toby Ord">Toby Ord</a> believed that George Orwell's fears of totalitarianism constituted a notable early precursor to modern notions of anthropogenic existential risk, the concept that a future catastrophe could permanently destroy the potential of Earth-originating intelligent life due in part to technological changes, creating a permanent <a href="/wiki/Technological_dystopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Technological dystopia">technological dystopia</a>. Ord said that Orwell's writings show that his concern was genuine rather than just a throwaway part of the fictional plot of <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i>. In 1949, Orwell wrote that "[a] ruling class which could guard against (four previously enumerated sources of risk) would remain in power permanently".<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> wrote that "modern techniques have made possible a new intensity of governmental control, and this possibility has been exploited very fully in totalitarian states".<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> described China's developed <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_System" title="Social Credit System">Social Credit System</a> under <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">administration</a>, to screen and rank its citizens based on their personal behavior, as <i>totalitarian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of China's ranking system say that it is intrusive and it is just another tool which a one-party state can use to control the population. Supporters say that it will transform China into a more civilised and law-abiding society.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shoshana Zuboff considers it instrumentarian rather than totalitarian.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism</i> (2022), the political scientists <a href="/wiki/Steven_Levitsky" title="Steven Levitsky">Steven Levitsky</a> and Lucan Way said that nascent revolutionary régimes usually became totalitarian régimes if not destroyed with a military invasion. Such a revolutionary régime begins as a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a> independent of the existing social structures of the state (not political succession, election to office, or a military <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a></i>). For example, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">Maoist China</a> were founded after the years long <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922) and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927-1936 and 1945–1949), respectively, not merely state succession. They produce totalitarian dictatorships with three functional characteristics: (i) a cohesive <a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">ruling class</a> comprising the military and the political élites, (ii) a strong and loyal coercive apparatus of police and military forces to suppress dissent, and (iii) the destruction of rival political parties, organisations, and independent centres of socio-political power. Moreover, the unitary functioning of the characteristics of totalitarianism allow a totalitarian government to perdure against economic crises (internal and external), large-scale failures of policy, mass social-discontent, and political pressure from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some totalitarian <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party states</a> were established through <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> orchestrated by military officers loyal to a vanguard party that advanced <a href="/wiki/Socialist_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist revolution">socialist revolution</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma</a> (1962),<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syrian Arab Republic</a> (1963),<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Democratic Republic of Afghanistan</a> (1978).<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> is the only country in East Asia to survive totalitarianism after the death of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung">Kim Il-sung</a> in 1994 and handed over to his son <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-il" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-il">Kim Jong-il</a> and grandson <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a> in 2011, as of today in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cinpoes-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other emerging technologies that could empower future totalitarian regimes include <a href="/wiki/Brain-reading" title="Brain-reading">brain-reading</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contact_tracing" title="Contact tracing">contact tracing</a>, and various applications of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helbing2019_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helbing2019-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> said that there is a possible trade-off, namely that some existential risks might be mitigated by the establishment of a powerful and permanent <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a>, and in turn the establishment of such a government could enhance the existential risks which are associated with the rule of a permanent dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_totalitarianism">Religious totalitarianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Religious totalitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamic">Islamic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Islamic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag of the Taliban</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> is a totalitarian <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islamist</a> militant group and political movement in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> that emerged in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> and the end of the Cold War. It governed most of Afghanistan from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Emirate_of_Afghanistan_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)">1996 to 2001</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">returned to power in 2021</a>, controlling the entirety of Afghanistan. Features of its totalitarian governance include the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a> culture of the majority <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> ethnic group as religious law, the exclusion of minorities and non-Taliban members from the government, and extensive <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_women_by_the_Taliban" title="Treatment of women by the Taliban">violations of women's rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Jihadist</a> militant group that was established in 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Omar_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Omar al-Baghdadi">Abu Omar al-Baghdadi</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">Iraqi insurgency</a>, under the name "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq" title="Islamic State of Iraq">Islamic State of Iraq</a>". Under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, the organization later changed its name to the "Islamic State of Iraq and Levant" in 2013. The group espouses a totalitarian ideology that is a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> hybrid of <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Global Jihadism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a>. Following its <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iraq_offensive_(June_2014)" title="Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)">territorial expansion in 2014</a>, the group renamed itself as the "Islamic State" and declared itself as a <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that sought domination over the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and established what has been described as a "<i>political-religious totalitarian regime</i>". The <a href="/wiki/Quasi-state" title="Quasi-state">quasi-state</a> held <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Islamic_State" title="Territory of the Islamic State">significant territory</a> in Iraq and Syria during the course of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Iraq War">Third Iraq War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war</a> from 2013 to 2019 under the dictatorship of its first Caliph, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a>, who imposed a strict interpretation of Sharia law.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_the_classification_of_Islamism_as_totalitarianism">Criticism of the classification of Islamism as totalitarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Criticism of the classification of Islamism as totalitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a>, a critic of totalitarianism as a theoretical concept of historical and political sciences, is also critical of the usage of it in relation to <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> movements like <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and their state formations: according to Traverso, such notion contradicts the very theoretical concept of totalitarianism. Systems which are commonly described as totalitarian, fascism and communism, sought to create a <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">utopian</a> "New Man" and as a result, they set their projects toward the future, not to revive old forms of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Tzvetan Todorov</a>. "The <a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">reactionary modernism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, on the contrary, employs modern technologies in order to return to the original purity of a mythical Islam. If it has utopian tendencies, they look to the past rather than the future." More to it, totalitarianism has been applied to secular movements which have been described as irrational "political religions" which seek to abolish traditional religions, liturgies and symbols and replace them with their own liturgies and symbols, while <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>, on the contrary, is a politicized religion and a reaction to secularization and modernisation. Besides that, as a form of violence, <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> is usually described as antipodal to state violence; while fascism was a reaction to democracy, Islamism arose in authoritarian, but weak states. "Speaking of a "theocratic" totalitarianism makes this concept even more flexible and ambiguous than ever, once again confirming its essential function: not critically interpreting history and the world, but rather fighting an enemy". Traverso writes that the usage of the term began after <a href="/wiki/9/11" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11">9/11</a> by Western propaganda, which previously used it against the other enemies while maintaining the geopolitical interests of the West. He notes that the Islamic state which most resembles the concept of totalitarianism, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, is an ally of the West and as a result, it cannot be considered a part of the "<a href="/wiki/Axis_of_Evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis of Evil">Axis of Evil</a>", and for that reason, as he believes, Saudi Arabia is rarely described as "totalitarian", unlike <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trav2_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christian">Christian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Christian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_(adjusted_levels).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/181px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/271px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg/362px-RETRATO_DEL_GRAL._FRANCISCO_FRANCO_BAHAMONDE_%28adjusted_levels%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> (1936–1975), under the dictator <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>, had been commonly characterized as totalitarian until 1964, when <a href="/wiki/Juan_Linz" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Linz">Juan Linz</a> challenged this characterization and instead described Francoism as "authoritarian" because of its "limited degree of political pluralism" caused by the struggle between 'Francoist families' (Falangists, Carlists, etc.) within the sole legal party <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional" title="Movimiento Nacional">Movimiento Nacional</a></i> and by other such features as, according to Linz, lack of 'totalitarian' ideology, as Franco relied on <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a> and traditionalism. Such revision caused a major debate, some critics of Linz felt that his concept may be a form of acquittal of Francoism and did not concern its early phase (often called "<a href="/wiki/First_Francoism" title="First Francoism">First Francoism</a>"). Later debates focused on whether the regime could be described as 'fascist' rather than whether it was totalitarian; some historians stressed the traits of a military dictatorship, while the others emphasized the Fascist component, calling the regime a <a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">para-fascist</a> or 'fascistized' dictatorship. According to <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Moradiellos" title="Enrique Moradiellos">Enrique Moradiellos</a>, "it is now increasingly rare to define Francoism as a truly fascist and totalitarian regime", although he writes that the debates on Francoism haven't finished yet.<sup id="cite_ref-franco_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-franco-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, some historians continue to criticize Linz and describe the regime as totalitarian, although now this characterization is usually limited to ten to twenty years of the "First Francoism."<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pla_y_Deniel_marzo_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Pla_y_Deniel_marzo_1942.jpg/220px-Pla_y_Deniel_marzo_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Pla_y_Deniel_marzo_1942.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Esteban_Bilbao" class="mw-redirect" title="Esteban Bilbao">Esteban Bilbao</a> (left) and Catholic archbishop <a href="/wiki/Enrique_Pla_y_Deniel" title="Enrique Pla y Deniel">Enrique Pla y Deniel</a> (center) doing the Roman salute in <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Cathedral" title="Toledo Cathedral">Toledo Cathedral</a>, Spain, March 1942.</figcaption></figure> <p>Linz wrote that "the heteronomous control of the ideological content of Catholic thought by a universal church and specifically by the Pope is one of the most serious obstacles to the creation of a truly totalitarian system..."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This argument is also debated: "The frequent and saturated references to Francoist Catholic humanism... coming from Christian theology, could hardly conceal the fact that the individual was only understood as a citizen to the extent of his adherence to the Catholic, hierarchical and economically privatist community that the military uprising had saved";<sup id="cite_ref-fr3_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr3-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Catholic values that permeated the conservative ideological substratum... were precisely what was wielded by the Francoist Spanish political doctrine of the late thirties and early forties to justify the need for the constitution of a totalitarian State at the service and expansion of the Catholic religion."<sup id="cite_ref-fr4_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fr4-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Franco was portrayed as a fervent Catholic and a staunch defender of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholicism</a>, the declared <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">Civil marriages</a> that had taken place in the Republic were declared null and void unless they had been validated by the Church, along with divorces. Divorce, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraception</a> and abortions were forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, an opponent of describing Francoism as a totalitarian system, Franco had more day-to-day power than <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> possessed at the respective heights of their power. Payne noted that Hitler and Stalin at least maintained rubber-stamp parliaments, while Franco dispensed with even that formality in the early years of his rule. According to Payne, the lack of even a rubber-stamp parliament made Franco's government "the most purely arbitrary in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Payne1987_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1987-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, from 1959 to 1974 the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Miracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Miracle">Spanish Miracle</a>" took place under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Technocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Technocrats">technocrats</a>, many of whom were members of <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei_and_politics#Opus_Dei_members_in_Franco's_government" title="Opus Dei and politics">Opus Dei</a> and a new generation of politicians that replaced the old <a href="/wiki/Falangist" class="mw-redirect" title="Falangist">Falangist</a> guard.