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<li id="toc-Early_developments_(1950s–1960s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_developments_(1950s–1960s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early developments (1950s–1960s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_developments_(1950s–1960s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_program_(1970s–1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_program_(1970s–1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expansion of the program (1970s–1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_program_(1970s–1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Institute_of_Atomic_Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_of_Atomic_Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Institute of Atomic Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_of_Atomic_Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denuclearization_pledges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denuclearization_pledges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Denuclearization pledges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denuclearization_pledges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_fusion_claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_fusion_claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nuclear fusion claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_fusion_claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_light_water_reactor_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_light_water_reactor_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Indigenous light water reactor development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_light_water_reactor_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_weapons_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_weapons_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nuclear weapons program</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclear_weapons_program-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nuclear weapons program subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_weapons_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Yongbyon_5MWe_Magnox_reactor.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>The 5 <a href="/wiki/MWe" class="mw-redirect" title="MWe">MWe</a> <a href="/wiki/Nyongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" title="Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">experimental reactor</a> built at <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon">Yongbyon</a> in the period 1980–1985.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> (DPRK) has been active in developing <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technology</a> since the 1950s. </p><p>Although the country currently has no operational power-generating <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, efforts at developing its <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> sector continue. Moreover, North Korea has developed <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons</a>. It conducted what are widely accepted to have been <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_North_Korea" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea">nuclear tests</a> in 2006, 2009, 2013, 2016, and 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-NukesTest2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NukesTest2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TestConfirmed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TestConfirmed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_developments_(1950s–1960s)"><span id="Early_developments_.281950s.E2.80.931960s.29"></span>Early developments (1950s–1960s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early developments (1950s–1960s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 1950s, North Korea has been interested in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">nuclear technology</a> and has pursued the use of nuclear technology by transferring knowledge and technology related to nuclear energy from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. In April 1955, it decided to establish the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Physics">Nuclear Physics</a> Research Institute at the 2nd General Meeting of the North Korean Academy of Sciences and dispatched six scientists from the Soviet Union Academy to the conference held in the Soviet Union in June 1955. In September 1959, an agreement on the use of nuclear power was signed with the Soviet Union in Moscow, and the dispatch of a scientist from North Korea to the Soviet Union became a systematic step forward. </p><p>An IRT-2000 pool-type <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactor</a> was supplied by the Soviet Union for the <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center</a> in 1963, and began operation in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After upgrades to the research reactor, the fuels now used are IRT-2M-type assemblies of 36% and 80% <a href="/wiki/Highly_enriched_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Highly enriched uranium">highly enriched uranium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hecker-20080314_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecker-20080314-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globalsecurity-dprk-nuclear_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalsecurity-dprk-nuclear-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the center has not received fresh fuel since Soviet times, this reactor is now only run occasionally to produce <a href="/wiki/Iodine-131" title="Iodine-131">iodine-131</a> for <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cancer" title="Thyroid cancer">thyroid cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-albright-20070319_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albright-20070319-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a 2022 study of Donghyun Woo, who relied on previously unexamined North Korean publications and Soviet archival materials, North Korea's early nuclear developments were motivated out of a desire to harness nuclear power for economic reasons rather than develop nuclear weapons for security reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_of_the_program_(1970s–1990s)"><span id="Expansion_of_the_program_.281970s.E2.80.931990s.29"></span>Expansion of the program (1970s–1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expansion of the program (1970s–1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1970s the North Korean research became more independent. In 1974 North Korea upgraded its Soviet-supplied reactor to 8 MW, and in 1979 it began to build a second, indigenous research reactor in <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center</a>. Parallel to the construction of this reactor an ore processing plant and a fuel rod fabrication plant were built.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, the North Korean government realized that <a href="/wiki/Light-water_reactor" title="Light-water reactor">light-water reactors</a> (LWRs) were better suited to producing large amounts of electricity, for which there was a growing requirement. </p><p>After the demise of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russia continued <a href="/wiki/Site_selection" title="Site selection">site selection</a> fieldwork for the Sinpo LWR project. However, the North Koreans refused to pay for the work, and the project was effectively discontinued.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Institute_of_Atomic_Energy">Institute of Atomic Energy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Institute of Atomic Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Atomic_Energy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Atomic Energy (page does not exist)">Institute of Atomic Energy</a> (IAE) in Pyongyang was founded in 1985, initially to house a 20 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> and laboratories imported under an <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a> technical cooperation program from the Soviet Union. The vast majority of cyclotron usage is to produce <a href="/wiki/Gallium-66" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallium-66">gallium-66</a> for <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> treatment. The IAE has grown and now has three purposes: research, applying atomic energy to medicine and industry, and providing experimental facilities for nuclear studies students, particularly from <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chaek_University_of_Technology" title="Kim Chaek University of Technology">Kim Chaek University of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-albright-20070319_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-albright-20070319-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denuclearization_pledges">Denuclearization pledges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Denuclearization pledges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1994, North Korea signed the <a href="/wiki/U.S.