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aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-February_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#February_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>February Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-February_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>German support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unrest_by_workers,_peasants,_and_soldiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unrest_by_workers,_peasants,_and_soldiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Unrest by workers, peasants, and soldiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unrest_by_workers,_peasants,_and_soldiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antiwar_demonstrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiwar_demonstrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Antiwar demonstrations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiwar_demonstrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-July_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#July_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>July days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-July_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kornilov_affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kornilov_affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Kornilov affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kornilov_affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Revolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Onset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assault_on_the_Winter_Palace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assault_on_the_Winter_Palace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Assault on the Winter Palace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assault_on_the_Winter_Palace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dybenko's_disputed_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dybenko's_disputed_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dybenko's disputed role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dybenko's_disputed_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Soviet_portrayal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Soviet_portrayal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Later Soviet portrayal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Soviet_portrayal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Outcome</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Outcome subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outcome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_government_established" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_government_established"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>New government established</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_government_established-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-Bolshevik_sentiment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Bolshevik_sentiment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Anti-Bolshevik sentiment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Bolshevik_sentiment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Governmental reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_the_spread_of_Soviet_power_(Gregorian_calendar_dates)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_the_spread_of_Soviet_power_(Gregorian_calendar_dates)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_the_spread_of_Soviet_power_(Gregorian_calendar_dates)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Russian Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historiography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soviet_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Soviet historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Western historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Totalitarian"_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Totalitarian"_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>"Totalitarian" historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Totalitarian"_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Revisionist"_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Revisionist"_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>"Revisionist" historians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Revisionist"_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_of_the_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_on_historical_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_of_the_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_on_historical_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Effect of the dissolution of the Soviet Union on historical research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effect_of_the_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_on_historical_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">October Revolution</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 106 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-106" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">106 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winterfylle%C3%BEes_Ofer%C3%BEr%C4%81wende" title="Winterfylleþes Oferþrāwende – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Winterfylleþes Oferþrāwende" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الثورة البلشفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الثورة البلشفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոկտեմբերեան Յեղափոխութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հոկտեմբերեան Յեղափոխութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_d%27Ochobre_de_1917" title="Revolución d'Ochobre de 1917 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Revolución d'Ochobre de 1917" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktyabr_inqilab%C4%B1" title="Oktyabr inqilabı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Oktyabr inqilabı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="اوکتوبر اینقیلابی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکتوبر اینقیلابی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC" title="অক্টোবর বিপ্লব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অক্টোবর বিপ্লব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha%CC%8Dp-goe%CC%8Dh_Kek-b%C4%93ng" title="Cha̍p-goe̍h Kek-bēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cha̍p-goe̍h Kek-bēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Октябрь революцияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Октябрь революцияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Кастрычніцкая рэвалюцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кастрычніцкая рэвалюцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Кастрычніцкі пераварот – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кастрычніцкі пераварот" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Октомврийска революция – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Октомврийска революция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobarska_revolucija" title="Oktobarska revolucija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oktobarska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispac%27h_miz_Here" title="Dispac'h miz Here – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dispac'h miz Here" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Октябриин хубисхал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Октябриин хубисхал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3_d%27Octubre_de_1917" title="Revolució d'Octubre de 1917 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolució d'Octubre de 1917" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9%C4%95" title="Аслă Октябрь социализм революцийĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аслă Октябрь социализм революцийĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%ADjnov%C3%A1_revoluce" title="Říjnová revoluce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říjnová revoluce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionen" title="Oktoberrevolutionen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oktoberrevolutionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolution" title="Oktoberrevolution – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oktoberrevolution" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoobrirevolutsioon" title="Oktoobrirevolutsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oktoobrirevolutsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%89%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE_%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Οκτωβριανή Επανάσταση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οκτωβριανή Επανάσταση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Octubre" title="Revolución de Octubre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Revolución de Octubre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobra_Revolucio" title="Oktobra Revolucio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Oktobra Revolucio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urriko_Iraultza" title="Urriko Iraultza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urriko Iraultza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="انقلاب اکتبر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انقلاب اکتبر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_d%27Octobre" title="Révolution d'Octobre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolution d'Octobre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevol%C3%BAsje" title="Oktoberrevolúsje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oktoberrevolúsje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9abhl%C3%B3id_Dheireadh_F%C3%B3mhair" title="Réabhlóid Dheireadh Fómhair – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réabhlóid Dheireadh Fómhair" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluci%C3%B3n_de_Outubro" title="Revolución de Outubro – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolución de Outubro" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%EC%9B%94_%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85" title="10월 혁명 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="10월 혁명" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոկտեմբերյան հեղափոխություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոկտեմբերյան հեղափոխություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अक्तूबर समाजवादी क्रांति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्तूबर समाजवादी क्रांति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobarska_revolucija" title="Oktobarska revolucija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oktobarska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revoluciono_oktobrala" title="Revoluciono oktobrala – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Revoluciono oktobrala" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mgbanwe_%E1%BB%8Cktoba" title="Mgbanwe Ọktoba – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mgbanwe Ọktoba" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Revolusi Oktober" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Октябры революци – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Октябры революци" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okt%C3%B3berbyltingin" title="Októberbyltingin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Októberbyltingin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivoluzione_d%27ottobre" title="Rivoluzione d'ottobre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivoluzione d'ottobre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="מהפכת אוקטובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מהפכת אוקטובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ოქტომბრის რევოლუცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოქტომბრის რევოლუცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D2%A3%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Қазан төңкерісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қазан төңкерісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eore%C5%9Fa_Cotmeh%C3%AA" title="Şoreşa Cotmehê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şoreşa Cotmehê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Октябрь революциясы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Октябрь революциясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%B7%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B8%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ການປະຕິວັດເດືອນຕຸລາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ການປະຕິວັດເດືອນຕຸລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_novae_Octobres" title="Res novae Octobres – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res novae Octobres" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobra_revol%C5%ABcija" title="Oktobra revolūcija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Oktobra revolūcija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Октябрдин революция – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Октябрдин революция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spalio_revoliucija" title="Spalio revoliucija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spalio revoliucija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolui_Rusce" title="Revolui Rusce – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Revolui Rusce" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917-es_okt%C3%B3beri_orosz_forradalom" title="1917-es októberi orosz forradalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1917-es októberi orosz forradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Октомвриска револуција – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Октомвриска револуција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%B4lisi%C3%B4nan%27_ny_%C3%94kt%C3%B4bra" title="Revôlisiônan' ny Ôktôbra – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Revôlisiônan' ny Ôktôbra" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82" title="ഒക്ടോബർ വിപ്ലവം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒക്ടോബർ വിപ്ലവം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ऑक्टोबर क्रांती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑक्टोबर क्रांती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الثوره البلشفيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الثوره البلشفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Revolusi Oktober" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Октябрийн хувьсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Октябрийн хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolutie" title="Oktoberrevolutie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oktoberrevolutie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="अक्टोबर क्रान्ति – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अक्टोबर क्रान्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E6%9C%88%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="十月革命 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="十月革命" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Октябран революци – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Октябран революци" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolusjonen" title="Oktoberrevolusjonen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oktoberrevolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolusjonen" title="Oktoberrevolusjonen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oktoberrevolusjonen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucion_d%27Octobre" title="Revolucion d'Octobre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revolucion d'Octobre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktyabr_inqilobi" title="Oktyabr inqilobi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oktyabr inqilobi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" title="ਅਕਤੂਬਰ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਕਤੂਬਰ ਇਨਕਲਾਬ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="د اکتوبر انقلاب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د اکتوبر انقلاب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%B6" title="បដិវត្តន៍ខែតុលា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បដិវត្តន៍ខែតុលា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolutschoon" title="Oktoberrevolutschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Oktoberrevolutschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewolucja_pa%C5%BAdziernikowa" title="Rewolucja październikowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewolucja październikowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Outubro" title="Revolução de Outubro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolução de Outubro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okt%C3%A2br_avdarmas%C4%B1" title="Oktâbr avdarması – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Oktâbr avdarması" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C8%9Bia_din_Octombrie" title="Revoluția din Octombrie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revoluția din Octombrie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Октоброва револуція – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Октоброва револуція" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Октябрьская революция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Октябрьская революция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BA%D1%82%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BF_%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%81%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Өктөөп өрөбөлүүссүйэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өктөөп өрөбөлүүссүйэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolutzione_de_santugaine" title="Rivolutzione de santugaine – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Rivolutzione de santugaine" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolucioni_i_tetorit" title="Revolucioni i tetorit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Revolucioni i tetorit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivuluzzioni_d%27utt%C3%B9viru" title="Rivuluzzioni d'uttùviru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rivuluzzioni d'uttùviru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="ඔක්තොම්බර් විප්ලවය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඔක්තොම්බර් විප්ලවය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="October Revolution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okt%C3%B3brov%C3%A1_revol%C3%BAcia" title="Októbrová revolúcia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Októbrová revolúcia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobrska_revolucija" title="Oktobrska revolucija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oktobrska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%86%DA%95%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%84%D8%B4%DB%8E%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شۆڕشی بۆلشێڤیکەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شۆڕشی بۆلشێڤیکەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Октобарска револуција – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Октобарска револуција" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktobarska_revolucija" title="Oktobarska revolucija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oktobarska revolucija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lokakuun_vallankumous" title="Lokakuun vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lokakuun vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktoberrevolutionen" title="Oktoberrevolutionen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oktoberrevolutionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himagsikang_Oktubre" title="Himagsikang Oktubre – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Himagsikang Oktubre" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="அக்டோபர் புரட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அக்டோபர் புரட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Бөек Октябрь инкыйлабы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бөек Октябрь инкыйлабы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Second of two 1917 revolutions in Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Red October" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Red_October_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Red October (disambiguation)">Red October (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="October Revolution (disambiguation)">October Revolution (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/November_Revolution_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="November Revolution (disambiguation)">November Revolution (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">October Revolution</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">revolutions of 1917–1923</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg/300px-After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg/450px-After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg/600px-After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="591" /></a></span><br />The <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> of Petrograd, one day after the insurrection, 8 November</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7 November 1917 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 October]</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Petrograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Bolshevik victory</li></ul></div> <ul><li>End of <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">dual power</a></li> <li>Dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_All-Russian_Congress_of_Workers%27_and_Soldiers%27_Deputies%27_Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Second All-Russian Congress of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies' Soviets">Second Congress of Soviets</a> proclaims itself as the supreme governing body of the country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a> fails to retake the capital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election</a> held</li> <li>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/23px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/35px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Socialist_red_flag.svg/45px-Socialist_red_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia#October_Revolution" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a><br /></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Antonov-Ovseenko" title="Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko">Vladimir