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id="toc-Germanic_paganism,_Wodan,_and_Christianization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions_and_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions_and_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Traditions and rituals </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions_and_rituals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions and rituals subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chimneys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chimneys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chimneys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chimneys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christmas_Eve" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christmas_Eve"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Christmas Eve </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christmas_Eve-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Appearance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laugh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laugh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Laugh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laugh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Home </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades,_department_stores,_and_shopping_malls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades,_department_stores,_and_shopping_malls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Parades, department stores, and shopping malls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades,_department_stores,_and_shopping_malls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letter_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letter_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Letter writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letter_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tracking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Tracking </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_from_some_Christian_denominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_from_some_Christian_denominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Opposition from some Christian denominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_from_some_Christian_denominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_under_state_atheism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_under_state_atheism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Opposition under state atheism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_under_state_atheism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbol_of_commercialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbol_of_commercialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Symbol of commercialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbol_of_commercialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_to_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_to_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Representation to children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_to_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Related figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 General and cited references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Santa Claus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 112 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" > 112 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vader_Kersfees" title="Vader Kersfees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vader Kersfees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachtsmann" title="Weihnachtsmann – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weihnachtsmann" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بابا نويل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بابا نويل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Կաղանդ պապա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Կաղանդ պապա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C" title="ছাণ্টাক্লজ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছাণ্টাক্লজ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1_Noel" title="Pá Noel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pá Noel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa-Klaus" title="Santa-Klaus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Santa-Klaus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C" title="সান্তা ক্লজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সান্তা ক্লজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-t%C3%A0n_L%C4%81u-l%C3%A2ng" title="Sèng-tàn Lāu-lâng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sèng-tàn Lāu-lâng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Санта-Клаус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%9E%D1%81" title="Санта-Кляўс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Санта-Кляўс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C" title="सैंटा क्लॉज – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सैंटा क्लॉज" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Дядо Коледа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дядо Коледа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad-kozh_an_Nedeleg" title="Tad-kozh an Nedeleg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tad-kozh an Nedeleg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pare_Noel" title="Pare Noel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pare Noel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus_(tawo)" title="Santa Claus (tawo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Santa Claus (tawo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%B4n_Corn" title="Siôn Corn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Siôn Corn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Julemanden" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weihnachtsmann" title="Weihnachtsmann – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weihnachtsmann" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B5uluvana" title="Jõuluvana – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jõuluvana" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B9_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Άι Βασίλης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άι Βασίλης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%A1_Noel" title="Papá Noel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papá Noel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristnaska_Viro" title="Kristnaska Viro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristnaska Viro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizarzuri" title="Bizarzuri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bizarzuri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84" title="بابا نوئل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بابا نوئل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3lama%C3%B0urin" title="Jólamaðurin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jólamaðurin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Père Noël" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystman" title="Krystman – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Krystman" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daid%C3%AD_na_Nollag" title="Daidí na Nollag – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Daidí na Nollag" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo_Niglus_(persoonid_Nollick)" title="Noo Niglus (persoonid Nollick) – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Noo Niglus (persoonid Nollick)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodach_na_Nollaige" title="Bodach na Nollaige – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bodach na Nollaige" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%A1_Noel" title="Papá Noel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Papá Noel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%B0%ED%83%80%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="산타클로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="산타클로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1_%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Սանտա Կլաուս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սանտա Կլաուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="सांता