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reforms were implemented in the 1950s and Spain abandoned <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">autarky</a>, reassigning economic authority from the isolationist <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangist movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to massive economic growth that lasted until the mid-1970s, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a>". This is comparable to <a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a> in the Soviet Union in the 1950s, where <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a> changed from being openly totalitarian to an authoritarian dictatorship with a certain degree of <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2025)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2025)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_totalitarianism">Early totalitarianism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Early totalitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of totalitarianism has also been applied to historical states that existed prior to the 20th century and it has even been applied to states which existed in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a>. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> applies the concept of totalitarianism to such states as the <a href="/wiki/Mauryan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan dynasty">Mauryan dynasty</a> of India (c. 321–c. 185 bce), the <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> of China (221–207 bce), and the reign of Zulu chief Shaka (c. 1816–28)<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such authors as Peter Bernholz (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></i>) apply the concept of totalitarianism to the city of Geneva under <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>'s leadership, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> empires, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_rebellion" title="Münster rebellion">Münster during the Anabaptist rebellion</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mahdist_State" title="Mahdist State">Mahdist State</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernholz_2017_p._33_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernholz_2017_p._33-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Congleton_Grofman_Voigt_2018_p._860_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congleton_Grofman_Voigt_2018_p._860-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maier_Schäfer_2007_p._264_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maier_Schäfer_2007_p._264-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_regimes" title="List of totalitarian regimes">List of totalitarian regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_architecture" title="Totalitarian architecture">Totalitarian architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Book_of_Communism" title="The Black Book of Communism">The Black Book of Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cults_of_personality" title="List of cults of personality">List of cults of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-trav2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav2_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Traverso, Enzo</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26650707">"Totalitarianism Between History and Theory"</a>. <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>56</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fhith.12040">10.1111/hith.12040</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26650707">26650707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Totalitarianism+Between+History+and+Theory&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E118&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fhith.12040&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26650707%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26650707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-san-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-san_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershawLewin1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Lewin, Moshe</a> (28 April 1997). <i>Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56521-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56521-9"><bdi>978-0-521-56521-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+and+Nazism%3A+Dictatorships+in+Comparison&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56521-9&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Lewin%2C+Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reflections2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reflections2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reflections2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1999). <i>Reflections on a Ravaged Century</i>. Norton. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393048187" title="Special:BookSources/0393048187"><bdi>0393048187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reflections+on+a+Ravaged+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0393048187&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-regime-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regime_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regime_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regime_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-regime_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaunderbolsh00rich/page/243"><i>Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime</i></a></span>. New York: Vintage Books, Random House. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiaunderbolsh00rich/page/243">243</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394502426" title="Special:BookSources/0394502426"><bdi>0394502426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Under+the+Bolshevik+Regime&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Vintage+Books%2C+Random+House&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0394502426&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaunderbolsh00rich%2Fpage%2F243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cinpoes-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cinpoes_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCinpoes2010" class="citation book cs1">Cinpoes, Radu (2010). <i>Nationalism and Identity in Romania: A History of Extreme Politics from the Birth of the State to EU Accession</i>. London, Oxford, New York, New Delhi and Sydney: Bloomsbury. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1848851665" title="Special:BookSources/978-1848851665"><bdi>978-1848851665</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Identity+in+Romania%3A+A+History+of+Extreme+Politics+from+the+Birth+of+the+State+to+EU+Accession&rft.place=London%2C+Oxford%2C+New+York%2C+New+Delhi+and+Sydney&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1848851665&rft.aulast=Cinpoes&rft.aufirst=Radu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-av-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-av_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-av_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent2023" class="citation book cs1">Vincent, Andrew (15 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6XpEAAAQBAJ"><i>Modern Political Ideologies</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-98165-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-98165-7"><bdi>978-1-119-98165-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Political+Ideologies&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-119-98165-7&rft.aulast=Vincent&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ6XpEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism">https://www.britannica.com/topic/totalitarianism</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LinzLinz2000-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LinzLinz2000_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinz,_Juan_José2000" class="citation book cs1">Linz, Juan José (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC&pg=PA143"><i>Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publisher. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0"><bdi>978-1-55587-890-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1172052725">1172052725</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+and+Authoritarian+Regimes&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publisher&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1172052725&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-890-0&rft.au=Linz%2C+Juan+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8cYk_ABfMJIC%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michie2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michie2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Michie2014" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Michie, ed. (3 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ip_IAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA95"><i>Reader's Guide to the Social Sciences</i></a>. Routledge. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-93226-8"><bdi>978-1-135-93226-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reader%27s+Guide+to+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-03&rft.isbn=978-1-135-93226-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dip_IAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suh_2012_p._149-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suh_2012_p._149_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuh2012" class="citation book cs1">Suh, J.J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7dmysjj13QwC&pg=PA149"><i>Origins of North Korea's Juche: Colonialism, War, and Development</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7659-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7659-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-7659-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+North+Korea%27s+Juche%3A+Colonialism%2C+War%2C+and+Development&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7659-7&rft.aulast=Suh&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7dmysjj13QwC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rummel_1994b-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rummel_1994b_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1994" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Rudolph (1994). "Democide in Totalitarian States: Mortacracies and Megamurderers". In Charny, Israel W.; Horowitz, Irving Louis (eds.). <i>The Widening Circle of Genocide</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781351294089-2">10.4324/9781351294089-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351294089" title="Special:BookSources/9781351294089"><bdi>9781351294089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Democide+in+Totalitarian+States%3A+Mortacracies+and+Megamurderers&rft.btitle=The+Widening+Circle+of+Genocide&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781351294089-2&rft.isbn=9781351294089&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagoWayman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Tago, Atsushi; Wayman, Frank (January 2010). "Explaining the Onset of Mass Killing, 1949–87". <i>Journal of Peace Research</i>. <b>47</b> (1). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications: <span class="nowrap">3–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022343309342944">10.1177/0022343309342944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3433">0022-3433</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25654524">25654524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145155872">145155872</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Peace+Research&rft.atitle=Explaining+the+Onset+of+Mass+Killing%2C+1949%E2%80%9387&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2010-01&rft.issn=0022-3433&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145155872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25654524%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022343309342944&rft.aulast=Tago&rft.aufirst=Atsushi&rft.au=Wayman%2C+Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopper2013" class="citation book cs1">Popper, Karl (2013). Gombrich, E. H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EaKc0RRqlvYC&q=The+Open+society+and+its+enemies"><i>The Open Society and Its Enemies</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691158136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691158136"><bdi>978-0691158136</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111091824/https://books.google.com/books?id=EaKc0RRqlvYC&q=The+Open+society+and+its+enemies">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Open+Society+and+Its+Enemies&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0691158136&rft.aulast=Popper&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEaKc0RRqlvYC%26q%3DThe%2BOpen%2Bsociety%2Band%2Bits%2Benemies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wild, John (1964). <i>Plato's Modern Enemies and the Theory of Natural Law</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 23. "Popper is committing a serious historical error in attributing the organic theory of the State to Plato, and accusing him of all the fallacies of post–Hegelian and Marxist historicism — the theory that history is controlled by the inexorable laws governing the behaviour of superindividual social entities of which human beings and their free choices are merely subordinate manifestations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Levinson, Ronald B. (1970). <i>In Defense of Plato</i>. New York: Russell and Russell. p. 20. "In spite of the high rating, one must accord his [Popper's] initial intention of fairness, his hatred for the enemies of the 'open society', his zeal to destroy whatever seems, to him, destructive of the welfare of mankind, has led him into the extensive use of what may be called <i>terminological counter-propaganda</i>. [...] With a few exceptions in Popper's favour, however, it is noticeable that [book] reviewers possessed of special competence in particular fields – and here Lindsay is again to be included – have objected to Popper's conclusions in those very fields. [...] Social scientists and social philosophers have deplored his radical denial of historical causation, together with his espousal of Hayek's systematic distrust of larger programs of social reform; historical students of philosophy have protested his [Popper's] violent, polemical handling of Plato, Aristotle, and, particularly, Hegel; ethicists have found contradictions in the ethical theory ('critical dualism') upon which his [anti-Modernist] polemic is largely based."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trav-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trav_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trav_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Enzo Traverso</a>, Despina Lalaki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versobooks.com/blogs/news/3644-against-totalitarianism-a-conversation-with-enzo-traverso">Against "Totalitarianism": A Conversation with Enzo Traverso</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dos-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dos_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dos_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Stalinism_and_the_Dialectics_of_Saturn/MeKzEAAAQBAJ">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Stalinism_and_the_Dialectics_of_Saturn/MeKzEAAAQBAJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorkheimerAdornoNoeri2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer, Max</a>; <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno, Theodor W.</a>; Noeri, Gunzelin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l-75zLjGlZQC&q=the+dialectic+of+enlightenment"><i>Dialectic of Enlightenment</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804736336" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804736336"><bdi>978-0804736336</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220110122043/https://books.google.com/books?id=l-75zLjGlZQC&q=the+dialectic+of+enlightenment">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectic+of+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0804736336&rft.aulast=Horkheimer&rft.aufirst=Max&rft.au=Adorno%2C+Theodor+W.&rft.au=Noeri%2C+Gunzelin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl-75zLjGlZQC%26q%3Dthe%2Bdialectic%2Bof%2Benlightenment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinstein2004" class="citation book cs1">Rubinstein, W.D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMMAk4VwLLwC"><i>Genocide: a history</i></a>. Pearson Education. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50601-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-50601-5"><bdi>978-0-582-50601-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+a+history&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Pearson+Education&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-582-50601-5&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMMAk4VwLLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doctrine-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doctrine_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doctrine_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentileMussolini1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile, Giovanni</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini, Benito</a> (1932). <a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism"><i>La dottrina del fascismo</i></a> [<i>The Doctrine of Fascism</i>].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+dottrina+del+fascismo&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Gentile&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rft.au=Mussolini%2C+Benito&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mawdsley-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mawdsley_21-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMawdsley2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Mawdsley, Evan</a> (2011). <i>The Russian Civil War</i>. Birlinn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857901231" title="Special:BookSources/9780857901231"><bdi>9780857901231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Civil+War&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780857901231&rft.aulast=Mawdsley&rft.aufirst=Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suny-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny_22-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Suny" class="mw-redirect" title="Ronald Suny">Ronald Suny</a>. <i>Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians and the Russian Revolution</i> (<a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>, 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1987" class="citation journal cs1">Hough, Jerry F. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130293">"The "Dark Forces," the Totalitarian Model, and Soviet History"</a>. <i>The Russian Review</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">397–</span>403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F130293">10.2307/130293</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/130293">130293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=The+%22Dark+Forces%2C%22+the+Totalitarian+Model%2C+and+Soviet+History&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E397-%3C%2Fspan%3E403&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130293%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F130293&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Jerry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F130293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riley-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riley_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riley_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRileySiewers2019" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Alexander; Siewers, Alfred Kentigern (June 18, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>The Totalitarian Legacy of the Bolshevik Revolution</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781793605344" title="Special:BookSources/9781793605344"><bdi>9781793605344</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417002550/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNeaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Totalitarian+Legacy+of+the+Bolshevik+Revolution&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019-06-18&rft.isbn=9781793605344&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Siewers%2C+Alfred+Kentigern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNeaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes2019" class="citation book cs1">Fuentes, Juan Francisco (April 29, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-eaWDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&pg=PA98"><i>Totalitarianisms: The Closed Society and Its Friends. A History of Crossed Languages</i></a>. Ed. Universidad de Cantabria. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788481028898" title="Special:BookSources/9788481028898"><bdi>9788481028898</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417002552/https://books.google.com/books?id=-eaWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianisms%3A+The+Closed+Society+and+Its+Friends.+A+History+of+Crossed+Languages&rft.pub=Ed.+Universidad+de+Cantabria&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft.isbn=9788481028898&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Juan+Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-eaWDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522first%2Btotalitarian%2522%2B%2522lenin%2522%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerson2013" class="citation book cs1">Gerson, Lennard (September 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pHUzDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&pg=PT85"><i>Lenin and the Twentieth Century: A Bertram D. Wolfe Retrospective</i></a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817979331" title="Special:BookSources/9780817979331"><bdi>9780817979331</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417002551/https://books.google.com/books?id=pHUzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT85&dq=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&gbmsitb=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjShc7Ht5n3AhXhkGoFHa8jCS0Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+A+Bertram+D.+Wolfe+Retrospective&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.isbn=9780817979331&rft.aulast=Gerson&rft.aufirst=Lennard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpHUzDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522first%2Btotalitarian%2522%2B%2522lenin%2522%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor1974" class="citation book cs1">Gregor, Richard (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MjQ5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&pg=PT13"><i>Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Volume 2: The Early Soviet Period 1917–1929</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781487590116" title="Special:BookSources/9781487590116"><bdi>9781487590116</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417002552/https://books.google.com/books?id=MjQ5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT13&dq=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&gbmsitb=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjso5nU0pn3AhUXVzABHborA044ChDoAXoECAgQAw#v=onepage&q=%22first+totalitarian%22+%22lenin%22&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resolutions+and+Decisions+of+the+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union+Volume+2%3A+The+Early+Soviet+Period+1917%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9781487590116&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMjQ5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522first%2Btotalitarian%2522%2B%2522lenin%2522%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lenin1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lenin1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lenin1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UQX1l4KmUYC"><i>The Totalitarian Experiment in Twentieth-century Europe: Understanding the Poverty of Great Politics</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19278-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19278-1"><bdi>978-0-415-19278-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Totalitarian+Experiment+in+Twentieth-century+Europe%3A+Understanding+the+Poverty+of+Great+Politics&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19278-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UQX1l4KmUYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelzell1988" class="citation journal cs1">Delzell, Charles F. (Spring 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257305">"Remembering Mussolini"</a>. <i>The Wilson Quarterly</i>. <b>12</b> (2). Washington, D.C.: Wilson Quarterly: 127. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257305">40257305</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220513050107/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40257305">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wilson+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Remembering+Mussolini&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Delzell&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40257305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved April 8, 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1927" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt, Carl</a> (1927). University of Chicago Press (ed.). <i>Der Begriff des Politischen</i> [<i>The Concept of the Political</i>] (in German) (1996 ed.). Rutgers University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226738868" title="Special:BookSources/0226738868"><bdi>0226738868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Begriff+des+Politischen&rft.pages=22&rft.edition=1996&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=0226738868&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-franco-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-franco_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-franco_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-franco_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-franco_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RdWLDwAAQBAJ"><i>Franco: Anatomy of a Dictator</i></a>. Bloomsbury. 18 December 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-300-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-300-0"><bdi>978-1-78672-300-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Dictator&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017-12-18&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-300-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRdWLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-siegel-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-siegel_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel1998" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Achim (1998). <i>The Totalitarian Paradigm After the End of Communism: Towards a Theoretical Reassessment</i> (hardback ed.). Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042005525" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042005525"><bdi>978-9042005525</bdi></a>. <q>Concepts of totalitarianism became most widespread at the height of the Cold War. Since the late 1940s, especially since the Korean War, they were condensed into a far-reaching, even hegemonic, ideology, by which the political elites of the Western world tried to explain and even to justify the Cold War constellation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Totalitarian+Paradigm+After+the+End+of+Communism%3A+Towards+a+Theoretical+Reassessment&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=200&rft.edition=hardback&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9042005525&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Achim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guilhot-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guilhot_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilhot2005" class="citation book cs1">Guilhot, Nicholas (2005). <i>The Democracy Makers: Human Rights and International Order</i> (hardcover ed.). New York City: Columbia University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231131247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231131247"><bdi>978-0231131247</bdi></a>. <q>The opposition between the West and Soviet totalitarianism was often presented as an opposition both moral and epistemological between truth and falsehood. The democratic, social, and economic credentials of the Soviet Union were typically seen as 'lies' and as the product of deliberate and multiform propaganda. ... In this context, the concept of totalitarianism was itself an asset. As it made possible the conversion of prewar anti-fascism into postwar anti-communism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democracy+Makers%3A+Human+Rights+and+International+Order&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=hardcover&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0231131247&rft.aulast=Guilhot&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reisch-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reisch_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReisch2005" class="citation book cs1">Reisch, George A. (2005). <i>How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">153–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521546898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521546898"><bdi>978-0521546898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Cold+War+Transformed+Philosophy+of+Science%3A+To+the+Icy+Slopes+of+Logic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0521546898&rft.aulast=Reisch&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-defty-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-defty_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDefty2007" class="citation book cs1">Defty, Brook (2007). "2. Launching the New Propaganda Policy, 1948. 3. Building a Concerted Counter-offensive: Co-operation with other powers. 4. Close and Continuous Liaison: British and American co-operation, 1950–51. 5. A Global Propaganda Offensive: Churchill and the revival of political warfare". <i>Britain, America and Anti-Communist Propaganda 1945–1953: The Information Research Department</i> (1st paperback ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714683614" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714683614"><bdi>978-0714683614</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Launching+the+New+Propaganda+Policy%2C+1948.+3.+Building+a+Concerted+Counter-offensive%3A+Co-operation+with+other+powers.+4.+Close+and+Continuous+Liaison%3A+British+and+American+co-operation%2C+1950%E2%80%9351.+5.+A+Global+Propaganda+Offensive%3A+Churchill+and+the+revival+of+political+warfare&rft.btitle=Britain%2C+America+and+Anti-Communist+Propaganda+1945%E2%80%931953%3A+The+Information+Research+Department&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0714683614&rft.aulast=Defty&rft.aufirst=Brook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-caute-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-caute_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaute2010" class="citation book cs1">Caute, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ttmCWwuxX8cC&pg=PA95"><i>Politics and the Novel during the Cold War</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412831369" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412831369"><bdi>978-1412831369</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414175538/https://books.google.com/books?id=ttmCWwuxX8cC&pg=PA95">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+the+Novel+during+the+Cold+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1412831369&rft.aulast=Caute&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DttmCWwuxX8cC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haynes_&_Klehr_2003,_pp._11–57_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynesKlehr2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">Haynes, John Earl</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Klehr" title="Harvey Klehr">Klehr, Harvey</a> (2003). "Revising History". <i>In Denial: Historians, Communism and Espionage</i>. San Francisco: Encounter. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1893554724" title="Special:BookSources/1893554724"><bdi>1893554724</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revising+History&rft.btitle=In+Denial%3A+Historians%2C+Communism+and+Espionage&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.pub=Encounter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1893554724&rft.aulast=Haynes&rft.aufirst=John+Earl&rft.au=Klehr%2C+Harvey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ryan-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ryan_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ryan_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xxGttzFXqaYC"><i>Lenin's Terror: The Ideological Origins of Early Soviet State Violence</i></a>. Routledge. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67396-9"><bdi>978-0-415-67396-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Terror%3A+The+Ideological+Origins+of+Early+Soviet+State+Violence&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67396-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxxGttzFXqaYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">Carr, Edward Hallett</a> (1977). <i>The Bolshevik revolution 1917 - 1923. Vol. 1</i> (Reprinted ed.). Penguin books. pp. <span class="nowrap">111–</span>112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020749-1"><bdi>978-0-14-020749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+revolution+1917+-+1923.+Vol.+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Penguin+books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-14-020749-1&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJGoHCNBoOQC"><i>Stalinism: Essays in Historical Interpretation</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3502-2"><bdi>978-1-4128-3502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism%3A+Essays+in+Historical+Interpretation&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3502-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsJGoHCNBoOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur,_Walter_pages_225-227_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1987). <i>The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present</i>. New York: Scribner's. pp. <span class="nowrap">225–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684189031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684189031"><bdi>978-0684189031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution%3A+Interpretations+of+Soviet+History+from+1917+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E225-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0684189031&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahor-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahor_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahor_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovskySteinberg2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V._Riasanovsky" title="Nicholas V. Riasanovsky">Riasanovsky, Nicholas Valentine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_D._Steinberg" title="Mark D. Steinberg">Steinberg, Mark D.