Ovseenko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Dybenko" title="Pavel Dybenko">Pavel Dybenko</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>10,000 Red sailors</li><li>20,000–30,000 Red Guard soldiers</li><li>Unknown number of workers<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>500–1,000 volunteer soldiers</li><li>1,000 soldiers of the women's battalion</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Few Red Guard soldiers wounded<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> All imprisoned or deserted</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolchak_Coup" title="Kolchak Coup">Kolchak Coup</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theaters_of_theRussian_Civil_War4626" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Russian Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russian_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russian Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers intervention</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Northern</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Russia_intervention" title="North Russia intervention">North Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising_and_Soviet%E2%80%93Finnish_conflict_of_1921%E2%80%9322" class="mw-redirect" title="East Karelian uprising and Soviet–Finnish conflict of 1921–22">Eastern Karelia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Western</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrograd" title="Battle of Petrograd">Petrograd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Poland</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Southern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Southern Front of the Russian Civil War">Southern</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian-Soviet_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian-Soviet War">Ukrainian-Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Western Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia_intervention" title="Southern Russia intervention">South Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_military_intervention_in_Bessarabia" title="Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Caucasus_expedition" title="German Caucasus expedition">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenia and Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Eastern Front of the Russian Civil War">Eastern</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Czechoslovak_Legion" title="Revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion">Czechoslovak Legionary Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kazan_by_the_White_Army" title="Capture of Kazan by the White Army">1st Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Operation" title="Kazan Operation">2nd Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm_Operation_(1918-1919)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perm Operation (1918-1919)">1st Perm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_offensive_of_the_White_Army" title="Spring offensive of the White Army">Spring 1919 offensive of the White Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_counteroffensive" title="Eastern Front counteroffensive">Spring 1919 counteroffensive of the Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siberian_Ice_March" title="Great Siberian Ice March">Great Siberian Ice March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chita_Operations" title="Chita Operations">Chita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1921">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_revolt_(1921)" title="Yakut revolt (1921)">Yakut revolt</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Front_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Asian Front of the Russian Civil War">Central Asian</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Revolution" title="Bukharan Revolution">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_Revolution" title="Khivan Revolution">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/220px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/330px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg/440px-Red_Guard_Vulkan_factory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guard</a> unit of the Vulkan factory in Petrograd, October 1917</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/220px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/330px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg/440px-Kustodiev_The_Bolshevik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption><i>Bolshevik</i> (1920) by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev" title="Boris Kustodiev">Boris Kustodiev</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png/220px-Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png/330px-Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png/440px-Exterminists%27_Rise_in_Power_in_Russia.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> headline from 9 November 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>October Revolution</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the <b>Great October Socialist Revolution</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in <a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet historiography</a>), <b>October coup</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges1996[httpwwworlandofigesinfosection6_TheOctoberRevolution1917LeninandtheOctoberCoupphp_Section_6:_The_October_Revolution_1917]_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges1996[httpwwworlandofigesinfosection6_TheOctoberRevolution1917LeninandtheOctoberCoupphp_Section_6:_The_October_Revolution_1917]-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_trr_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_trr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Bolshevik coup</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-eb_trr_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb_trr-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>Bolshevik revolution</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the second of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">two revolutions</a> in Russia in 1917. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> as part of the broader Russian Revolution of 1917–1923. It began through an <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> in Petrograd (now <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>) on 7 November 1917 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 25 October]. It was the precipitating event of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. The initial stage of the October Revolution, which involved the assault on Petrograd, occurred largely without any casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolutionbloodlesspgPA343_343]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolutionbloodlesspgPA343_343]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The October Revolution followed and capitalized on the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> earlier that year, which had led to the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Nicholas_II" title="Abdication of Nicholas II">abdication of Nicholas II</a> and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. The provisional government, led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a>, had taken power after <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael</a>, the younger brother of Nicholas II, declined to take power. During this time, urban workers began to organize into councils (<a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a>) wherein revolutionaries criticized the provisional government and its actions. The provisional government remained unpopular, especially because it was continuing to fight in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and had ruled with an iron fist throughout mid-1917 (including killing hundreds of protesters in the <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a>). It declared the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> on 1 [N.S. 14 ] September 1917. </p><p>The situation grew critical in late 1917 as the <a href="/wiki/Directorate_(Russia)" title="Directorate (Russia)">Directorate</a>, led by the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Socialist-Revolutionaries_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (Russia)">Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries</a> (SRs), controlled the government. The <a href="/wiki/Far-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-left">far-left</a> Bolsheviks were deeply unhappy with the government, and began spreading calls for a military uprising. On 10 [N.S. 23] October 1917, the <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, voted to back a military uprising. On 24 October [N.S. 6 November], the government closed numerous newspapers and closed Petrograd, attempting to forestall the revolution; minor armed skirmishes ensued. The next day, a full-scale uprising erupted as a fleet of Bolshevik sailors entered the harbor and tens of thousands of soldiers rose up in support of the Bolsheviks. Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Guard (Russia)">Red Guards</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Military-Revolutionary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Military-Revolutionary Committee">Military-Revolutionary Committee</a> began to occupy government buildings. In the early morning of 26 October [N.S. 8 November], they captured the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a> — the seat of the Provisional government located in Petrograd, then capital of Russia. </p><p>As the revolution was not universally recognized, the country descended into <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a>, which would last until late 1922 and ultimately lead to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The historiography of the event has varied. The victorious Soviet Union viewed it as a validation of <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">its ideology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">triumph of the working class over capitalism</a>. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">western allies later intervened</a> against the Bolsheviks in the civil war. The Revolution inspired many cultural works and ignited communist movements globally. <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution_Day" title="October Revolution Day">October Revolution Day</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Public holiday in the Soviet Union">public holiday in the Soviet Union</a>, marking its key role in the state's founding, and many <a href="/wiki/Communist_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist parties">communist parties</a> around the world celebrate it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite occurring in November of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>, the event is most commonly known as the "October Revolution" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Октябрьская революция</span></span>) because at the time Russia still used the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. The event is sometimes known as the "November Revolution", after the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">modernized its calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunyanFisher1934385_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunyanFisher1934385-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To avoid confusion, both O.S and N.S. dates have been given for events. For more details see <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a>. It was sometimes known as the Bolshevik Revolution, or the Communist Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially the event was referred to as the "October coup" (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Октябрьский переворот</span></span>) or the "Uprising of the 3rd", as seen in contemporary documents, for example in the first editions of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a>'s complete works.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="February_Revolution">February Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: February Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> had toppled Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a> and replaced his government with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a>. However, the provisional government was weak and riven by internal dissension. It continued to wage <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, which became increasingly unpopular. There was a nationwide crisis affecting social, economic, and political relations. Disorder in industry and transport had intensified, and difficulties in obtaining provisions had increased. Gross industrial production in 1917 decreased by over 36% of what it had been in 1914. In the autumn, as much as 50% of all enterprises in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Urals</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a>, and other industrial centers were closed down, leading to mass unemployment. At the same time, the cost of living increased sharply. Real wages fell to about 50% of what they had been in 1913. By October 1917, Russia's national debt had risen to 50 billion <a href="/wiki/Rouble" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouble">roubles</a>. Of this, debts to foreign governments constituted more than 11 billion roubles. The country faced the threat of financial <a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_support">German support</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/April_Crisis" title="April Crisis">April Crisis</a></div> <p>Vladimir Lenin, who had been living in exile in Switzerland, with other dissidents organized a plan to negotiate a passage for them through Germany, with whom Russia was then at war. Recognizing that these dissidents could cause problems for their Russian enemies, the German government agreed to permit 32 Russian citizens, among them Lenin and his wife, to travel in a <a href="/wiki/Sealed_train" title="Sealed train">sealed train</a> carriage through their territory. </p><p>Upon his arrival in Petrograd on 3 April 1917, Lenin issued his <a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a> that called on the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> to take over the Provisional Government, usurp power, and end the war. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unrest_by_workers,_peasants,_and_soldiers"><span id="Unrest_by_workers.2C_peasants.2C_and_soldiers"></span>Unrest by workers, peasants, and soldiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Unrest by workers, peasants, and soldiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout June, July, and August 1917, it was common to hear working-class Russians speak about their lack of confidence in the Provisional Government. Factory workers around Russia felt unhappy with the growing shortages of food, supplies, and other materials. They blamed their managers or foremen and would even attack them in the factories. The workers blamed many rich and influential individuals for the overall shortage of food and poor living conditions. Workers saw these rich and powerful individuals as opponents of the Revolution and called them "bourgeois", "capitalist", and "imperialist".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September and October 1917, there were mass <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike actions</a> by the Moscow and Petrograd workers, miners in the Donbas, metalworkers in the Urals, oil workers in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, textile workers in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Industrial_Region_(Poland)" title="Central Industrial Region (Poland)">Central Industrial Region</a>, and railroad workers on 44 railway lines. In these months alone, more than a million workers took part in strikes. Workers established control over production and distribution in many factories and plants in a <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1984_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1984-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Workers organized these strikes through <a href="/wiki/Factory_committee" title="Factory committee">factory committees</a>. The factory committees represented the workers and were able to negotiate better working conditions, pay, and hours. Even though workplace conditions may have been increasing in quality, the overall quality of life for workers was not improving. There were still shortages of food and the increased wages workers had obtained did little to provide for their families.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By October 1917, peasant uprisings were common. By autumn, the peasant movement against the landowners had spread to 482 of 624 counties, or 77% of the country. As 1917 progressed, the peasantry increasingly began to lose faith that the land would be distributed to them by the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Social Revolutionaries</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>. Refusing to continue living as before, they increasingly took measures into their own hands, as can be seen by the increase in the number and militancy of the peasant's actions. Over 42% of all the cases of destruction (usually burning down and seizing property from the landlord's estate) recorded between February and October occurred in October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1932859–864_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1932859–864-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the uprisings varied in severity, complete uprisings and seizures of the land were not uncommon. Less robust forms of protest included marches on landowner manors and government offices, as well as withholding and storing grains rather than selling them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017196–197_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017196–197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Provisional Government sent punitive detachments, it only enraged the peasants. In September, the garrisons in Petrograd, Moscow, and other cities, the Northern and Western fronts, and the sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> declared through their elected representative body <a href="/wiki/Tsentrobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsentrobalt">Tsentrobalt</a> that they did not recognize the authority of the Provisional Government and would not carry out any of its commands.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soldiers' wives were key players in the unrest in the villages. From 1914 to 1917, almost 50% of healthy men were sent to war, and many were killed on the front, resulting in many females being head of the household. Often—when government allowances were late and were not sufficient to match the rising costs of goods—soldiers' wives sent masses of appeals to the government, which went largely unanswered. Frustration resulted, and these women were influential in inciting "subsistence riots"—also referred to as "hunger riots", "<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>", or "baba riots". In these riots, citizens seized food and resources from shop owners, who they believed to be charging unfair prices. Upon police intervention, protesters responded with "rakes, sticks, rocks, and fists."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017193–194_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017193–194-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiwar_demonstrations">Antiwar demonstrations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antiwar demonstrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a diplomatic note of 1 May, the minister of foreign affairs, <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a>, expressed the Provisional Government's desire to continue the war against the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> "to a victorious conclusion", arousing broad indignation. On 1–4 May, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and, after them, the workers and soldiers of other cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading "Down with the war!" and "All power to the soviets!" The mass demonstrations resulted in a crisis for the Provisional Government.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1 July saw more demonstrations, as about 500,000 workers and soldiers in Petrograd demonstrated, again demanding "all power to the soviets," "down with the war," and "down with the ten capitalist ministers." The Provisional Government opened an <a href="/wiki/Kerensky_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerensky Offensive">offensive</a> against the Central Powers on 1 July, which soon collapsed. The news of the offensive's failure intensified the struggle of the workers and the soldiers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="July_days">July days</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: July days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg/220px-19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg/330px-19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg/440px-19170704_Riot_on_Nevsky_prosp_Petrograd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption>A scene from the July Days. The army has just opened fire on street protesters.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 16 July, spontaneous demonstrations of workers and soldiers began in Petrograd, demanding that power be turned over to the soviets. The Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> provided leadership to the spontaneous movements. On 17 July, over 500,000 people participated in what was intended to be a peaceful demonstration in Petrograd, the so-called <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a>. The Provisional Government, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Socialist-Revolutionary_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist-Revolutionary Party">Socialist-Revolutionary Party</a>-<a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> leaders of the All-Russian Executive Committee of the Soviets, ordered an armed attack against the demonstrators, killing hundreds.