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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>After 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_status_and_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_status_and_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Administrative status and divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_status_and_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Cityscape</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cityscape subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Social life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Education and science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pyongyang_at_night" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyongyang_at_night"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17.1</span> <span>Pyongyang at night</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyongyang_at_night-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pyongyang</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 165 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">165 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongyang" title="Pyeongyang – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Pyeongyang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C3%B6ngjang" title="Pjöngjang – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Pjöngjang" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%95%E1%8B%AE%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ፕዮንግያንግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፕዮንግያንግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABonganc" title="Pīonganc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Pīonganc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="بيونغيانغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيونغيانغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="পিয়ং ইয়াং – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পিয়ং ইয়াং" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyong_Yang" title="Pyong Yang – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pyong Yang" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" title="प्योङ्गयाङ्ग – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="प्योङ्गयाङ्ग" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pxenyan" title="Pxenyan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pxenyan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%82%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82" title="پیونق‌یانق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیونق‌یانق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82" title="পিয়ং ইয়াং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পিয়ং ইয়াং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngyang_Ti%CC%8Dt-hat-chh%C4%AB" title="P'yŏngyang Ti̍t-hat-chhī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="P'yŏngyang Ti̍t-hat-chhī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхэньян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пхэньян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхенян – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пхенян" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%95%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཕོང་ཡང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོང་ཡང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8A%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхёнъян – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Пхёнъян" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang_(lalawigan)" title="Pyongyang (lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pyongyang (lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchjongjang" title="Pchjongjang – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pchjongjang" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngyang" title="P'yŏngyang – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="P'yŏngyang" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C3%B6ngjang" title="Pjöngjang – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pjöngjang" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchjongjang" title="Pchjongjang – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pchjongjang" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Πιονγιάνγκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πιονγιάνγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pionyang" title="Pionyang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pionyang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjango" title="Pjongjango – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pjongjango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piongiang" title="Piongiang – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Piongiang" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پیونگ‌یانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیونگ‌یانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngyang" title="P'yŏngyang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="P'yŏngyang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%8B%9C" title="평양시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="평양시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Փհենյան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փհենյան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="प्योंगयांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्योंगयांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piau%C3%B1a%C5%8Baaq" title="Piauñaŋaaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Piauñaŋaaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פיונגיאנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיונגיאנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ಯೊನ್ಗ್ಯಾಂಗ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ಯೊನ್ಗ್ಯಾಂಗ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფხენიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფხენიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%27y%C5%8Fngyang" title="P'yŏngyang – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="P'yŏngyang" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongyang" title="Pyeongyang – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pyeongyang" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenjana" title="Phenjana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Phenjana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C3%B6ngjang" title="Pjöngjang – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pjöngjang" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchenjanas" title="Pchenjanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pchenjanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%B2ngyang" title="Pyòngyang – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Pyòngyang" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenjan" title="Phenjan – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Phenjan" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenjan" title="Phenjan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phenjan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="प्योङ्गयाङ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="प्योङ्गयाङ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Пјонгјанг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пјонгјанг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" title="പ്യോംങ്യാംഗ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്യോംങ്യാംഗ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="प्याँगयांग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्याँगयांग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA" title="بيونغيانغ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيونغيانغ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پیونگ یانگ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پیونگ یانگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACng-i%C5%8Dng" title="Bìng-iōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bìng-iōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%91%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пёньян – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пёньян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ပြုံယမ်းမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြုံယမ်းမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="प्योङयाङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्योङयाङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%8C%E5%B8%82" title="平壌市 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="平壌市" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C3%B6ngjang" title="Pjöngjang – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Pjöngjang" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyeongyang" title="Pyeongyang – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pyeongyang" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pxenyan" title="Pxenyan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pxenyan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%AF%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%97" title="ਪਿਓਂਗਯਾਂਗ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਿਓਂਗਯਾਂਗ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پیانگ یانگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پیانگ یانگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AB_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB" title="پیونګ یانګ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پیونګ یانګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%99%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84" title="ព្យុងយ៉ាង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ព្យុងយ៉ាង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pj%C3%B6ngjang" title="Pjöngjang – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pjöngjang" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pxenyan" title="Pxenyan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Pxenyan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenian" title="Phenian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Phenian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D" title="ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱤᱭᱚᱝᱤᱭᱟᱝ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjonjangu" title="Pjonjangu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pjonjangu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پيانگ يانگ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پيانگ يانگ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchjongjang" title="Pchjongjang – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pchjongjang" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پیۆنگیانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیۆنگیانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%98%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Пјонгјанг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пјонгјанг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pjongjang" title="Pjongjang – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pjongjang" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" title="பியொங்யாங் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியொங்யாங்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="เปียงยาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เปียงยาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхенян – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пхенян" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phen%C3%BDan" title="Phenýan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Phenýan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Пхеньян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пхеньян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%BE%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پھیانگ یانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پھیانگ یانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phen%27jan" title="Phen'jan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Phen'jan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_Nh%C6%B0%E1%BB%A1ng" title="Bình Nhưỡng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bình Nhưỡng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Py%C3%B6ngyang" title="Pyöngyang – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pyöngyang" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E5%B8%82" title="平壤市 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="平壤市" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E5%B8%82" title="平壤市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="平壤市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="פיאנגיאנג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיאנגיאנג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4" title="平壤 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="平壤" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pchenjans" title="Pchenjans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pchenjans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%E5%B8%82" title="平壤市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="平壤市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Pyongyang" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pxenjan" title="Pxenjan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Pxenjan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pyongyang&params=39_01_00_N_125_44_51_E_type:city(3,200,000)_region:KP-01"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">125°44′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.01667°N 125.74750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.01667; 125.74750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of North Korea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pyonggang_County" title="Pyonggang County">Pyonggang County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang County</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pyongsong" title="Pyongsong">Pyongsong</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pyongyang (disambiguation)">Pyongyang (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Directly governed city in North Korea</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Pyongyang</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ko"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">평양시</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Directly governed city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Pyongyang Directly Governed City</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">  transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">평양직할시</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">平壤直轄市</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">P'yŏngyang Chikhalsi</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pyeongyang Jikhalsi</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg/288px-Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg/432px-Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg/576px-Panoramic_view_from_Juche_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5668" data-file-height="2628" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Pyongyang skyline and the <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:94px;max-width:94px"><div style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG/92px-Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="92" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG/138px-Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG/184px-Pyongyang_at_night_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2344" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/192px-V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/288px-V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/384px-V%C3%ADt%C4%9Bzn%C3%BD_oblouk_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(Pyongyang)" title="Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)">Arch of Triumph</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansudae_Grand_Monument_(10104320806).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mansudae_Grand_Monument_%2810104320806%29.jpg/190px-Mansudae_Grand_Monument_%2810104320806%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mansudae_Grand_Monument_%2810104320806%29.jpg/285px-Mansudae_Grand_Monument_%2810104320806%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Mansudae_Grand_Monument_%2810104320806%29.jpg/380px-Mansudae_Grand_Monument_%2810104320806%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Grand_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansudae Grand Monument">Mansudae Grand Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg/94px-Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg/141px-Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg/188px-Pr%C3%A1zdn%C3%A9_slnice_a_rozestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_hotel_Ryugyong_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2878" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg/134px-King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg/201px-King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg/268px-King_Tongmyong%27s_Mausoleum_Gate_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong" title="Tomb of King Tongmyong">Tomb of King Tongmyong</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg/150px-Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg/225px-Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg/300px-Obrovsk%C3%BD_pomn%C3%ADk_zalo%C5%BEen%C3%AD_strany_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Party_Founding" title="Monument to Party Founding">Monument to Party Founding</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span style="line-height:1.5em;"> (류경/<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">柳京</span></span>)<span class="nowrap">  </span><small>(<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>)<br />"Capital of Willows"</small></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 280px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="280" data-height="200" data-zoom="8" data-overlays="["_26f08d5a42d940be1c12b01d94d5396e02bcd762"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,280x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pyongyang&revid=1259971474&groups=_26f08d5a42d940be1c12b01d94d5396e02bcd762" width="280" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,8,a,a,280x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Pyongyang&revid=1259971474&groups=_26f08d5a42d940be1c12b01d94d5396e02bcd762 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><i>Location of Pyongyang in North Korea</i></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pyongyang highlighted in red in North Korea"><img alt="Pyongyang highlighted in red in North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg/250px-Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg/375px-Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg/500px-Pyongyang-chikhalsi_in_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1616" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Pyongyang highlighted in red in North Korea</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Korea_physical_map2.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pyongyang is located in North Korea"><img alt="Pyongyang is located in North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/North_Korea_physical_map2.svg/250px-North_Korea_physical_map2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/North_Korea_physical_map2.svg/375px-North_Korea_physical_map2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/North_Korea_physical_map2.svg/500px-North_Korea_physical_map2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="858" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:73.392%;left:24.228%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pyongyang"><img alt="Pyongyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Pyongyang</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of North Korea</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pyongyang is located in Asia"><img alt="Pyongyang is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Asia_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.11%;left:71.492%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pyongyang"><img alt="Pyongyang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Pyongyang</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Asia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pyongyang&params=39_01_00_N_125_44_51_E_type:city(3,200,000)_region:KP-01"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°01′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">125°44′51″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.01667°N 125.74750°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.01667; 125.74750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Second-level_divisions" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>19 districts(or wards), 2 counties,1 neighbourhood</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chung-guyok" title="Chung-guyok">Chung-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Pyongchon-guyok" title="Pyongchon-guyok">Pyongchon-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Potonggang-guyok" title="Potonggang-guyok">Potonggang-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Moranbong-guyok" title="Moranbong-guyok">Moranbong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sosong-guyok" title="Sosong-guyok">Sosong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Songyo-guyok" title="Songyo-guyok">Songyo-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tongdaewon-guyok" title="Tongdaewon-guyok">Tongdaewon-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Taedonggang-guyok" title="Taedonggang-guyok">Taedonggang-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sadong-guyok" title="Sadong-guyok">Sadong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Taesong-guyok" title="Taesong-guyok">Taesong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae-guyok" title="Mangyongdae-guyok">Mangyongdae-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hyongjesan-guyok" title="Hyongjesan-guyok">Hyongjesan-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ryongsong-guyok" title="Ryongsong-guyok">Ryongsong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Samsok-guyok" title="Samsok-guyok">Samsok-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Ryokpo-guyok" title="Ryokpo-guyok">Ryokpo-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rangrang-guyok" title="Rangrang-guyok">Rangrang-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Sunan-guyok" title="Sunan-guyok">Sunan-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Unjong-guyok" title="Unjong-guyok">Unjong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Hwasong-guyok" title="Hwasong-guyok">Hwasong-guyok</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kangdong_County" title="Kangdong County">Kangdong County</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kangnam_County" title="Kangnam County">Kangnam County</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Panghyon-dong" title="Panghyon-dong">Panghyon-dong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Directly governed city</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Pyongyang City People's Assembly</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Secretary of the City Committee</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Su-gil" title="Kim Su-gil">Kim Su-gil</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman of the People's Committee</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Choi_Hee-tae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choi Hee-tae (page does not exist)">Choi Hee-tae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Directly governed city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">829.1 km<sup>2</sup> (320.1 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,194 km<sup>2</sup> (1,233 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2021)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Directly governed city</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,157,538</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,800/km<sup>2</sup> (9,900/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pyongyangite(s)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B09:00" title="UTC+09:00">UTC+09:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Time">Pyongyang Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">(Not Observed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">KP-01</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width: 22em"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Pyongyang</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_(East_Asian_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pyongyang_%28East_Asian_characters%29.svg/115px-Pyongyang_%28East_Asian_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pyongyang_%28East_Asian_characters%29.svg/173px-Pyongyang_%28East_Asian_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pyongyang_%28East_Asian_characters%29.svg/230px-Pyongyang_%28East_Asian_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="363" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Pyongyang" in <i><a href="/wiki/Chos%C5%8Fn%27g%C5%ADl" class="mw-redirect" title="Chosŏn'gŭl">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></i> (top) and <i><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hancha</a></i> (bottom)</div></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Chosŏn'gŭl</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">평양</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline; font-size: 1rem;"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">平壤</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">Pyeongyang</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">P'yŏngyang</i></span></td></tr><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">flat soil</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pyongyang</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">평양</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hancha</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">平壤</span></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, where it is sometimes labeled as the "Capital of the Revolution" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">혁명의 수도</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyongyang is located on the <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a> about 109 km (68 mi) upstream from its mouth on the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. According to the 2008 population census, it has a population of 3,255,288.