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrussia0000rias_l2q3"><i>A History of Russia</i></a> (8th ed.). New York Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-4197-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1953-4197-3"><bdi>978-0-1953-4197-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.place=New+York+Oxford&rft.pages=468&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-1953-4197-3&rft.aulast=Riasanovsky&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Valentine&rft.au=Steinberg%2C+Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrussia0000rias_l2q3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenoe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lenoe, Matt (2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">352–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343411">10.1086/343411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142829949">142829949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Did+Stalin+Kill+Kirov+and+Does+It+Matter%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142829949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F343411&rft.aulast=Lenoe&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/8/article/460844/pdf">https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/8/article/460844/pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Stalin/hSWK6Dh4wRgC">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Stalin/hSWK6Dh4wRgC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarian_Societies_and_Democratic_Tr/ktcvDwAAQBAJ">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarian_Societies_and_Democratic_Tr/ktcvDwAAQBAJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzpatrick_1999-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_1999_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzpatrick_1999_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/Everyday_Stalinism" title="Everyday Stalinism">Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195050004" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195050004"><bdi>978-0195050004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everyday+Stalinism%3A+Ordinary+Life+in+Extraordinary+Times%3A+Soviet+Russia+in+the+1930s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0195050004&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas". <i>Stalin: A New History</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44663-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-44663-1"><bdi>978-1-139-44663-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Stalin%3A+Power+and+Ideas&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-09-08&rft.isbn=978-1-139-44663-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Harris%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2008" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Eli (2008). <i>Synthetic Socialism: Plastics & Dictatorship in the German Democratic Republic</i>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1469606774" title="Special:BookSources/978-1469606774"><bdi>978-1469606774</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synthetic+Socialism%3A+Plastics+%26+Dictatorship+in+the+German+Democratic+Republic&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1469606774&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Eli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i176/articles/ian-kershaw-the-nazi-state-an-exceptional-state">https://newleftreview.org/issues/i176/articles/ian-kershaw-the-nazi-state-an-exceptional-state</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hannah_Arendt_and_Isaiah_Berlin/3urAEAAAQBAJ">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hannah_Arendt_and_Isaiah_Berlin/3urAEAAAQBAJ</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1996" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x_MeR06xqXAC"><i>A History of Fascism, 1914–1945</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Pres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-14873-7"><bdi>978-0-299-14873-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Pres&rft.date=1996-01&rft.isbn=978-0-299-14873-7&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx_MeR06xqXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laqueur,_Walter_p._228-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laqueur,_Walter_p._228_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1987). <i>The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present</i>. New York: Scribner's. p. 224, 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684189031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684189031"><bdi>978-0684189031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution%3A+Interpretations+of+Soviet+History+from+1917+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=224%2C+228&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0684189031&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1987). <i>The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present</i>. New York: Scribner's. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684189031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684189031"><bdi>978-0684189031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution%3A+Interpretations+of+Soviet+History+from+1917+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0684189031&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumayer2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laure_Neumayer" title="Laure Neumayer">Neumayer, Laure</a> (2018). <i>The Criminalisation of Communism in the European Political Space after the Cold War</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351141741" title="Special:BookSources/9781351141741"><bdi>9781351141741</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Criminalisation+of+Communism+in+the+European+Political+Space+after+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351141741&rft.aulast=Neumayer&rft.aufirst=Laure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tot2013-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tot2013_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tot2013_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarian_Dictatorship/gcFEAQAAQBAJ">https://www.google.com/books/edition/Totalitarian_Dictatorship/gcFEAQAAQBAJ</a>?</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönpflug2007" class="citation journal cs1">Schönpflug, Daniel (2007). "Histoires croisées: François Furet, Ernst Nolte and a Comparative History of Totalitarian Movements". <i>European History Quarterly</i>. <b>37</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">265–</span>290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691407075595">10.1177/0265691407075595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143074271">143074271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Histoires+crois%C3%A9es%3A+Fran%C3%A7ois+Furet%2C+Ernst+Nolte+and+a+Comparative+History+of+Totalitarian+Movements&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E265-%3C%2Fspan%3E290&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691407075595&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143074271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6npflug&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1995" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Singer_(journalist)" title="Daniel Singer (journalist)">Singer, Daniel</a> (17 April 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080317075608/https://www.thenation.com/doc/19950417/singer">"The Sound and the Furet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenation.com/doc/19950417/singer">the original</a> on 17 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Furet, borrowing from Hannah Arendt, describes Bolsheviks and Nazis as totalitarian twins, conflicting yet united.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=The+Sound+and+the+Furet&rft.date=1995-04-17&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Fdoc%2F19950417%2Fsinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1999" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Singer_(journalist)" title="Daniel Singer (journalist)">Singer, Daniel</a> (2 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/exploiting-tragedy-or-le-rouge-en-noir/">"Exploiting a Tragedy, or Le Rouge en Noir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726020527/https://www.thenation.com/article/exploiting-tragedy-or-le-rouge-en-noir/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>... the totalitarian nature of Stalin's Russia is undeniable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=Exploiting+a+Tragedy%2C+or+Le+Rouge+en+Noir&rft.date=1999-11-02&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Fexploiting-tragedy-or-le-rouge-en-noir%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrobman1990" class="citation web cs1">Grobman, Gary M. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.remember.org/guide/Facts.root.nazi.html">"Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State"</a>. <i>Remember.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402073405/http://www.remember.org/guide/Facts.root.nazi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>The government of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> was a fascist, totalitarian state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remember.org&rft.atitle=Nazi+Fascism+and+the+Modern+Totalitarian+State&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Grobman&rft.aufirst=Gary+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.remember.org%2Fguide%2FFacts.root.nazi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Traverso, Enzo. "The New Anti-Communism: Rereading the Twentieth Century" // History and Revolution: Refuting Revisionism, ed. Mike aynes and Jim Wolfreys (London: Verso, 2007), 138-155.,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dbt-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dbt_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dbt_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToth2021" class="citation book cs1">Toth, Mano (25 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u29KEAAAQBAJ"><i>European Memory and Conflicting Visions of the Past</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-79843-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-79843-7"><bdi>978-3-030-79843-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Memory+and+Conflicting+Visions+of+the+Past&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2021-10-25&rft.isbn=978-3-030-79843-7&rft.aulast=Toth&rft.aufirst=Mano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du29KEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcPhee2014" class="citation book cs1">McPhee, Peter (15 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bstBgAAQBAJ"><i>A Companion to the French Revolution</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97752-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-97752-1"><bdi>978-1-118-97752-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-118-97752-1&rft.aulast=McPhee&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bstBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/i220/articles/eric-hobsbawm-history-and-illusion">https://newleftreview.org/issues/i220/articles/eric-hobsbawm-history-and-illusion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBresciani2024" class="citation book cs1">Bresciani, Marco (18 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YvXEAAAQBAJ"><i>Learning from the Enemy: An Intellectual History of Antifascism in Interwar Europe</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80429-227-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80429-227-3"><bdi>978-1-80429-227-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+from+the+Enemy%3A+An+Intellectual+History+of+Antifascism+in+Interwar+Europe&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.isbn=978-1-80429-227-3&rft.aulast=Bresciani&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YvXEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene2023" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Douglas (20 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MeKzEAAAQBAJ"><i>Stalinism and the Dialectics of Saturn: Anticommunism, Marxism, and the Fate of the Soviet Union</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-3090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-3090-0"><bdi>978-1-6669-3090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism+and+the+Dialectics+of+Saturn%3A+Anticommunism%2C+Marxism%2C+and+the+Fate+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2023-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-6669-3090-0&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMeKzEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti, Michael</a> (1997). <i>Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism</i>. San Francisco: City Lights Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872863293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872863293"><bdi>978-0872863293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshirts+and+Reds%3A+Rational+Fascism+and+the+Overthrow+of+Communism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0872863293&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetras1999" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Petras" title="James Petras">Petras, James</a> (November 1, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monthlyreview.org/1999/11/01/the-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited/">"The CIA and the Cultural Cold War Revisited"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></i>. <b>51</b> (6): 47. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14452%2FMR-051-06-1999-10_4">10.14452/MR-051-06-1999-10_4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516153420/https://monthlyreview.org/1999/11/01/the-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Review&rft.atitle=The+CIA+and+the+Cultural+Cold+War+Revisited&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1999-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14452%2FMR-051-06-1999-10_4&rft.aulast=Petras&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonthlyreview.org%2F1999%2F11%2F01%2Fthe-cia-and-the-cultural-cold-war-revisited%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosurdo2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo, Domenico</a> (January 2004). "Towards a Critique of the Category of Totalitarianism". <i>Historical Materialism</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">25–</span>55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1569206041551663">10.1163/1569206041551663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Materialism&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Critique+of+the+Category+of+Totalitarianism&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E55&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1569206041551663&rft.aulast=Losurdo&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connelly_2010-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connelly_2010_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connelly_2010_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2010" class="citation journal cs1">Connelly, John (2010). "Totalitarianism: Defunct Theory, Useful Word". <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">819–</span>835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2010.0001">10.1353/kri.2010.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143510612">143510612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=Totalitarianism%3A+Defunct+Theory%2C+Useful+Word&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E819-%3C%2Fspan%3E835&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2010.0001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143510612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a> (1980). <i>Fascism: Comparison and Definition</i>. University of Washington Press. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299080600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299080600"><bdi>978-0299080600</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%3A+Comparison+and+Definition&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0299080600&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest, Robert</a> (1990). <i>The Great Terror: A Reassessment</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195071328" title="Special:BookSources/0195071328"><bdi>0195071328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Terror%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0195071328&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1958256–257-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1958256–257_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArendt1958">Arendt 1958</a>, pp. 256–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1958308–309-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1958308–309_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFArendt1958">Arendt 1958</a>, pp. 308–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemoianu1982" class="citation journal cs1">Nemoianu, Virgil (December 1982). "Review of <i>End and Beginnings</i>". <i>Modern Language Notes</i>. <b>97</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1235–</span>1238.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Review+of+End+and+Beginnings&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1235-%3C%2Fspan%3E1238&rft.date=1982-12&rft.aulast=Nemoianu&rft.aufirst=Virgil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1938" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (5 October 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1930-1938-the-wilderness/the-munich-agreement"><i>The Munich Agreement</i></a> (Speech). <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons of the United Kingdom</a>: International Churchill Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626193227/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1930-1938-the-wilderness/the-munich-agreement/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>We in this country, as in other Liberal and democratic countries, have a perfect right to exalt the principle of self-determination, but it comes ill out of the mouths of those in totalitarian states who deny even the smallest element of toleration to every section and creed within their bounds. Many of those countries, in fear of the rise of the Nazi power, ... loathed the idea of having this arbitrary rule of the totalitarian system thrust upon them, and hoped that a stand would be made.