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A period of repression followed. On 5–6 July, attacks were made on the editorial offices and printing presses of <i><a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a></i> and on the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Political_History_of_Russia_(St._Petersburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Political History of Russia (St. Petersburg)">Palace of Kshesinskaya</a>, where the Central Committee and the Petrograd Committee of the Bolsheviks were located. On 7 July, the government ordered the arrest and trial of <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, who was forced to go underground, as he had done under the <a href="/wiki/Tsarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist">Tsarist</a> regime. Bolsheviks were arrested, workers were disarmed, and revolutionary military units in Petrograd were disbanded or sent to the war front. On 12 July, the Provisional Government published a law introducing the death penalty at the front. The second coalition government was formed on 24 July, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> and consisted mostly of Socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerensky's government introduced a number of liberal rights, such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, equality before the law, and the right to form unions and arrange <a href="/wiki/Labor_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor strike">labor strikes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In response to a Bolshevik appeal, Moscow's working class began a protest strike of 400,000 workers. They were supported by strikes and protest rallies by workers in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ekaterinburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekaterinburg">Ekaterinburg</a>, and other cities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kornilov_affair">Kornilov affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kornilov affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></div> <p>In what became known as the Kornilov affair, General <a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a>, who had been Commander-in-Chief since 18 July, with Kerensky's agreement directed an army under <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Krymov" title="Aleksandr Krymov">Aleksandr Krymov</a> to march toward Petrograd to restore order.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to some accounts, Kerensky appeared to become frightened by the possibility that the army would stage a coup, and reversed the order. By contrast, historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> has argued that the episode was engineered by Kerensky.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 August, feeling betrayed by the government, Kornilov pushed on towards Petrograd. With few troops to spare at the front, Kerensky turned to the Petrograd Soviet for help. Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries confronted the army and convinced them to stand down.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks' influence over railroad and telegraph workers also proved vital in stopping the movement of troops. The political right felt betrayed, and the left was resurgent. The first direct consequence of Kornilov's failed coup was the formal abolition of the monarchy and the proclamation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> on 1 September.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Kornilov defeated, the Bolsheviks' popularity in the soviets grew significantly, both in the central and local areas. On 31 August, the Petrograd Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies—and, on 5 September, the Moscow Soviet Workers Deputies—adopted the Bolshevik resolutions on the question of power. The Bolsheviks were able to take over in <a href="/wiki/Briansk" class="mw-redirect" title="Briansk">Briansk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara,_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Samara, Russia">Samara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsyn">Tsaritsyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Kiev, <a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a>, and other cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution">Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planning">Planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CruiserAurora061609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CruiserAurora061609.jpg/220px-CruiserAurora061609.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CruiserAurora061609.jpg/330px-CruiserAurora061609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/CruiserAurora061609.jpg/440px-CruiserAurora061609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Aurora" title="Russian cruiser Aurora"><i>Aurora</i></a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GunAurora061609.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GunAurora061609.jpg/220px-GunAurora061609.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GunAurora061609.jpg/330px-GunAurora061609.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/GunAurora061609.jpg/440px-GunAurora061609.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Forward gun of <i>Aurora</i> that fired the signal shot</figcaption></figure> <p>On 10 October 1917 (O.S.; 23 October, N.S.), the Bolsheviks' <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> voted 10–2 for a resolution saying that "an armed uprising is inevitable, and that the time for it is fully ripe."<sup id="cite_ref-RevoltApproved_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RevoltApproved-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the Committee meeting, Lenin discussed how the people of Russia had waited long enough for "an armed uprising," and it was the Bolsheviks' time to take power. Lenin expressed his confidence in the success of the planned insurrection. His confidence stemmed from months of Bolshevik buildup of power and successful elections to different committees and councils in major cities such as <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a> and Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership of the Bolshevik party had risen from 24,000 members in February 1917 to 200,000 members by September 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bolsheviks created a revolutionary military committee within the Petrograd soviet, led by the Soviet's president, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>. The committee included armed workers, sailors, and soldiers, and assured the support or neutrality of the capital's garrison. The committee methodically planned to occupy strategic locations through the city, almost without concealing their preparations: the Provisional Government's President Kerensky was himself aware of them; and some details, leaked by <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, were published in newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-arte_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arte-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suny2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onset">Onset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Onset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_in_1920_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Lenin_in_1920_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2372" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik party">Bolshevik party</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:199px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/134px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/201px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/268px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> and a key figure in the October Revolution.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In the early morning of 24 October (O.S.; 6 November N.S.), a group of soldiers loyal to <a href="/wiki/Directorate_(Russia)" title="Directorate (Russia)">Kerensky's government</a> marched on the printing house of the Bolshevik newspaper, <i>Rabochiy put</i> (<i>Worker's Path</i>), seizing and destroying printing equipment and thousands of newspapers. Shortly thereafter, the government announced the immediate closure of not only <i>Rabochiy put</i> but also the left-wing <i>Soldat</i>, as well as the far-right newspapers <i>Zhivoe slovo</i> and <i>Novaia Rus</i>. The editors and contributors of these newspapers were seen to be calling for insurrection and were to be prosecuted on criminal charges.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response, at 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. the Bolshevik <a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a> issued a statement denouncing the government's actions. At 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m., Bolshevik-aligned soldiers successfully retook the <i>Rabochiy put</i> printing house. Kerensky responded at approximately 3<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. that afternoon by ordering the raising of all but one of Petrograd's bridges, a tactic used by the government several months earlier during the <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a>. What followed was a series of sporadic clashes over control of the bridges, between <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guard</a> militias aligned with the Military-Revolutionary Committee and military units still loyal to the government. At approximately 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. the Military-Revolutionary Committee seized the Central Telegraph of Petrograd, giving the Bolsheviks control over communications through the city.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bard_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bard-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 October (O.S.; 7 November, N.S.) 1917, the Bolsheviks led their forces in the uprising in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg, then capital of Russia) against the Provisional Government. The event coincided with the arrival of a pro-Bolshevik flotilla—consisting primarily of five destroyers and their crews, as well as marines—in Petrograd harbor. At <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, sailors announced their allegiance to the Bolshevik insurrection. In the early morning, from its heavily guarded and picketed headquarters in Smolny Palace, the Military-Revolutionary Committee designated the last of the locations to be assaulted or seized. The Red Guards systematically captured major government facilities, key communication installations, and vantage points with little opposition. The <a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Garrison</a> and most of the city's military units joined the insurrection against the Provisional Government.<sup id="cite_ref-suny2011_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The insurrection was timed and organized to hand state power to the <a href="/wiki/Second_All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets_of_Workers%27_and_Soldiers%27_Deputies" title="Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies">Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies</a>, which began on this day. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>After the majority of the petrograd Soviet passed into the hands of the Bolsheviks, [Trotsky] was elected its chairman and in that position organized and led the insurrection of October 25. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Lenin on the organization of the October Revolution, Vol.XIV of the <i>Collected Works</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Kerensky and the Provisional Government were virtually helpless to offer significant resistance. Railways and railway stations had been controlled by Soviet workers and soldiers for days, making rail travel to and from Petrograd impossible for Provisional Government officials. The Provisional Government was also unable to locate any serviceable vehicles. On the morning of the insurrection, Kerensky desperately searched for a means of reaching military forces he hoped would be friendly to the Provisional Government outside the city and ultimately borrowed a <a href="/wiki/Renault" title="Renault">Renault</a> car from the American embassy, which he drove from the Winter Palace, along with a <a href="/wiki/Pierce-Arrow_Motor_Car_Company" title="Pierce-Arrow Motor Car Company">Pierce Arrow</a>. Kerensky was able to evade the pickets going up around the palace and to drive to meet approaching soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Kerensky left Petrograd, Lenin wrote a proclamation <i>To the Citizens of Russia</i>, stating that the Provisional Government had been overthrown by the Military-Revolutionary Committee. The proclamation was sent by telegraph throughout Russia, even as the pro-Soviet soldiers were seizing important control centers throughout the city. One of Lenin's intentions was to present members of the Soviet congress, who would assemble that afternoon, with a <i>fait accompli</i> and thus forestall further debate on the wisdom or legitimacy of taking power.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assault_on_the_Winter_Palace">Assault on the Winter Palace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assault on the Winter Palace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A final assault against the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a>—against 3,000 cadets, officers, cossacks, and female soldiers—was not vigorously resisted.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-beckett528_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckett528-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bolsheviks delayed the assault because they could not find functioning artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 6:15<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., a large group of artillery cadets abandoned the palace, taking their artillery with them. At 8:00<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., 200 cossacks left the palace and returned to their barracks.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg!HD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg%21HD.jpg/300px-Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg%21HD.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg%21HD.jpg/450px-Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg%21HD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg%21HD.jpg/600px-Ivan_Vladimirov_the-pogrom-of-the-winter-palace.jpg%21HD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1663" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>"Pogrom in the Winter Palace" by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vladimirov" title="Ivan Vladimirov">Ivan Vladimirov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>While the cabinet of the provisional government within the palace debated what action to take, the Bolsheviks issued an ultimatum to surrender. Workers and soldiers occupied the last of the telegraph stations, cutting off the cabinet's communications with loyal military forces outside the city. As the night progressed, crowds of insurgents surrounded the palace, and many infiltrated it.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 9:45<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m, the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Aurora" title="Russian cruiser Aurora"><i>Aurora</i></a> fired a blank shot from the harbor. Some of the revolutionaries entered the palace at 10:25<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m. and there was a mass entry 3 hours later. </p><p>By 2:10<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m. on 26 October, Bolshevik forces had gained control. The Cadets and the 140 volunteers of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Battalion" title="Women's Battalion">Women's Battalion</a> surrendered rather than resist the 40,000 strong attacking force.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After sporadic gunfire throughout the building, the cabinet of the Provisional Government surrendered, and were imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress" title="Peter and Paul Fortress">Peter and Paul Fortress</a>. The only member who was not arrested was Kerensky himself, who had already left the palace.<sup id="cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Petrograd Soviet now in control of government, garrison, and proletariat, the Second All Russian Congress of Soviets held its opening session on the day, while Trotsky dismissed the opposing <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> (SR) from Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dybenko's_disputed_role"><span id="Dybenko.27s_disputed_role"></span>Dybenko's disputed role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dybenko's disputed role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some sources contend that as the leader of <a href="/wiki/Tsentrobalt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsentrobalt">Tsentrobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavlo_Dybenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlo Dybenko">Pavlo Dybenko</a> played a crucial role in the revolt and that the ten warships that arrived at the city with ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> mariners were the force that took the power in Petrograd and put down the Provisional Government. The same mariners then dispersed by force the <a href="/wiki/State_Duma_(Russian_Empire)" title="State Duma (Russian Empire)">elected parliament</a> of Russia,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used machine-gun fire against demonstrators in Petrograd,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This is a strong claim that needs proper sourcing to remain in this article (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> killing about 100 demonstrators and wounding several hundred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="These claims are disputed below and are unsourced (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Dybenko in his memoirs mentioned this event as "several shots in the air". These are disputed by various sources, such as <a href="/wiki/Louise_Bryant" title="Louise Bryant">Louise Bryant</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who claims that news outlets in the West at the time reported that the unfortunate loss of life occurred in Moscow, not Petrograd, and the number was much less than suggested above. As for the "several shots in the air", there is little evidence suggesting otherwise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Soviet_portrayal">Later Soviet portrayal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later Soviet portrayal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the seizure of the Winter Palace happened almost without resistance, Soviet historians and officials later tended to depict the event in dramatic and heroic terms.<sup id="cite_ref-suny2011_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Historical_reenactment" title="Historical reenactment">historical reenactment</a> titled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Storming_of_the_Winter_Palace" title="The Storming of the Winter Palace">The Storming of the Winter Palace</a></i> was staged in 1920. This reenactment, watched by 100,000 spectators, provided the model for official films made later, which showed fierce fighting during the storming of the Winter Palace,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although, in reality, the Bolshevik insurgents had faced little opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-beckett528_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beckett528-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later accounts of the heroic "storming of the Winter Palace" and "defense of the Winter Palace" were propaganda by Bolshevik publicists. Grandiose paintings depicting the "Women's Battalion" and photo stills taken from <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s staged film depicting the "politically correct" version of the October events in Petrograd came to be taken as truth.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical falsification</a> of political events such as the October Revolution and the Brest-Litovsk Treaty became a distinctive element of Stalin's regime. A notable example is the 1938 publication, <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the history of the governing party was significantly altered and revised including the importance of the leading figures during the Bolshevik revolution. Retrospectively, Lenin's primary associates such as Zinoviev, Trotsky, <a href="/wiki/Radek" title="Radek">Radek</a> and Bukharin were presented as "vacillating", "opportunists" and "foreign spies" whereas Stalin was depicted as the chief discipline during the revolution. However, in reality, Stalin was considered a relatively unknown figure with secondary importance at the time of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a></i>, Leon Trotsky argued that the Stalinist faction routinely distorted historical events and the importance of Bolshevik figures especially during the October Revolution. He cited a range of historical documents such as private letters, telegrams, party speeches, meeting <a href="/wiki/Minutes" title="Minutes">minutes</a>, and suppressed texts such as <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcome">Outcome</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Outcome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Moscow Bolshevik Uprising">Moscow Bolshevik Uprising</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg/220px-Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg/330px-Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg/440px-Milrevkom_proclamation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Petrograd <a href="/wiki/Milrevcom" class="mw-redirect" title="Milrevcom">Milrevcom</a> proclamation about the deposing of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg/390px-Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg/585px-Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg/780px-Russian_Constituent_Assembly_Election_1917.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The elections to the <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly</a> took place in November 1917. The Bolsheviks won 24% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg/220px-Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg/330px-Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg/440px-Protecci%C3%B3n_del_Palacio_Tauride_durante_el_Segundo_Congreso_Regional_de_los_Soviets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>The dissolution of the Constituent Assembly on 6 January 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a> is locked and guarded by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Sverdlov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lashevich" title="Mikhail Lashevich">Lashevich</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_government_established">New government established</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New government established"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lenin initially turned down the leading position of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars</a> when the Bolsheviks formed a new government, after the October Revolution in 1917, and suggested Trotsky for the position. However, Trotsky refused the position and other Bolsheviks insisted that Lenin assume principal responsibility which resulted in Lenin eventually accepting the role of chairman.