क्लॉज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सांता क्लॉज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpodich" title="Rumpodich – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rumpodich" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djed_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87njak" title="Djed Božićnjak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Djed Božićnjak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinterklas" title="Sinterklas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sinterklas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AA%E1%93%95%E1%92%AA%E1%96%85" title="ᔪᓕᒪᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔪᓕᒪᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3lasveinninn" title="Jólasveinninn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jólasveinninn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbo_Natale" title="Babbo Natale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Babbo Natale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="סנטה קלאוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סנטה קלאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸಾಂಟಾ ಕ್ಲಾಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಂಟಾ ಕ್ಲಾಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სანტა კლაუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანტა კლაუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swi%C3%A3ti_Mik%C3%B2%C5%82%C3%B4j" title="Swiãti Mikòłôj – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Swiãti Mikòłôj" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Krismasi" title="Baba Krismasi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baba Krismasi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Санта-Клаус" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта Клаус – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Санта Клаус" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%AA" title="ຊານຕາຄລອສ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຊານຕາຄລອສ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pater_Natalis" title="Pater Natalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pater Natalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tku_vec%C4%ABtis" title="Ziemassvētku vecītis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemassvētku vecītis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%97d%C5%B3_Senelis" title="Kalėdų Senelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalėdų Senelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%C3%A0_Nedal" title="Bobà Nedal – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bobà Nedal" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%9C" title="सेन्टा क्लज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सेन्टा क्लज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Дедо Мраз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дедо Мраз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadabe_Noely" title="Dadabe Noely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dadabe Noely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സാന്റാക്ലോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാന്റാക്ലോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hana_Kok%C5%8D" title="Hana Kokō – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hana Kokō" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C" title="सांता क्लॉज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सांता क्लॉज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სანტა კლაუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სანტა კლაუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84" title="بابا نويل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بابا نويل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerstman" title="Kerstman – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kerstman" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ACrstman" title="Kìrstman – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kìrstman" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="サンタクロース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンタクロース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julenissen" title="Julenissen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Julenissen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julenissen" title="Julenissen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Julenissen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Nou%C3%A9" title="Papa Noué – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Papa Noué" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paire_nadal" title="Paire nadal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Paire nadal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Klaus" title="Santa Klaus – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Santa Klaus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਸੈਂਟਾ ਕਲਾਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਂਟਾ ਕਲਾਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_von_Myra" title="Nikolaus von Myra – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Nikolaus von Myra" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99ty_Miko%C5%82aj_(kultura_masowa)" title="Święty Mikołaj (kultura masowa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Święty Mikołaj (kultura masowa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papai_Noel" title="Papai Noel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papai Noel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C8%99_Cr%C4%83ciun" title="Moș Crăciun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moș Crăciun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Санта-Клаус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santae_Claus" title="Santae Claus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Santae Claus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babadimri" title="Babadimri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Babadimri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babbu_Natali" title="Babbu Natali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Babbu Natali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="නත්තල් සීයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නත්තල් සීයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C5%BEi%C4%8Dek" title="Božiček – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Božiček" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%84" title="بابانۆئێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بابانۆئێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Деда Мраз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Деда Мраз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djed_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87njak" title="Djed Božićnjak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Djed Božićnjak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joulupukki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jultomten" title="Jultomten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jultomten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE" title="கிறித்துமசு தாத்தா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிறித்துமசு தாத்தா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D" title="శాంతా క్లాజ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శాంతా క్లాజ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA" title="ซานตาคลอส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซานตาคลอส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Санта-Клаус" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%AD%E1%8F%84%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%AF" title="ᏗᎭᏄᎧᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏗᎭᏄᎧᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Klaus" title="Santa Klaus – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Santa Klaus" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Санта-Клаус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Санта-Клаус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="سانتا کلاز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سانتا کلاز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pup%C3%A0_Nada%C5%82e" title="Pupà Nadałe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pupà Nadałe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng_gi%C3%A0_Noel" title="Ông già Noel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ông