<sup id="cite_ref-Nkorea2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nkorea2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyongyang is a <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">directly administered city</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">직할시</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">直轄市</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">chikhalsi</i></span>) with a status equal to that of the <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_North_Korea" title="Provinces of North Korea">North Korean provinces</a>. </p><p>Pyongyang is one of the oldest cities in Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the capital of two ancient Korean kingdoms, <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, and served as the secondary capital of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>. Following the establishment of North Korea in 1948, Pyongyang became its <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> capital. The city was again devastated during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, but was quickly rebuilt after the war with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> assistance. </p><p>Pyongyang is the political, industrial and transport center of North Korea. It is estimated that 99% of those living in Pyongyang are members, candidate members, or dependents of members of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> (WPK).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to North Korea's major <a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">government institutions</a>, as well as the WPK which has its headquarters in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City_(Pyongyang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidden City (Pyongyang)">Forbidden City</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Pyongyang is borrowed from Korean "평양" (literally "flat land"), from McCune–Reischauer (MR) romanisation P'yŏngyang, a Sino-Korean word from 平壤. It indicates the geographical feature of the location to have a smooth terrain. In native Korean, the city was called "Buruna" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">부루나</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or less commonly "Barana" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">바라나</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, using the <a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">idu system</a>, was the pronunciation of the Chinese characters of "Pyongyang".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Buru" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">부루</span></span>) means "field" whereas "na" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">나</span></span>) means "land", therefore the meaning of Pyongyang in native Korean would be "Land of the field".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city's other historic names include <i>Ryugyong</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Kisong</i>, <i>Hwangsong</i>, <i>Rakrang</i>, <i>Sŏgyong</i>, <i>Sodo</i>, <i>Hogyong</i>, <i>Changan</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Heijō</i><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (during <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rule_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rule in Korea">Japanese rule in Korea</a>). There are several variants.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the early 20th century, Pyongyang came to be known among missionaries as being the "<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> of the East", due to its historical status as a stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, namely <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Revival" title="Pyongyang Revival">Pyongyang Revival</a> of 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-AsiaTimesNick_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AsiaTimesNick-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeastNick_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyBeastNick-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung's death</a> in 1994, some members of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a>'s faction proposed changing the name of Pyongyang to "Kim Il Sung City" (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">김일성시</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">金日成市</span></span>), but others suggested that North Korea should begin calling <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> "Kim Il Sung City" instead and grant Pyongyang the moniker "Kim Jong Il City". In the end, neither proposal was implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1955, archaeologists excavated evidence of prehistoric dwellings in a large ancient village in the Pyongyang area, called Kŭmtan-ni, dating to the <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a> pottery periods.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Koreans associate Pyongyang with the <a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">mythological</a> city of "<a href="/wiki/Asadal" title="Asadal">Asadal</a>", or <i><a href="/wiki/Wanggeom-seong" title="Wanggeom-seong">Wanggeom-seong</a></i>, the first second millennium BC capital of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> ("Old Joseon") according to Korean historiographies beginning with the 13th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a></i>. </p><p>Historians<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2018)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> deny this claim because earlier Chinese historiographical works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Mountains_and_Seas" title="Classic of Mountains and Seas">Classic of Mountains and Seas</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Records of the Grand Historian</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a></i>, mention a much later "Joseon".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The connection between the two therefore may have been asserted by North Korea for the use of propaganda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, Pyongyang became a major city in old Joseon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_period">Historical period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Historical period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong,_Pyongyang,_North_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg/150px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg/225px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="2903" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong" title="Tomb of King Tongmyong">Tomb of King Tongmyong</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Pyongyang was founded in 1122 BC on the site of the capital of the legendary king <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wanggeom-seong" title="Wanggeom-seong">Wanggeom-seong</a>, which was in the location of Pyongyang, became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> from 194 to 108 BC. It fell in the <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">Han conquest of Gojoseon</a> in 108 BC. <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu of Han</a> ordered four commanderies be set up, with <a href="/wiki/Lelang_Commandery" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang Commandery</a> in the center and its capital established as "Joseon" (朝鮮縣, 조선현) at the location of Pyongyang. Several archaeological findings from the later, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> (20–220 AD) period in the Pyongyang area seems to suggest that Han forces later launched brief incursions around these parts. </p><p>The area around the city was called Nanglang during the early <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms period</a>. As the capital of Nanglang (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">낙랑국</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">樂浪國</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyongyang remained an important commercial and cultural outpost after the Lelang Commandery was destroyed by an expanding <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in 313. </p><p>Goguryeo moved its capital there in 427. According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_I._Beckwith" title="Christopher I. Beckwith">Christopher Beckwith</a>, <i>Pyongyang</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean reading</a> of the name they gave it in their language: <i>Piarna</i>, or "level land".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 668, Pyongyang became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_East" title="Protectorate General to Pacify the East">Protectorate General to Pacify the East</a> established by the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> of China. However, by 676, it was taken by <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, but left on the border between Silla and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>. Pyongyang was left abandoned during the <a href="/wiki/Later_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Silla">Later Silla</a> period, until it was recovered by <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Geon</a> and decreed as the Western Capital of <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98)">Imjin War</a>, Pyongyang was captured by the Japanese and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1592)" title="Battle of Pyongyang (1592)">held the city wall</a> until they were defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pyongyang_(1593)" title="Siege of Pyongyang (1593)">Siege of Pyongyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 17th century, it became temporarily occupied during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a> until peace arrangements were made between Korea and Qing China. While the invasions made Koreans suspicious of foreigners, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> began to grow after the country opened itself up to foreigners in the 16th century. Pyongyang became the base of Christian expansion in Korea. By 1880 it had more than 100 churches and more Protestant missionaries than any other Asian city,<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was called "the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> of the East".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, the city had 40,000 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-populstat.info_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populstat.info-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the site of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1894)" title="Battle of Pyongyang (1894)">Battle of Pyongyang</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, which led to the destruction and depopulation of much of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the provincial capital of South Pyeongan Province beginning in 1896. During the <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colonial rule</a>, Japan tried to develop the city as an industrial center, but faced the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> in 1919 and severe anti-Japanese socialist movement in 1920s due to economic exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was called Heijō (with the same Chinese characters <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">平壤</span></span> but read as <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">へいじょう</span></span>) in Japanese. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heijo_Tram.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Heijo_Tram.JPG/220px-Heijo_Tram.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Heijo_Tram.JPG/330px-Heijo_Tram.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Heijo_Tram.JPG 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="254" /></a><figcaption>Pyongyang Tram, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920s</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1931, the city experienced <a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident#Anti-Chinese_riots_in_Korea" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">anti-Chinese riots</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Wanpaoshan_Incident" title="Wanpaoshan Incident">Wanpaoshan Incident</a> and the sensationalized media reports about it which appeared in Imperial Japanese and Korean newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938, Pyongyang had a population of 235,000.<sup id="cite_ref-populstat.info_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-populstat.info-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1945">After 1945</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After 1945"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang_aerial_view_(15124608601).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pyongyang_aerial_view_%2815124608601%29.jpg/220px-Pyongyang_aerial_view_%2815124608601%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pyongyang_aerial_view_%2815124608601%29.jpg/330px-Pyongyang_aerial_view_%2815124608601%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Pyongyang_aerial_view_%2815124608601%29.jpg/440px-Pyongyang_aerial_view_%2815124608601%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>Modern-day Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <p>On 25 August 1945, the <a href="/wiki/25th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="25th Army (Soviet Union)">Soviet 25th Army</a> entered Pyongyang and it became the temporary capital of the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional People's Committee for North Korea">Provisional People's Committee for North Korea</a>. A People's Committee was already established there, led by veteran Christian nationalist <a href="/wiki/Cho_Man-sik" title="Cho Man-sik">Cho Man-sik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyongyang became the de facto capital of North Korea upon its establishment in 1948. At the time, the Pyongyang government aimed to recapture Korea's official capital, Seoul. <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pyongyang" title="Bombing of Pyongyang">Pyongyang was again severely damaged</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, during which it was briefly occupied by South Korean forces from 19 October to 6 December 1950. The city saw many refugees evacuate when advancing Chinese forces pushed southward towards Pyongyang. UN forces oversaw the evacuation of refugees as they retreated from Pyongyang in December 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1952, it was the target of the largest aerial raid of the entire war, involving 1,400 UN aircraft. </p><p>Already during the war, plans were made to reconstruct the city. On 27 July 1953 – the day the armistice between North Korea and South Korea was signed – <i>The Pyongyang Review</i> wrote: "While streets were in flames, an exhibition showing the general plan of restoration of Pyongyang was held at the Moranbong Underground Theater", the air raid shelter of the government under <a href="/wiki/Moranbong" title="Moranbong">Moranbong</a>. "On the way of victory... fireworks which streamed high into the night sky of the capital in a gun salute briefly illuminated the construction plan of the city which would rise soon with a new look".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war, the city was quickly rebuilt with assistance from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and many buildings were built in the style of <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a>. The plans for the modern city of Pyongyang were first displayed for public viewing in a theatre building. Kim Jung-hee, one of the founding members of the Korean Architects Alliance, who had studied architecture in <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">prewar Japan</a>, was appointed by Kim Il Sung to design the city's master plan. <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Architectural_Institute" title="Moscow Architectural Institute">Moscow Architectural Institute</a> designed the "Pyongyang City Reconstruction and Construction Comprehensive Plan" in 1951, and it was officially adopted in 1953. The transformation into a modern, propaganda-designed city featuring Stalin-style architecture with a Korean-style arrangement (and other modernist architecture that was said to have been greatly influenced by Brazilian architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a>) began.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">1972 Constitution</a> officially declared Pyongyang the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Kim_Il_Sung" title="Death and state funeral of Kim Il Sung">funeral of Kim Il Sung</a> was held in Pyongyang in 1994. Then on 19 July, it concluded with a cortege procession when his corpse moved through the streets with a hearse as people cried out in hysteria while watching the funeral.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, North Korean authorities began a long-term modernisation programme. The Ministry of Capital City Construction Development was included in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_North_Korea" title="Cabinet of North Korea">Cabinet</a> in that year. In 2006, Kim Jong Il's brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Jang_Song-thaek" title="Jang Song-thaek">Jang Song Thaek</a> took charge of the ministry. </p><p>Throughout the rule of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> a number of residential projects were constructed. In 2012, Changjon Street,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a residential project with 2,784 units, was inaugurated in the heart of Pyongyang. 2013 and 2014 residential projects dedicated to scientists were completed in Unha Scientists Street and Wisong Scientists Street with more than 1,000 units each while in 2015 work took place on a residential project in <a href="/wiki/Mirae_Scientists_Street" title="Mirae Scientists Street">Mirae Scientists Street</a> with 2,584 units. In 2017, in dedication to the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Sun" title="Day of the Sun">105th birthday</a> of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">founder</a> and first leader, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, 4,804 units were built in the new <a href="/wiki/Ryomyong_New_Town" title="Ryomyong New Town">Ryomyong Street complex</a>. The second decade of the 2000s saw the construction of residential projects in Songhwa Street near the <a href="/wiki/Taedonggang_Brewing_Company" title="Taedonggang Brewing Company">Taedonggang Brewing Company</a> in Sadong District (2022), in Taephyong area in Mangyongdae district, and in the Pothong Riverside Terraced Residential District located at the city center next to the Pothong River on land previously used by the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/International_Taekwon-Do_Federation" title="International Taekwon-Do Federation">International Taekwon-Do Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Jong Un ordered that the residential district be renamed "Kyongru-dong" meaning "beautiful bead terrace".<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 50s to the 70s the area was the location of the residence of Kim Il Sung and was known as "Mansion No. 5".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other recent public building projects include the <a href="/wiki/Mansudae_People%27s_Theatre" title="Mansudae People's Theatre">Mansudae People's Theatre</a> opened in 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Munsu_Water_Park" title="Munsu Water Park">Munsu Water Park</a> opened in 2013, and the renovated and expanded <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Sunan International Airport">Sunan International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sci-Tech_Complex" title="Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex">Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex</a>, both completed in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Samjiyon Orchestra Theater,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was fitted out of the domed Korean People's Army Circus built in 1964, and the <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a>, of which construction started in 2020. Additional re-development projects occurred in the area around the Arch of Triumph where the Pyongyang People's Hospital no. 1 was demolished. Apartment blocks in the area of Inhŭng-dong, in <a href="/wiki/Moranbong-guyok" title="Moranbong-guyok">Moranbong-guyok</a> district and in the area of Sinwon-dong in <a href="/wiki/Potonggang-guyok" title="Potonggang-guyok">Pothonggang district</a> were demolished<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2018–2019 for the construction of new apartment buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2018 the Youth Park Open-Air Theatre in Sungri Street, used to host political rallies, was rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021–2022 a major housing project was executed along Songhwa Street in southeast part of the city<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hwasong Street in <a href="/wiki/Hwasong-guyok" title="Hwasong-guyok">Hwasong District</a> in northern Pyongyang with high-rises.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 phase two of construction of housing in <a href="/wiki/Hwasong-guyok" title="Hwasong-guyok">Hwasong district</a> was launched, on the former territory of the Pyongyang Vegetable Science Institute. In addition, a complex of <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> farm and housing was initiated on the former territory of <a href="/wiki/Kangdong_Airport" title="Kangdong Airport">Kangdong Airfield</a> which was demolished in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024 the second stage of construction in the Hwasong area was completed in Rimhung Street with 10,000 apartments was marked with an extravagant ceremony.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pyongyang, alongside <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bids_for_the_2032_Summer_Olympics" title="Bids for the 2032 Summer Olympics">launched a bid</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032 Summer Olympics</a>, but failed to make the joint city candidate list. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyongyang is in the west-central part of North Korea; the city lies on a flat plain about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Bay" title="Korea Bay">Korea Bay</a>, an arm of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a> flows southwestward through the city toward the Korea Bay. The Pyongyang plain, where the city is situated, is one of the two large plains on the Western coast of the Korean peninsula, the other being the Chaeryong plain. Both have an area of approximately 500 square kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200963_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200963-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyongyang has a <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">hot-summer continental monsoon climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>Dwa</i>), featuring warm to hot, humid summers and cold, dry winters.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cold, dry winds can blow from <a href="/wiki/Siberian_High" title="Siberian High">Siberia</a> in winter, making conditions very cold; the low temperature is usually below freezing between November and early March, although the average daytime high is at least a few degrees above freezing in every month except January. The winter is generally much drier than summer, with snow falling for 37 days on average. </p><p>The transition from the cold, dry winter to the warm, wet summer occurs rather quickly between April and early May, and there is a similarly abrupt return to winter conditions in late October and November. Summers are generally hot and humid, with the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_monsoon" title="East Asian monsoon">East Asian monsoon</a> taking place from June until September; these are also the hottest months, with average temperatures of 21 to 25 °C (70 to 77 °F), and daytime highs often above 30 °C (86 °F). Although largely transitional seasons, spring and autumn experience more pleasant weather, with average high temperatures ranging from 20 to 26 °C (68 to 79 °F) in May and 22 to 27 °C (72 to 81 °F) in September,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coupled with relatively clear, sunny skies.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Pyongyang (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1961–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9<br />(98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.5<br />(92.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.0<br />(86.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.1<br />(84.