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Munich+Agreement&rft.place=House+of+Commons+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=International+Churchill+Society&rft.date=1938-10-05&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fspeeches%2F1930-1938-the-wilderness%2Fthe-munich-agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1938" class="citation speech cs1"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a> (16 October 1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1930-1938-the-wilderness/the-defence-of-freedom-and-peace"><i>Broadcast to the United States and to London</i></a> (Speech). International Churchill Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925195010/https://winstonchurchill.org/resources/speeches/1930-1938-the-wilderness/the-defence-of-freedom-and-peace/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadcast+to+the+United+States+and+to+London&rft.pub=International+Churchill+Society&rft.date=1938-10-16&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Winston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fspeeches%2F1930-1938-the-wilderness%2Fthe-defence-of-freedom-and-peace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mann_(sociologist)" title="Michael Mann (sociologist)">Mann, Michael</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eTE7ytbtp_cC"><i>Fascists</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521831314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521831314"><bdi>978-0521831314</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819062157/https://books.google.com/books?id=eTE7ytbtp_cC">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-10-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascists&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521831314&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeTE7ytbtp_cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston, Paul</a> (2007). <i>The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution and Revenge</i> (3rd ed.). New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393329872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393329872"><bdi>978-0393329872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%3A+Reaction%2C+Revolution+and+Revenge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0393329872&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvadó2013" class="citation book cs1">Salvadó, Francisco J. Romero (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i5e7wRi-HGcC&pg=PA149"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810880092" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810880092"><bdi>978-0810880092</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819120937/https://books.google.com/books?id=i5e7wRi-HGcC&pg=PA149">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0810880092&rft.aulast=Salvad%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Francisco+J.+Romero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di5e7wRi-HGcC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=14RJCAAAQBAJ"><i>Totalitarianism: The Inner History of the Cold War</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 20 March 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028148-9"><bdi>978-0-19-028148-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism%3A+The+Inner+History+of+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028148-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D14RJCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1946" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300011h.html#part47">"Why I Write"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gangrel_(magazine)" title="Gangrel (magazine)">Gangrel</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725130413/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks03/0300011h.html#part47">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gangrel&rft.atitle=Why+I+Write&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.net.au%2Febooks03%2F0300011h.html%23part47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrong" class="citation book cs1">Wrong, Dennis Hume. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAxVjDG4p_0C"><i>Power: Its Forms, Bases, and Uses</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3165-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-3165-9"><bdi>978-1-4128-3165-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%3A+Its+Forms%2C+Bases%2C+and+Uses&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-3165-9&rft.aulast=Wrong&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Hume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAxVjDG4p_0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, William David (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RF3LFMID9k8C"><i>The Lost Debate: German Socialist Intellectuals and Totalitarianism</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06796-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-06796-9"><bdi>978-0-252-06796-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Debate%3A+German+Socialist+Intellectuals+and+Totalitarianism&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-252-06796-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=William+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRF3LFMID9k8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTwiss2014" class="citation book cs1">Twiss, Thomas M. (8 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3o2fAwAAQBAJ"><i>Trotsky and the Problem of Soviet Bureaucracy</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-26953-8"><bdi>978-90-04-26953-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Problem+of+Soviet+Bureaucracy&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2014-05-08&rft.isbn=978-90-04-26953-8&rft.aulast=Twiss&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3o2fAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrotherstoneDukes1992" class="citation book cs1">Brotherstone, Terry; Dukes, Paul (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kc1oAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Trotsky Reappraisal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+Reappraisal&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Brotherstone&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Dukes%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKc1oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTraverso2019" class="citation book cs1">Traverso, Enzo (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jmeBDwAAQBAJ"><i>The New Faces of Fascism: Populism and the Far Right</i></a>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-046-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78873-046-4"><bdi>978-1-78873-046-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Faces+of+Fascism%3A+Populism+and+the+Far+Right&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.isbn=978-1-78873-046-4&rft.aulast=Traverso&rft.aufirst=Enzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjmeBDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1987). <i>The Fate of the Revolution</i>. New York: Scribner. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0684189038" title="Special:BookSources/0684189038"><bdi>0684189038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0684189038&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla2000" class="citation book cs1">Villa, Dana Richard (2000). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521645719" title="Special:BookSources/0521645719"><bdi>0521645719</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Hannah+Arendt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0521645719&rft.aulast=Villa&rft.aufirst=Dana+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffer2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hoffer" title="Eric Hoffer">Hoffer, Eric</a> (2002). <i><a href="/wiki/The_True_Believer" title="The True Believer">The True Believer: Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements</a></i>. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. pp. 61, 163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060505915" title="Special:BookSources/0060505915"><bdi>0060505915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+True+Believer%3A+Thoughts+on+the+Nature+of+Mass+Movements&rft.pages=61%2C+163&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial+Modern+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0060505915&rft.aulast=Hoffer&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanebrink2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hanebrink, Paul (July 2018). "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>53</b> (3): 624. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009417704894">10.1177/0022009417704894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158028188">158028188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=European+Protestants+Between+Anti-Communism+and+Anti-Totalitarianism%3A+The+Other+Interwar+Kulturkampf%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=624&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009417704894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158028188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanebrink&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanebrink2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hanebrink, Paul (July 2018). "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?". <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i>. <b>53</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">622–</span>643. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022009417704894">10.1177/0022009417704894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158028188">158028188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=European+Protestants+Between+Anti-Communism+and+Anti-Totalitarianism%3A+The+Other+Interwar+Kulturkampf%3F&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E622-%3C%2Fspan%3E643&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022009417704894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158028188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hanebrink&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brzezinski_&_Friedrich_1956-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinski_&_Friedrich_1956_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiFriedrich1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Joachim_Friedrich" title="Carl Joachim Friedrich">Friedrich, Carl</a> (1956). <i>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674332607" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674332607"><bdi>978-0674332607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+Dictatorship+and+Autocracy&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-0674332607&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Zbigniew&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brzezinski & Friedrich, 1956, p.22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brzezinski & Friedrich 1956, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1987). <i>The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present</i>. New York: Scribner's. pp. <span class="nowrap">186–</span>189, <span class="nowrap">233–</span>234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684189031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684189031"><bdi>978-0684189031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution%3A+Interpretations+of+Soviet+History+from+1917+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E186-%3C%2Fspan%3E189%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E234&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0684189031&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_25_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2000). <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>. London; New York: Arnold; Oxford University Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340760284" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340760284"><bdi>978-0340760284</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43419425">43419425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Dictatorship%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Interpretation&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Arnold%3B+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43419425&rft.isbn=978-0340760284&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaqueur1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a> (1987). <i>The Fate of the Revolution: Interpretations of Soviet History from 1917 to the Present</i>. New York: Scribner's. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684189031" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684189031"><bdi>978-0684189031</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+the+Revolution%3A+Interpretations+of+Soviet+History+from+1917+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0684189031&rft.aulast=Laqueur&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhamis,_B._Gold,_Vaughn2013" class="citation book cs1">Khamis, B. Gold, Vaughn, Sahar, Paul, Katherine (2013). "22. Propaganda in Egypt and Syria's "Cyberwars": Contexts, Actors, Tools, and Tactics". In Auerbach, Castronovo, Jonathan, Russ (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Propaganda Studies</i>. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016: Oxford University Press. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976441-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976441-9"><bdi>978-0-19-976441-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=22.+Propaganda+in+Egypt+and+Syria%27s+%22Cyberwars%22%3A+Contexts%2C+Actors%2C+Tools%2C+and+Tactics&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Propaganda+Studies&rft.place=198+Madison+Avenue%2C+New+York%2C+NY+10016&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976441-9&rft.aulast=Khamis%2C+B.+Gold%2C+Vaughn&rft.aufirst=Sahar%2C+Paul%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedeen2015" class="citation book cs1">Wedeen, Lisa (2015). <i>Ambiguities of Domination: Politics, Rhetoric, and Symbols in Contemporary Syria</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F978022345536.001.0001">10.7208/chicago/978022345536.001.0001</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33337-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-33337-3"><bdi>978-0-226-33337-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ambiguities+of+Domination%3A+Politics%2C+Rhetoric%2C+and+Symbols+in+Contemporary+Syria&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F978022345536.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-33337-3&rft.aulast=Wedeen&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeininghaus2016" class="citation book cs1">Meininghaus, Esther (2016). <i>Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State</i>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-115-7"><bdi>978-1-78453-115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Consent+in+Ba%27thist+Syria%3A+Women+and+Welfare+in+a+Totalitarian+State&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-115-7&rft.aulast=Meininghaus&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fall-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fall_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/syria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07/">"Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections"</a>. Reuters. 8 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syrian+rebels+topple+President+Assad%2C+prime+minister+calls+for+free+elections&rft.date=2024-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fsyria-rebels-celebrate-captured-homs-set-sights-damascus-2024-12-07%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAron1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron, Raymond</a> (1968). <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Totalitarianism" title="Democracy and Totalitarianism">Democracy and Totalitarianism</a></i>. Littlehampton Book Services. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297002529" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297002529"><bdi>978-0297002529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Totalitarianism&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Littlehampton+Book+Services&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0297002529&rft.aulast=Aron&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman_1980-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_1980_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_1980_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmerman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmerman, William (September 1980). "Review: How the Soviet Union is Governed". <i>Slavic Review</i>. <b>39</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">482–</span>486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2497167">10.2307/2497167</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2497167">2497167</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Review&rft.atitle=Review%3A+How+the+Soviet+Union+is+Governed&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E482-%3C%2Fspan%3E486&rft.date=1980-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2497167&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2497167%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Zimmerman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Saladdin_2019-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saladdin_2019_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saladdin_2019_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaladdin2019" class="citation book cs1">Saladdin, Ahmed (2019). <i>Totalitarian Space and the Destruction of Aura</i>. Albany: SUNY Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1438472935" title="Special:BookSources/978-1438472935"><bdi>978-1438472935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+Space+and+the+Destruction+of+Aura&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1438472935&rft.aulast=Saladdin&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas". <i>Stalin: A New History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139446631" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139446631"><bdi>978-1139446631</bdi></a>. <q>Academic Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at least.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Stalin%3A+Power+and+Ideas&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1139446631&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Harris%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenoe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lenoe, Matt (June 2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does it Matter?". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">352–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343411">10.1086/343411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142829949">142829949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Did+Stalin+Kill+Kirov+and+Does+it+Matter%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142829949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F343411&rft.aulast=Lenoe&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_&_Harris_2005,_pp._4–5_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas". <i>Stalin: A New History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139446631" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139446631"><bdi>978-1139446631</bdi></a>. <q>Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was, increasingly, challenged by later revisionist historians. In his <i>Origins of the Great Purges</i>, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political [the] science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Stalin%3A+Power+and+Ideas&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1139446631&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Harris%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (November 2007). "Revisionism in Soviet History". <i>History and Theory</i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">77–</span>91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2303.2007.00429.x">10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1468-2303">1468-2303</a>. <q>. . . the Western scholars who, in the 1990s and 2000s, were most active in scouring the new archives for data on Soviet repression were revisionists (always 'archive rats') such as Arch Getty and Lynne Viola.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+Theory&rft.atitle=Revisionism+in+Soviet+History&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-2303.2007.00429.x&rft.issn=1468-2303&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesHarris2005" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Sarah; Harris, James (2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas". <i>Stalin: A New History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139446631" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139446631"><bdi>978-1139446631</bdi></a>. <q>In 1953, Carl Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader.' There was, of course, an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled, unquestioningly, by his subordinates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joseph+Stalin%3A+Power+and+Ideas&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1139446631&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Harris%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenoe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lenoe, Matt (June 2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">352–</span>380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F343411">10.1086/343411</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142829949">142829949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Did+Stalin+Kill+Kirov+and+Does+It+Matter%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E352-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142829949%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F343411&rft.aulast=Lenoe&rft.aufirst=Matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaad2018" class="citation journal cs1">Saad, Asma (21 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/">"Eritrea's Silent Totalitarianism"</a>. <i>McGill Journal of Political Studies</i> (21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040952/https://mjps.ssmu.ca/2018/02/21/eritreas-silent-totalitarianism/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGill+Journal+of+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Eritrea%27s+Silent+Totalitarianism&rft.issue=21&rft.date=2018-02-21&rft.aulast=Saad&rft.aufirst=Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjps.ssmu.ca%2F2018%2F02%2F21%2Feritreas-silent-totalitarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽižek2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (2002). <i>Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism?: Five Interventions in the (Mis)Use of a Notion</i>. London and New York: Verso. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859844250" title="Special:BookSources/9781859844250"><bdi>9781859844250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Did+Somebody+Say+Totalitarianism%3F%3A+Five+Interventions+in+the+%28Mis%29Use+of+a+Notion&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781859844250&rft.aulast=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=Slavoj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShorten2012" class="citation book cs1">Shorten, Richard (2012). <i>Modernism and Totalitarianism: Rethinking the Intellectual Sources of Nazism and Stalinism, 1945 to the Present</i>. Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230252073" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230252073"><bdi>978-0230252073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+and+Totalitarianism%3A+Rethinking+the+Intellectual+Sources+of+Nazism+and+Stalinism%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0230252073&rft.aulast=Shorten&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTismăneanu2012" class="citation book cs1">Tismăneanu, Vladimir (2012). <i>The Devil in History: Communism, Fascism, and Some Lessons of the Twentieth Century</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520954175" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520954175"><bdi>978-0520954175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devil+in+History%3A+Communism%2C+Fascism%2C+and+Some+Lessons+of+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0520954175&rft.aulast=Tism%C4%83neanu&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2015" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Aviezer (2015). <i>The Legacies of Totalitarianism: A Theoretical Framework</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316393055" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316393055"><bdi>978-1316393055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacies+of+Totalitarianism%3A+A+Theoretical+Framework&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1316393055&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Aviezer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fuentes, Juan Francisco (2015). "How Words Reshape the Past: The 'Old, Old Story of Totalitarianism". <i>Politics, Religion & Ideology</i>. <b>16</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">282–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21567689.2015.1084928">10.1080/21567689.2015.1084928</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155157905">155157905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics%2C+Religion+%26+Ideology&rft.atitle=How+Words+Reshape+the+Past%3A+The+%27Old%2C+Old+Story+of+Totalitarianism&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21567689.2015.1084928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155157905%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Juan+Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuboff2019" class="citation book cs1">Zuboff, Shoshana (2019). <i>The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=China+invents+the+digital+totalitarian+state&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fbriefing%2F2016%2F12%2F17%2Fchina-invents-the-digital-totalitarian-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeighLee2018" class="citation news cs1">Leigh, Karen; Lee, Dandan (2 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190102090447/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/chinas-radical-plan-to-judge-each-citizens-behavior/2018/12/02/0a281258-f69b-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html">"China's Radical Plan to Judge Each Citizen's Behavior"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/chinas-radical-plan-to-judge-each-citizens-behavior/2018/12/02/0a281258-f69b-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=China%27s+Radical+Plan+to+Judge+Each+Citizen%27s+Behavior&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft.aulast=Leigh&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Lee%2C+Dandan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fbusiness%2Fchinas-radical-plan-to-judge-each-citizens-behavior%2F2018%2F12%2F02%2F0a281258-f69b-11e8-8642-c9718a256cbd_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lucas, Rob (January–February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/issues/II121/articles/rob-lucas-the-surveillance-business">"The Surveillance Business"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Left_Review" title="New Left Review">New Left Review</a></i>. <b>121</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621022016/https://newleftreview.org/issues/II121/articles/rob-lucas-the-surveillance-business">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Surveillance+Business&rft.volume=121&rft.date=2020-01%2F2020-02&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Fissues%2FII121%2Farticles%2Frob-lucas-the-surveillance-business&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevitskyWay2022" class="citation book cs1">Levitsky, Steven; Way, Lucan (13 September 2022). <i>Revolution and Dictatorship: The Violent Origins of Durable Authoritarianism</i>. 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Tauris. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4138-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-4138-3"><bdi>978-0-7556-4138-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+De-neutralizing+Aid%3A+All+Roads+Lead+to+Damascus&rft.btitle=Syria+and+the+Neutrality+Trap%3A+The+Dilemmas+of+Delivering+Humanitarian+Aid+Through+Violent+Regimes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-4138-3&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeininghaus2016" class="citation book cs1">Meininghaus, Esther (2016). <i>Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State</i>. 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"21: Middle East at the End of the Cold War, 1979–1993". <i>The Middle East in Modern World History</i> (2nd ed.). New York: Routledge. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-49190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-49190-8"><bdi>978-1-138-49190-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2018043096">2018043096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21%3A+Middle+East+at+the+End+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1979%E2%80%931993&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+in+Modern+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=303&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2018043096&rft.isbn=978-1-138-49190-8&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick1981" class="citation journal cs1">Kirkpatrick, Jeane J (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/20671902">"Afghanistan: Implications for Peace and Security"</a>. <i>World Affairs</i>. <b>144</b> (3): 243. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20671902">20671902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%3A+Implications+for+Peace+and+Security&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20671902%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=Jeane+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20671902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.Margolis2005" class="citation book cs1">S.Margolis, Eric (2005). 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yjolt.org/modest-defense-mind-reading">"A Modest Defence of Mind Reading"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yale_Journal_of_Law_and_Technology" title="Yale Journal of Law and Technology">Yale Journal of Law and Technology</a></i>. <b>15</b> (214). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200810195039/https://yjolt.org/modest-defense-mind-reading">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Journal+of+Law+and+Technology&rft.atitle=A+Modest+Defence+of+Mind+Reading&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=214&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Brennan-Marquez&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyjolt.org%2Fmodest-defense-mind-reading&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickett2020" class="citation news cs1">Pickett, K. (16 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/totalitarianism-congressman-calls-method-to-track-coronavirus-cases-an-invasion-of-privacy">"Totalitarianism: Congressman calls method to track coronavirus cases an invasion of privacy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422082819/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/totalitarianism-congressman-calls-method-to-track-coronavirus-cases-an-invasion-of-privacy">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Examiner&rft.atitle=Totalitarianism%3A+Congressman+calls+method+to+track+coronavirus+cases+an+invasion+of+privacy&rft.date=2020-04-16&rft.aulast=Pickett&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonexaminer.com%2Fnews%2Ftotalitarianism-congressman-calls-method-to-track-coronavirus-cases-an-invasion-of-privacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helbing2019-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Helbing2019_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelbingFreyGigerenzerHafen2019" class="citation book cs1">Helbing, Dirk; Frey, Bruno S.; Gigerenzer, Gerd; Hafen, Ernst; Hagner, Michael; Hofstetter, Yvonne; van den Hoven, Jeroen; Zicari, Roberto V.; Zwitter, Andrej (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/111453647/Helbing2019_Chapter_WillDemocracySurviveBigDataAnd.pdf">"Will Democracy Survive Big Data and Artificial Intelligence?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Towards Digital Enlightenment</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-90869-4_7">10.1007/978-3-319-90869-4_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-90868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-90868-7"><bdi>978-3-319-90868-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46925747">46925747</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526083948/https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/111453647/Helbing2019_Chapter_WillDemocracySurviveBigDataAnd.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2022-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Will+Democracy+Survive+Big+Data+and+Artificial+Intelligence%3F&rft.btitle=Towards+Digital+Enlightenment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46925747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-90869-4_7&rft.isbn=978-3-319-90868-7&rft.aulast=Helbing&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft.au=Frey%2C+Bruno+S.&rft.au=Gigerenzer%2C+Gerd&rft.au=Hafen%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Hagner%2C+Michael&rft.au=Hofstetter%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=van+den+Hoven%2C+Jeroen&rft.au=Zicari%2C+Roberto+V.&rft.au=Zwitter%2C+Andrej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.rug.nl%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F111453647%2FHelbing2019_Chapter_WillDemocracySurviveBigDataAnd.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span> (also published in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelbingFreyGigerenzer2019" class="citation book cs1">Helbing, D.; Frey, B. S.; Gigerenzer, G.; et al. (2019). "Will democracy survive big data and artificial intelligence?". <i>Towards Digital Enlightenment: Essays on the Dark and Light Sides of the Digital Revolution</i>. Springer, Cham. pp. <span class="nowrap">73–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319908694" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319908694"><bdi>978-3319908694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Will+democracy+survive+big+data+and+artificial+intelligence%3F&rft.btitle=Towards+Digital+Enlightenment%3A+Essays+on+the+Dark+and+Light+Sides+of+the+Digital+Revolution&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Springer%2C+Cham.&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3319908694&rft.aulast=Helbing&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Frey%2C+B.+S.&rft.au=Gigerenzer%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchinDenkenberger2018" class="citation journal cs1">Turchin, Alexey; Denkenberger, David (3 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philarchive.org/rec/TURCOG-2">"Classification of global catastrophic risks connected with artificial intelligence"</a>. <i>AI & Society</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">147–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00146-018-0845-5">10.1007/s00146-018-0845-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19208453">19208453</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AI+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Classification+of+global+catastrophic+risks+connected+with+artificial+intelligence&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2018-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00146-018-0845-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19208453%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Turchin&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft.au=Denkenberger%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilarchive.org%2Frec%2FTURCOG-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom2013" class="citation journal cs1">Bostrom, Nick (February 2013). "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority". <i>Global Policy</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1758-5899.12002">10.1111/1758-5899.12002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Policy&rft.atitle=Existential+Risk+Prevention+as+Global+Priority&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1758-5899.12002&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakhi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Sakhi, Nilofar (December 2022). "The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox". <i>Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">383–</span>401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F23477970221130882">10.1177/23477970221130882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253945821">253945821</a>. <q>Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+Security+and+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Taliban+Takeover+in+Afghanistan+and+Security+Paradox&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E401&rft.date=2022-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F23477970221130882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253945821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sakhi&rft.aufirst=Nilofar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadadi2022" class="citation web cs1">Madadi, Sayed (6 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule">"Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Institute" title="Middle East Institute">Middle East Institute</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Institute&rft.atitle=Dysfunctional+centralization+and+growing+fragility+under+Taliban+rule&rft.date=2022-09-06&rft.aulast=Madadi&rft.aufirst=Sayed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mei.edu%2Fpublications%2Fdysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSadr2022" class="citation web cs1">Sadr, Omar (23 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/">"Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban"</a>. <i>Fair Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fair+Observer&rft.atitle=Afghanistan%27s+Public+Intellectuals+Fail+to+Denounce+the+Taliban&rft.date=2022-03-23&rft.aulast=Sadr&rft.aufirst=Omar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fairobserver.com%2Fregion%2Fcentral_south_asia%2Fomar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/">"Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Council" title="Atlantic Council">Atlantic Council</a></i>. 