già Noel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pere_Noy%C3%A9" title="Pere Noyé – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pere Noyé" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Santa Claus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA" title="圣诞老人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣诞老人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96" title="סאנטא קלויז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאנטא קלויז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E8%AA%95%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA" title="聖誕老人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖誕老人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E8%AF%9E%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA" title="圣诞老人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣诞老人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinyokolas" title="Sinyokolas – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Sinyokolas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary Christmas figure</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Santa" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Santa Claus (disambiguation)">Santa Claus (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Santa (disambiguation)">Santa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Santa Claus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:MerryOldSanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg/220px-MerryOldSanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg/330px-MerryOldSanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/MerryOldSanta.jpg/440px-MerryOldSanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="630" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1881 illustration by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Associates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa's elves">Elves</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_reindeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa's reindeer">Reindeer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Attire</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santa_suit" title="Santa suit">Santa suit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Aliases</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Saint Nicholas</li><li>Saint Nick</li><li>Father Christmas</li><li>Kris Kringle</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Delivering gifts to children on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Home</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Workshop</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> Santa Claus (also known as Saint Nicholas, Saint Nick, Father Christmas, Kris Kringle, or Santa) is a <a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">legendary</a> figure<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> originating in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian culture</a> who is said to <a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">bring gifts</a> during the late evening and overnight hours on <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a>. He is said to accomplish this with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elves</a>, who make the toys in his <a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">workshop</a>, and with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">flying reindeer</a> who pull his <a href="/wiki/Sleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleigh">sleigh</a> through the air.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The popular conception of Santa Claus originates from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore traditions</a> surrounding the 4th-century Christian bishop <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of children. Saint Nicholas became renowned for his reported generosity and secret gift-giving. This conception also shares similarities with the English figure of <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a>, and they are both now popularly regarded as the same person.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Santa is generally depicted as a portly, jolly, white-<a href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">bearded</a> man, often with <a href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</a>, wearing a red coat with white fur collar and cuffs, white-fur-cuffed red trousers, a red hat trimmed with white fur, a black leather belt and boots, carrying a bag full of gifts for children. He is popularly associated with a deep, hearty <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laugh</a>, frequently rendered in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas-themed_literature" title="List of Christmas-themed literature">Christmas literature</a> as "ho, ho, ho!" This image originated in North America during the 19th century, influenced by Dutch immigrants who brought the legend of <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a> ("Saint Nicholas") to <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>), and has been maintained and reinforced through song, radio, television, children's books, family <a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Christmas traditions</a>, films, and advertising. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predecessor_figures">Predecessor figures</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/170px-St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/255px-St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg/340px-St_Nicholas_Icon_Sinai_13th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1501" /></a><figcaption>A 13th-century depiction of St. Nicholas from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Catherine%27s_Monastery" title="Saint Catherine's Monastery">Saint Catherine's Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a></figcaption></figure>Saint Nicholas was a <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#History" title="Greeks in Turkey">4th-century Greek</a> Christian bishop of <a href="/wiki/Myra" title="Myra">Myra</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Demre" title="Demre">Demre</a>) in the region of <a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, today in Turkey. Nicholas was known for his generous gifts to the poor, in particular presenting the three impoverished daughters of a pious Christian with <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowries</a> so that they would not have to become prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc-5">[5]</a> He was very religious from an early age and devoted his life entirely to Christianity. In continental Europe (more precisely the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, the Czech Republic and Germany), he is usually portrayed as a bearded bishop in canonical robes. In 1087, while the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Greek Christian inhabitants</a> of Myra were subjugated by the newly arrived Muslim <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a>, and soon after their <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> church had been declared to be in <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">schism</a> by the Catholic church (1054 AD), a group of merchants from the Italian city of <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> removed the major bones of Nicholas's skeleton from his sarcophagus in the Greek church in Myra. Over the objection of the monks of Myra the sailors took the bones of St. Nicholas to Bari, where they are now enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_di_San_Nicola" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica di San Nicola">Basilica di San Nicola</a>. Sailors from Bari collected just half of Nicholas' skeleton, leaving all the minor fragments in the church sarcophagus. These were later taken by Venetian sailors during the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> and placed in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, where a church to St. Nicholas, the patron of sailors, was built on the <a href="/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%B2_al_Lido" class="mw-redirect" title="San Nicolò al Lido">San Nicolò al Lido</a>. St. Nicholas' vandalized sarcophagus can still be seen in the <a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Church,_Demre" title="St. Nicholas