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.7<br />(78.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7<br />(49.5) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAD5C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.3<br />(61.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.4<br />(22.3) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0<br />(39.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4<br />(52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFCFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8<br />(40.6) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8<br />(14.4) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.6<br />(20.1) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.9<br />(30.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(63.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #C2C2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.8<br />(19.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.5<br />(−15.7) </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−23.4<br />(−10.1) </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−16.1<br />(3.0) </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.1<br />(21.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2<br />(36.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0<br />(44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFCB97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.0<br />(53.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−22.8<br />(−9.0) </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−26.5<br />(−15.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #F0FFF0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(0.38) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.5<br />(0.57) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(0.94) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.8<br />(1.76) </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.7<br />(2.94) </td> <td style="background: #74FF74; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.2<br />(3.55) </td> <td style="background: #006400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">274.7<br />(10.81) </td> <td style="background: #00C500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">209.6<br />(8.25) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.8<br />(3.57) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2<br />(1.86) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.4<br />(1.51) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0<br />(0.71) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">936.4<br />(36.87) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 </td> <td style="background: #B5B5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #A7A7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 </td> <td style="background: #6464FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.5 </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #BCBCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.9 </td> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">19.0 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000F5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #0606FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.0 </td> <td style="background: #0F0FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">62.5 </td> <td style="background: #1717FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">60.4 </td> <td style="background: #0505FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000C9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000DD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">231 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">229 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">181 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">222 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">214 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">165 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,492 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Meteorological_Administration" title="Korea Meteorological Administration">Korea Meteorological Administration</a><sup id="cite_ref-KMA_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KMA-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Pogodaiklimat.ru (extremes),<sup id="cite_ref-Pogoda_i_Klimat_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pogoda_i_Klimat-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deutscher Wetterdienst (sun, 1961–1990)<sup id="cite_ref-DWD_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DWD-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Weather Atlas<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg/220px-Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg/330px-Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg/440px-Mansudae_Assembly_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Assembly_Hall" title="Mansudae Assembly Hall">Mansudae Assembly Hall</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a>, the North Korean parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>Major government and other public offices are located in Pyongyang, which is constitutionally designated as the country's capital.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009196_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009196-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Government_Complex_No._1,_Pyongyang" title="Government Complex No. 1, Pyongyang">seat</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party Central Committee</a> and the Pyongyang People's Committee are located in Haebangsan-dong, <a href="/wiki/Chung-guyok" title="Chung-guyok">Chung-guyok</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_North_Korea" title="Cabinet of North Korea">Cabinet of North Korea</a> is located in Jongro-dong, <a href="/wiki/Chung-guyok" title="Chung-guyok">Chung-guyok</a>. </p><p>Pyongyang is also the seat of all major North Korean security institutions. The largest of them, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Social_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of Social Security (North Korea)">Ministry of Social Security</a>, has 130,000 employees working in 12 bureaus. These oversee activities including: police services, security of party officials, classified documents, census, civil registrations, large-scale public construction, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Traffic control">traffic control</a>, fire safety, <a href="/wiki/Civil_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil defence">civil defence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">customs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009276–277_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009276–277-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another significant structure based in the city is the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(North_Korea)" title="Ministry of State Security (North Korea)">Ministry of State Security</a>, whose 30,000 personnel manage intelligence, political prison systems, military industrial security and entry and exit management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009277_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009277-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The politics and management of the city is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a>, as they are in the national level. The city is managed by the Pyongyang Party Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> and its chairman is the <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a>. The supreme standing state organ is the Pyongyang People's Committee, responsible for everyday events in support of the city. This includes following local Party guidance as channeled through the Pyongyang Party Committee, the distribution of resources prioritised to Pyongyang, and providing support to KWP and internal security agency personnel and families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_status_and_divisions">Administrative status and divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Administrative status and divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>P'yŏngyang is divided into 19 wards (<i>ku-</i> or <i>guyŏk</i>) <i>(the city proper)</i>, 2 counties (<i>kun</i> or <i>gun</i>), and 1 <a href="/wiki/Dong_(administrative_division)" title="Dong (administrative division)">neighborhood</a> (<i>dong</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chung-guyok" title="Chung-guyok">Chung-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">중구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">中區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongchon-guyok" title="Pyongchon-guyok">Pyongchon-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">평천구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">平川區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potonggang-guyok" title="Potonggang-guyok">Potonggang-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">보통강구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">普通江區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moranbong-guyok" title="Moranbong-guyok">Moranbong-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">모란봉구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">牡丹峰區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Fs%C5%8Fng-guy%C5%8Fk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sŏsŏng-guyŏk">Sŏsŏng-guyŏk</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">서성구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">西城區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyo-guyok" title="Songyo-guyok">Songyo-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">선교구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">船橋區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongdaew%C5%8Fn-guy%C5%8Fk" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongdaewŏn-guyŏk">Tongdaewŏn-guyŏk</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">동대원구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">東大院區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taedonggang-guy%C5%8Fk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taedonggang-guyŏk">Taedonggang-guyŏk</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">대동강구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">大同江區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadong-guy%C5%8Fk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadong-guyŏk">Sadong-guyŏk</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">사동구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">寺洞區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taesong-guyok" title="Taesong-guyok">Taesong-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">대성구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">大城區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae-guyok" title="Mangyongdae-guyok">Mangyongdae-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">만경대구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">萬景台區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyongjesan-guyok" title="Hyongjesan-guyok">Hyongjesan-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">형제산구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">兄弟山區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwasong-guyok" title="Hwasong-guyok">Hwasong-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">화성구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">和盛區域</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryongsong-guyok" title="Ryongsong-guyok">Ryongsong-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">룡성구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">龍城區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsok-guyok" title="Samsok-guyok">Samsok-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">삼석구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">三石區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryokpo-guyok" title="Ryokpo-guyok">Ryokpo-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">력포구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">力浦區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakrang-guyok" class="mw-redirect" title="Rakrang-guyok">Rakrang-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">락랑구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">樂浪區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan-guy%C5%8Fk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunan-guyŏk">Sunan-guyŏk</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">순안구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">順安區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjong-guyok" title="Unjong-guyok">Unjong-guyok</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">은정구역</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">恩情區域</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangdong_County" title="Kangdong County">Kangdong County</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">강동군</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">江東郡</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangnam_County" title="Kangnam County">Kangnam County</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">강남군</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">江南郡</span></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panghy%C5%8Fn-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="Panghyŏn-dong">Panghyŏn-dong</a> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">방현동</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">方峴洞</span></span>)</li></ul> </div> <p>Foreign media reports in 2010 stated that <a href="/wiki/Kangnam-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangnam-gun">Kangnam-gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chunghwa-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chunghwa-gun">Chunghwa-gun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sangw%C5%8Fn-gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangwŏn-gun">Sangwŏn-gun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/S%C5%ADngho-guy%C5%8Fk" class="mw-redirect" title="Sŭngho-guyŏk">Sŭngho-guyŏk</a> had been transferred to the administration of neighboring <a href="/wiki/North_Hwanghae_Province" title="North Hwanghae Province">North Hwanghae Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kangnam-gun was returned to Pyongyang in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Panghyŏn-dong, a missile base, was administrated by <a href="/wiki/Kusong" title="Kusong">Kusong</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan_Province" title="North Pyongan Province">North Pyongan Province</a>. It had been transferred to the administration of P'yŏngyang on February 10, 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cityscape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:2008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Pyongyang, as seen from the Juche Tower in April 2012"><img alt="A panoramic view of Pyongyang from atop the Juche tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg/2000px-Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg/3000px-Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg/4000px-Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="25326" data-file-height="1407" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg" title="File:Pyongyangpanoramic.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Pyongyang, as seen from the <i>Juche</i> Tower in April 2012</div></div></div> <p>After being destroyed during the Korean War, Pyongyang was entirely rebuilt according to Kim Il Sung's vision, which was to create a capital that would boost morale in the post-war years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991,93–94_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991,93–94-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a city with wide, tree-lined <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a> and public buildings with terraced landscaping, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> and decorated ceilings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its Soviet-style architecture makes it reminiscent of a <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> city during winter snowfall, although edifices of traditional Korean design somewhat soften this perception. In summer, it is notable for its rivers, willow trees, flowers and parkland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> the city was planned strictly according to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-Dongwoo_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dongwoo-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the 1953 masterplan designed <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jung-hee" title="Kim Jung-hee">Kim Jung-hee</a> the city was planned to reach one-million residents stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pothong_River" title="Pothong River">Pothong River</a>. The city center was planned as the main administrative district with main landscape structures constructed in between districts and are used as buffer zones so that they cannot expand freely.<sup id="cite_ref-Dongwoo_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dongwoo-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city center was planned with wide avenues and streets and monumental structures and forms the central administrative district where many government and public buildings are located including the <a href="/wiki/Government_Complex_No._1,_Pyongyang" title="Government Complex No. 1, Pyongyang">Forbidden City</a> as well as various monuments and memorials, which together form an important axis of symbolic places which promotes the <a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea">Ideology of the Workers' Party of Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">North Korean cult of personality</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a> with the epicentre and <a href="/wiki/Kilometre_zero" title="Kilometre zero">Kilometre zero</a> of the central district located at <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square" title="Kim Il Sung Square">Kim Il Sung Square</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1953 masterplan set the basic layout from which the city's development was derived in the next decades with a unit district system which mixes residential and industrial zoning. Those districts are spread around the central administrative district and together with it they form the key axis of directionality for the city expansion. While in the 50s the major emphasis was placed on the reconstruction of Pyongyang from its ruins as carefully a socialist city in strict line with the masterplan, the 60s and 70s saw new wave of development which included expansion of the central boulevards, construction of high-density apartment buildings along the central boulevards, grandiose civic and cultural buildings and monumental statues and squares. This tendency included also the inclusion of traditional <a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a> for some buildings. While the development generally followed the 1953 master plan, it diverted from it in some aspects, such as the construction of high-rises along the central avenues, a step conflicted with the 1953 plan which called for more even distribution of the residential construction throughout the city in several multi-cores.<sup id="cite_ref-Dongwoo_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dongwoo-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 90s saw a relative slowdown in the development of the urban structure due to the deep economic crisis and <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">famine</a> which swept through North Korea and led to the <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">diversion of resources to the army</a>. The 2010s and 2020s saw renewed efforts in urbanization and increasing density with the reconstruction of streets and avenues located further from the center and transformation of former rural parts of the city into high density residential districts. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_(11342673725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_%2811342673725%29.jpg/220px-Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_%2811342673725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_%2811342673725%29.jpg/330px-Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_%2811342673725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_%2811342673725%29.jpg/440px-Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War_Museum_and_Ryugyong_Hotel_%2811342673725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4427" data-file-height="2490" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Victorious_Fatherland_Liberation_War" title="Monument to the Victorious Fatherland Liberation War">Monument to the Victorious Fatherland Liberation War</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg/220px-Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg/330px-Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg/440px-Pyongyang-Highrise-Buildings-2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4388" data-file-height="3206" /></a><figcaption>Apartment buildings with green areas</figcaption></figure> <p>The streets are laid out in a north–south, east–west grid, giving the city an orderly appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Korean designers applied the Swedish experience of self-sufficient urban neighbourhoods throughout the entire country, and Pyongyang is no exception. Its inhabitants are mostly divided into administrative units of 5,000 to 6,000 people (<i>dong</i>). These units all have similar sets of amenities including a food store, a barber shop, a <a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">tailor</a>, a public bathhouse, a <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post office</a>, a clinic, a library and others. Many residents occupy high-rise apartment buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200997_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200997-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Kim Il Sung's priorities while designing Pyongyang was to limit the population. Authorities maintain a restrictive regime of movement into the city, making it atypical of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> as it is silent, uncrowded and spacious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-92_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-92-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Structures in Pyongyang are divided into three major architectural categories: monuments, buildings with traditional Korean motifs and high-rises.<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS93_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCCS93-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of North Korea's most recognisable landmarks are monuments, like the <a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower"><i>Juche</i> Tower</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(Pyongyang)" title="Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)">Arch of Triumph</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument" title="Mansu Hill Grand Monument">Mansu Hill Grand Monument</a>. The first of them is a 170-meter (560 ft) <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> spire symbolizing the <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> ideology. It was completed in 1982 and contains 25,550 granite blocks, one for each day of Kim Il Sung's life up to that point.<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS93_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCCS93-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prominent building on Pyongyang's skyline is <a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-LCCS93_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCCS93-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_with_100_floors_or_more" title="List of buildings with 100 floors or more">seventh highest building</a> in the world terms of floor count, the tallest unoccupied building in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_hotels_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest hotels in the world">tallest hotels in the world</a>. It has yet to open.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloom_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pyongyang has a rapidly evolving skyline, dominated by high-rise apartment buildings. A construction boom began with the Changjon Street Apartment Complex, which was completed in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-CityLab_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CityLab-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction of the complex began after late leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> described Changjon Street as "pitiful".<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other housing complexes are being upgraded as well, but most are still poorly insulated, and lacking elevators and central heating.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An urban renewal program continued under Kim Jong Un's leadership, with the old apartments of the 1970s and '80s replaced by taller high rise buildings and leisure parks like the <a href="/wiki/Kaeson_Youth_Park" title="Kaeson Youth Park">Kaesong Youth Park</a>, as well as renovations of older buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-Makinen_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makinen-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the city was described as unrecognizable compared to five years before.