-North_Korea_Agreed_Framework" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework">U.S.-North Korea Agreed Framework</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. North Korea thereby agreed to end its graphite-moderated nuclear reactor program, including the construction of a 200 MWe power reactor at <a href="/wiki/Taechon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taechon">Taechon</a>, in exchange for the construction of two 1000-MWe light-water reactors at <a href="/wiki/Kumho,_South_Hamgyong" title="Kumho, South Hamgyong">Kumho</a>, to be known as the Sinpo Nuclear Power Plant. Construction of these was started in 2000 by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula_Energy_Development_Organization" title="Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization">Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization</a>, but was suspended in November 2003. Under the <a href="/wiki/Six-Party_Talks" class="mw-redirect" title="Six-Party Talks">Six-Party Talks</a> held on 19 September 2005, North Korea pledged to end all its nuclear programs and return to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>, submitting to international inspections in return for benefits including energy aid and normalization of relations with <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the United States. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yongbyon,_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yongbyon%2C_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg/220px-Yongbyon%2C_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yongbyon%2C_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg/330px-Yongbyon%2C_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Yongbyon%2C_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg/440px-Yongbyon%2C_disabled_nuclear_fuel_fabrication_facility_machine_shop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>An empty <a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">machine shop</a> in the then-disabled fuel fabrication facility at Yongbyon in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 June 2008, it was announced that North Korea was to end its nuclear program; its nuclear declaration was to be handed over to China in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> on 26 June 2008. The nuclear devices that North Korea already had, however, were to be handed over at a later date. Earlier, on 23 June, North Korea stated that it had begun to dismantle its nuclear program and declared that it would turn over all of its plans to the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Hecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried Hecker">Siegfried Hecker</a>, the co-director of the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Center_for_International_Security_and_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation">Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation</a>, said that "prior to its <a href="/wiki/Kwangmy%C5%8Fngs%C5%8Fng-2" title="Kwangmyŏngsŏng-2">April rocket launch</a>, North Korea had discharged approximately 6,100 of the 8,000 fuel rods from its 5-megawatt reactor to the cooling pool, but disablement slowed to a crawl of 15 fuel rods per week, dragging out the projected completion of fuel unloading well into 2011. "<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these apparent shutdown efforts, North Korea's nuclear tests in <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">2009</a> and <a href="/wiki/2013_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2013 North Korean nuclear test">2013</a> have called into question its denuclearization commitment.<sup id="cite_ref-TestConfirmed_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TestConfirmed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2013, amid rising tensions with the West, North Korea stated that it would restart the mothballed Yongbyon facility and resume production of weapons-grade plutonium.<sup id="cite_ref-Yongbyon2013_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yongbyon2013-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 July 2018, U.S. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>, Japanese Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Taro_Kono" title="Taro Kono">Taro Kono</a> and South Korean Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kyung-wha" title="Kang Kyung-wha">Kang Kyung-wha</a> met in Tokyo where they reaffirmed their unity in urging North Korea to denuclearize as promised. The ministers stressed the need to call on North Korea to take concrete steps toward denuclearization and to keep existing U.N. economic sanctions in place.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_fusion_claims">Nuclear fusion claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nuclear fusion claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2010, North Korea's state newspaper, <i><a href="/wiki/Rodong_Sinmun" title="Rodong Sinmun">Rodong Sinmun</a></i>, announced in an article that North Korea had successfully carried out a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">nuclear fusion</a> reaction. The aforementioned article, referring to the alleged test as "a great event that demonstrated the rapidly developing cutting-edge science and technology of the DPRK", also made mention of efforts by North Korean scientists to develop "safe and environment-friendly new energy", and made no mention of plans to use fusion technology in its <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">nuclear weapons program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_light_water_reactor_development">Indigenous light water reactor development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indigenous light water reactor development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009 North Korea announced its intention to build an indigenous experimental <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactor</a> (LWR) and the uranium enrichment technology to provide its nuclear fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-kcna-20090613_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kcna-20090613-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2010, a group of non-governmental U.S. experts reported that they had visited North Korea's <a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center</a>, where they were shown an experimental 25–30 MWe <a href="/wiki/Light_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Light water reactor">light water reactor</a> in the early stages of construction, and a 2,000-<a href="/wiki/Gas_centrifuge" title="Gas centrifuge">gas centrifuge</a> uranium enrichment plant, which was said to be producing <a href="/wiki/Low_enriched_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Low enriched uranium">low enriched uranium</a> (LEU) fuel for the reactor. Construction of the uranium enrichment plant reportedly began in April 2009, and the initial target date for operational commencement for the reactor was 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-hecker-20101120_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecker-20101120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2011, satellite imagery indicated that the LWR construction was progressing rapidly, with the concrete structures largely completed. The LWR is being built on the site of the demolished cooling tower of the experimental Magnox reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hecker-20120106_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecker-20120106-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the building of this experimental LWR, North Korea intends to build larger LWRs for electricity generation.