Church, Demre">St. Nicholas Church</a> in Myra. This tradition was confirmed in two important scientific investigations of the relics in <a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, which revealed that the relics in the two Italian cities belong to the same skeleton. Saint Nicholas was later claimed as a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of many diverse groups, from <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archers</a>, sailors, and children to <a href="/wiki/Pawnbroker" title="Pawnbroker">pawnbrokers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> He is also the patron saint of both <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During the Middle Ages, often on the evening before his name day of 6 December, children were bestowed gifts in his honour. This date was earlier than the original day of gifts for the children, which moved in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a> and its opposition to the veneration of saints in many countries on 24 and 25 December. The custom of gifting to children at Christmas was propagated by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> as an alternative to the previous very popular gift custom on St. Nicholas, to focus the interest of the children to Christ instead of the veneration of saints. Martin Luther first suggested the <a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a> as the bringer of gifts. But Nicholas remained popular as gifts bearer for the people.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father_Christmas">Father Christmas</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/255px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/340px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a> as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> for <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a> (1843)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></div> Father Christmas dates back as far as 16th century in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a>, when he was pictured as a large man in green or scarlet robes lined with fur.<a href="#cite_note-Federer-10">[10]</a> He typified the spirit of good cheer at <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, bringing peace, joy, good food and wine and revelry.<a href="#cite_note-Federer-10">[10]</a> As England no longer kept the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of Saint Nicholas on 6 December, the Father Christmas celebration was moved to 25 December to coincide with Christmas Day.<a href="#cite_note-Federer-10">[10]</a> The Victorian revival of Christmas included Father Christmas as the emblem of good cheer.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Roud-11">[11]</a> His physical appearance was variable,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> with one image being <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech's</a> illustration of the "<a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s festive story <a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a> (1843), as a great genial man in a green coat lined with fur who takes Scrooge through the bustling streets of London on the current Christmas morning, sprinkling the essence of Christmas onto the happy populace.<a href="#cite_note-Federer-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simpson,_Roud-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch,_Belgian_and_Swiss_folklore">Dutch, Belgian and Swiss folklore</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_(4102602499)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg/170px-Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg/255px-Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg/340px-Intocht_van_Sinterklaas_in_Schiedam_2009_%284102602499%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>, Netherlands (2009) on his horse named Amerigo</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png/170px-08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png/255px-08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png/340px-08_St._Nikolaas_bij_een_Snoeper.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1850 illustration of Saint Nicolas with his servant <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></figcaption></figure> In the Netherlands and Belgium, the character of Santa Claus competes with that of <a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>, based on Saint Nicolas. Santa Claus is known as de Kerstman in Dutch ("the Christmas man") and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a> ("Father Christmas") in French. For children in the Netherlands, Sinterklaas remains the predominant gift-giver in December; 36% of the Dutch only give presents on Sinterklaas evening or the day itself, 6 December,<a href="#cite_note-Davis2010-13">[13]</a> while Christmas, 25 December, is used by another 21% to give presents. Some 26% of the Dutch population gives presents on both days.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In Belgium, presents are offered exclusively to children on 6 December, and on Christmas Day all ages may receive presents. Saint Nicolas/Sinterklaas' assistants are called "<a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Pieten</a>" (in Dutch) or "<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a>" (in French), and they are not elves.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> In Switzerland, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a> accompanies Père Noël in the French speaking region, while the sinister Schmutzli accompanies Samichlaus in the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> region. Schmutzli carries a twig broom to spank the naughty children.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_paganism,_Wodan,_and_Christianization">Germanic paganism, Wodan, and Christianization</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman,_1886_(Odin,_the_Wanderer).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/170px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/255px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg/340px-Georg_von_Rosen_-_Oden_som_vandringsman%2C_1886_%28Odin%2C_the_Wanderer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>An 1886 depiction of the long-bearded Norse god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_Rosen" title="Georg von Rosen">Georg von Rosen</a></figcaption></figure> Prior to Christianization, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> (including the English) celebrated a midwinter event called <a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a> (Old English geola or giuli).<a href="#cite_note-ORCHARD-187-17">[17]</a> With the Christianization of Germanic Europe, numerous traditions were absorbed from Yuletide celebrations into modern Christmas,<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK-379-380-18">[18]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a>, frequently attested as being led by the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> (Wodan), bearing (among <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">many names</a>) the names Jólnir, meaning "Yule figure", and Langbarðr, meaning "long-beard", in <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIMEK372-373-19">[19]</a> Wodan's role during the Yuletide period has been theorized as having influenced concepts of St. Nicholas and Santa Claus in a variety of facets, including his long white beard and his gray horse for nightly rides (compare Odin's horse <a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a>) or his reindeer in North American tradition.<a href="#cite_note-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES-20">[20]</a> Folklorist Margaret Baker maintains that "the appearance of Santa Claus or Father Christmas, whose day is the 25th of December, owes much to Odin, the old blue-hooded, cloaked, white-bearded Giftbringer of the north, who rode the midwinter sky on his eight-footed steed Sleipnir, visiting his people with gifts. Odin, transformed into Father Christmas, then Santa Claus, prospered with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">St Nicholas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christchild</a>, became a leading player on the Christmas stage."