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Pyongyang" title="List of tourist attractions in Pyongyang">List of tourist attractions in Pyongyang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG/220px-Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG/330px-Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG/440px-Views_from_Yanggakdo_International_Hotel_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3488" data-file-height="2616" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Rungrado_1st_of_May_Stadium" title="Rungrado 1st of May Stadium">Rungrado 1st of May Stadium</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of stadiums by capacity">second-largest mass-sports/athletic stadium</a> in the world by capacity.</figcaption></figure> <p>Notable landmarks in the city include: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Kumsusan_Palace_of_the_Sun" title="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun">Kumsusan Palace of the Sun</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(Pyongyang)" title="Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)">Arch of Triumph</a> (heavily inspired by, but larger than, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>)</li> <li>The birthplace of Kim Il Sung at <a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae" title="Mangyongdae">Mangyongdae</a> Hill at the city outskirts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower"><i>Juche</i> Tower</a></li> <li>Two large stadiums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rungrado_1st_of_May_Stadium" title="Rungrado 1st of May Stadium">Rungrado 1st of May Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Stadium" title="Kim Il Sung Stadium">Kim Il Sung Stadium</a></li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument" title="Mansu Hill Grand Monument">Mansu Hill complex</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Revolution_Museum" title="Korean Revolution Museum">Korean Revolution Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square" title="Kim Il Sung Square">Kim Il Sung Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggakdo_International_Hotel" title="Yanggakdo International Hotel">Yanggakdo International Hotel</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_TV_Tower" title="Pyongyang TV Tower">Pyongyang TV Tower</a> is a minor landmark. Other visitor attractions include the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Central_Zoo" title="Korea Central Zoo">Korea Central Zoo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification Highway">Reunification Highway</a> stretches from Pyongyang to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a> (DMZ). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Monuments and sights of Pyongyang</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Juche_Tower_(7399212056).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Juche Tower Monument to the philosophy of Juche (self-reliance)"><img alt="Juche Tower Monument to the philosophy of Juche (self-reliance)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Juche_Tower_%287399212056%29.jpg/200px-Juche_Tower_%287399212056%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Juche_Tower_%287399212056%29.jpg/300px-Juche_Tower_%287399212056%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Juche_Tower_%287399212056%29.jpg/400px-Juche_Tower_%287399212056%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2082" data-file-height="1381" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower"><i>Juche</i> Tower</a> Monument to the philosophy of <i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i> (self-reliance)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arch of Triumph"><img alt="Arch of Triumph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg/200px-PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg/300px-PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg/400px-PyongYang-Arch_of_Triumph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="2320" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(Pyongyang)" title="Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)">Arch of Triumph</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monument to Party Founding"><img alt="Monument to Party Founding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg/200px-Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg/300px-Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg/400px-Party-Foundation-Monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4206" data-file-height="3128" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Party_Founding" title="Monument to Party Founding">Monument to Party Founding</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace,_Pyongyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun"><img alt="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace%2C_Pyongyang.jpg/200px-Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace%2C_Pyongyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace%2C_Pyongyang.jpg/300px-Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace%2C_Pyongyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace%2C_Pyongyang.jpg/400px-Kumsusan_Memorial_Palace%2C_Pyongyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kumsusan_Palace_of_the_Sun" title="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun">Kumsusan Palace of the Sun</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong,_Pyongyang,_North_Korea-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of King Tongmyeong"><img alt="Tomb of King Tongmyeong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2249" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_King_Tongmyong" title="Tomb of King Tongmyong">Tomb of King Tongmyeong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27,_2011_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ryugyong Hotel"><img alt="Ryugyong Hotel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27%2C_2011_%28Cropped%29.jpg/86px-Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27%2C_2011_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27%2C_2011_%28Cropped%29.jpg/129px-Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27%2C_2011_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27%2C_2011_%28Cropped%29.jpg/173px-Ryugyong_Hotel_-_August_27%2C_2011_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2815" data-file-height="4889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ryomyong_Street.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ryomyong New Town"><img alt="Ryomyong New Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ryomyong_Street.png/200px-Ryomyong_Street.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ryomyong_Street.png/300px-Ryomyong_Street.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Ryomyong_Street.png/400px-Ryomyong_Street.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="926" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ryomyong_New_Town" title="Ryomyong New Town">Ryomyong New Town</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_(22971791331).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mirae Scientists Street"><img alt="Mirae Scientists Street" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg/200px-Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg/300px-Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg/400px-Mirae_Scientists_Street_-_Nordkorea_2015_-_Pj%C3%B6ngjang_%2822971791331%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4871" data-file-height="3182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mirae_Scientists_Street" title="Mirae Scientists Street">Mirae Scientists Street</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium,_Pyongyang,_North_Korea_(2910089252).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rungrado May Day Stadium"><img alt="Rungrado May Day Stadium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea_%282910089252%29.jpg/200px-Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea_%282910089252%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea_%282910089252%29.jpg/300px-Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea_%282910089252%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea_%282910089252%29.jpg/400px-Rungnado_May_Day_Stadium%2C_Pyongyang%2C_North_Korea_%282910089252%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1269" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rungrado_May_Day_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungrado May Day Stadium">Rungrado May Day Stadium</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean cuisine</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg/250px-Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg/375px-Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg/500px-Korean_cuisine-Naengmyeon-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Naengmyeon" title="Naengmyeon">Pyongyang raengmyŏn</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">평양랭면</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">平壤冷麵</span></span>), cold buckwheat noodle soup originating in Pyongyang</figcaption></figure> <p>Pyongyang served as the provincial capital of <a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province" title="South Pyongan Province">South Pyongan Province</a> until 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-EncyKorea_Pyongyang_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncyKorea_Pyongyang-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pyongyang cuisine shares the general culinary tradition of the Pyongan province. The most famous local food is <i><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_naengmyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang naengmyeon">Pyongyang raengmyŏn</a></i>, or also called <i>mul raengmyŏn</i> or just simply <i>raengmyŏn</i>. <i>Raengmyŏn</i> literally means "cold noodles", while the affix <i>mul</i> refers to water because the dish is served in a cold broth. <i>Raengmyŏn</i> consists of thin and chewy buckwheat noodles in a cold meat-broth with <i><a href="/wiki/Dongchimi" title="Dongchimi">dongchimi</a></i> (watery kimchi) and topped with a slice of sweet <a href="/wiki/Korean_pear" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean pear">Korean pear</a>. </p><p>Pyongyang <i>raengmyŏn</i> was originally eaten in homes built with <i><a href="/wiki/Ondol" title="Ondol">ondol</a></i> (traditional <a href="/wiki/Underfloor_heating" title="Underfloor heating">underfloor heating</a>) during the cold winter, so it is also called <i>"Pyongyang deoldeori"</i> (shivering in Pyongyang). Pyongyang locals sometimes enjoyed it as a <i><a href="/wiki/Haejangguk" class="mw-redirect" title="Haejangguk">haejangguk</a></i>, which is any type of food eaten as a hangover cure, usually a warm soup.<sup id="cite_ref-Korean_Portal_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korean_Portal-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another representative Pyongyang dish, <i><a href="/wiki/Taedonggang_sungeoguk" class="mw-redirect" title="Taedonggang sungeoguk">Taedonggang sungeoguk</a></i>, translates as "flathead grey mullet soup from the <a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a>". The soup features <a href="/wiki/Flathead_grey_mullet" title="Flathead grey mullet">flathead grey mullet</a> (abundant in the Taedong River) along with black peppercorns and salt.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, it has been served to guests visiting Pyongyang. Therefore, there is a common saying, "How good was the trout soup?", which is used to greet people returning from Pyongyang. Another local specialty, <i>Pyongyang onban</i> (literally "warm rice of Pyongyang") comprises freshly cooked rice topped with sliced mushrooms, chicken, and a couple of <i><a href="/wiki/Bindaetteok" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindaetteok">bindaetteok</a></i> (pancakes made from ground mung beans and vegetables).<sup id="cite_ref-Korean_Portal_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Korean_Portal-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_life">Social life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2018, there were many high-quality restaurants in Pyongyang with Korean and international food, and imported alcoholic beverages.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous restaurants include <a href="/wiki/Okryu-gwan" title="Okryu-gwan">Okryu-gwan</a> and Ch'ongryugwan.<sup id="cite_ref-Lankov_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lankov-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street foods</a> exist in Pyongyang, where vendors operate <a href="/wiki/Food_stall" class="mw-redirect" title="Food stall">food stalls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign foods like hamburgers, fries, pizza, and coffee are easily found.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is an active nightlife with late-night restaurants and karaoke.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city has water parks, <a href="/wiki/List_of_amusement_parks_in_North_Korea" title="List of amusement parks in North Korea">amusement parks</a>, skating rinks, health clubs, a shooting range, and a dolphinarium.<sup id="cite_ref-Makinen_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makinen-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></div> <p>Pyongyang has a number of sports clubs, including the <a href="/wiki/April_25_Sports_Club" title="April 25 Sports Club">April 25 Sports Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_City_Sports_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang City Sports Club">Pyongyang City Sports Club</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laika_ac_Pyongyang_(7975203722).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Laika_ac_Pyongyang_%287975203722%29.jpg/220px-Laika_ac_Pyongyang_%287975203722%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Laika_ac_Pyongyang_%287975203722%29.jpg/330px-Laika_ac_Pyongyang_%287975203722%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Laika_ac_Pyongyang_%287975203722%29.jpg/440px-Laika_ac_Pyongyang_%287975203722%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Central Pyongyang with the newly built Changjon Apartment Complex. The <a href="/wiki/Okryu_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Okryu Bridge">Okryu Bridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a> are in the background</figcaption></figure> <p>Pyongyang is North Korea's industrial center.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thanks to the abundance of natural resources like <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, as well as good land and water transport systems, it was the first industrial city to emerge in North Korea after the Korean War. Light and heavy industries are both present and have developed in parallel. Heavy manufactures include <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, industrial ceramics,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> munitions and weapons, but mechanical engineering remains the core industry. Light industries in Pyongyang and its vicinity include <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, footwear and food, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica.com_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special emphasis is put on the production and supply of fresh produce and subsidiary crops in farms on the city's outskirts. Other crops include <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">sweetcorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soybeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Soybeans">soybeans</a>. Pyongyang aims to achieve self-sufficiency in meat production. High-density facilities raise pigs, chicken and other livestock.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the late 2010s Pyongyang still experienced frequent shortages of electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-IFES1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFES1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To solve this problem, two power stations – Huichon Power Stations 1 and 2 – were built in <a href="/wiki/Chagang_Province" title="Chagang Province">Chagang Province</a> and supply the city through direct transmission lines. A second phase of the power expansion project was launched in January 2013, consisting of a series of small dams along the <a href="/wiki/Chongchon_River" title="Chongchon River">Chongchon River</a>. The first two power stations have a maximum generating capacity of 300 megawatts (MW), while the 10 dams to be built under second phase are expected to generate about 120 MW.<sup id="cite_ref-IFES1_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFES1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the city has several existing or planned <a href="/wiki/Thermal_power_station" title="Thermal power station">thermal power stations</a>. These include Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 500 MW, East Pyongyang TPS with a capacity of 50 MW, and Kangdong TPS which is under construction.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_(11975506264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_%2811975506264%29.jpg/220px-Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_%2811975506264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_%2811975506264%29.jpg/330px-Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_%2811975506264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_%2811975506264%29.jpg/440px-Laika_ac_Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1_%2811975506264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5093" data-file-height="3395" /></a><figcaption>Pyongyang Department Store No. 1</figcaption></figure> <p>Pyongyang is home to several large department stores including the <a href="/wiki/Pothonggang_Department_Store" title="Pothonggang Department Store">Pothonggang Department Store</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Department_Store_No._1" title="Pyongyang Department Store No. 1">Pyongyang Department Store No. 1</a>, Pyongyang Department Store No. 2, Kwangbok Department Store, Ragwon Department Store, Pyongyang Station Department Store, and the Pyongyang Children's Department Store.<sup id="cite_ref-Pyongyang_Metro_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pyongyang_Metro-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city also has Hwanggumbol Shop, a chain of state-owned convenience stores supplying goods at prices cheaper than those in the <a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">jangmadang</a> markets. Hwanggumbol Shops are specifically designed to control North Korea's expanding markets by attracting consumers and guaranteeing the circulation of money in government-operated stores.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg/220px-Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg/330px-Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg/440px-Tatra_tram_in_Pyongyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tatra_KT8D5K" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatra KT8D5K">Tatra KT8D5K</a> tram</figcaption></figure> <p>Pyongyang is the main transport hub of the country: it has a network of roads, railways and air routes which link it to both foreign and domestic destinations. It is the starting point of inter-regional highways reaching Nampo, Wonsan and Kaesong.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Station">Pyongyang railway station</a> serves the main railway lines, including the <a href="/wiki/Pyongui_Line" title="Pyongui Line">Pyongui Line</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyongbu_Line" title="Pyongbu Line">Pyongbu Line</a>. Regular international rail services to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, the Chinese border city of <a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> are also available. </p><p>A rail journey to Beijing takes about 25 hours and 25 minutes (K27 from Beijing/K28 from Pyongyang, on Mondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays); a journey to Dandong takes about 6 hours (daily); a journey to Moscow takes six days. The city also connects to the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railway" title="Trans-Siberian Railway">Trans-Siberian Railway</a>. A <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> link to Wonsan is planned.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_(8192629125).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288192629125%29.jpg/220px-AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288192629125%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288192629125%29.jpg/330px-AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288192629125%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288192629125%29.jpg/440px-AIR_KORYO_P632_TUPOLEV_TU204-100_AT_PYONGYANG_SUNAN_AIRPORT_DPR_KOREA_OCT_2012_%288192629125%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-204" title="Tupolev Tu-204">Tupolev Tu-204</a> of <a href="/wiki/Air_Koryo" title="Air Koryo">Air Koryo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Sunan International Airport">Sunan International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Metro" title="Pyongyang Metro">Metro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_tram_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang tram system">tram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Pyongyang" title="Trolleybuses in Pyongyang">trolleybus systems</a> are used mainly by commuters as a primary means of urban transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cycle lanes were introduced on main thoroughfares in July 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are relatively few <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a> in the city. Cars are a symbol of status in the country due to their scarcity as a result of restrictions on import because of international sanctions and domestic regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some roads are also reported to be in poor condition.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by 2018, Pyongyang had begun to experience traffic jams.<sup id="cite_ref-Salmon_100-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salmon-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>State-owned <a href="/wiki/Air_Koryo" title="Air Koryo">Air Koryo</a> has scheduled international flights from <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sunan_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang Sunan International Airport">Pyongyang Sunan International Airport</a> to Beijing (<a href="/wiki/Beijing_Capital_International_Airport" title="Beijing Capital International Airport">PEK</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Taoxian_International_Airport" title="Shenyang Taoxian International Airport">SHE</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vladivostok" title="Vladivostok">Vladivostok</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vladivostok_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladivostok Airport">VVO</a>), <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pudong_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudong International Airport">PVG</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Dandong" title="Dandong">Dandong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only domestic destinations are <a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyesan" title="Hyesan">Hyesan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samjiyon" title="Samjiyon">Samjiyon</a>. Since 31 March 2008, <a href="/wiki/Air_China" title="Air China">Air China</a> launched a regular service between Beijing and Pyongyang,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Air China's flights are often canceled due to lack of passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_science">Education and science</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education and science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a>, North Korea's oldest university, was established in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has 21 faculties, 4 research institutes, and 10 other university units.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the primary medical education and health personnel training unit, the medical college; a physics faculty which covers a range of studies including <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_physics" title="Theoretical physics">theoretical physics</a>, optical science, <a href="/wiki/Geophysics" title="Geophysics">geophysics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysics</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an atomic energy institute and the largest law firm in the country (Ryongnamsan Law Office).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Il Sung University also has its own publishing house, sports club (<a href="/wiki/Ryongnamsan_Sports_Club" title="Ryongnamsan Sports Club">Ryongnamsan Sports Club</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revolutionary museum, nature museum, libraries, a gym, indoor swimming pool and educator apartment houses. Its four main buildings were completed in 1965 (Building 1), 1972 (Building 2), and 2017 (Buildings 3 and 4).<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg/220px-Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg/330px-Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg/440px-Kim_Il-sung_University_computer_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>A computer class at <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University" title="Kim Il Sung University">Kim Il Sung University</a> in session</figcaption></figure> <p>Other higher education establishments include <a href="/wiki/Kim_Chaek_University_of_Technology" title="Kim Chaek University of Technology">Kim Chaek University of Technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Pyongyang University of Music and Dance">Pyongyang University of Music and Dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies">Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Pyongyang University of Science and Technology">Pyongyang University of Science and Technology (PUST)</a> is the country's first private university where most of the lecturers are American and courses are carried out in English.