<sup id="cite_ref-hecker-20101120_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hecker-20101120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initial estimates were that the reactor would be put into operation in 2013,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the reactor was not externally complete until 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20160114_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20160114-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, several activities were noted involving construction, a dam was built to provide sufficient amount of water for the cooling system, switchyard and connections to transmission line were made along with facilities presumably used for maintenance and repair.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20180219_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20180219-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018 the preliminary testing of the reactor started.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of May 2024, intermittent cooling water flows indicate pre-operational tests are probably being conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-38north-20240523_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38north-20240523-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_weapons_program">Nuclear weapons program</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nuclear weapons program"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> <p>Following the 1958 U.S. deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in South Korea, the North Korean government asked both the Soviet Union and China for help in developing nuclear weapons, but was refused by both. However, the Soviet Union agreed to help North Korea develop a peaceful nuclear energy program, including the training of nuclear scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-jaebong-2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jaebong-2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eventually this technology base developed into a clandestine nuclear weapons program, leading to the 2006 and 2009 nuclear tests. In 2009, it was estimated that North Korea had up to ten functional nuclear warheads.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> in December 2011, the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a> announced its readiness to return nuclear inspectors to North Korea, from which they were expelled in 2009, as soon as an agreement could be reached on steps towards denuclearization.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, in early 2013, North Korea pledged to conduct more nuclear tests in the near future,<sup id="cite_ref-NukesTest2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NukesTest2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its <a href="/wiki/2013_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2013 North Korean nuclear test">third nuclear test</a> took place in February 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-TestConfirmed_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TestConfirmed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_nuclear_organizations">Key nuclear organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Key nuclear organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Korean_Institute_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Korean Institute of Physics (page does not exist)">North Korean Institute of Physics</a> was founded in 1952. The various departments originally created within the Institute of Physics later served as the basis for several independent research centers, including the Institute of Atomic Physics, the Institute of Semiconductors and the Institute of Mathematics. </p><p>A further reorganization of scientific research activities was carried out in the 1970s, during which the majority of North Korea's nuclear research institutes were transferred from <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a> to the city of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyonsong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyonsong (page does not exist)">Pyonsong</a>, 50 kilometres (31 mi) from the capital, and combined into a single scientific center. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">Nuclear proliferation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">Nuclear warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NukesTest2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NukesTest2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NukesTest2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-21175466">"North Korea 'plans third nuclear test'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+Deployment+of+Nuclear+Weapons+in+1950s+South+Korea+%26+North+Korea%27s+Nuclear+Development%3A+Toward+Denuclearization+of+the+Korean+Peninsula+%28English+version%29&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.au=Lee+Jae-Bong&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Lee-Jae_Bong%2F3053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+power+in+North+Korea" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/news/article/March-2009/expert-says-north-korea-has-several-nukes.html?col=1186032310810">"AP News: Expert Says North Korea has Several Nukes"</a>. Military.com. March 2009. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/nuke.htm">DPRK Nuclear Weapons Program</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 8 March 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=16912&prog=zgp&proj=znpp">"Estimates of North Korea’s Possible Nuclear Stockpile"</a>. Jon Wolfsthal. Carnegie Endowment. 11 May 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.metapress.com/content/hn1576020176wg02/fulltext.pdf">North Korea’s nuclear program (2005)</a>. Published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thebulletin.org"><i>The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-korea-north-iaea-idUSTRE7BJ0K020111220">"IAEA wants to redeploy nuclear inspectors in North Korea: report"</a>. Reuters. 20 December 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://38north.org/">38North.org</a> (38 North is a project of the U.S.-Korea Institute at the <a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Nitze_School_of_Advanced_International_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies">Paul H. 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crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreed_Framework" title="Agreed Framework">Agreed Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six-party_talks" title="Six-party talks">Six-party talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93North_Korea_Pyongyang_Declaration" title="Japan–North Korea Pyongyang Declaration">Japan–North Korea Pyongyang Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against North Korea">Sanctions against North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 North Korea crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="List of North Korean missile tests">Missile tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_North_Korean_missile_test" title="1993 North Korean missile test">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_missile_test" title="2006 North Korean missile test">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2009 North Korean missile tests">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2013 North Korean missile tests">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2014 North Korean missile tests">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2017 North Korean missile tests">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2021–2023 North Korean missile tests">2021–2023</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_North_Korea" title="List of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea">Nuclear tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2013 North Korean nuclear test">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2016_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="January 2016 North Korean nuclear test">January 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_2016_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="September 2016 North Korean nuclear test">September 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2017 North Korean nuclear