8 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Council&rft.atitle=Dismantlement+of+the+Taliban+regime+is+the+only+way+forward+for+Afghanistan&rft.date=2022-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlanticcouncil.org%2Fblogs%2Fsouthasiasource%2Fdismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbari2022" class="citation web cs1">Akbari, Farkhondeh (7 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan">"The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan">the original</a> on 14 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2022</span>. <q>In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington+University&rft.atitle=The+Risks+Facing+Hazaras+in+Taliban-ruled+Afghanistan&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.aulast=Akbari&rft.aufirst=Farkhondeh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextremism.gwu.edu%2Frisks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a> stated: "[The] declaration issued by the Islamic State is void under <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> and has dangerous consequences for the Sunnis in Iraq and for the revolt in Syria", adding that the title of caliph can "only be given by the entire Muslim nation", not by a single group. - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrange2014" class="citation news cs1">Strange, Hannah (5 July 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10948480/Islamic-State-leader-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-addresses-Muslims-in-Mosul.html">"Islamic State leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi addresses Muslims in Mosul"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/10948480/Islamic-State-leader-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-addresses-Muslims-in-Mosul.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Islamic+State+leader+Abu+Bakr+al-Baghdadi+addresses+Muslims+in+Mosul&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft.aulast=Strange&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fmiddleeast%2Firaq%2F10948480%2FIslamic-State-leader-Abu-Bakr-al-Baghdadi-addresses-Muslims-in-Mosul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunzel2019" class="citation web cs1">Bunzel, Cole (27 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jihadica.com/caliph-incognito/">"Caliph Incognito: The Ridicule of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi"</a>. <i>www.jihadica.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102184946/http://www.jihadica.com/caliph-incognito/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jihadica.com&rft.atitle=Caliph+Incognito%3A+The+Ridicule+of+Abu+Ibrahim+al-Hashimi&rft.date=2019-11-27&rft.aulast=Bunzel&rft.aufirst=Cole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jihadica.com%2Fcaliph-incognito%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamid2016" class="citation web cs1">Hamid, Shadi (1 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/11/01/what-a-caliphate-really-is-and-how-the-islamic-state-is-not-one/">"What a caliphate really is—and how the Islamic State is not one"</a>. <i>Brookings</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200401231616/https://www.brookings.edu/blog/markaz/2016/11/01/what-a-caliphate-really-is-and-how-the-islamic-state-is-not-one/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=What+a+caliphate+really+is%E2%80%94and+how+the+Islamic+State+is+not+one&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft.aulast=Hamid&rft.aufirst=Shadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Fblog%2Fmarkaz%2F2016%2F11%2F01%2Fwhat-a-caliphate-really-is-and-how-the-islamic-state-is-not-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2016" class="citation web cs1">Winter, Charlie (27 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/totalitarianism-101-islamic-states-offline-propaganda-strategy">"Totalitarianism 101: The Islamic State's Offline Propaganda Strategy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism+101%3A+The+Islamic+State%27s+Offline+Propaganda+Strategy&rft.date=2016-03-27&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawfaremedia.org%2Farticle%2Ftotalitarianism-101-islamic-states-offline-propaganda-strategy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilipec2020" class="citation book cs1">Filipec, Ondrej (2020). <i>The Islamic State From Terrorism to Totalitarian Insurgency</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780367457631" title="Special:BookSources/9780367457631"><bdi>9780367457631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamic+State+From+Terrorism+to+Totalitarian+Insurgency&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780367457631&rft.aulast=Filipec&rft.aufirst=Ondrej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter2019" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Bernholz (February 2019). "Supreme Values, Totalitarianism, and Terrorism". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice</i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Supreme+Values%2C+Totalitarianism%2C+and+Terrorism&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Public+Choice&rft.date=2019-02&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Bernholz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaslett2021" class="citation journal cs1">Haslett, Allison (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/scientia/article/download/2075/1251/5752">"The Islamic State: A Political-Religious Totalitarian Regime"</a>. <i>Scientia et Humanitas: A Journal of Student Research</i>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University" title="Middle Tennessee State University">Middle Tennessee State University</a>. <q>Islamic State embraces the most violent, extreme traits of Jihadi-Salafism. the State merged religious dogma and state control together to create a <i>political-religious totalitarian regime</i> that was not bound by physical borders</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientia+et+Humanitas%3A+A+Journal+of+Student+Research&rft.atitle=The+Islamic+State%3A+A+Political-Religious+Totalitarian+Regime.&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Haslett&rft.aufirst=Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibjournals.mtsu.edu%2Findex.php%2Fscientia%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F2075%2F1251%2F5752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D32PCwAAQBAJ"><i>European Dictatorships 1918-1945</i></a>. Routledge. 12 February 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-29422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-29422-1"><bdi>978-1-317-29422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Dictatorships+1918-1945&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016-02-12&rft.isbn=978-1-317-29422-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD32PCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JzAKEAAAQBAJ"><i>La construcción de la dictadura franquista en Cantabria</i></a>. Ed. Universidad de Cantabria. 20 November 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8102-695-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8102-695-5"><bdi>978-84-8102-695-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+construcci%C3%B3n+de+la+dictadura+franquista+en+Cantabria&rft.pub=Ed.+Universidad+de+Cantabria&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft.isbn=978-84-8102-695-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJzAKEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=angGEAAAQBAJ"><i>El Franquismo y la apropiación del pasado: El uso de la historia, de la arqueología y de la historia del arte para la legitimación de la dictadura</i></a>. Editorial Pablo Iglesias. 2 July 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-95886-89-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-95886-89-7"><bdi>978-84-95886-89-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Franquismo+y+la+apropiaci%C3%B3n+del+pasado%3A+El+uso+de+la+historia%2C+de+la+arqueolog%C3%ADa+y+de+la+historia+del+arte+para+la+legitimaci%C3%B3n+de+la+dictadura&rft.pub=Editorial+Pablo+Iglesias&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft.isbn=978-84-95886-89-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DangGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F5MXzFIHWmMC"><i>Estado y derecho en el franquismo: El nacionalsindicalismo. 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Centro de Estudios Constitucionales. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-259-1008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-259-1008-1"><bdi>978-84-259-1008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estado+y+derecho+en+el+franquismo%3A+El+nacionalsindicalismo.+F.+J.+Conde+y+Luis+Legaz+Lacambra&rft.pub=Centro+de+Estudios+Constitucionales&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-84-259-1008-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF5MXzFIHWmMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8cYk_ABfMJIC"><i>Totalitarian and Authoritarian Regimes</i></a>. Lynne Rienner Publishers. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55587-890-0"><bdi>978-1-55587-890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarian+and+Authoritarian+Regimes&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55587-890-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8cYk_ABfMJIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr3-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fr3_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ruja.ujaen.es/jspui/bitstream/10953/1800/1/978-84-1122-139-9.pdf">https://ruja.ujaen.es/jspui/bitstream/10953/1800/1/978-84-1122-139-9.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fr4-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fr4_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Prieto2021" class="citation journal cs1">González Prieto, Luis Aurelio (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistaderecho.posgrado.unam.mx/index.php/rpd/article/view/170/330">"La voluntad totalitaria del Franquismo"</a>. <i>Revista del Posgrado en Derecho de la Unam</i> (14): 44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22201%2Fppd.26831783e.2021.14.170">10.22201/ppd.26831783e.2021.14.170</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+del+Posgrado+en+Derecho+de+la+Unam&rft.atitle=La+voluntad+totalitaria+del+Franquismo&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=44&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22201%2Fppd.26831783e.2021.14.170&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Prieto&rft.aufirst=Luis+Aurelio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistaderecho.posgrado.unam.mx%2Findex.php%2Frpd%2Farticle%2Fview%2F170%2F330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViñas2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Viñas, Ángel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=511206"><i>En el combate por la historia: la República, la guerra civil, el franquismo</i></a> (in Spanish). Pasado y Presente. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8493914394" title="Special:BookSources/978-8493914394"><bdi>978-8493914394</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005174834/https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/libro?codigo=511206">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Univ of Wisconsin Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">323–</span>324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-11070-3"><bdi>978-0-299-11070-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franco+Regime%2C+1936%E2%80%931975&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E324&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-299-11070-3&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmgDWLYcTYIAC%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jensen, Geoffrey. "Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator". Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005. p. 110-111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReuter2014" class="citation web cs1">Reuter, Tim (19 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/timreuter/2014/05/19/before-chinas-transformation-there-was-the-spanish-miracle/#f5da6133b3e1">"Before China's Transformation, There Was The 'Spanish Miracle'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Forbes Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224061157/https://www.forbes.com/sites/timreuter/2014/05/19/before-chinas-transformation-there-was-the-spanish-miracle/#f5da6133b3e1">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes+Magazine&rft.atitle=Before+China%27s+Transformation%2C+There+Was+The+%27Spanish+Miracle%27&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft.aulast=Reuter&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftimreuter%2F2014%2F05%2F19%2Fbefore-chinas-transformation-there-was-the-spanish-miracle%2F%23f5da6133b3e1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Payne2000">Payne (2000)</a>, p. 645</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernholz_2017_p._33-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bernholz_2017_p._33_155-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernholz2017" class="citation book cs1">Bernholz, P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dyYmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33"><i>Totalitarianism, Terrorism and Supreme Values: History and Theory</i></a>. Studies in Public Choice. Springer International Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-56907-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-56907-9"><bdi>978-3-319-56907-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism%2C+Terrorism+and+Supreme+Values%3A+History+and+Theory&rft.series=Studies+in+Public+Choice&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-56907-9&rft.aulast=Bernholz&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdyYmDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Congleton_Grofman_Voigt_2018_p._860-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Congleton_Grofman_Voigt_2018_p._860_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongletonGrofmanVoigt2018" class="citation book cs1">Congleton, R.D.; Grofman, B.N.; Voigt, S. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLh9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA860"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Public Choice, Volume 1</i></a>. Oxford Handbooks. Oxford University Press. p. 860. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046974-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-046974-0"><bdi>978-0-19-046974-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Public+Choice%2C+Volume+1&rft.series=Oxford+Handbooks&rft.pages=860&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-046974-0&rft.aulast=Congleton&rft.aufirst=R.D.&rft.au=Grofman%2C+B.N.&rft.au=Voigt%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLh9DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA860&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maier_Schäfer_2007_p._264-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maier_Schäfer_2007_p._264_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaierSchäfer2007" class="citation book cs1">Maier, H.; Schäfer, M. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L4d8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264"><i>Totalitarianism and Political Religions, Volume II: Concepts for the Comparison of Dictatorships</i></a>. Totalitarianism Movements and Political Religions. Taylor & Francis. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06346-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06346-8"><bdi>978-1-134-06346-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism+and+Political+Religions%2C+Volume+II%3A+Concepts+for+the+Comparison+of+Dictatorships&rft.series=Totalitarianism+Movements+and+Political+Religions&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06346-8&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Sch%C3%A4fer%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL4d8AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caliphate claim of "Islamic State" group is disputed and declared as illegal by traditional <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Islamic scholarship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Totalitarianism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1958" class="citation book cs1">Arendt, Hannah (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheOriginsOfTotalitarianism/"><i>The Origins of Totalitarianism</i></a> (Second Enlarged ed.). New York: Meridian Books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58-11927">58-11927</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Totalitarianism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Second+Enlarged&rft.pub=Meridian+Books&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58-11927&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheOriginsOfTotalitarianism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Armstrong, John A. <i>The Politics of Totalitarianism</i> (New York: Random House, 1961).