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A science and technology hall is under construction on Ssuk Islet. Its stated purpose is to contribute to the "informatization of educational resources" by centralizing teaching materials, compulsory literature and experimental data for state-level use in a digital format.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sosong-guyok" title="Sosong-guyok">Sosong-guyok</a> hosts a 20 <a href="/wiki/MeV" class="mw-redirect" title="MeV">MeV</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> called MGC-20. The initial project was approved by the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA) in 1983 and funded by the IAEA, the United States and the North Korean government. The cyclotron was ordered from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1985 and constructed between 1987 and 1990. It is used for student training, production of medical isotopes for <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">nuclear medicine</a> as well as studies in biology, chemistry and physics.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_care">Health care</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medical centers include the Red Cross Hospital, the First People's Hospital which is located near Moran Hill and was the first hospital to be built in North Korea after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Korea">liberation of Korea</a> in 1945,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Second People's Hospital, Ponghwa Recuperative Center (also known as <a href="/wiki/Bonghwa_Clinic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonghwa Clinic">Bonghwa Clinic</a> or Presidential Clinic) located in Sokam-dong, <a href="/wiki/Potonggang-guyok" title="Potonggang-guyok">Potonggang-guyok</a>, 1.5 km (1 mi) northwest of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square" title="Kim Il Sung Square">Kim Il Sung Square</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyongyang Medical School Hospital, Namsan Treatment Center which is adjacent<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang%27s_Maternity_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang's Maternity Hospital">Pyongyang's Maternity Hospital</a>, Taesongsan General Hospital,<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kim Man-yoo Hospital, Staff Treatment Center and Okryu Children's Hospital. A new hospital named <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a> began construction in Pyongyang in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pyongyang is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq"><img alt="Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, Iraq</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai" title="Chiang Mai">Chiang Mai</a>, Thailand</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, United Arab Emirates</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, Nepal</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>, China</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia"><img alt="Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a>, Mongolia<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_Korea" title="Portal:North Korea">North Korea portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_second-level_administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea">List of second-level administrative divisions of North Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9a\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Pyongyang.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Korean:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ko-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">[pʰjʌŋjaŋ]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d3\/Ko-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91.oga\/Ko-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ko-\ud3c9\uc591.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d3/Ko-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91.oga/Ko-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91.oga" title="File:Ko-평양.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These include: Heijō-fu,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heizyō,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heizyō Hu,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hpyeng-yang,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P-hjöng-jang,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phyeng-yang,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phyong-yang,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pienyang,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P'ing-jang,<sup id="cite_ref-blunden_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blunden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pingrang,<sup id="cite_ref-blunden_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blunden-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pingyang,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pyengyang,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Pieng-tang.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878390_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878390-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nanglang-state is different from Lelang Commandery.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFunabashi2007" class="citation book cs1">Funabashi, Yoichi (2007). <i>The Peninsula Question: A Chronicle of the Second Northern Korean Nuclear Crisis</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a> Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3010-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3010-1"><bdi>978-0-8157-3010-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peninsula+Question%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Second+Northern+Korean+Nuclear+Crisis&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3010-1&rft.aulast=Funabashi&rft.aufirst=Yoichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNick_Heath-Brown" class="citation book cs1">Nick Heath-Brown (ed.). <i>The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World</i>. p. 720.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Statesman%27s+Yearbook+2016%3A+The+Politics%2C+Cultures+and+Economies+of+the+World&rft.pages=720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations" class="citation web cs1">United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.un.org/en/iso/kp.html">"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"</a>. Data.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128065859/https://data.un.org/en/iso/kp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Democratic+People%27s+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Data.un.org&rft.au=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.un.org%2Fen%2Fiso%2Fkp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/ordinary/20221208150725.pdf"><i>Specialties of Korea</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112220942/http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/ordinary/20221208150725.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Specialties+of+Korea&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean-books.com.kp%2FKBMbooks%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fordinary%2F20221208150725.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1">Wells, John C. (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-40588118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-40588118-0"><bdi>978-1-40588118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-40588118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pyongyang">"Pyongyang definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607214659/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pyongyang">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyongyang+definition+and+meaning+%26%23124%3B+Collins+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fpyongyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/P%27y%C7%92ngyang">"Definition of P'YŎNGYANG"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230512131740/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/P%27y%C7%92ngyang">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+P%27Y%C5%8ENGYANG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FP%2527y%25C7%2592ngyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/2342714">"「혁명의 수도」선포...금속·건재 공업이 주류"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a></i> (in Korean). 3 July 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811165705/https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/2342714">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JoongAng+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%ED%98%81%EB%AA%85%EC%9D%98+%EC%88%98%EB%8F%84%E3%80%8D%EC%84%A0%ED%8F%AC...%EA%B8%88%EC%86%8D%C2%B7%EA%B1%B4%EC%9E%AC+%EA%B3%B5%EC%97%85%EC%9D%B4+%EC%A3%BC%EB%A5%98&rft.date=1989-07-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.joongang.co.kr%2Farticle%2F2342714&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nkorea2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nkorea2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf"><i>D P R Korea, 2008 Population Census, National Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/wphc/North_Korea/Final%20national%20census%20report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D+P+R+Korea%2C+2008+Population+Census%2C+National+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fsources%2Fcensus%2Fwphc%2FNorth_Korea%2FFinal%2520national%2520census%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBPyongyang-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EBPyongyang_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/484693/Pyongyang">"Pyongyang"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pyongyang&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F484693%2FPyongyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2012" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Robert (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northkoreanchristians.com/Songbun.pdf"><i>Marked for Life: Songbun, North Korea's Social Classification System</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United States: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0985648008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0985648008"><bdi>978-0985648008</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2012939299">2012939299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marked+for+Life%3A+Songbun%2C+North+Korea%27s+Social+Classification+System&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+North+Korea&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2012939299&rft.isbn=978-0985648008&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northkoreanchristians.com%2FSongbun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=63534">""'평양(平壤)' 지명은 '부루나'에서 유래"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>SPN 서울평양뉴스</i> (in Korean). 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPN+%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EB%89%B4%EC%8A%A4&rft.atitle=%22%27%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%28%E5%B9%B3%E5%A3%A4%29%27+%EC%A7%80%EB%AA%85%EC%9D%80+%27%EB%B6%80%EB%A3%A8%EB%82%98%27%EC%97%90%EC%84%9C+%EC%9C%A0%EB%9E%98%22&rft.date=2023-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spnews.co.kr%2Fnews%2FarticleView.html%3Fidxno%3D63534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231117184832/http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=csense&mtype=view&no=1140"><bdi lang="ko">평양이라는 이름의 유래</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Uriminzokkiri" title="Uriminzokkiri">Uriminzokkiri</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uriminzokkiri.com/index.php?ptype=csense&mtype=view&no=1140">the original</a> on 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uriminzokkiri&rft.atitle=%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%9D%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%8A%94+%EC%9D%B4%EB%A6%84%EC%9D%98+%EC%9C%A0%EB%9E%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uriminzokkiri.com%2Findex.php%3Fptype%3Dcsense%26mtype%3Dview%26no%3D1140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFunabashi2007" class="citation book cs1">Funabashi, Yōichi (2007). <i>The peninsula question : a chronicle of the second Korean nuclear crisis</i>. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3011-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-3011-8"><bdi>978-0-8157-3011-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/290569447">290569447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+peninsula+question+%3A+a+chronicle+of+the+second+Korean+nuclear+crisis&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F290569447&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-3011-8&rft.aulast=Funabashi&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%8Dichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Pyongyang_1104342.html">"Map - Pyongyang - MAP[N]ALL.COM"</a>. <i>www.mapnall.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230712090011/https://www.mapnall.com/en/Map-Pyongyang_1104342.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mapnall.com&rft.atitle=Map+-+Pyongyang+-+MAP%5BN%5DALL.COM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapnall.com%2Fen%2FMap-Pyongyang_1104342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180511180030/http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg"><i>Japan and Korea compiled and drawn in the Cartographic Section of the National Geographic Society for The National Geographic Magazine</i></a> (Map). Washington: Gilbert Grosvenor. 1945. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/494696670">494696670</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drben.net/publishImages/Koreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg">the original</a> on 11 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Korea+compiled+and+drawn+in+the+Cartographic+Section+of+the+National+Geographic+Society+for+The+National+Geographic+Magazine&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Gilbert+Grosvenor&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F494696670&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drben.net%2FpublishImages%2FKoreas_Report~Sources~Korea_Maps~Historic~1945~Map-Japan-Korea-1945-01~~element1972.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268903&fid=3334&c=north_korea">"Heijō: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193546/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268903&fid=3334&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heij%C5%8D%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-268903%26fid%3D3334%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268905&fid=3353&c=north_korea">"Heijō-fu: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827070316/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268905&fid=3353&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heij%C5%8D-fu%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-268905%26fid%3D3353%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268917&fid=3381&c=north_korea">"Heizyō: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193541/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268917&fid=3381&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heizy%C5%8D%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-268917%26fid%3D3381%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268918&fid=3325&c=north_korea">"Heizyō Hu: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827193537/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-268918&fid=3325&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heizy%C5%8D+Hu%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-268918%26fid%3D3325%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-269384&fid=3353&c=north_korea">"Hpyeng-yang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827191838/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-269384&fid=3353&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hpyeng-yang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-269384%26fid%3D3353%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279136&fid=3353&c=north_korea">"P-hjöng-jang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827130757/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279136&fid=3353&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P-hj%C3%B6ng-jang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-279136%26fid%3D3353%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279138&fid=3362&c=north_korea">"Phyeng-yang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827191844/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279138&fid=3362&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phyeng-yang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-279138%26fid%3D3362%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279139&fid=3381&c=north_korea">"Phyong-yang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827130809/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279139&fid=3381&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phyong-yang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-279139%26fid%3D3381%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279152&fid=3353&c=north_korea">"Pienyang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827132226/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279152&fid=3353&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pienyang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-279152%26fid%3D3353%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blunden-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blunden_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blunden_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunden1998" class="citation book cs1">Blunden, Caroline (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturalatlasofc00blun_0/page/235/">"Gazetteer"</a>. <i>Cultural Atlas of China</i> (Revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Facts_on_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Facts on File">Facts on File</a>. pp. 232, 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3814-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-3814-7"><bdi>0-8160-3814-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98-34322">98-34322</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43168341">43168341</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gazetteer&rft.btitle=Cultural+Atlas+of+China&rft.pages=232%2C+235&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43168341&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98-34322&rft.isbn=0-8160-3814-7&rft.aulast=Blunden&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturalatlasofc00blun_0%2Fpage%2F235%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span>: "Names in <i>italics</i> represent the Wade-Giles equivalent of the preceding Pinyin transcription....Pingrang/<i>P'ing-jang see</i> Pyongyang"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-columbia-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-columbia_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._HarrisJudith_S._Levey1975" class="citation book cs1">William H. Harris; Judith S. Levey, eds. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newcolumbiaencyc00harr/page/2250/">"Pyongyang"</a>. <i>The New Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Fourth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. p. 2250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-03572-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-03572-1"><bdi>0-231-03572-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/74-26686">74-26686</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1103123">1103123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pyongyang&rft.btitle=The+New+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=2250&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1103123&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F74-26686&rft.isbn=0-231-03572-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewcolumbiaencyc00harr%2Fpage%2F2250%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span> "Chin. <i>P'ing-jang</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Endymion_Wilkinson" title="Endymion Wilkinson">Wilkinson, Endymion</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chinesehistoryne0000wilk/page/14/">"Introduction"</a>. <i>Chinese History: A New Manual</i> (Third, revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06715-8"><bdi>978-0-674-06715-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2011285309">2011285309</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/873859851">873859851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Chinese+History%3A+A+New+Manual&rft.pages=14&rft.edition=Third%2C+revised&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F873859851&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2011285309&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06715-8&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Endymion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchinesehistoryne0000wilk%2Fpage%2F14%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span> "The DPRK (Joseon Minjujui Inmin Konghuaguk <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朝鮮民主主義人民共和國</span></span>) is read in Chinese as Chaoxian minzhu zhuyi renmin gonghe guo, and its capital, Pyeonyang, is pronounced Pingrang <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">平壤</span></span>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279198&fid=3325&c=north_korea">"Pingyang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827071507/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-279198&fid=3325&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pingyang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-279198%26fid%3D3325%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-280505&fid=3372&c=north_korea">"Pyengyang: North Korea"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827130820/http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-280505&fid=3372&c=north_korea">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyengyang%3A+North+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.org%2Fgeographic_names%2Fname.php%3Funi%3D-280505%26fid%3D3372%26c%3Dnorth_korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878390-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''EB''1878390_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEB1878"><i>EB</i> (1878)</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Lautensach1988" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Lautensach (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OrHtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Korea: A Geography Based on the Author's Travels and Literature</i></a>. Springer. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783642735783" title="Special:BookSources/9783642735783"><bdi>9783642735783</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230604012703/https://books.google.com/books?id=OrHtCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA9">Archived</a> from the original on 4 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+Geography+Based+on+the+Author%27s+Travels+and+Literature&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9783642735783&rft.au=Hermann+Lautensach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOrHtCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AsiaTimesNick-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AsiaTimesNick_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLankov2005" class="citation web cs1">Lankov, Andrei (16 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050318052905/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Korea/GC16Dg03.html">"North Korea's missionary position"</a>. <i>Asia Times Online</i>. Archived from the original on 18 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>By the early 1940s Pyongyang was by far the most Protestant of all major cities of Korea, with some 25–30% of its adult population being church-going Christians. In missionary circles this earned the city the nickname "Jerusalem of the East".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times+Online&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+missionary+position&rft.date=2005-03-16&rft.aulast=Lankov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FKorea%2FGC16Dg03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyBeastNick-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DailyBeastNick_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaryl2007" class="citation web cs1">Caryl, Christian (15 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523004545/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html">"Prayer in Pyongyang"</a>. <i>The Daily Beast</i>. The Newsweek/Daily Beast Co. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2007/09/15/prayer-in-pyongyang.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2013</span>. <q>It's hard to say how many covert Christians the North has; estimates range from the low tens of thousands to 100,000. Christianity came to the peninsula in the late 19th century. Pyongyang, in fact, was once known as the 'Jerusalem of the East.