test">2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula_Energy_Development_Organization" title="Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization">Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" title="Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Nyongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punggye-ri_Nuclear_Test_Site" title="Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site">Punggye-ri Nuclear Test Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_concerning_North_Korea" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions concerning North Korea">UN resolutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_825" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 825">825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1695" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1695">1695</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1718" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1718">1718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1874">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1928" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1985" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2087" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2087">2087</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2094" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2094">2094</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2270" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2270">2270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2321" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2321">2321</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2371" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2371">2371</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2375" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2375">2375</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2397" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2397">2397</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_Ballistic_Missile_Range_Guidelines" title="South Korea Ballistic Missile Range Guidelines">South Korea Ballistic Missile Range Guidelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea" title="Nuclear power in South Korea">Nuclear power in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_power_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Template:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Template talk:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watt#Electrical_and_thermal_watts" title="Watt">GW<sub>e</sub></a> > 10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japan" title="Nuclear power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea" title="Nuclear power in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine" title="Nuclear power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watt#Electrical_and_thermal_watts" title="Watt">GW<sub>e</sub></a> > 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Spain" title="Nuclear power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden" title="Nuclear power in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GW<sub>e</sub> > 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Nuclear power in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Finland" title="Nuclear power in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GW<sub>e</sub> > 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Argentina" title="Nuclear power in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Bulgaria" title="Nuclear power in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Romania" title="Nuclear power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GW<sub>e</sub> < 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovenia" title="Nuclear energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ghana" title="Nuclear power in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Indonesia" title="Nuclear power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel" title="Nuclear power in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Nuclear power in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned plans<br />for new plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Australia" title="Nuclear power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juragua_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Juragua Nuclear Power Plant">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Georgia (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Malaysia" title="Nuclear power in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Phasing-out</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a> <small>(delayed)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy" title="Nuclear power in Italy">Italy</a> <small>(already)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Spain" title="Nuclear power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Switzerland" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <small>(gradually)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_power_stations" title="List of nuclear power stations">List of nuclear power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy" title="Nuclear energy policy">Nuclear energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_policy_by_country" title="Nuclear energy policy by country">Nuclear energy policy by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_accidents" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear accidents">Nuclear accidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nuclear_technology" title="Portal:Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nuclear_energy_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expand navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_energy_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Nuclear energy in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Afghanistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Afghanistan (page does not exist)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Bahrain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Bahrain (page does not exist)">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Bhutan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Bhutan (page does not exist)">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Brunei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Brunei (page does not exist)">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Cambodia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Cambodia (page does not exist)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_East_Timor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in East Timor (page does not exist)">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Iraq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Iraq (page does not exist)">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Laos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Laos (page does not exist)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_the_Maldives&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in the Maldives (page does not exist)">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Nepal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Nepal (page does not exist)">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Qatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Qatar (page does not exist)">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Tajikistan (page does not exist)">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Thailand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Thailand (page does not exist)">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Turkmenistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Turkmenistan (page does not exist)">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Yemen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Yemen (page does not exist)">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_the_State_of_Palestine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in the State of Palestine (page does not exist)">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Hong_Kong" title="Nuclear energy in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Macau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Macau (page does not exist)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td 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