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBéja2019" class="citation journal cs1">Béja, Jean-Philippe (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2249726077">"Xi Jinping's China: On the Road to Neo-totalitarianism"</a>. <i>Social Research: An International Quarterly</i>. <b>86</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsor.2019.0009">10.1353/sor.2019.0009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:199140716">199140716</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/2249726077">2249726077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203215218/https://www.proquest.com/docview/2249726077">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Research%3A+An+International+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Xi+Jinping%27s+China%3A+On+the+Road+to+Neo-totalitarianism&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E230&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsor.2019.0009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A199140716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=B%C3%A9ja&rft.aufirst=Jean-Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F2249726077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATotalitarianism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bernholz, Peter. "Ideocracy and totalitarianism: A formal analysis incorporating ideology", <i>Public Choice</i> 108, 2001, pp. 33–75.</li> <li>Bernholz, Peter. "Ideology, sects, state and totalitarianism. A general theory". In: H. Maier and M. Schaefer (eds.): <i>Totalitarianism and Political Religions</i>, Vol. II (Routledge, 2007), pp. 246–270.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Borkenau, Franz</a>, <i>The Totalitarian Enemy</i> (London: Faber and Faber 1940).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher, Karl Dietrich</a>, "The Disputed Concept of Totalitarianism," pp. 11–33 from <i>Totalitarianism Reconsidered</i> edited by Ernest A. Menze (Kennikat Press, 1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804692688" title="Special:BookSources/0804692688">0804692688</a>.</li> <li>Congleton, Roger D. "Governance by true believers: Supreme duties with and without totalitarianism." <i>Constitutional Political Economy</i> 31.1 (2020): 111–141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rdc1.net/forthcoming/Supreme%20Values%20%286.3%20%20for%20CPE%29.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Connelly, John. "Totalitarianism: Defunct Theory, Useful Word" <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> 11#4 (2010) 819–835. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/398247/summary">online</a>.</li> <li>Curtis, Michael. <i>Totalitarianism</i> (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitarianism0000curt">online</a></li> <li>Devlin, Nicholas. "Hannah Arendt and Marxist Theories of Totalitarianism." <i>Modern Intellectual History</i> (2021): 1–23 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/BBBE9F1CDF3893E640378922DC33EF7E/S1479244321000603a.pdf/hannah-arendt-and-marxist-theories-of-totalitarianism.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Diamond, Larry. "The road to digital unfreedom: The threat of postmodern totalitarianism." <i>Journal of Democracy</i> 30.1 (2019): 20–24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/713719/summary">excerpt</a></li> <li>Fitzpatrick, Sheila, and Michael Geyer, eds. <i>Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2008).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Friedrich">Friedrich, Carl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Z. K. Brzezinski</a>, <i>Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy</i> (Harvard University Press, 1st ed. 1956, 2nd ed. 1965).</li> <li>Gach, Nataliia. "From totalitarianism to democracy: Building learner autonomy in Ukrainian higher education." <i>Issues in Educational Research</i> 30.2 (2020): 532–554. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iier.org.au/iier30/gach.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Gleason, Abbott. <i>Totalitarianism: The Inner History Of The Cold War</i> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195050177" title="Special:BookSources/0195050177">0195050177</a>.</li> <li>Gray, Phillip W. <i>Totalitarianism: The Basics</i> (New York: Routledge, 2023), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781032183732" title="Special:BookSources/9781032183732">9781032183732</a>.</li> <li>Gregor, A. <i>Totalitarianism and political religion</i> (Stanford University Press, 2020).</li> <li>Hanebrink, Paul. "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?" <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (July 2018) Vol. 53, Issue 3, pp. 622–643</li> <li>Hermet, Guy, with Pierre Hassner and Jacques Rupnik, <i>Totalitarismes</i> (Paris: Éditions Economica, 1984).</li> <li>Jainchill, Andrew, and Samuel Moyn. "French democracy between totalitarianism and solidarity: Pierre Rosanvallon and revisionist historiography." <i>Journal of Modern History</i> 76.1 (2004): 107–154. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/421186">online</a></li> <li>Joscelyne, Sophie. "Norman Mailer and American Totalitarianism in the 1960s." <i>Modern Intellectual History</i> 19.1 (2022): 241–267 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/wme3bmrkhvdmrkf76b6lj2rste/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/D9C056415A87BD6872B2221AB0382CFA/S1479244320000323a.pdf/div-class-title-norman-mailer-and-american-totalitarianism-in-the-1960s-div.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Keller, Marcello Sorce. "Why is Music so Ideological, Why Do Totalitarian States Take It So Seriously", <i>Journal of Musicological Research</i>, XXVI (2007), no. 2–3, pp. 91–122.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick, Jeane</a>, <i>Dictatorships and Double Standards: Rationalism and reason in politics</i> (London: Simon & Schuster, 1982).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Laqueur" title="Walter Laqueur">Laqueur, Walter</a>, <i>The Fate of the Revolution Interpretations of Soviet History From 1917 to the Present</i> (London: Collier Books, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/002034080X" title="Special:BookSources/002034080X">002034080X</a>.</li> <li>Menze, Ernest, ed. <i>Totalitarianism reconsidered</i> (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitarianismr0000unse">online</a> essays by experts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Omnipotent_Government:_The_Rise_of_the_Total_State_and_Total_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War">Omnipotent Government: The Rise of the Total State and Total War</a></i> (Yale University Press, 1944).</li> <li>Murray, Ewan. <i>Shut Up: Tale of Totalitarianism</i> (2005).</li> <li>Nicholls, A.J. "Historians and Totalitarianism: The Impact of German Unification." <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> 36.4 (2001): 653–661.</li> <li>Patrikeeff, Felix. "Stalinism, Totalitarian Society and the Politics of 'Perfect Control<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", <i>Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions</i>, (Summer 2003), Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp. 23–46.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne, Stanley G.</a>, <i>A History of Fascism</i> (London: Routledge, 1996).</li> <li>Rak, Joanna, and Roman Bäcker. "Theory behind Russian Quest for Totalitarianism. Analysis of Discursive Swing in Putin's Speeches." <i>Communist and Post-Communist Studies</i> 53.1 (2020): 13–26 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucp.silverchair.com/cpcs/article-pdf/53/1/13/384689/cpcs_53_1_013.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Roberts, David D. <i>Totalitarianism</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rocker" title="Rudolf Rocker">Rocker, Rudolf</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_Culture" title="Nationalism and Culture">Nationalism and Culture</a></i> (Covici-Friede, 1937).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Sartori" title="Giovanni Sartori">Sartori, Giovanni</a>, <i>The Theory of Democracy Revisited</i> (Chatham, N.J: <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a>, 1987).</li> <li>Sauer, Wolfgang. "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?" <i>American Historical Review</i>, Volume 73, Issue #2 (December 1967): 404–424. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1866167">online</a>.</li> <li>Saxonberg, Steven. <i>Pre-modernity, totalitarianism and the non-banality of evil: A comparison of Germany, Spain, Sweden and France</i> (Springer Nature, 2019).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Schapiro" title="Leonard Schapiro">Schapiro, Leonard</a>. <i>Totalitarianism</i> (London: The Pall Mall Press, 1972).</li> <li>Selinger, William. "The politics of Arendtian historiography: European federation and the origins of totalitarianism." <i>Modern Intellectual History</i> 13.2 (2016): 417–446.</li> <li>Skotheim, Robert Allen. <i>Totalitarianism and American social thought</i> (1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalitarianisma00robe">online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Talmon" class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Talmon">Talmon, J. L.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarian_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy">The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy</a></i> (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1952).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Traverso" title="Enzo Traverso">Traverso, Enzo</a>, <i>Le Totalitarisme : Le XXe siècle en débat</i> (Paris: Poche, 2001).</li> <li>Tuori, Kaius. "Narratives and Normativity: Totalitarianism and Narrative Change in the European Legal Tradition after World War II." <i>Law and History Review</i> 37.2 (2019): 605–638 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.archive.org/work/7iwqcyovg5fxxm2ebumu3hvfd4/access/wayback/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/B514D8830B3312A8B45B039922FE26D7/S0738248019000130a.pdf/div-class-title-narratives-and-normativity-totalitarianism-and-narrative-change-in-the-european-legal-tradition-after-world-war-ii-div.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a>, <i>Did Somebody Say Totalitarianism?</i> (London: Verso, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/didsomebodysayto0000zize">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_dictatorship" title="Civilian dictatorship">Civilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_strongman" title="Political strongman">Strongman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_totalitarian_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of totalitarian states">List of totalitarian states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._N._Aidit" title="D. N. Aidit">Aidit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Brazil" title="Communism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">Crimes against humanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060491-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Totalitarianism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85136217">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Totalitarisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318777r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Totalitarisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13318777r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00574613">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="totalitarismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116467&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535012505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541466705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644609">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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[\"CITEREFClarke1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCongletonGrofmanVoigt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnelly2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConquest1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaviesHarris2005\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFDefty2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelzell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilipec2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuentes2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuentes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGentileMussolini1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzález_Prieto2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGregor1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrobman1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilhot2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanebrink2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHashem2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaslett2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaynesKlehr2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelbingFreyGigerenzer2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelbingFreyGigerenzerHafen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorkheimerAdornoNoeri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHough1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Michie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershawLewin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhamis,_B._Gold,_Vaughn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirkpatrick1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaqueur1987\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFLeighLee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenoe2002\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFLevitskyWay2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinz,_Juan_José2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLosurdo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucas2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadadi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaierSchäfer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMawdsley2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPhee2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeininghaus2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNemoianu1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeumayer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrd2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrwell1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParenti1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPayne1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetras1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickett2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPipes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopper2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReisch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReuter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiasanovskySteinberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRileySiewers2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinstein2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFS.Margolis2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaad2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSadr2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakhi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaladdin2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalvadó2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1927\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchönpflug2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShorten2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiegel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrange2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTagoWayman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTismăneanu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToth2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraverso2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTraverso2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurchinDenkenberger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwiss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilla2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVincent2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViñas2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedeen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrong\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmerman1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuboff2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFŽižek2002\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"Authoritarian types of rule\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite IEP\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 97,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Communism\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 2,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Political philosophy\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","23.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","300","21.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","15.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","4.2"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","2.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","2.8"],["[others]","260","18.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ptn9n","timestamp":"20250217060509","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Totalitarianism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Totalitarianism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128135","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q128135","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-08-05T23:41:05Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T06:05:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f1\/JStalin_Secretary_general_CCCP_1942.jpg","headline":"political system in which the state holds total authority"}</script> </body> </html>