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=Prayer+in+Pyongyang&rft.date=2007-09-15&rft.aulast=Caryl&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fnewsweek%2F2007%2F09%2F15%2Fprayer-in-pyongyang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=58">"Pyongyang was to become 'Kim Il Sung City'; The followers of Kim Jong Il suggested the idea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_NK" title="Daily NK">Daily NK</a></i>. 21 February 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134507/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01300&num=58">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+NK&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+was+to+become+%27Kim+Il+Sung+City%27%3B+The+followers+of+Kim+Jong+Il+suggested+the+idea&rft.date=2005-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynk.com%2Fenglish%2Fread.php%3FcataId%3Dnk01300%26num%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage. 2001. Geumtan-ri. <i>Hanguk Gogohak Sajeon</i> [Dictionary of Korean Archaeology], pp. 148–149. NRICH, Seoul. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/89-5508-025-5" title="Special:BookSources/89-5508-025-5">89-5508-025-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2009" class="citation book cs1">Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009). <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13589-2"><bdi>978-0-691-13589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Silk+Road%3A+A+History+of+Central+Eurasia+from+the+Bronze+Age+to+the+Present&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13589-2&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Christopher+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2021/03/197_304944.html">"Pyongyang, one-time Jerusalem of East"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a></i>. 4 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210306130908/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/opinion/2021/03/197_304944.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Pyongyang%2C+one-time+Jerusalem+of+East&rft.date=2021-03-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fopinion%2F2021%2F03%2F197_304944.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-populstat.info-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-populstat.info_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-populstat.info_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLahmeyer" class="citation web cs1">Lahmeyer, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516061707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/nkoreat.htm">"North Korea – Urban Population"</a>. <i>Populstat</i>. University of Utrecht. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.populstat.info/Asia/nkoreat.htm">the original</a> on 16 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Populstat&rft.atitle=North+Korea+%E2%80%93+Urban+Population&rft.aulast=Lahmeyer&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.populstat.info%2FAsia%2Fnkoreat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pyongyang">"P'yŏngyang | national capital, North Korea | Britannica"</a>. 29 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404043358/https://www.britannica.com/place/Pyongyang">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=P%27y%C5%8Fngyang+%26%23124%3B+national+capital%2C+North+Korea+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPyongyang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.seoul.go.kr/the-march-first-independence-movement-of-seoul-and-pyeongyang/">"March 1st movement Pyongyang"</a>. 5 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408084735/https://english.seoul.go.kr/the-march-first-independence-movement-of-seoul-and-pyeongyang/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+1st+movement+Pyongyang&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.seoul.go.kr%2Fthe-march-first-independence-movement-of-seoul-and-pyeongyang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A3%E5%A5%A8%E5%8A%B1%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95-98045">"朝鮮物産奨励運動"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408083054/https://kotobank.jp/word/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A3%E5%A5%A8%E5%8A%B1%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95-98045">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%89%A9%E7%94%A3%E5%A5%A8%E5%8A%B1%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotobank.jp%2Fword%2F%25E6%259C%259D%25E9%25AE%25AE%25E7%2589%25A9%25E7%2594%25A3%25E5%25A5%25A8%25E5%258A%25B1%25E9%2581%258B%25E5%258B%2595-98045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0052020"><bdi lang="ko">물산장려운동</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230408083054/https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0052020">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%AC%BC%EC%82%B0%EC%9E%A5%EB%A0%A4%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0052020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorandum (Institute of Pacific Relations, American Council), Vol. 2, No. 5 (16 Mar 1933), pp. 1–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). <i>The Making of Modern Korea</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 54–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-23749-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-23749-1"><bdi>0-415-23749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=54-57&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-23749-1&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd">"Pyongyang taken as UN retreats, 1950"</a>. <i>BBC Archive</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210821095028/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/pyongyang-taken-as-un-retreats/znhynrd">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+kicks+off+fourth+10%2C000-home+project+in+capital+in+four+years&rft.pub=NK+News&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft.au=Colin+Zwirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2024%2F02%2Fnorth-korea-kicks-off-fourth-10000-home-project-in-capital-in-four-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Zwirko2023" class="citation web cs1">Colin Zwirko (23 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-adds-skyscraper-simplifies-designs-for-major-new-housing-project/">"North Korea adds skyscraper, simplifies designs for major new housing project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230223140131/https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-korea-adds-skyscraper-simplifies-designs-for-major-new-housing-project/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+adds+skyscraper%2C+simplifies+designs+for+major+new+housing+project&rft.pub=NK+News&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft.au=Colin+Zwirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2Fpro%2Fnorth-korea-adds-skyscraper-simplifies-designs-for-major-new-housing-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Zwirko2023" class="citation web cs1">Colin Zwirko (16 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2023/02/kim-jong-un-opens-construction-on-major-housing-and-farm-projects-in-capital/">"Kim Jong Un opens construction on major housing and farm projects in capital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217203312/https://www.nknews.org/2023/02/kim-jong-un-opens-construction-on-major-housing-and-farm-projects-in-capital/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Un+opens+construction+on+major+housing+and+farm+projects+in+capital&rft.pub=NK+News&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.au=Colin+Zwirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2023%2F02%2Fkim-jong-un-opens-construction-on-major-housing-and-farm-projects-in-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin_Zwirko2024" class="citation web cs1">Colin Zwirko (17 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nknews.org/2024/04/kim-jong-un-debuts-new-song-praising-himself-at-grand-opening-of-housing-project/">"Kim Jong Un debuts new song praising himself at grand opening of housing project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NK_News" title="NK News">NK News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kim+Jong+Un+debuts+new+song+praising+himself+at+grand+opening+of+housing+project&rft.pub=NK+News&rft.date=2024-04-17&rft.au=Colin+Zwirko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nknews.org%2F2024%2F04%2Fkim-jong-un-debuts-new-song-praising-himself-at-grand-opening-of-housing-project%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200963-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200963_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller2012" class="citation book cs1">Muller, M. J. (6 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=Pyongyang+koppen+dwa&pg=PA125"><i>Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-8040-2"><bdi>978-94-009-8040-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828040607/https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=Pyongyang+koppen+dwa&pg=PA125">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+climatic+data+for+a+global+set+of+standard+stations+for+vegetation+science&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-8040-2&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daz3qCAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPyongyang%2Bkoppen%2Bdwa%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=85074&cityname=Pyongyang,+North+Korea">"Pyongyang, North Korea Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806160208/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=85074&cityname=Pyongyang,+North+Korea">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weatherbase&rft.atitle=Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea+K%C3%B6ppen+Climate+Classification+%28Weatherbase%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weatherbase.com%2Fweather%2Fweather-summary.php3%3Fs%3D85074%26cityname%3DPyongyang%2C%2BNorth%2BKorea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/5/Average-Weather-in-May-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea">"Average Weather in May in Pyongyang, North Korea - Weather Spark"</a>. <i>weatherspark.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024083206/https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/5/Average-Weather-in-May-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherspark.com&rft.atitle=Average+Weather+in+May+in+Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea+-+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fm%2F141759%2F5%2FAverage-Weather-in-May-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/9/Average-Weather-in-September-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea">"Average Weather in September in Pyongyang, North Korea - Weather Spark"</a>. <i>weatherspark.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024164909/https://weatherspark.com/m/141759/9/Average-Weather-in-September-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherspark.com&rft.atitle=Average+Weather+in+September+in+Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea+-+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fm%2F141759%2F9%2FAverage-Weather-in-September-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Clouds">"Average Weather in Pyongyang, North Korea, Year Round - Weather Spark"</a>. <i>weatherspark.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026025723/https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Clouds">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherspark.com&rft.atitle=Average+Weather+in+Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea%2C+Year+Round+-+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fy%2F141759%2FAverage-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round%23Sections-Clouds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Precipitation">"Average Weather in Pyongyang, North Korea, Year Round - Weather Spark"</a>. <i>weatherspark.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026025723/https://weatherspark.com/y/141759/Average-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round#Sections-Precipitation">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherspark.com&rft.atitle=Average+Weather+in+Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea%2C+Year+Round+-+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fy%2F141759%2FAverage-Weather-in-Pyongyang-North-Korea-Year-Round%23Sections-Precipitation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KMA-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KMA_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/northkorea_pdf_0104.pdf">"30 years report of Meteorological Observations in North Korea (1991 ~ 2020)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. pp. 199–367. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129211112/https://data.kma.go.kr/resources/normals/pdf_data/northkorea_pdf_0104.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30+years+report+of+Meteorological+Observations+in+North+Korea+%281991+~+2020%29&rft.pages=199-367&rft.pub=Korea+Meteorological+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.kma.go.kr%2Fresources%2Fnormals%2Fpdf_data%2Fnorthkorea_pdf_0104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pogoda_i_Klimat-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pogoda_i_Klimat_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/47058.htm">"Climate Pyongyang"</a>. <i>Pogoda.ru.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230828041104/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate4/47058.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pogoda.ru.net&rft.atitle=Climate+Pyongyang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate4%2F47058.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt">"PYONGYANG SUN 1961–1990"</a>. DWD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171017195327/ftp://ftp-cdc.dwd.de/pub/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/multi_annual/sunshine_duration/1961_1990.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PYONGYANG+SUN+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=DWD&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp-cdc.dwd.de%2Fpub%2FCDC%2Fobservations_global%2FCLIMAT%2Fmulti_annual%2Fsunshine_duration%2F1961_1990.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/north-korea/pyongyang-climate">"Pyongyang, North Korea - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast"</a>. <i>Weather Atlas</i>. Yu Media Group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319095047/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/north-korea/pyongyang-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Weather+Atlas&rft.atitle=Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea+-+Detailed+climate+information+and+monthly+weather+forecast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Fnorth-korea%2Fpyongyang-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009196-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009196_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009276–277-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009276–277_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, pp. 276–277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009277-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study2009277_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109202822/http://nk.chosun.com/map/map.html?ACT=geo_01">"Haengjeong Guyeok Hyeonhwang" <bdi lang="ko">행정구역현황</bdi></a>. <i>NK Chosun</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nk.chosun.com/map/map.html?ACT=geo_01">the original</a> on 9 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NK+Chosun&rft.atitle=Haengjeong+Guyeok+Hyeonhwang+%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD%ED%98%84%ED%99%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnk.chosun.com%2Fmap%2Fmap.html%3FACT%3Dgeo_01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xzqh.org/waiguo/asia/1002.htm">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041018022439/http://www.xzqh.org/waiguo/asia/1002.htm">Archived</a> 18 October 2004 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (used as reference for hanja)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kcna.kp/kp/article/q/669fe64b44cd967d77e0f6d1c60cc042.kcmsf"><bdi lang="ko">조선중앙통신 | 기사 | 화성지구의 행정구역명칭을 정하였다</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220415001649/http://kcna.kp/kp/article/q/669fe64b44cd967d77e0f6d1c60cc042.kcmsf">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korean+Central+News+Agency&rft.atitle=%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0+%7C+%EA%B8%B0%EC%82%AC+%7C+%ED%99%94%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EC%9D%98+%ED%96%89%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%AC%EC%97%AD%EB%AA%85%EC%B9%AD%EC%9D%84+%EC%A0%95%ED%95%98%EC%98%80%EB%8B%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkcna.kp%2Fkp%2Farticle%2Fq%2F669fe64b44cd967d77e0f6d1c60cc042.kcmsf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007160470.html">"Pyongyang now more than one-third smaller; food shortage issues suspected"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Asahi_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Asahi Shimbun">Asahi Shimbun</a></i>. 17 July 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526204201/http://www.asahi.com/english/TKY201007160470.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asahi+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+now+more+than+one-third+smaller%3B+food+shortage+issues+suspected&rft.date=2010-07-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Fenglish%2FTKY201007160470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2012/02/29/kangnam-moved-into-pyongyang/">"Kangnam moved into Pyongyang"</a>. <i>North Korean Economy Watch</i>. 29 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807082953/http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2012/02/29/kangnam-moved-into-pyongyang/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Korean+Economy+Watch&rft.atitle=Kangnam+moved+into+Pyongyang&rft.date=2012-02-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkeconwatch.com%2F2012%2F02%2F29%2Fkangnam-moved-into-pyongyang%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF안준용" class="citation news cs1">안준용. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/03/07/2018030700259.html">"北, 평양서 150km 떨어진 곳을 평양市에 편입 왜?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220602194252/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2018/03/07/2018030700259.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%E5%8C%97%2C+%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%EC%84%9C+150km+%EB%96%A8%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%84+%EA%B3%B3%EC%9D%84+%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%E5%B8%82%EC%97%90+%ED%8E%B8%EC%9E%85+%EC%99%9C%3F&rft.au=%EC%95%88%EC%A4%80%EC%9A%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2018%2F03%2F07%2F2018030700259.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991,93–94-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991,93–94_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 91,93–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991_87-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dongwoo-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dongwoo_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dongwoo_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dongwoo_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongwoo_Yim2017" class="citation web cs1">Dongwoo Yim (24 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archpaper.com/2017/08/pyongyang-urban-planning-development/">"A brief urban history of Pyongyang, North Korea—and how it might develop under capitalism"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+brief+urban+history+of+Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea%E2%80%94and+how+it+might+develop+under+capitalism&rft.pub=The+Architect%27s+Newspaper&rft.date=2017-08-24&rft.au=Dongwoo+Yim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archpaper.com%2F2017%2F08%2Fpyongyang-urban-planning-development%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalmadge2017" class="citation web cs1">Talmadge, Eric (20 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/republic-of-kim-a-road-less-traveled-1589490035">"Lonely highways: On the road in Kim Jong Un's North Korea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Lonely+highways%3A+On+the+road+in+Kim+Jong+Un%27s+North+Korea&rft.date=2017-11-20&rft.aulast=Talmadge&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Frepublic-of-kim-a-road-less-traveled-1589490035&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200997-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200997_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-92-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECountry_Study200991-92_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCountry_Study2009">Country Study 2009</a>, p. 91-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LCCS93-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LCCS93_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCCS93_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LCCS93_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kp0053)">"Architecture and City Planning"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109103302/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kp0053)">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+City+Planning&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bkp0053%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2013" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/144"><i>Guinness World Records 2014</i></a>. Guinness World Records Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/144">144</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9"><bdi>978-1-908843-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2014&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908843-15-9&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm">"Will 'Hotel of Doom' ever be finished?"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 15 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807204224/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8306697.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Will+%27Hotel+of+Doom%27+ever+be+finished%3F&rft.date=2009-10-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8306697.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloom_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoon2012" class="citation news cs1">Yoon, Sangwon (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-01/north-korea-gets-world-s-tallest-hotel-as-kempinski-opens-tower.html">"Kempinski to Operate World's Tallest Hotel in North Korea"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150114010721/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-11-01/north-korea-gets-world-s-tallest-hotel-as-kempinski-opens-tower.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Kempinski+to+Operate+World%27s+Tallest+Hotel+in+North+Korea&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.aulast=Yoon&rft.aufirst=Sangwon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2012-11-01%2Fnorth-korea-gets-world-s-tallest-hotel-as-kempinski-opens-tower.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CityLab-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CityLab_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2018" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Nolan (16 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citylab.com/design/2018/10/whats-behind-north-koreas-building-boom/573142/">"The Improbable High-Rises of Pyongyang, North Korea"</a>. <i>Bloomberg.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019121919/https://www.citylab.com/design/2018/10/whats-behind-north-koreas-building-boom/573142/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=The+Improbable+High-Rises+of+Pyongyang%2C+North+Korea&rft.date=2018-10-16&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Nolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citylab.com%2Fdesign%2F2018%2F10%2Fwhats-behind-north-koreas-building-boom%2F573142%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Seok Young (25 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=8100">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Pitiful" Changjeon Street the Top Priority"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_NK" title="Daily NK">Daily NK</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827075552/http://www.dailynk.com/english/read.php?cataId=nk01500&num=8100">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+NK&rft.atitle=%22Pitiful%22+Changjeon+Street+the+Top+Priority&rft.date=2011-08-25&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Seok+Young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailynk.com%2Fenglish%2Fread.php%3FcataId%3Dnk01500%26num%3D8100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/pyongyang-glitters-most-nkorea-still-dark-050645191.html">"Pyongyang glitters but most of NKorea still dark"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pyongyang+glitters+but+most+of+NKorea+still+dark&rft.pub=Yahoo+News&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fpyongyang-glitters-most-nkorea-still-dark-050645191.