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Second Congress of Soviets consisted of 670 elected delegates: 300 were Bolsheviks and nearly 100 were Left <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>, who also supported the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the fall of the Winter Palace was announced, the Congress adopted a decree transferring power to the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies, thus ratifying the Revolution. </p><p>The transfer of power was not without disagreement. The center and right wings of the Socialist Revolutionaries, as well as the Mensheviks, believed that Lenin and the Bolsheviks had <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">illegally seized power</a> and they walked out before the resolution was passed. As they exited, they were taunted by Trotsky who told them "You are pitiful isolated individuals; you are bankrupts; your role is played out. Go where you belong from now on—into the dustbin of history!"<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day, 26 October, the Congress elected a new cabinet of Bolsheviks, pending the convocation of a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a>. This new Soviet government was known as the council (Soviet) of People's Commissars (<a href="/wiki/Sovnarkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovnarkom">Sovnarkom</a>), with Lenin as a leader. Lenin allegedly approved of the name, reporting that it "smells of revolution".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2001251_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2001251-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cabinet quickly passed the <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_Peace" title="Decree on Peace">Decree on Peace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_Land" title="Decree on Land">Decree on Land</a>. This new government was also officially called "provisional" until the Assembly was dissolved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Bolshevik_sentiment">Anti-Bolshevik sentiment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Anti-Bolshevik sentiment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>That same day, posters were pinned on walls and fences by the Socialist Revolutionaries, describing the takeover as a "crime against the motherland" and "revolution"; this signaled the next wave of anti-Bolshevik sentiment. The next day, the Mensheviks seized power in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and declared it an independent republic; the <a href="/wiki/Don_Cossacks" title="Don Cossacks">Don Cossacks</a> also claimed control of their government. The Bolshevik strongholds were in the cities, particularly Petrograd, with support much more mixed in rural areas. The peasant-dominated Left SR party was in coalition with the Bolsheviks. There were reports that the Provisional Government had not conceded defeat and were meeting with the army at the Front. </p><p>Anti-Bolshevik sentiment continued to grow as posters and newspapers started criticizing the actions of the Bolsheviks and repudiated their authority. The executive committee of Peasants Soviets "[refuted] with indignation all participation of the organized peasantry in this criminal violation of the will of the working class".<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This eventually developed into major counter-revolutionary action, as on 30 October (O.S., 12 November, N.S.) when <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>, welcomed by church bells, entered <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a> on the outskirts of Petrograd with Kerensky riding on a white horse. Kerensky gave an ultimatum to the rifle garrison to lay down weapons, which was promptly refused. They were then fired upon by Kerensky's Cossacks, which resulted in 8 deaths. This turned soldiers in Petrograd against Kerensky as being the Tsarist regime. Kerensky's failure to assume authority over troops was described by <a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a> as a "fatal blunder" that signaled the final end of his government.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the following days, the battle against the anti-Bolsheviks continued. The Red Guard fought against Cossacks at Tsarskoye Selo, with the Cossacks breaking rank and fleeing, leaving their artillery behind. On 31 October 1917 (13 November, N.S.), the Bolsheviks gained control of Moscow after a week of bitter street-fighting. Artillery had been freely used, with an estimated 700 casualties. However, there was continued support for Kerensky in some of the provinces. </p><p>After the fall of Moscow, there was only minor public anti-Bolshevik sentiment, such as the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zhizn" title="Novaya Zhizn">Novaya Zhizn</a></i>, which criticized the Bolsheviks' lack of manpower and organization in running their party, let alone a government. Lenin confidently claimed that there is "not a shadow of hesitation in the masses of Petrograd, Moscow and the rest of Russia" in accepting Bolshevik rule.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governmental_reforms">Governmental reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Governmental reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 10 November 1917 (23 November, N.S.), the government applied the term "citizens of the Russian Republic" to Russians, whom they sought to make equal in all possible respects, by the nullification of all "legal designations of civil inequality, such as estates, titles, and ranks."<sup id="cite_ref-Steinberg_2001_257_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg_2001_257-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The long-awaited <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a> were held on 12 November (O.S., 25 November, N.S.) 1917. In contrast to their majority in the Soviets, the Bolsheviks only won 175 seats in the 715-seat legislative body, coming in second behind the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a>, which won 370 seats, although the SR Party no longer existed as a whole party by that time, as the Left SRs had gone into coalition with the Bolsheviks from October 1917 to March 1918 (a cause of dispute of the legitimacy of the returned seating of the Constituent Assembly, as the old lists, were drawn up by the old SR Party leadership, and thus represented mostly Right SRs, whereas the peasant soviet deputies had returned majorities for the pro-Bolshevik Left SRs). The Constituent Assembly was to first meet on 28 November (O.S.) 1917, but its convocation was delayed until 5 January (O.S.; 18 January, N.S.) 1918 by the Bolsheviks. On its first and only day in session, the Constituent Assembly came into conflict with the Soviets, and it rejected Soviet decrees on peace and land, resulting in the Constituent Assembly being dissolved the next day by order of the Congress of Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 16 December 1917 (29 December, N.S.), the government ventured to eliminate hierarchy in the army, removing all titles, ranks, and uniform decorations. The tradition of saluting was also eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinberg_2001_257_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinberg_2001_257-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 December 1917 (2 January 1918, N.S.), the <a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a> was created by Lenin's decree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges1996_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges1996-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were the beginnings of the Bolsheviks' consolidation of power over their political opponents. The <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> began in September 1918, following a failed assassination attempt on Lenin. The French <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Jacobin Terror</a> was an example for the Soviet Bolsheviks. Trotsky had compared Lenin to <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> as early as 1904, when Trotsky was a critic of Lenin and his political opponent within the Marxist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his book, <i><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism:_A_Reply_to_Karl_Kautsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky">Terrorism and Communism: A Reply to Karl Kautsky</a>,</i> Trotsky argued that the reign of terror began with the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Russia)" title="White Terror (Russia)">White Terror</a> under the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guard</a> forces and the Bolsheviks responded with the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Decree on Land ratified the actions of the peasants who throughout Russia had taken private land and redistributed it among themselves. The Bolsheviks viewed themselves as representing an alliance of workers and peasants signified by the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_Sickle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer and Sickle">Hammer and Sickle</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">flag</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union">coat of arms of the Soviet Union</a>. Other decrees: </p> <ul><li>All <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a> was <a href="/wiki/Nationalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalized">nationalized</a> by the government.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Russia" title="Banking in Russia">Russian banks</a> were nationalized.</li> <li>Private <a href="/wiki/Bank_account" title="Bank account">bank accounts</a> were expropriated.</li> <li>The properties of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> (including bank accounts) were expropriated.</li> <li>All <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">foreign debts</a> were repudiated.</li> <li>Control of the factories was given to the soviets.</li> <li>Wages were fixed at higher rates than during the war, and a shorter, <a href="/wiki/Eight-hour_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Eight-hour day">eight-hour working day</a> was introduced.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_the_spread_of_Soviet_power_(Gregorian_calendar_dates)"><span id="Timeline_of_the_spread_of_Soviet_power_.28Gregorian_calendar_dates.29"></span>Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Timeline of the spread of Soviet power (Gregorian calendar dates)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Establishment_of_Soviet_power_in_Russia_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Establishment of Soviet power in Russia (1917–1918)">Establishment of Soviet power in Russia (1917–1918)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>5 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>.</li> <li>7 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Petrograd" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrograd">Petrograd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo-Voznesensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanovo-Voznesensk">Ivanovo-Voznesensk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a></li> <li>8 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>, and Narva; (<a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">failed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>)</li> <li>9 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></li> <li>10 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Rostov,_Yaroslavl_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast">Rostov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></li> <li>12 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a></li> <li>13 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></li> <li>14 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Orel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></li> <li>15 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Moscow, and <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></li> <li>27 November 1917: <a href="/wiki/Tsaritsyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsaritsyn">Tsaritsyn</a></li> <li>1 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li> <li>8 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Vyatka</a></li> <li>10 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Kishinev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kishinev">Kishinev</a></li> <li>11 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></li> <li>14 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Novorossisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Novorossisk">Novorossisk</a></li> <li>15 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></li> <li>20 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></li> <li>24 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a> (invasion of Ukraine by the Muravyov Red Guard forces, the establishment of Soviet Ukraine and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian-Soviet_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian-Soviet war">hostilities in the region</a>)</li> <li>29 December 1917: <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (invasion of Crimea by the Red Guard forces, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic">Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li>4 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></li> <li>11 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinoslav" class="mw-redirect" title="Yekaterinoslav">Yekaterinoslav</a></li> <li>17 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></li> <li>19 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Poltava" title="Poltava">Poltava</a></li> <li>22 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Zhitomir" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhitomir">Zhitomir</a></li> <li>26 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li>27 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Mikolaiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikolaiv">Nikolayev</a></li> <li>29 January 1918: (<a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">failed</a> again in Kiev)</li> <li>31 January 1918: <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> (establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Odessa_Soviet_Republic" title="Odessa Soviet Republic">Odessa Soviet Republic</a>)</li> <li>7 February 1918: <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></li> <li>8 February 1918: Kiev and <a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a> (defeat of the Ukrainian government)</li> <li>17 February 1918: <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></li> <li>25 February 1918: <a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk" title="Novocherkassk">Novocherkassk</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_Civil_War">Russian Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Russian Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/220px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/330px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg/440px-Russian_civil_war_in_the_west.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>European theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> in 1918</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></div> <p>Bolshevik-led attempts to gain power in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> were largely successful in Russia proper—although the fighting in Moscow lasted for two weeks—but they were less successful in ethnically non-Russian parts of the Empire, which had been clamoring for independence since the February Revolution. For example, the Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Rada" title="Rada">Rada</a>, which had declared autonomy on 23 June 1917, created the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> on 20 November, which was supported by the Ukrainian Congress of Soviets. This led to an armed conflict with the Bolshevik government in Petrograd and, eventually, a <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian declaration of independence from Russia on 25 January 1918</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, two rival governments emerged: the <a href="/wiki/1917_Estonian_Provincial_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1917 Estonian Provincial Assembly election">Estonian Provincial Assembly</a>, established in April 1917, proclaimed itself the supreme legal authority of Estonia on 28 November 1917 and issued the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> on 24 February 1918;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Soviet Russia recognized the executive committee of the Soviets of Estonia as the legal authority in <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Autonomous Governorate of Estonia">the province</a>, although the Soviets in Estonia controlled only the capital and a few other major towns.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the success of the October Revolution transformed the Russian state into a soviet republic, a coalition of anti-Bolshevik groups attempted to unseat the new government in the Russian Civil War from 1918 to 1922. In an attempt to intervene in the civil war after the Bolsheviks' separate peace with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied Powers</a> (the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>) <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">occupied parts of the Soviet Union</a> for over two years before finally withdrawing.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the violent civil war, Russia's economy and infrastructure were heavily damaged, and as many as 10 million perished during the war, mostly civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions became <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921%E2%80%931922" title="Russian famine of 1921–1922">Russian famine of 1921–1922</a> claimed up to five million victims.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States did not recognize the new Russian government until 1933. The European powers recognized the Soviet Union in the early 1920s and began to engage in business with it after the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP) was implemented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Category:Marxism–Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Lenin_oval.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/100px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/150px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Marx_Lenin_oval.svg/200px-Marx_Lenin_oval.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative-command_system" title="Administrative-command system">Administrative-command system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-revisionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-revisionism">Anti-revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy#Central_planning" title="Planned economy">Central planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet-type economic planning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collective farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_heights_of_the_economy" title="Commanding heights of the economy">Commanding heights of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_logic" title="Dialectical logic">Dialectical logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foco" title="Foco">Foco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensification_of_the_class_struggle_under_socialism" title="Intensification of the class struggle under socialism">Intensification of the class struggle<br />under socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Soviet_man" title="New Soviet man">New Soviet man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_(politics)" title="Partisan (politics)">Partiinost'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democracy_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" title="People's democracy (Marxism–Leninism)">People's democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">Protracted people's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-criticism_(Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-criticism (Marxism–Leninism)">Self-criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Socialism in one country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_patriotism" title="Socialist patriotism">Socialist patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism#Socialist_Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_productive_forces" title="Theory of the productive forces">Theory of the productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Period" title="Third Period">Third Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidelismo" title="Fidelismo">Fidelismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Thought" title="Ho Chi Minh Thought">Ho Chi Minh Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husakism" title="Husakism">Husakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Kádárism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Ernst Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorloogiin_Choibalsan" title="Khorloogiin Choibalsan">Khorloogiin Choibalsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehmetjan_Qasim" title="Ehmetjan Qasim">Ehmetjan Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_D%C3%ADaz_(politician)" title="José Díaz (politician)">José Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Thorez" title="Maurice Thorez">Maurice Thorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Palmiro Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_Nguy%C3%AAn_Gi%C3%A1p" title="Võ Nguyên Giáp">Võ Nguyên Giáp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Browder" title="Earl Browder">Earl Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_Bakdash" title="Khalid Bakdash">Khalid Bakdash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikos_Zachariadis" title="Nikos Zachariadis">Nikos Zachariadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agostinho_Neto" title="Agostinho Neto">Agostinho Neto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BAcio_Lara" title="Lúcio Lara">Lúcio Lara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Koli%C5%A1evski" title="Lazar Koliševski">Lazar Koliševski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin_Peng" title="Chin Peng">Chin Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardial_Bains" title="Hardial Bains">Hardial Bains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanz%C5%8D_Nosaka" title="Sanzō Nosaka">Sanzō Nosaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samora_Machel" title="Samora Machel">Samora Machel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki" title="Nur Muhammad Taraki">Nur Muhammad Taraki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Alfonso Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohana_Wijeweera" title="Rohana Wijeweera">Rohana Wijeweera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gus_Hall" title="Gus Hall">Gus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Pollitt" title="Harry Pollitt">Harry Pollitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpal_Brar" title="Harpal Brar">Harpal Brar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Gennady Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_and_Historical_Materialism" title="Dialectical and Historical Materialism">Dialectical and Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(Bolsheviks)" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)">The History of the Communist Party<br />of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Problems_of_Socialism_in_the_USSR" title="Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR">Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentals_of_Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism">Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quotations_from_Chairman_Mao_Tse-tung" title="Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung">Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Ho_Chi_Minh%27s_Testament" title="President Ho Chi Minh's Testament">President Ho Chi Minh's Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Governance_of_China" title="The Governance of China">The Governance of China</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Break_(USSR)" title="Great Break (USSR)">Great Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%931976)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1949–1976)">1949–1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1976%E2%80%931989)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1976–1989)">1976–1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">1989–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2002%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)">2002–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidation_of_the_Cuban_Revolution" title="Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution">Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Leap_Forward" title="Great Leap Forward">Great Leap Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Revolution" title="Nicaraguan Revolution">Nicaraguan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–92</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Revolutionary Government">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet 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border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism–Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There have been few events where the political opinions of researchers have influenced their historical research as significantly as the October Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of the Revolution generally divides into three camps: Soviet-Marxist, Western-Totalitarian, and Revisionist.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_historiography">Soviet historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Soviet historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Historiography_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Historiography in the Soviet Union">Soviet historiography</a> of the October Revolution is intertwined with Soviet historical development. Many of the initial Soviet interpreters of the Revolution were themselves Bolshevik revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotkin_1998_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotkin_1998-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bolshevik figures such as <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Lunacharsky" title="Anatoly Lunacharsky">Anatoly Lunacharsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisei_Uritsky" title="Moisei Uritsky">Moisei Uritsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> agreed that Lenin's influence on the Bolshevik party was decisive but the October insurrection was carried out according to Trotsky's, not to Lenin's plan.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the initial wave of revolutionary narratives, Soviet historians worked within "narrow guidelines" defined by the Soviet government. The rigidity of interpretive possibilities reached its height under Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19977-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soviet historians of the Revolution interpreted the October Revolution as being about establishing the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Marxist_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist ideology">Marxist ideology</a> and the Bolshevik government. To establish the accuracy of Marxist ideology, Soviet historians generally described the Revolution as the product of <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and that it was the supreme event in a world history governed by historical laws. The Bolshevik Party is placed at the center of the Revolution, as it exposes the errors of both the moderate Provisional Government and the spurious "socialist" Mensheviks in the Petrograd Soviet. Guided by Lenin's leadership and his firm grasp of scientific <a href="/wiki/Marxist_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist Theory">Marxist theory</a>, the Party led the "logically predetermined" events of the October Revolution from beginning to end. The events were, according to these historians, logically predetermined because of the socio-economic development of Russia, where monopolistic industrial capitalism had alienated the masses. In this view, the Bolshevik party took the leading role in organizing these alienated industrial workers, and thereby established the construction of the first <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19978_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19978-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Soviet historiography of the October Revolution stayed relatively constant until 1991, it did undergo some changes. Following Stalin's death, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Burdzhalov" title="Eduard Burdzhalov">E. N. Burdzhalov</a> and P. V. Volobuev published historical research that deviated significantly from the party line in refining the doctrine that the Bolshevik victory "was predetermined by the state of Russia's socio-economic development".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These historians, who constituted the "New Directions Group", posited that the complex nature of the October Revolution "could only be explained by a multi-causal analysis, not by recourse to the mono-causality of monopoly capitalism".<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For them, the central actor is still the Bolshevik party, but this party triumphed "because it alone could solve the preponderance of 'general democratic' tasks the country faced" (such as the struggle for peace and the exploitation of landlords).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarkwick2001102_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarkwick2001102-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the late Soviet period, the opening of select <a href="/wiki/State_Archive_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="State Archive of the Russian Federation">Soviet archives</a> during <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a> sparked innovative research that broke away from some aspects of Marxism–Leninism, though the key features of the orthodox Soviet view remained intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19977-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the turn of the 21st century, some Soviet historians began to implement an "anthropological turn" in their historiographical analysis of the Russian Revolution. This method of analysis focuses on the average person's experience of day-to-day life during the revolution, and pulls the analytical focus away from larger events, notable revolutionaries, and overarching claims about party views.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, S. V. Iarov employed this methodology when he focused on citizen adjustment to the new Soviet system. Iarov explored the dwindling labor protests, evolving forms of debate, and varying forms of politicization as a result of the new Soviet rule from 1917 to 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, O. S. Nagornaia took interest in the personal experiences of Russian prisoners-of-war taken by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, examining Russian soldiers and officers' ability to cooperate and implement varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a> despite being divided by class, political views, and race.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other analyses following this "anthropological turn" have explored texts from soldiers and how they used personal war-experiences to further their political goals,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as how individual life-structure and psychology may have shaped major decisions in the civil war that followed the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_historiography">Western historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Western historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_and_communist_studies" title="Soviet and communist studies">Soviet and communist studies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism#Politics_of_historical_interpretation" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism § Politics of historical interpretation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Totalitarian"_historians"><span id=".22Totalitarian.22_historians"></span>"Totalitarian" historians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: "Totalitarian" historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Western historiography of the October Revolution developed in direct response to the assertions of the Soviet view. As a result, Western historians exposed what they believed were flaws in the Soviet view, thereby undermining the Bolsheviks' original legitimacy, as well as the precepts of Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19976–7_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19976–7-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view which originated in the early years of the Cold War became known as "traditionalist" and "totalitarian" as well as "Cold War" historians for relying on concepts and interpretations rooted in the early years of the Cold War and even in the sphere Russian <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigrés</a> of the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19974–13_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19974–13-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These "traditionalist" historians described the revolution as the result of a chain of contingent accidents. Examples of these accidental and contingent factors they say precipitated the Revolution included <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>'s timing, chance, and the poor leadership of Tsar Nicholas II as well as that of liberal and moderate socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19977-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to "totalitarian" historians, it was not popular support, but rather a manipulation of the masses, ruthlessness, and the party discipline of the Bolsheviks that enabled their triumph. For these historians, the Bolsheviks' defeat in the <a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">Constituent Assembly elections</a> of November–December 1917 demonstrated popular opposition to the Bolsheviks' revolution, as did the scale and breadth of the Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977–9_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19977–9-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Totalitarian" historians saw the organization of the Bolshevik party as totalitarian. Their interpretation of the October Revolution as a violent coup organized by a totalitarian party which aborted Russia's experiment in democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Stalinist totalitarianism developed as a natural progression from <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a> and the Bolshevik party's tactics and organization.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To these historians, Soviet Russia in 1917 was as totalitarian as the USSR under Joseph Stalin in 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More to it, such historians have blamed Lenin and the Bolsheviks for inventing policies further implemented by totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, such as the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>: for example, according to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a>, a prominent "totalitarian", "The Stalinist and Nazi holocausts" stemmed from Lenin's <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> and had "much greater decorum" than the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Revisionist"_historians"><span id=".22Revisionist.22_historians"></span>"Revisionist" historians</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: "Revisionist" historians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960s-1970s saw a rise of a young historians who opposed the "totalitarian" historians and began challenging, revising and refuting the dominant and accepted conceptions, as well as criticizing the bias towards the USSR and the Left in general; they lacked a full-fledged doctrine or philosophy of history, but were distinguished as "revisionists"; in contrast with the focus of "totalitarian" historians on "politics" "from above" and on personalities of the leaders of political movements, "the one man", the revisionists have produced "history from below" and put attention on social history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19974–13_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19974–13-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These historians tend to see a rupture between Stalinist totalitarianism and Leninism and refute the definition of the Revolution as a totalitarian coup carried out by a minority group; the 'revisionists' stress the genuinely 'popular' nature of the Bolshevik Revolution. According to <a href="/wiki/Evan_Mawdsley" title="Evan Mawdsley">Evan Mawdsley</a>, "the 'revisionist’ school had been dominant from the 1970s" in academic circles, and achieved "some success" in challenging the traditionalists;<sup id="cite_ref-mawdsley_91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mawdsley-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, they continued to be criticized by "totalitarians" who accused them of "Marxism" and failing to see the primary reason of political events, the personality of the leaders. During the rise of the "revisionists", "totalitarians" retained popularity and influence outside academic circles, especially in politics and public spheres of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, where they supported harder policies towards the USSR: for example, <a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Zbigniew Brzezinski</a> served as National Security Advisor to President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, while Richard Pipes headed the CIA group <a href="/wiki/Team_B" title="Team B">Team B</a>; after 1991, their views have found popularity not only in the West, but also in the former USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-suny2011_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suny2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_the_dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union_on_historical_research">Effect of the dissolution of the Soviet Union on historical research</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Effect of the dissolution of the Soviet Union on historical research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> affected historical interpretations of the October Revolution. Since 1991, increasing access to large amounts of Soviet archival materials has made it possible to re‑examine the October Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Kotkin_1998_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotkin_1998-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though both Western and Russian historians now have access to many of these archives, the effect of the dissolution of the USSR can be seen most clearly in the work of the latter. While the disintegration essentially helped solidify the Western and Revisionist views, post-USSR Russian historians largely repudiated the former Soviet historical interpretation of the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELitvin200147_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELitvin200147-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Stephen Kotkin</a> argues, 1991 prompted "a return to political history and the apparent resurrection of totalitarianism, the interpretive view that, in different ways…revisionists sought to bury".<sup id="cite_ref-Kotkin_1998_77-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotkin_1998-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/October_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/October Revolution">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22October+Revolution%22">"October Revolution"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22October+Revolution%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22October+Revolution%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22October+Revolution%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22October+Revolution%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22October+Revolution%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/220px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/330px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg/440px-19191107-lenin_second_anniversary_october_revolution_moscow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2528" data-file-height="1820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Kamenev</a> celebrating the second anniversary of the October Revolution</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C4%ABga,_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/R%C4%ABga%2C_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg/240px-R%C4%ABga%2C_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/R%C4%ABga%2C_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg/360px-R%C4%ABga%2C_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/R%C4%ABga%2C_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg/480px-R%C4%ABga%2C_1988.g._-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Anniversary of October Revolution in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Soviet Union in 1988</figcaption></figure> <p>The October Revolution marks the inception of the first communist government in Russia, and thus the first large-scale and constitutionally ordained <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist state</a> in world history. After this, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, which later became part of the Soviet Union. </p><p>The October Revolution also made the ideology of communism influential on a global scale in the 20th century. Communist parties would start to form in many countries after 1917. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="Ten Days That Shook the World">Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i>, a book written by American journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Reed_(journalist)" title="John Reed (journalist)">John Reed</a> and first published in 1919, gives a firsthand exposition of the events. Reed died in 1920, shortly after the book was finished. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> wrote his <i><a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._2_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 2 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 2 in B major</a></i>, Op. 14, and subtitled it <i>To October</i>, for the 10th anniversary of the October Revolution. The choral finale of the work, "To October", is set to a text by Alexander Bezymensky, which praises Lenin and the revolution. The <i>Symphony No. 2</i> was first performed on 5 November 1927 by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra</a> and the Academy Capella Choir under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Malko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Malko">Nikolai Malko</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Grigori Aleksandrov</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/October:_Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="October: Ten Days That Shook the World">October: Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i>, first released on 20 January 1928 in the USSR and on 2 November 1928 in New York City, describes and glorifies the revolution, having been commissioned to commemorate the event. </p><p>The Hollywood film<i>, <a href="/wiki/Reds_(film)" title="Reds (film)">Reds</a>,</i> released in 1981 was based on Reed's account of the October Revolution and featured interviews with historical contemporaries from the period for the film.