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makinen-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Makinen_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Makinen_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakinen2016" class="citation news cs1">Makinen, Julie (20 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-architecture-20160520-snap-story.html">"North Korea is building something other than nukes: architecture with some zing"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207201443/https://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-north-korea-architecture-20160520-snap-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+North+Korea%2C+a+Western-backed+university&rft.date=2011-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Feducation%2Fprivate-university-in-north-korea-offers-lessons-in-science-and-world-peace%2F2011%2F07%2F25%2FgIQAQ5lPSL_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150123_0001">"Science and Technology Hall to be Built in Pyongyang's Ssuk Islet"</a>. Institute for Far Eastern Studies. 23 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150423163356/http://ifes.kyungnam.ac.kr/eng/FRM/FRM_0101V.aspx?code=FRM150123_0001">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology+Hall+to+be+Built+in+Pyongyang%27s+Ssuk+Islet&rft.pub=Institute+for+Far+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fifes.kyungnam.ac.kr%2Feng%2FFRM%2FFRM_0101V.aspx%3Fcode%3DFRM150123_0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117010831/http://www.nti.org/facilities/758/">"MGC-20 Cyclotron"</a>. NTI.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nti.org/facilities/758/">the original</a> on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MGC-20+Cyclotron&rft.pub=NTI.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nti.org%2Ffacilities%2F758%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141012034951/http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2002/200205/news05/22.htm">"Pyongyang City People's Hospital No. 1"</a>. KCNA. 22 May 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcna.co.jp/item/2002/200205/news05/22.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pyongyang+City+People%27s+Hospital+No.+1&rft.date=2002-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcna.co.jp%2Fitem%2F2002%2F200205%2Fnews05%2F22.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713111814/https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2011/10/12/ponghwa-clinic-expanded-during-2009–2010/">"Ponghwa Clinic Expanded During 2009-2010, NK Leadership Watch"</a>. <i>Nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com/2011/10/12/ponghwa-clinic-expanded-during-2009-2010/">the original</a> on 13 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=Ponghwa+Clinic+Expanded+During+2009-2010%2C+NK+Leadership+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnkleadershipwatch.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F10%2F12%2Fponghwa-clinic-expanded-during-2009-2010%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2007/06/25/where-did-kim-jong-il-receive-his-surgery/">"Where Did Kim Jong Il Receive His Surgery?"</a>. <i>North Korean Economy Watch</i>. 25 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702152245/http://www.nkeconwatch.com/2007/06/25/where-did-kim-jong-il-receive-his-surgery/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+Korean+Economy+Watch&rft.atitle=Where+Did+Kim+Jong+Il+Receive+His+Surgery%3F&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nkeconwatch.com%2F2007%2F06%2F25%2Fwhere-did-kim-jong-il-receive-his-surgery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korean-healthcare-2014-5">"I Had A Scary Encounter With North Korea's Crumbling Healthcare System"</a>. <i>Business Insider</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512045704/http://www.businessinsider.com/north-korean-healthcare-2014-5">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=I+Had+A+Scary+Encounter+With+North+Korea%27s+Crumbling+Healthcare+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fnorth-korean-healthcare-2014-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Martyn (3 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.38north.org/2020/04/pyhospital040320/">"Construction Progressing Rapidly at the Pyongyang General Hospital"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/38_North" title="38 North">38 North</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701140207/https://www.38north.org/2020/04/pyhospital040320/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=38+North&rft.atitle=Construction+Progressing+Rapidly+at+the+Pyongyang+General+Hospital&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.38north.org%2F2020%2F04%2Fpyhospital040320%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">"Sister Cities"</a>. <i>Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang</i>. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-234-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230218091156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Pyongyang&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-234-7&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da46gFDWr3aMC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mongolia.gov.mn/news/view/16816">"Хотын дарга С.Батболд Токио хотын засаг дарга Юрико Койкэтэй уулзлаа"</a> (in Mongolian). Mongolian Government. 20 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221119044639/https://mongolia.gov.mn/news/view/16816">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%A1.%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%AE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9+%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0&rft.pub=Mongolian+Government&rft.date=2017-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmongolia.gov.mn%2Fnews%2Fview%2F16816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEB1878" class="citation book cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Corea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Corea">"Corea" </a></span>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Vol. VI (9th ed.). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1878. pp. 390–394.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=390-394&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCountry_Study2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_North-Korea.pdf">"North Korea – A Country Study"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202052752/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_North-Korea.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Korea+%E2%80%93+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Fpdf%2FCS_North-Korea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dormels, Rainer. <i>North Korea's Cities: Industrial Facilities, Internal Structures and Typification</i>. Seoul, Jimoondang, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-6297-167-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-6297-167-5">978-89-6297-167-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmWardProkopljevicZakharova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Em, Pavel P.; et al. (Spring 2021). "City Profile of Pyongyang 3.0: Inside Out". <i><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_Review" title="North Korean Review">North Korean Review</a></i>. <b>17</b> (1): 30–56. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1551-2789">1551-2789</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27033549">27033549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Korean+Review&rft.atitle=City+Profile+of+Pyongyang+3.0%3A+Inside+Out&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=30-56&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27033549%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1551-2789&rft.aulast=Em&rft.aufirst=Pavel+P.&rft.au=Ward%2C+Peter&rft.au=Prokopljevic%2C+Jelena&rft.au=Zakharova%2C+Liudmila+V.&rft.au=Sigley%2C+Alek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim_Chun-hyok2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim Chun-hyok (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/common/11004.pdf#.pdf"><i>Panorama of Pyongyang</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pyongyang: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9946-0-1176-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9946-0-1176-9"><bdi>978-9946-0-1176-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200622074105/http://www.korean-books.com.kp/KBMbooks/en/book/common/11004.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panorama+of+Pyongyang&rft.place=Pyongyang&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9946-0-1176-9&rft.au=Kim+Chun-hyok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean-books.com.kp%2FKBMbooks%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fcommon%2F11004.pdf%23.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Kracht, Christian</a>, Eva Munz & Lukas Nikol. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ministry_of_Truth_(Kracht_book)" title="The Ministry of Truth (Kracht book)">The Ministry of Truth: Kim Jong Il's North Korea</a></i>. Feral House, October 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-93259527-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-93259527-7">978-1-93259527-7</a>.</li> <li>Meuser, Philipp, editor. <i>Architectural and Cultural Guide Pyongyang</i>. Berlin, DOM, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-187-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86922-187-8">978-3-86922-187-8</a>.</li> <li>Springer, Chris. <i>Pyongyang: The Hidden History of the North Korean Capital.</i> Saranda Books, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-00-8104-0" title="Special:BookSources/963-00-8104-0">963-00-8104-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakJang2021" class="citation book cs1">Thak, Song Il; Jang, Hyang Ok, eds. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-books.com.kp/packages/xnps/download.php?/KBMbooks/en/book/ordinary/20211124104604.pdf"><i>Pyongyang in Kim Jong Un's Era</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by Tong, Kyong Chol. DPRK Korea: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Languages_Publishing_House_(North_Korea)" title="Foreign Languages Publishing House (North Korea)">Foreign Languages Publishing House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9946-0-2016-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9946-0-2016-7"><bdi>978-9946-0-2016-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pyongyang+in+Kim+Jong+Un%27s+Era&rft.place=DPRK+Korea&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Publishing+House&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9946-0-2016-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean-books.com.kp%2Fpackages%2Fxnps%2Fdownload.php%3F%2FKBMbooks%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fordinary%2F20211124104604.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APyongyang" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Willoughby, Robert. <i>North Korea: The Bradt Travel Guide.</i> Globe Pequot, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84162-074-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84162-074-2">1-84162-074-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pyongyang#Q18808" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pyongyang" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pyongyang">pyongyang</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dprk360.com/360/pyongyang_aerial_view/">Interactive virtual tour</a> Aerial view of Pyongyang city</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dprk360.com/highres/pyongyang01.html">Super High Resolution Image</a> Panoramic view of Pyongyang city</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4hLctBvojE"><span class="plainlinks">22-minute video of bus ride through Pyongyang, DPRK</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nkeconwatch.com/north-korea-uncovered-google-earth">North Korea Uncovered</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Uncovered" title="North Korea Uncovered">North Korea Google Earth</a>), a comprehensive mapping of North Korea, including all of the locations mentioned above, on <a href="/wiki/Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3113352.stm">Holidays in Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120180535/http://en.isten.me/city/pyongyang.html">Instagram photos of Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Phyongsong/Phyongsong.pdf">City profile of Pyongyang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202112944/https://koreanologie.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/p_koreanologie/North_Korean_Cities/Phyongsong/Phyongsong.pdf">Archived</a> 2 February 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pyongyang_at_night">Pyongyang at night</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyongyang&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pyongyang at night"><span>edit</span></a><span 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Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwanbuk" title="Kwanbuk">Kwanbuk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwannam" title="Kwannam">Kwannam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandong" title="Gwandong">Kwandong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_(region)" title="Yeongdong (region)">Ryongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongseo" title="Yeongseo">Ryongso</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_(region)" title="Gyeonggi (region)">Kyonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Haeso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwanso" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanso">Kwanso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_North_Korea" title="Provinces of North Korea">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagang_Province" title="Chagang Province">Chagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangwon_Province_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangwon Province (North Korea)">Kangwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province" title="North Hamgyong Province">North Hamgyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Hwanghae_Province" title="North Hwanghae Province">North Hwanghae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pyongan_Province" title="North Pyongan Province">North Pyongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanggang_Province" title="Ryanggang Province">Ryanggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyong_Province" title="South Hamgyong Province">South Hamgyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Hwanghae_Province" title="South Hwanghae Province">South Hwanghae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province" title="South Pyongan Province">South Pyongan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Direct-administered city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyongyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason" title="Rason">Rason</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special administrative regions <small>(abolished)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaesong_Industrial_Region" title="Kaesong Industrial Region">Kaesong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kumgang_Tourist_Region" title="Mount Kumgang Tourist Region">Kumgang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuiju_Special_Administrative_Region" title="Sinuiju Special Administrative Region">Sinuiju</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pyongyang" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pyongyang" title="Template:Pyongyang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pyongyang" title="Template talk:Pyongyang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pyongyang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pyongyang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pyongyang" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyongyang</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Second-level_divisions" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chung-guyok" title="Chung-guyok">Chung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwasong-guyok" title="Hwasong-guyok">Hwasong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyongjesan-guyok" title="Hyongjesan-guyok">Hyŏngjesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae-guyok" title="Mangyongdae-guyok">Man'gyŏngdae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moranbong-guyok" title="Moranbong-guyok">Moranbong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potonggang-guyok" title="Potonggang-guyok">Pot'onggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongchon-guyok" title="Pyongchon-guyok">P'yŏngch'ŏn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangrang-guyok" title="Rangrang-guyok">Rangrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryokpo-guyok" title="Ryokpo-guyok">Ryŏkp'o</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryongsong-guyok" title="Ryongsong-guyok">Ryongsŏng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadong-guyok" title="Sadong-guyok">Sadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsok-guyok" title="Samsok-guyok">Samsŏk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songyo-guyok" title="Songyo-guyok">Sŏn'gyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosong-guyok" title="Sosong-guyok">Sŏsŏng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunan-guyok" title="Sunan-guyok">Sunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taedonggang-guyok" title="Taedonggang-guyok">Taedonggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taesong-guyok" title="Taesong-guyok">Taesŏng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongdaewon-guyok" title="Tongdaewon-guyok">Tongdaewŏn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unjong-guyok" title="Unjong-guyok">Ŭnjŏng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Second-level_divisions" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangdong_County" title="Kangdong County">Kangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangnam_County" title="Kangnam County">Kangnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea#Third-level_divisions" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Neighbourhoods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panghy%C5%8Fn-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="Panghyŏn-dong">Panghyŏn-dong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taedong_River" title="Taedong River">Taedong River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothong_River" title="Pothong River">Pothong River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Scenery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Views_of_Pyongyang" title="Eight Views of Pyongyang">Eight Views of Pyongyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Banks" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_North_Korea" title="List of banks in North Korea">Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Central Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Central National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danchon_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Danchon Bank">Danchon Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedong_Credit_Bank" title="Daedong Credit Bank">Daedong Credit Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daesong_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Daesong Bank">Daesong Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Trade_Bank_of_the_Democratic_People%27s_Republic_of_Korea" title="Foreign Trade Bank of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea">Foreign Trade Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Star_Bank" title="Golden Star Bank">Golden Star Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joson_Trade_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Joson Trade Bank">Joson Trade Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo_Bank" title="Koryo Bank">Koryo Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Court_(North_Korea)" title="Central Court (North Korea)">Central Court (North Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumsusan_Palace_of_the_Sun" title="Kumsusan Palace of the Sun">Kumsusan Palace of the Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryongsong_Residence" title="Ryongsong Residence">Ryongsong Residence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Prime Minister's Office (North Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Court_(North_Korea)" title="Central Court (North Korea)">Supreme Court of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Transport" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_North_Korea" title="Cycling in North Korea">Cycling in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Pyongyang" title="Trams in Pyongyang">Trams in Pyongyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trams_and_trolleybuses_in_North_Korea" title="Trams and trolleybuses in North Korea">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Pyongyang" title="Trolleybuses in Pyongyang">Trolleybuses in Pyongyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trams_and_trolleybuses_in_North_Korea" title="Trams and trolleybuses in North Korea">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_station" title="Pyongyang station">Pyongyang station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_North_Korea" title="Roads in North Korea">Motorways</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyongyang-Wonsan_Tourist_Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyongyang-Wonsan Tourist Motorway">M1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reunification_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunification Highway">M2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Youth_Hero_Motorway" title="Youth Hero Motorway">M3</a>)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Metro" title="Pyongyang Metro">Pyongyang Metro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ff0000;"><a href="/wiki/Chollima_Line" title="Chollima Line">Chollima Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em"><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangyongdae Line">Mangyongdae Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puhung_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Puhung Station">Puhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonggwang_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Yonggwang Station">Yonggwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponghwa_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponghwa Station">Ponghwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em">Mainline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponghwa_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponghwa Station">Ponghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungni_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungni Station">Sŭngni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongil_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongil Station">Tongil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeson_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaeson Station">Kaeson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonu_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonu Station">Jonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulgunbyol_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulgunbyol Station">Pulgunbyol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #008008;"><a href="/wiki/Hyoksin_Line" title="Hyoksin Line">Hyoksin Line</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwangbok_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwangbok Station">Kwangbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konguk_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Konguk Station">Konguk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwanggumbol_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwanggumbol Station">Hwanggumbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konsol_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Konsol Station">Konsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoksin_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoksin Station">Hyoksin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonsung_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Chonsung Station">Chonsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhung_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhung Station">Samhung</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kwangmyong_Station_(Pyongyang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwangmyong Station (Pyongyang)">Kwangmyong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragwon_Station_(Pyongyang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragwon Station (Pyongyang)">Ragwon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Square" title="Kim Il Sung Square">Kim Il Sung Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirae_Scientists_Street" title="Mirae Scientists Street">Mirae Scientists Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Complex_No._1,_Pyongyang" title="Government Complex No. 1, Pyongyang">Government Complex No. 