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Red October" (Красный Октябрь, <i>Krasnyy Oktyabr</i>) has been used to signify the October Revolution. "Red October" was given to a steel factory that was made notable by the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Krasny_Oktyabr_Open_Joint-Stock_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasny Oktyabr Open Joint-Stock Company">Moscow sweets factory</a> that is well known in Russia, and a <a href="/wiki/Red_October_(fictional_submarine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red October (fictional submarine)">fictional Soviet submarine</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a>'s 1984 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October" title="The Hunt for Red October">The Hunt for Red October</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Hunt_for_Red_October_(film)" title="The Hunt for Red October (film)">1990 film adaptation of the same name</a>. </p><p>The date 7 November, the anniversary of the October Revolution according to the Gregorian Calendar, was the official <a href="/wiki/National_day" title="National day">national day</a> of the Soviet Union from 1918 onward and still is a public holiday in Belarus and the breakaway territory of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>. Communist parties both in and out of power celebrate 7 November as the date Marxist parties began to take power. </p><p>The Russian Revolution was perceived as a rupture with <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> for various civil rights and <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a> struggles and providing a space for <a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">oppressed</a> groups across the world. This was given further credence with the Soviet Union supporting many <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">third world</a> movements with financial funds against European <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> powers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_articles_related_to_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Index of articles related to the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution_Day" title="October Revolution Day">October Revolution Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Toru%C5%84" title="Russians in Toruń">Russians in Toruń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Decree" title="Soviet Decree">Soviet Decree</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="Ten Days That Shook the World">Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">50,000 workers passed a resolution in favour of Bolshevik demand for transfer of power to the <a href="/wiki/Soviets" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviets">soviets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolution50000workerspgPA21_21_The_Workers:_February–October_1917_]_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolution50000workerspgPA21_21_The_Workers:_February–October_1917_]-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Октябрьская революция</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə]</a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Великая Октябрьская социалистическая революция</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Velikaya Oktyabrskaya sotsialisticheskaya revolyutsiya</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[vʲɪˈlʲikəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>ɐkˈtʲabrʲskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskəjə<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə]</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHead2007" class="citation book cs1">Head, Michael (12 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYGNAgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+50+000+workers&pg=PT83"><i>Evgeny Pashukanis: A Critical Reappraisal</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1353-0787-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1353-0787-5"><bdi>978-1-1353-0787-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evgeny+Pashukanis%3A+A+Critical+Reappraisal&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-1353-0787-5&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYGNAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2B50%2B000%2Bworkers%26pg%3DPT83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolution50000workerspgPA21_21_The_Workers:_February–October_1917_]-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolution50000workerspgPA21_21_The_Workers:_February–October_1917_]_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShukman1994">Shukman 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+50+000+workers&pg=PA21">21 The Workers: February–October 1917 </a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826013759/https://www.history.com/topics/european-history/russian-revolution">"Russian Revolution"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i>. 9 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/russia/russian-revolution">the original</a> on 26 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=Russian+Revolution&rft.date=2009-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Frussia%2Frussian-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges1996[httpwwworlandofigesinfosection6_TheOctoberRevolution1917LeninandtheOctoberCoupphp_Section_6:_The_October_Revolution_1917]-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges1996[httpwwworlandofigesinfosection6_TheOctoberRevolution1917LeninandtheOctoberCoupphp_Section_6:_The_October_Revolution_1917]_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges1996">Figes 1996</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orlandofiges.info/section6_TheOctoberRevolution1917/LeninandtheOctoberCoup.php">Section 6: The October Revolution 1917</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb_trr-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_trr_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_trr_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union/The-Russian-Revolution">"The Russian Revolution"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FSoviet-Union%2FThe-Russian-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historians.org/about-aha-and-membership/aha-history-and-archives/gi-roundtable-series/pamphlets/em-46-our-russian-ally-(1945)/what-was-the-bolshevik-revolution">"What Was the Bolshevik Revolution?"</a>. American Historical Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Was+the+Bolshevik+Revolution%3F&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historians.org%2Fabout-aha-and-membership%2Faha-history-and-archives%2Fgi-roundtable-series%2Fpamphlets%2Fem-46-our-russian-ally-%281945%29%2Fwhat-was-the-bolshevik-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-russian-revolution-1917">"Russian Revolution, 1917"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Revolution%2C+1917&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-russian-revolution-1917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolutionbloodlesspgPA343_343]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShukman1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidScabEAAAQBAJdqoctoberrevolutionbloodlesspgPA343_343]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShukman1994">Shukman 1994</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ScabEAAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA343">343</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergman2019" class="citation book cs1">Bergman, Jay (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UKjDwAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PA224"><i>The French Revolutionary Tradition in Russian and Soviet Politics, Political Thought, and Culture</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-4270-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-4270-5"><bdi>978-0-1988-4270-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolutionary+Tradition+in+Russian+and+Soviet+Politics%2C+Political+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-1988-4270-5&rft.aulast=Bergman&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5UKjDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMeekin2017" class="citation book cs1">McMeekin, Sean (30 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aXmZDgAAQBAJ&dq=october+revolution+bloodless&pg=PT155"><i>The Russian Revolution: A New History</i></a>. Basic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-9497-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4650-9497-4"><bdi>978-0-4650-9497-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=Basic&rft.date=2017-05-30&rft.isbn=978-0-4650-9497-4&rft.aulast=McMeekin&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaXmZDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Doctober%2Brevolution%2Bbloodless%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/russia/russian-revolution">"Russian Revolution – Causes, Timeline & Definition"</a>. <i>www.history.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.history.com&rft.atitle=Russian+Revolution+%E2%80%93+Causes%2C+Timeline+%26+Definition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Frussia%2Frussian-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Revolution">"Russian Revolution | Definition, Causes, Summary, History, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Russian+Revolution+%7C+Definition%2C+Causes%2C+Summary%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FRussian-Revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunyanFisher1934385-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunyanFisher1934385_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBunyanFisher1934">Bunyan & Fisher 1934</a>, p. 385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaan2013" class="citation book cs1">Samaan, A.E. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JkXJZtI9DQoC&q=%22october+uprising%22+%22bolshevik+revolution%22&pg=PA346"><i>From a "Race of Masters" to a "Master Race": 1948 to 1848</i></a>. A.E. Samaan. p. 346. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6157-4788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6157-4788-0"><bdi>978-0-6157-4788-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+a+%22Race+of+Masters%22+to+a+%22Master+Race%22%3A+1948+to+1848&rft.pages=346&rft.pub=A.E.+Samaan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-6157-4788-0&rft.aulast=Samaan&rft.aufirst=A.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJkXJZtI9DQoC%26q%3D%2522october%2Buprising%2522%2B%2522bolshevik%2Brevolution%2522%26pg%3DPA346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2017" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Mark (2017). <i>The Russian Revolution 1905–1921</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">143–</span>146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-2762-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1992-2762-4"><bdi>978-0-1992-2762-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+1905%E2%80%931921&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E146&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-1992-2762-4&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMandel1984-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMandel1984_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMandel1984">Mandel 1984</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrotsky1932859–864-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrotsky1932859–864_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrotsky1932">Trotsky 1932</a>, pp. 859–864.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017196–197-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017196–197_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2017">Steinberg 2017</a>, pp. 196–197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUpton1980" class="citation book cs1">Upton, Anthony F. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-iTqvnpRXDEC&pg=PA89"><i>The Finnish Revolution: 1917–1918</i></a>. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1239-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4529-1239-4"><bdi>978-1-4529-1239-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Finnish+Revolution%3A+1917%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-1-4529-1239-4&rft.aulast=Upton&rft.aufirst=Anthony+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-iTqvnpRXDEC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017193–194-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2017193–194_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2017">Steinberg 2017</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA407"><i>The Russian Revolution</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 407. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-8857-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-8857-3"><bdi>978-0-3077-8857-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=407&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-3077-8857-3&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXtE54LuhFzEC%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort1993" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael (1993). <i>The Soviet colossus: the rise and fall of the USSR</i>. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8733-2676-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8733-2676-6"><bdi>978-0-8733-2676-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+colossus%3A+the+rise+and+fall+of+the+USSR&rft.place=Armonk%2C+NY&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8733-2676-6&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2010" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Michael C. (2010). <i>Competing Voices from the Russian Revolution: Fighting Words: Fighting Words</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 559. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-8524-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-8524-7"><bdi>978-0-3133-8524-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competing+Voices+from+the+Russian+Revolution%3A+Fighting+Words%3A+Fighting+Words&rft.pages=559&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-8524-7&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2007">Beckett 2007</a>, p. 526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPipes1997">Pipes 1997</a>, p. 51: "There is no evidence of a Kornilov plot, but there is plenty of evidence of Kerensky's duplicity."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFService1998">Service 1998</a>, p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prlib.ru/history/619540">"Провозглашена Российская республика"</a>. <i>Президентская библиотека имени Б.Н. Ельцина</i> (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%91.%D0%9D.+%D0%95%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prlib.ru%2Fhistory%2F619540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RevoltApproved-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RevoltApproved_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/oct/10a.htm">"Central Committee Meeting"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i>. 10 October 1917.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.marxists.org&rft.atitle=Central+Committee+Meeting&rft.date=1917-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1917%2Foct%2F10a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg2001" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, Mark (2001). <i>Voices of the Revolution, 1917</i>. Binghamton, New York: Yale University Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0169-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0169-0"><bdi>978-0-3001-0169-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9360660M">9360660M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+the+Revolution%2C+1917&rft.place=Binghamton%2C+New+York&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9360660M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-0169-0&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1980" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Stephen (1980). <i>Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938</i>. London: Oxford University Press. p. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bukharin+and+the+Bolshevik+Revolution%3A+A+Political+Biography+1888%E2%80%931938&rft.place=London&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-arte-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-arte_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201134229/http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/037647-000/1917-la-revolution-russe">"1917 – La Revolution Russe"</a>. Arte TV. 16 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arte.tv/guide/fr/037647-000/1917-la-revolution-russe">the original</a> on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1917+%E2%80%93+La+Revolution+Russe&rft.date=2007-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arte.tv%2Fguide%2Ffr%2F037647-000%2F1917-la-revolution-russe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suny2011-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suny2011_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny2011_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny2011_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suny2011_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2011). <i>The Soviet Experiment</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Experiment&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rabinowitch-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rabinowitch_36-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinowitch2004">Rabinowitch 2004</a>, pp. 273–305</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bard-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bard_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard_College:_Experimental_Humanities_and_Eurasian_Studies" class="citation web cs1">Bard College: Experimental Humanities and Eurasian Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.eh.bard.edu/1917/oct-maps.html">"From Empire To Republic: October 24 – November 1, 1917"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Empire+To+Republic%3A+October+24+%E2%80%93+November+1%2C+1917&rft.au=Bard+College%3A+Experimental+Humanities+and+Eurasian+Studies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.eh.bard.edu%2F1917%2Foct-maps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1962" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rv9oAAAAMAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CAfter+the+majority+of+the+petrograd+Soviet+passed+into+the+hands+of+the+Bolsheviks,+%5BTrotsky%5D+was+elected+its+chairman+and+in+that+position+organized+and+led+the+insurrection+of+October+25"><i>The Stalin School of Falsification</i></a>. Pioneer Publishers. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pioneer+Publishers&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drv9oAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CAfter%2Bthe%2Bmajority%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpetrograd%2BSoviet%2Bpassed%2Binto%2Bthe%2Bhands%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBolsheviks%2C%2B%255BTrotsky%255D%2Bwas%2Belected%2Bits%2Bchairman%2Band%2Bin%2Bthat%2Bposition%2Borganized%2Band%2Bled%2Bthe%2Binsurrection%2Bof%2BOctober%2B25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beckett528-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-beckett528_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-beckett528_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeckett2007">Beckett 2007</a>, p. 528</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRabinowitch2004">Rabinowitch 2004</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2015" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Michael (2015). <i>Reaction and revolution : Russia 1894–1924</i> (4th ed.). London: Hodder Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-3856-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4718-3856-9"><bdi>978-1-4718-3856-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/908064756">908064756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaction+and+revolution+%3A+Russia+1894%E2%80%931924&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Hodder+Education&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F908064756&rft.isbn=978-1-4718-3856-9&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaul_Edward_Chao2016" class="citation book cs1">Raul Edward Chao (2016). <i>Damn the Revolution!</i>. Washington DC, London, Sydney: Dupont Circle Editions. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damn+the+Revolution%21&rft.place=Washington+DC%2C+London%2C+Sydney&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Dupont+Circle+Editions&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Raul+Edward+Chao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108180902/https://project1917.com">"1917 Free History"</a>. <i>Yandex Publishing</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project1917.com">the original</a> on 8 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yandex+Publishing&rft.atitle=1917+Free+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.project1917.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/dybenko/index.html">"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА – [ Мемуары ] – Дыбенко П.Е. Из недр царского флота к Великому Октябрю"</a>. <i>militera.lib.ru</i> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militera.lib.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%90+%E2%80%93+%5B+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%5D+%E2%80%93+%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%9F.%D0%95.+%D0%98%D0%B7+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80+%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BA+%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83+%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fmemo%2Frussian%2Fdybenko%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1918" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Louise (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/bryant/russia/russia.html"><i>Six Red Months in Russia: An Observer's Account of Russia Before and During the Proletarian Dictatorship</i></a>. New York: George H. Doran Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Red+Months+in+Russia%3A+An+Observer%27s+Account+of+Russia+Before+and+During+the+Proletarian+Dictatorship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=George+H.+Doran+Company&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.upenn.edu%2Fwomen%2Fbryant%2Frussia%2Frussia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchell2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Schell" title="Jonathan Schell">Schell, Jonathan</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/The-Mass-Minority-in-Action.pdf">"The Mass Minority in Action: France and Russia'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unconquerable_World" title="The Unconquerable World">The Unconquerable World. Power, nonviolence and the will of the people</a></i>. London: Penguin. pp. <span class="nowrap">167–</span>185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805044577" title="Special:BookSources/9780805044577"><bdi>9780805044577</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL36779W">36779W</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Mass+Minority+in+Action%3A+France+and+Russia%27&rft.btitle=The+Unconquerable+World.+Power%2C+nonviolence+and+the+will+of+the+people&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E167-%3C%2Fspan%3E185&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL36779W%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780805044577&rft.aulast=Schell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chrisknight.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F08%2FThe-Mass-Minority-in-Action.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(See a first-hand account by British General <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Knox" title="Alfred Knox">Alfred Knox</a>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisensteinAleksandrov1928" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein, Sergei M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Aleksandrov" title="Grigori Aleksandrov">Aleksandrov, Grigori</a> (1928). <i><a href="/wiki/October:_Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="October: Ten Days That Shook the World">October: Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i> (Motion picture). First National Pictures.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October%3A+Ten+Days+That+Shook+the+World&rft.pub=First+National+Pictures&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=Sergei+M.&rft.au=Aleksandrov%2C+Grigori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Argumenty_I_Fakty" class="mw-redirect" title="Argumenty I Fakty">Argumenty I Fakty</a></i> newspaper</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuny2022" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Grigor_Suny" title="Ronald Grigor Suny">Suny, Ronald Grigor</a> (2 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740">"Stalin, Falsifier in Chief: E. H. Carr and the Perils of Historical Research Introduction"</a>. <i>Revolutionary Russia</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09546545.2022.2065740">10.1080/09546545.2022.2065740</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-6545">0954-6545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revolutionary+Russia&rft.atitle=Stalin%2C+Falsifier+in+Chief%3A+E.+H.+Carr+and+the+Perils+of+Historical+Research+Introduction&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=2022-01-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2022.2065740&rft.issn=0954-6545&rft.aulast=Suny&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Grigor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09546545.2022.2065740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey1955" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, Sydney D. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126074">"Stalin's Falsification of History: The Case of the Brest-Litovsk Treaty"</a>. <i>The Russian Review</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F126074">10.2307/126074</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-0341">0036-0341</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/126074">126074</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Russian+Review&rft.atitle=Stalin%27s+Falsification+of+History%3A+The+Case+of+the+Brest-Litovsk+Treaty&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0036-0341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126074%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F126074&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sydney+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F126074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (13 January 2019) [1932]. Shachtman, Max (ed.). <i>The Stalin School of Falsification</i>. Pickle Partners Publishing. pp. vii-89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7891-2348-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7891-2348-7"><bdi>978-1-7891-2348-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin+School+of+Falsification&rft.pages=vii-89&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2019-01-13&rft.isbn=978-1-7891-2348-7&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewhistory.ort.spb.ru/eng/main/sprav.php?id=1374">"The Constituent Assembly"</a>. <i>jewhistory.ort.spb.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewhistory.ort.spb.ru&rft.atitle=The+Constituent+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewhistory.ort.spb.ru%2Feng%2Fmain%2Fsprav.php%3Fid%3D1374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1990" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00pipe/page/498/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>The Russian Revolution</i></a>. New York : Knopf. p. 499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3945-0241-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3945-0241-0"><bdi>978-0-3945-0241-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Knopf&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-3945-0241-0&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussianrevolutio00pipe%2Fpage%2F498%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1954" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetarmedtrot01deut/page/324/mode/2up"><i>The prophet armed: Trotsky, 1879-1921</i></a>. New York, Oxford University Press. p. 325.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+armed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1879-1921&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetarmedtrot01deut%2Fpage%2F324%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukhanov2014" class="citation book cs1">Sukhanov, Nikolai Nikolaevich (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-D_AwAAQBAJ"><i>The Russian Revolution 1917: A Personal Record by N.N. Sukhanov</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5710-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-5710-4"><bdi>978-1-4008-5710-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+1917%3A+A+Personal+Record+by+N.N.+Sukhanov&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-5710-4&rft.aulast=Sukhanov&rft.aufirst=Nikolai+Nikolaevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-D_AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Service, Robert (1998). A history of twentieth-century Russia. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6744-0347-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-6744-0347-9">0-6744-0347-9</a> p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1997">Reed 1997</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinberg2001251-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinberg2001251_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2001">Steinberg 2001</a>, pp. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1997">Reed 1997</a>, p. 369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1997">Reed 1997</a>, p. 410</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFReed1997">Reed 1997</a>, p. 565</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinberg_2001_257-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg_2001_257_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinberg_2001_257_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinberg2001">Steinberg 2001</a>, p. 257</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLlewellynRaeThompson2014" class="citation web cs1">Llewellyn, Jennifer; Rae, John; Thompson, Steve (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphahistory.com/russianrevolution/constituent-assembly">"The Constituent Assembly"</a>. Alpha History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constituent+Assembly&rft.pub=Alpha+History&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Llewellyn&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Rae%2C+John&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falphahistory.com%2Frussianrevolution%2Fconstituent-assembly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges1996-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges1996_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges1996">Figes 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (2011). <i>The Russian Revolution</i>. Knopf Doubleday. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XtE54LuhFzEC&pg=PA789">789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-8857-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3077-8857-3"><bdi>978-0-3077-8857-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=789&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-3077-8857-3&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKline1992" class="citation book cs1">Kline, George L. (1992). "In Defence of Terrorism". In Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul (eds.). <i>The Trotsky reappraisal</i>. Translated by Drummond, Andrew; Pearce, Brian; Brine, J. J. Edinburgh University Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+Terrorism&rft.btitle=The+Trotsky+reappraisal&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Kline&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages/S/T/StruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm">Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a> online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiljan2015" class="citation book cs1">Miljan, Toivo (2015). <i>Historical Dictionary of Estonia." Historical Dictionary of Estonia</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7513-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-7513-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia.%22+Historical+Dictionary+of+Estonia&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7513-5&rft.aulast=Miljan&rft.aufirst=Toivo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2002" class="citation book cs1">Raun, Toivo U. (2002). "7. The Emergence of Estonian Independence 1917–1920". <i>Estonia and the Estonians</i>. Hoover Inst. Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2853-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2853-7"><bdi>978-0-8179-2853-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+The+Emergence+of+Estonian+Independence+1917%E2%80%931920&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Hoover+Inst.+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-2853-7&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2004" class="citation book cs1">Ward, John (2004). <i>With the "Die-Hards" in Siberia</i>. Dodo Press. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4099-0680-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4099-0680-9"><bdi>1-4099-0680-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+the+%22Die-Hards%22+in+Siberia&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Dodo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4099-0680-9&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Russian-Civil-War/Foreign-intervention#ref283723">"Russian Civil War – Casualties and consequences of the war"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a></i>. 29 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Russian+Civil+War+%E2%80%93+Casualties+and+consequences+of+the+war&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2024-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FRussian-Civil-War%2FForeign-intervention%23ref283723&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaufuss1939" class="citation journal cs1">Schaufuss, Tatiana (May 1939). "The White Russian Refugees". <i>Annals of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Political_and_Social_Science" title="American Academy of Political and Social Science">American Academy of Political and Social Science</a></i>. <b>203</b>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publishing</a>: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271623920300106">10.1177/000271623920300106</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1021884">1021884</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143704019">143704019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.atitle=The+White+Russian+Refugees&rft.volume=203&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1939-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143704019%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1021884%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271623920300106&rft.aulast=Schaufuss&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller2003" class="citation web cs1">Haller, Francis (8 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/documents/article/other/5rfhjy.htm">"Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Temps&rft.atitle=Famine+in+Russia%3A+the+hidden+horrors+of+1921&rft.date=2003-12-08&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Fen%2Fdoc%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Farticle%2Fother%2F5rfhjy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFActon1997">Acton 1997</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFActon1997">Acton 1997</a>, pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotkin_1998-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kotkin_1998_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotkin_1998_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kotkin_1998_77-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Kotkin, Stephen (1998). "1991 and the Russian Revolution: Sources, Conceptual Categories, Analytical Frameworks". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>70</b> (2). University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">384–</span>425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F235073">10.1086/235073</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145291237">145291237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=1991+and+the+Russian+Revolution%3A+Sources%2C+Conceptual+Categories%2C+Analytical+Frameworks&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E384-%3C%2Fspan%3E425&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145291237%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F235073&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2015" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (5 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YGznDwAAQBAJ&q=isaac+deutscher+trotsky+the+prophet"><i>The Prophet: The Life of Leon Trotsky</i></a>. Verso Books. p. 1283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7816-8721-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7816-8721-5"><bdi>978-1-7816-8721-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%3A+The+Life+of+Leon+Trotsky&rft.pages=1283&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.isbn=978-1-7816-8721-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYGznDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Disaac%2Bdeutscher%2Btrotsky%2Bthe%2Bprophet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19977-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19977_79-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFActon1997">Acton 1997</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEActon19978-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEActon19978_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFActon1997">Acton 1997</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLitvin2001" class="citation book cs1">Litvin, Alter (2001). <i>Writing History in Twentieth-Century Russia</i>. 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Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1107-5470-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1107-5470-4"><bdi>978-3-1107-5470-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Revolution+Through+Film%3A+On+Audiovisual+Stagings+of+Political+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft.isbn=978-3-1107-5470-4&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Hanno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv5eDEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dreds%2Bfilm%2B1981%2Bhollywood%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvanov2007" class="citation book cs1">Ivanov, Mikhail (2007). <i>Survival Russian</i>. Montpelier, VT: Russian Life Books. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8801-0056-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8801-0056-1"><bdi>978-1-8801-0056-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/191856309">191856309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survival+Russian&rft.place=Montpelier%2C+VT&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Russian+Life+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F191856309&rft.isbn=978-1-8801-0056-1&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2022" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Charles (28 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOJaEAAAQBAJ&dq=soviet+union+funding+anti+colonial+movements&pg=PA207"><i>Sociology in Post-Normal Times</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-2598-4"><bdi>978-1-7936-2598-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociology+in+Post-Normal+Times&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022-02-28&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-2598-4&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOJaEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsoviet%2Bunion%2Bfunding%2Banti%2Bcolonial%2Bmovements%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFActon1997" class="citation book cs1">Acton, Edward (1997). <i>Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Companion+to+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Acton&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2007" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CMYbKgcAW88C"><i>The Great war</i></a> (2 ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-1252-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-1252-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+war&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-1252-8&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=Ian+F.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCMYbKgcAW88C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunyanFisher1934" class="citation book cs1">Bunyan, James; <a href="/wiki/Harold_Henry_Fisher" title="Harold Henry Fisher">Fisher, Harold Henry</a> (1934). <i>The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1918: Documents and Materials</i>. Palo Alto: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/253483096">253483096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+Revolution%2C+1917%E2%80%931918%3A+Documents+and+Materials&rft.place=Palo+Alto&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F253483096&rft.aulast=Bunyan&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Harold+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1996" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyhi00fige"><i>A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924</i></a>. Pimlico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9131-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-9131-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-9131-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People%27s+Tragedy%3A+The+Russian+Revolution%3A+1891%E2%80%931924&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-9131-1&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplestragedyhi00fige&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1984" class="citation book cs1">Mandel, David (1984). <i>The Petrograd Workers and the Soviet Seizure of Power :From the July Days, 1917 to July 1918</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3126-0395-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3126-0395-3"><bdi>978-0-3126-0395-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9682585">9682585</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3171762M">3171762M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Petrograd+Workers+and+the+Soviet+Seizure+of+Power+%3AFrom+the+July+Days%2C+1917+to+July+1918&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9682585&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3171762M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-3126-0395-3&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes1997" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdqtQgAACAAJ"><i>Three "whys" of the Russian Revolution</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-7646-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6797-7646-8"><bdi>978-0-6797-7646-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+%22whys%22+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-6797-7646-8&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdqtQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinowitch2004" class="citation book cs1">Rabinowitch, Alexander (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HzRiDJnTTG4C"><i>The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2268-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2268-1"><bdi>978-0-7453-2268-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+Come+to+Power%3A+The+Revolution+of+1917+in+Petrograd&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2268-1&rft.aulast=Rabinowitch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHzRiDJnTTG4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1997" class="citation book cs1">Reed, John (1997) [1919]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ten_Days_that_Shook_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Days that Shook the World">Ten Days that Shook the World</a></i>. New York: St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Days+that+Shook+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1998" class="citation book cs1">Service, Robert (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoftwentie00serv"><i>A history of twentieth-century Russia</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6744-0347-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-6744-0347-9"><bdi>0-6744-0347-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+twentieth-century+Russia&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-6744-0347-9&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoftwentie00serv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukman1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Shukman" title="Harold Shukman">Shukman, Harold</a>, ed. (1994). <i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the Russian Revolution</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-9525-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6311-9525-2"><bdi>978-0-6311-9525-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Encyclopedia+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-6311-9525-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1932" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1932) [1930]. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Revolution" title="History of the Russian Revolution"><i>The History of the Russian Revolution</i></a>. Vol. III: The Triumph of the Soviets. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman, Max</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/605191028">605191028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Gollancz&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F605191028&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Wade, Rex A. "The Revolution at One Hundred: Issues and Trends in the English Language Historiography of the Russian Revolution of 1917." <i>Journal of Modern Russian History and Historiography</i> 9.1 (2016): 9–38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22102388-00900003">10.1163/22102388-00900003</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher2014" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham (2014). <i>The Russian Revolution: A Beginner's Guide</i>. Oneworld Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBone1974" class="citation book cs1">Bone, Ann (trans.) (1974). <i>The Bolsheviks and the October Revolution: Central Committee Minutes of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) August 1917 – February 1918</i>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9028-1854-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9028-1854-6"><bdi>0-9028-1854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+and+the+October+Revolution%3A+Central+Committee+Minutes+of+the+Russian+Social-Democratic+Labour+Party+%28Bolsheviks%29+August+1917+%E2%80%93+February+1918&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-9028-1854-6&rft.aulast=Bone&rft.aufirst=Ann+%28trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chamberlin, William Henry (1935). <i>The Russian Revolution</i>. Vol. I: 1917–1918: From the Overthrow of the Tsar to the Assumption of Power by the Bolsheviks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.172837/page/n11/mode/2up">online vol 1</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russianrevolutio00cham/page/n5/mode/2up">online vol 2</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerman1979" class="citation book cs1">Guerman, Mikhail (1979). <i>Art of the October Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+October+Revolution&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Guerman&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollontai1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai, Alexandra</a> (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1926/autobiography.htm#a100">"The Years of Revolution"</a>. <i>The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Verlag_Herder" title="Verlag Herder">Herder and Herder</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/577690073">577690073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Years+of+Revolution&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+a+Sexually+Emancipated+Communist+Woman&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Herder+and+Herder&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F577690073&rft.aulast=Kollontai&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkollonta%2F1926%2Fautobiography.htm%23a100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupskaya1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Krupskaya, Nadezhda</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/krupskaya/works/rol/rol26.htm">"The October Days"</a>. <i>Reminiscences of Lenin</i>. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(Soviet_Union)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (Soviet Union)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/847091253">847091253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+October+Days&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+Lenin&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F847091253&rft.aulast=Krupskaya&rft.aufirst=Nadezhda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fkrupskaya%2Fworks%2Frol%2Frol26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuxemburg1940" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg, Rosa</a> (1940) [1918]. <i>The Russian Revolution</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Wolfe" title="Bertram Wolfe">Bertram Wolfe</a>. New York City: Workers Age. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/579589928">579589928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Workers+Age&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F579589928&rft.aulast=Luxemburg&rft.aufirst=Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadek1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Radek, Karl</a> (1995) [First published 1922 as "Wege der Russischen Revolution"]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/radek/1922/paths/index.html">"The Paths of the Russian Revolution"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin, Nikolai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Al_Richardson_(historian)" title="Al Richardson (historian)">Richardson, Al</a> (eds.). <i>In Defence of the Russian Revolution: A Selection of Bolshevik Writings, 1917–1923</i>. London: Porcupine Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">35–</span>75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8994-3801-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-8994-3801-7"><bdi>1-8994-3801-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/33294798">33294798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Paths+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.btitle=In+Defence+of+the+Russian+Revolution%3A+A+Selection+of+Bolshevik+Writings%2C+1917%E2%80%931923&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.pub=Porcupine+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F33294798&rft.isbn=1-8994-3801-7&rft.aulast=Radek&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fradek%2F1922%2Fpaths%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRead1996" class="citation book cs1">Read, Christopher (1996). <i>From Tsars to Soviets</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tsars+to+Soviets&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Read&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSerge1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge, Victor</a> (1972) [1930]. <i>Year One of the Russian Revolution</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15612072">15612072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Year+One+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15612072&rft.aulast=Serge&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwain2014" class="citation book cs1">Swain, Geoffrey (2014). <i>Trotsky and the Russian Revolution</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky+and+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Swain&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1930" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, Leon</a> (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/mylife/ch26.htm">"XXVI: From July to October"</a>. <a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Leon_Trotsky_autobiography)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Life (Leon Trotsky autobiography)"><i>My Life</i></a>. London: Thornton Butterworth. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181719733">181719733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XXVI%3A+From+July+to+October&rft.btitle=My+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thornton+Butterworth&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181719733&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Ftrotsky%2F1930%2Fmylife%2Fch26.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOctober+Revolution" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_Revolution&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:October_Revolution" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:October Revolution">October Revolution</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28++Russian+Revolution%29&and%5B%5D=mediatype%3A%22texts%22&sort=-date">free books on Russian Revolution</a></li> <li>Read, Christopher: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/revolutions_russian_empire">Revolutions (Russian Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li>Peeling, Siobhan: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/july_crisis_1917_russian_empire">July Crisis 1917 (Russian Empire)</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html">1914–1918 online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/ussr/events/revolution/index.htm">The October Revolution Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/medvedev4">Let History Judge Russia's Revolutions</a>, commentary by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Project_Syndicate" title="Project Syndicate">Project Syndicate</a>, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429023539/http://www.ilhs.tuc.gr/en/October%20Revolution%20and%20Logic%20of%20History.pdf">October Revolution and Logic of History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19171201/">Maps of Europe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316061544/http://maps.omniatlas.com/europe/19171201">Archived</a> 16 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maps.omniatlas.com/russia/19171201/">Russia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321023843/http://maps.omniatlas.com/russia/19171201">Archived</a> 21 March 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at time of October Revolution at omniatlas.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/the-bolsheviks-and-workers-control-solidarity-group">How the Bolshevik party elite crushed the democratically elected workers and popular councils – soviets – and established totalitarian state capitalism</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Annual_Great_October_Socialist_Revolution_Parade104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Annual_Great_October_Socialist_Revolution_Parade" title="Template:Annual Great October Socialist Revolution Parade"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Annual_Great_October_Socialist_Revolution_Parade" title="Template talk:Annual Great October Socialist Revolution Parade"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Annual_Great_October_Socialist_Revolution_Parade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Annual Great October Socialist Revolution Parade"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Annual_Great_October_Socialist_Revolution_Parade104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Annual <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Great October Socialist Revolution</a> Parade</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1941 October Revolution Parade">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1957 October Revolution Parade">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1963 October Revolution Parade">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1967 October Revolution Parade">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1972 October Revolution Parade">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1975 October Revolution Parade">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1976 October Revolution Parade">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1977 October Revolution Parade">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1981 October Revolution Parade">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1987 October Revolution Parade">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1988 October Revolution Parade">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1989 October Revolution Parade">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_October_Revolution_Parade" title="1990 October Revolution Parade">1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution_Day" title="October Revolution Day">October Revolution Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_October_Revolution_Parades_in_Moscow" title="List of October Revolution Parades in Moscow">List of October Revolution Parades in Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="Moscow Victory Day Parade">Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participating units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Corps of Drums of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Military_Music_College" title="Moscow Military Music College">Moscow Military Music College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Band_Service_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Russia" title="Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of Russia">Military Band Service of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frunze_Military_Academy" title="Frunze Military Academy">Frunze Military Academy</a></li> <li>V.I. <a href="/wiki/Lenin_Military-Political_Academy" title="Lenin Military-Political Academy">Lenin Military-Political Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Military_Academy_of_the_Strategic_Missile_Forces" title="Peter the Great Military Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces">Felix Dzerzhinsky Artillery Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinovsky_Military_Armored_Forces_Academy" title="Malinovsky Military Armored Forces Academy">Military Armored Forces Academy Marshal Rodion Malinovsky</a></li> <li>Military Engineering Academy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBC_Protection_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Protection Military Academy">Military Academy of Chemical Defense and Control</a></li> <li>Yuri <a href="/wiki/Gagarin_Air_Force_Academy" title="Gagarin Air Force Academy">Gagarin Air Force Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhukovsky_Air_Force_Engineering_Academy" title="Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy">Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy</a></li> <li>Naval Engineering School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Border_Institute_of_the_FSB_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Moscow Border Institute of the FSB of the Russian Federation">Moscow Border Guards Institute of the Border Defence Forces of the KGB "Moscow City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/98th_Guards_Airborne_Division" title="98th Guards Airborne Division">98th Guards Airborne Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMSDON" class="mw-redirect" title="OMSDON">OMSDON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/336th_Guards_Naval_Infantry_Brigade" title="336th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade">336th Marine Regiment of the Baltic Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suvorov_Military_School" title="Suvorov Military School">Suvorov Military School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhimov_Naval_School" title="Nakhimov Naval School">Nakhimov Naval School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Higher_Military_Command_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Higher Military Command School">Moscow Military High Command Training School "Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division">2nd Guards Motor Rifle Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Guards_Tank_Division" title="4th Guards Tank Division">4th Guards Tank Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/27th_Guards_Rocket_Army" title="27th Guards Rocket Army">27th Guards Rocket Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1917_Bolshevik_uprisings52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:October_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Template:October Bolshevik Uprising"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:October_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Template talk:October Bolshevik Uprising"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:October_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Special:EditPage/Template:October Bolshevik Uprising"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1917_Bolshevik_uprisings52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1917 <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> uprisings</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">November 1917</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Petrograd</a> (7 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Moscow Bolshevik Uprising">Moscow</a> (7–15 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev</a> (8–13 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashkent_Rebellion_(1917)" title="Tashkent Rebellion (1917)">Tashkent</a> (10–14 November)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinnytsia_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Vinnytsia Bolshevik Uprising">Vinnytsia</a> (10–12 November)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_Revolution" title="Template talk:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">October Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerensky%E2%80%93Krasnov_uprising" title="Kerensky–Krasnov uprising">Kerensky–Krasnov uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_mutiny" title="Junker mutiny">Junker mutiny</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_War_of_Independence" title="Ukrainian War of Independence">Ukrainian War of Independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiev_Bolshevik_Uprising" title="Kiev Bolshevik Uprising">Kiev Bolshevik Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_SR_uprising" title="Left SR uprising">Left SR uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">Tambov Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt rebellion</a></li> <li>Interventions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Central Powers intervention in the Russian Civil War">Central Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Committee_of_the_State_Duma" title="Provisional Committee of the State Duma">Provisional Committee of the State Duma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Russian Provisional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-independence_movements_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pro-independence movements in the Russian Civil War">Pro-independence movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrograd_Soviet" title="Petrograd Soviet">Petrograd Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Council of the People's Commissars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Revolutionary_Committee" title="Military Revolutionary Committee">Military Revolutionary Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Guards" title="Black Guards">Black Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Insurgent_Army_of_Ukraine" title="Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine">Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_armies" title="Green armies">Green armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Russia)" title="Red Guards (Russia)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_forces_in_battle_with_the_counterrevolution_in_the_South_of_Russia" title="Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia">Group of forces in battle with the counterrevolution in the South of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Council of Ukraine">Tsentralna Rada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_Russia_in_1917" title="Political parties of Russia in 1917">Parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Democratic_Party" title="Constitutional Democratic Party">Kadets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabat" title="Nabat">Nabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_October_17" title="Union of October 17">Union of October 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Monarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Lvov" title="Georgy Lvov">Georgy Lvov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Pavel Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Guchkov" title="Alexander Guchkov">Alexander Guchkov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Wrangel" title="Pyotr Wrangel">Pyotr Wrangel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kolchak" title="Alexander Kolchak">Alexander Kolchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Denikin" title="Anton Denikin">Anton Denikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Krasnov" title="Pyotr Krasnov">Pyotr Krasnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavr_Kornilov" title="Lavr Kornilov">Lavr Kornilov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Budyonny" title="Semyon Budyonny">Semyon Budyonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Sverdlov" title="Yakov Sverdlov">Yakov Sverdlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Right SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Chernov" title="Viktor Chernov">Viktor Chernov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Savinkov" title="Boris Savinkov">Boris Savinkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Sokoloff" title="Boris Sokoloff">Boris Sokoloff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left SRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Blumkin" title="Yakov Blumkin">Yakov Blumkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Kamkov" title="Boris Kamkov">Boris Kamkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Natanson" title="Mark Natanson">Mark Natanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Spiridonova" title="Maria Spiridonova">Maria Spiridonova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Antonov_(politician)" title="Alexander Antonov (politician)">Alexander Antonov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Russia" title="Anarchism in Russia">Anarchists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Nestor Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Nikiforova" title="Maria Nikiforova">Maria Nikiforova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Petrichenko" title="Stepan Petrichenko">Stepan Petrichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Chernyi" title="Lev Chernyi">Lev Chernyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semen_Karetnyk" title="Semen Karetnyk">Semen Karetnyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fedir_Shchus" title="Fedir Shchus">Fedir Shchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Bilash" title="Viktor Bilash">Viktor Bilash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanya_Baron" title="Fanya Baron">Fanya Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1917%E2%80%931923" title="Revolutions of 1917–1923">Revolutions of 1917–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Romanian_War" title="Hungarian–Romanian War">Hungarian–Romanian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Councils_in_Poland" title="Workers' Councils in Poland">Workers' Councils in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ukrainian_War" title="Polish–Ukrainian War">Polish–Ukrainian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovak Soviet Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Soviet_conflict" title="Belarusian-Soviet conflict">Belarusian-Soviet conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:51:15Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T02:42:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b4\/After_the_capture_of_the_Winter_Palace_26_October_1917.jpg","headline":"second of two 1917 revolutions in Russia"}</script> </body> </html>