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chongryu_Bridge" title="Chongryu Bridge">Chongryu Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chungsong_Bridge" title="Chungsong Bridge">Chungsong Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongryu_Bridge" title="Ongryu Bridge">Ongryu Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungra_Bridge" title="Rungra Bridge">Rungra Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taedong_Bridge" title="Taedong Bridge">Taedong Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggak_Bridge" title="Yanggak Bridge">Yanggak Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_North_Korea" title="List of universities in North Korea">Universities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Kon_Military_Academy" title="Kang Kon Military Academy">Kang Kon Military Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_Military_University" title="Kim Il Sung Military University">Kim Il Sung Military University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chaek_University_of_Technology" title="Kim Chaek University of Technology">Kim Chaek University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Chol-ju_University_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Chol-ju University of Education">Kim Chol-ju University of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Hyong_Jik_University_of_Education" title="Kim Hyong Jik University of Education">Kim Hyong Jik University of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung_University_of_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung University of Politics">Kim Il-sung University of Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Flag_Mangyongdae_Revolutionary_School" title="Red Flag Mangyongdae Revolutionary School">Red Flag Mangyongdae Revolutionary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Medical_University" title="Pyongyang Medical University">Pyongyang Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Fine_Arts" title="Pyongyang University of Fine Arts">Pyongyang University of Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Foreign_Studies" title="Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies">Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Pyongyang University of Music and Dance">Pyongyang University of Music and Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_University_of_Music_and_Dance" title="Pyongyang University of Music and Dance">Pyongyang University of Music and Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sciences" title="University of Sciences">University of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chung_Eui_Girls%27_High_School" title="Chung Eui Girls' High School">Chung Eui Girls' High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namsan_Senior_High_School" title="Namsan Senior High School">Namsan Senior High School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sinri_Primary_School" title="Pyongyang Sinri Primary School">Pyongyang Sinri Primary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Foreigners_School" title="Pyongyang Foreigners School">Pyongyang Foreigners School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Youth misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Youth_Hall" title="Central Youth Hall">Central Youth Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Children%27s_Union" title="Korean Children's Union">Korean Children's Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae_Children%27s_Palace" title="Mangyongdae Children's Palace">Mangyongdae Children's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Patriotic_Youth_League" title="Socialist Patriotic Youth League">Socialist Patriotic Youth League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Libraries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_People%27s_Study_House" title="Grand People's Study House">Grand People's Study House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponghwa_Clinic" title="Ponghwa Clinic">Ponghwa Clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_General_Hospital" title="Pyongyang General Hospital">Pyongyang General Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Maternity_Hospital" title="Pyongyang Maternity Hospital">Pyongyang Maternity Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_North_Korea" title="List of tallest buildings in North Korea">Buildings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung_University_Educator%27s_Apartment" title="Kim Il Sung University Educator's Apartment">KISU Residential Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangbok_Street_1" title="Kwangbok Street 1">Kwangbok Street 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_KWP_Scientists_Apartment" title="Pyongyang KWP Scientists Apartment">KWP Scientists Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Apartments" title="Mansudae Apartments">Mansudae Apartments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirae_Unha_Tower" title="Mirae Unha Tower">Mirae Unha Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhwa_Street_Main_Tower" title="Songhwa Street Main Tower">Songhwa Street Main Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Information_Center" title="Pyongyang Information Center">Pyongyang Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Secretariat_Housing" title="Pyongyang Secretariat Housing">Pyongyang Secretariat Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryonghung-Dong_Apartment" title="Ryonghung-Dong Apartment">Ryonghung-Dong Apartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryomyong_Condominium" title="Ryomyong Condominium">Ryomyong Condominiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hotels_in_North_Korea" title="List of hotels in North Korea">Hotels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chongnyon_Hotel" title="Chongnyon Hotel">Chongnyon Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koryo_Hotel" title="Koryo Hotel">Koryo Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanggang_Hotel" title="Ryanggang Hotel">Ryanggang Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryugyong_Hotel" title="Ryugyong Hotel">Ryugyong Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosan_Hotel" title="Sosan Hotel">Sosan Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggakdo_International_Hotel" title="Yanggakdo International Hotel">Yanggakdo International Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower">Juche Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_TV_Tower" title="Pyongyang TV Tower">Pyongyang TV Tower</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Pyongyang" title="List of tourist attractions in Pyongyang">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongsu_Church" title="Bongsu Church">Bongsu Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changchung_Cathedral" title="Changchung Cathedral">Changchung Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilgol_Church" title="Chilgol Church">Chilgol Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Life-Giving_Trinity_(Pyongyang)" title="Church of the Life-Giving Trinity (Pyongyang)">Church of the Life-Giving Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Christian_Federation" title="Korean Christian Federation">Korean Christian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Theological_Seminary" title="Pyongyang Theological Seminary">Pyongyang Theological Seminary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_North_Korea" title="List of museums in North Korea">Museums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimilsungia_and_Kimjongilia_Exhibition_Hall" title="Kimilsungia and Kimjongilia Exhibition Hall">Kimilsungia and Kimjongilia Exhibition Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Stamp_Museum" title="Korea Stamp Museum">Korea Stamp Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Art_Gallery" title="Korean Art Gallery">Korean Art Gallery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_History_Museum" title="Korean Central History Museum">Korean Central History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Folklore_Museum" title="Korean Folklore Museum">Korean Folklore Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Revolution_Museum" title="Korean Revolution Museum">Korean Revolution Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_Peace_Museum" title="North Korea Peace Museum">North Korea Peace Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_Founding_Museum" title="Party Founding Museum">Party Founding Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Sci-Tech_Complex" title="Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex">Pyongyang Sci-Tech Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Revolutions_Exhibition" title="Three Revolutions Exhibition">Three Revolutions Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorious_War_Museum" title="Victorious War Museum">Victorious War Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Pyongyang" title="List of tourist attractions in Pyongyang">Entertainment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Mass Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Central_Zoo" title="Korea Central Zoo">Korea Central Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae_Funfair" title="Mangyongdae Funfair">Mangyongdae Funfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Art_Studio" title="Mansudae Art Studio">Mansudae Art Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okryu-gwan" title="Okryu-gwan">Okryu-gwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Palace_of_Culture" title="People's Palace of Culture">People's Palace of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Circus" title="Pyongyang Circus">Pyongyang Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_International_House_of_Culture" title="Pyongyang International House of Culture">Pyongyang International House of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Peoples_Outdoor_Ice_Rink" title="Pyongyang Peoples Outdoor Ice Rink">Pyongyang Peoples Outdoor Ice Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_King_Tongmy%C5%8Fng" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of King Tongmyŏng">Tomb of King Tongmyŏng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongil_Market" title="Tongil Market">Tongil Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Triumph_(Pyongyang)" title="Arch of Triumph (Pyongyang)">Arch of Triumph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Reunification" title="Arch of Reunification">Arch of Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changsan_Revolutionary_Site" title="Changsan Revolutionary Site">Changsan Revolutionary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilsongmun" title="Chilsongmun">Chilsongmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima_Statue" title="Chollima Statue">Chollima Statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaeson_Revolutionary_Site" title="Kaeson Revolutionary Site">Kaeson Revolutionary Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koguryo_Wooden_Bridge" title="Koguryo Wooden Bridge">Koguryo Wooden Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwangbopsa" title="Kwangbopsa">Kwangbopsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansu_Hill_Grand_Monument" title="Mansu Hill Grand Monument">Mansu Hill Grand Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Party_Founding" title="Monument to Party Founding">Monument to Party Founding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potongmun" title="Potongmun">Potongmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Bell" title="Pyongyang Bell">Pyongyang Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Martyrs%27_Cemetery" title="Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery">Revolutionary Martyrs' Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taedongmun" title="Taedongmun">Taedongmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taesong_Fortress" title="Taesong Fortress">Taesong Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmil_Pavilion" title="Ulmil Pavilion">Ulmil Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo (AGER-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongmyong_Temple" title="Yongmyong Temple">Yongmyong Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amusement_parks_in_North_Korea" title="List of amusement parks in North Korea">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaeson_Youth_Park" title="Kaeson Youth Park">Kaeson Youth Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae_Funfair" title="Mangyongdae Funfair">Mangyongdae Funfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moranbong_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Moranbong Park">Moranbong Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsu_Water_Park" title="Munsu Water Park">Munsu Water Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Folklore_Park" title="Pyongyang Folklore Park">Pyongyang Folklore Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Skatepark" title="Pyongyang Skatepark">Pyongyang Skatepark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungra_People%27s_Pleasure_Ground" title="Rungra People's Pleasure Ground">Rungra People's Pleasure Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryongwang_Pavilion" title="Ryongwang Pavilion">Ryongwang Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taesongsan_Funfair" title="Taesongsan Funfair">Taesongsan Funfair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_football_stadiums_in_North_Korea" title="List of football stadiums in North Korea">Stadiums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pyongyang_Stadium" title="East Pyongyang Stadium">East Pyongyang Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-sung_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-sung Stadium">Kim Il-sung Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungrado_1st_of_May_Stadium" title="Rungrado 1st of May Stadium">Rungrado 1st of May Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosan_Stadium" title="Sosan Stadium">Sosan Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanggakdo_Stadium" title="Yanggakdo Stadium">Yanggakdo Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_North_Korea" title="List of theatres in North Korea">Theatres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/April_25_House_of_Culture" title="April 25 House of Culture">April 25 House of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pyongyang_Grand_Theatre" title="East Pyongyang Grand Theatre">East Pyongyang Grand Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cinema_Hall" title="International Cinema Hall">International Cinema Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalma_Theatre" title="Kalma Theatre">Kalma Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Art_Theatre" title="Mansudae Art Theatre">Mansudae Art Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_People%27s_Theatre" title="Mansudae People's Theatre">Mansudae People's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moranbong_Theatre" title="Moranbong Theatre">Moranbong Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Palace_of_Culture" title="People's Palace of Culture">People's Palace of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponghwa_Art_Theatre" title="Ponghwa Art Theatre">Ponghwa Art Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongyang_Grand_Theatre" title="Pyongyang Grand Theatre">Pyongyang Grand Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taedongmoon_Cinema" title="Taedongmoon Cinema">Taedongmoon Cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Broadcasting_Committee" title="Korean Central Broadcasting Committee">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_News_Agency" title="Korean Central News Agency">Korean Central News Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Broadcasting_Station" title="Korean Central Broadcasting Station">Korean Central Broadcasting Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Korea" title="Voice of Korea">Voice of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Central_Television" title="Korean Central Television">Korean Central Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansudae_Television" title="Mansudae Television">Mansudae Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manbang" title="Manbang">Manbang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pyongyang" title="Category:Pyongyang">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_North_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_North_Korea" title="Template:Cities in North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_North_Korea" title="Template talk:Cities in North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_North_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">Cities in North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Directly governed city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyongyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rason" title="Rason">Rason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provincial capitals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyesan" title="Hyesan">Hyesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanggye" title="Kanggye">Kanggye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongsong" title="Pyongsong">Pyongsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariwon" title="Sariwon">Sariwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuiju" title="Sinuiju">Sinuiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anju,_South_Pyongan" title="Anju, South Pyongan">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongju" title="Chongju">Chongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoeryong" title="Hoeryong">Hoeryong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichon" title="Huichon">Huichon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaechon" title="Kaechon">Kaechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchaek" title="Kimchaek">Kimchaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusong" title="Kusong">Kusong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manpo" title="Manpo">Manpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munchon" title="Munchon">Munchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samjiyon" title="Samjiyon">Samjiyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinpo" title="Sinpo">Sinpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songrim" title="Songrim">Songrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchon" title="Sunchon">Sunchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchon" title="Tanchon">Tanchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokchon" title="Tokchon">Tokchon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_Asian_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of Asian capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states with limited recognition</a> are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Central Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">South Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Southeast Asia</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">West Asia</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ashgabat" title="Ashgabat">Ashgabat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>East Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyongyang</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ulaanbaatar" title="Ulaanbaatar">Ulaanbaatar</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> <div style="background:#dcdcfe; text-align:center;"><b>North Asia</b></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Camp_Thunder_Cove" title="Camp Thunder Cove">Camp Thunder Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">BIOT</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayawardenepura_Kotte" title="Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte">Sri Jayawardenepura Kotte</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flying_Fish_Cove" title="Flying Fish Cove">Flying Fish Cove</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Island,_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="West Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands">West Island</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_City" title="Kuwait City">Kuwait City</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Manama" title="Manama">Manama</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramallah" title="Ramallah">Ramallah</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></i> (de facto) <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sanaa" title="Sanaa">Sanaa</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, <i><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></i> <b>*</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em 0 0.3em; line-height:1.3em;"><div><b>*</b> Disputed. See: <a href="/wiki/Chagos_Archipelago_sovereignty_dispute" title="Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute">Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprus dispute">Cyprus dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz-Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz-Georgian conflict">Abkhaz-Georgian conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian-Ossetian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian-Ossetian conflict">Georgian-Ossetian conflict</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_symbols_of_North_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="Template:National symbols of North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="Template talk:National symbols of North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National symbols of North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_symbols_of_North_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_North_Korea" title="National symbols of North Korea">National symbols of North Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea" title="Flag of North Korea">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Anthem</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyongyang</a> (capital)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnolia_sieboldii" title="Magnolia sieboldii">Magnolia sieboldii</a></i> (flower)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_goshawk" title="Northern goshawk">Northern goshawk</a> (bird)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">Pine</a> (tree)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pungsan_dog" title="Pungsan dog">Pungsan</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a> (dish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok"><i>Choson-ot</i></a> (dress)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssirum</a></i> (sport)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche_Tower" title="Juche Tower"><i>Juche</i> Tower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangyongdae" title="Mangyongdae">Mangyongdae</a> (monuments)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar"><i>Juche</i> calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Foundation_of_the_Republic_(North_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of the Foundation of the Republic (North Korea)">Foundation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cho_Ki-chon" title="Cho Ki-chon">Cho Ki-chon</a> (poet)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chollima" class="mw-redirect" title="Chollima">Chollima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_standard_language" title="North Korean standard language">Munhwaŏ</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (currency)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Korea&#124;link=North_Korea_North_Korea_cities_with_a_200,000+_population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_North_Korea" title="Template:Most populous cities in North Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_North_Korea" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in North Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_North_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in North Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=North_Korea&#124;link=North_Korea_North_Korea_cities_with_a_200,000+_population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">North Korea cities with a 200,000+ population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2,000,000 and more</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pyongyang</a> (capital)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>n/a</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamhung" title="Hamhung">Hamhung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongjin" title="Chongjin">Chongjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nampo" title="Nampo">Nampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wonsan" title="Wonsan">Wonsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinuiju" title="Sinuiju">Sinuiju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchon" title="Tanchon">Tanchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaechon" title="Kaechon">Kaechon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sariwon" title="Sariwon">Sariwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchon" title="Sunchon">Sunchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyongsong" title="Pyongsong">Pyongsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haeju" title="Haeju">Haeju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanggye" title="Kanggye">Kanggye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anju,_South_Pyongan" title="Anju, South Pyongan">Anju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokchon" title="Tokchon">Tokchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchaek" title="Kimchaek">Kimchaek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18808#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18808#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18808#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147740730">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1410749/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr3yGT3ym3Q3px9Vk3WjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4285178-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80014572">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00646261">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pchjongjang (Korea)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge381750&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX457332">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559635505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/9112e55c-e309-4f02-a4a6-ea894e2bc2ac">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044325">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" 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