<a href="#cite_note-BAKER-62-21">[21]</a> In northern Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a> was an earlier bearer of gifts, which has to some degree become conflated with Santa Claus, for instance in the Finnish <a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a> tradition.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> Early representations of the gift-giver from Church history and folklore, especially St Nicholas, merged with the English character Father Christmas to create the mythical character known to the rest of the English-speaking world as "Santa Claus" (a phonetic derivation of "<a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions" title="English overseas possessions">English</a> and later <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">British colonies of North America</a>, and later in the United States, British and Dutch versions of the gift-giver merged further. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a>'s History of New York (1809), Sinterklaas was Anglicized into "Santa Claus" (a name first used in the U.S. press in 1773)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> but lost his bishop's apparel, and was at first pictured as a thick-bellied Dutch sailor with a pipe in a green winter coat. Irving's book was a <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a> of the Dutch culture of New York, and much of this portrait is his joking invention.<a href="#cite_note-bloombergstory-24">[24]</a> Irving's interpretation of Santa Claus was part of a broader movement to tone down the increasingly wild Christmas celebrations of the era, which included aggressive home invasions under the guise of <a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">wassailing</a>, substantial premarital sex (leading to <a href="/wiki/Shotgun_wedding" title="Shotgun wedding">shotgun weddings</a> in areas where the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, waning in power and firmly opposed to Christmas, still held some influence) and public displays of sexual deviancy; the celebrations of the era were derided by both upper-class merchants and Christian purists.<a href="#cite_note-bloombergstory-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present,_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_(1821),_page_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg/220px-The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg/330px-The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg/440px-The_Children%27s_friend._Number_III._A_New-Year%27s_present%2C_to_the_little_ones_from_five_to_twelve._Part_III_%281821%29%2C_page_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="1613" /></a><figcaption>Illustration to verse 1 of "<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancisPharcellusChurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/FrancisPharcellusChurch.jpg/170px-FrancisPharcellusChurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/FrancisPharcellusChurch.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="192" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Pharcellus_Church" title="Francis Pharcellus Church">Francis Pharcellus Church</a>, author of the famous 1897 <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York_City)" title="The Sun (New York City)">The Sun</a> editorial which, responding to a letter from eight-year old <a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a>, contains the line "<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>"</figcaption></figure> In 1821, the book A New-year's present, to the little ones from five to twelve was published in New York. It contained "<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>", an anonymous poem describing Santeclaus on a reindeer sleigh, bringing rewards to children.<a href="#cite_note-Toronto-25">[25]</a> Some modern ideas of Santa Claus seemingly became <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canon" class="extiw" title="wikt:canon">canon</a> after the anonymous publication of the poem <a href="/wiki/A_Visit_From_St._Nicholas" class="mw-redirect" title="A Visit From St. Nicholas">A Visit From St. Nicholas</a> (better known today as The Night Before Christmas) in the <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy, New York</a>, Sentinel on 23 December 1823; <a href="/wiki/Clement_Clarke_Moore" title="Clement Clarke Moore">Clement Clarke Moore</a> later claimed authorship, though some scholars argue that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Livingston,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Livingston, Jr.">Henry Livingston, Jr.</a> (who died nine years before Moore's claim) was the author.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> St. Nick is described as being "chubby and plump, a right jolly old elf" with "a little round belly", that "shook when he laughed like a bowlful of jelly", in spite of which the "miniature sleigh" and "tiny reindeer" still indicate that he is physically diminutive. The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">reindeer</a> were also named: Dasher, Dancer, Prancer, Vixen, Comet, Cupid, Dunder and Blixem (Dunder and Blixem came from the old Dutch words for thunder and lightning, which were later changed to the more German sounding Donner and Blitzen).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> By 1845, "Kris Kringle" was a common variant of Santa in parts of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> A magazine article from 1853, describing American Christmas customs to British readers, refers to children hanging up their <a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">stockings</a> on Christmas Eve for "a fabulous personage" whose name varies: in Pennsylvania he is usually called "Krishkinkle", but in New York he is "St. Nicholas" or "Santa Claus". The author<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> quotes Moore's poem in its entirety, saying that its descriptions apply to Krishkinkle too.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> As the years passed, Santa Claus evolved into a large, heavyset person. One of the first artists to define Santa Claus's modern image was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a>, a German-born American <a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">cartoonist</a> of the 19th century who immortalized Santa Claus with an illustration for the 3 January 1863 issue of <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> in which Santa was dressed in an <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">American flag</a>, and had a puppet with the name "<a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jeff</a>" written on it, reflecting its Civil War context. Nast was inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a>, part of the folklure in southwestern Germany, where he was born.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In this drawing, Santa is also in a sleigh pulled by reindeers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The story that Santa Claus lives at the North Pole may also have been a Nast creation. His Christmas image in the <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Magazine" title="Harper's Magazine">Harper's</a> issue dated 29 December 1866 was a collage of engravings titled Santa Claus and His Works, which included the caption "Santa Claussville, N.P."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> A colour collection of Nast's pictures, published in 1869, had a poem also titled "Santa Claus and His Works" by <a href="/wiki/George_P._Webster" title="George P. Webster">George P. Webster</a>, who wrote that Santa Claus's home was "near the North Pole, in the ice and snow".<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The tale had become well known by the 1870s. A boy from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> writing to the children's magazine The Nursery in late 1874 said, "If we did not live so very far from the North Pole, I should ask Santa Claus to bring me a donkey." <a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The idea of a wife for Santa Claus may have been the creation of American authors, beginning in the mid-19th century. In 1889, the poet <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Lee_Bates" title="Katharine Lee Bates">Katharine Lee Bates</a> popularized <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a> in the poem "Goody Santa Claus on a Sleigh Ride". "Is There a Santa Claus?" is the title of an iconic editorial by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Pharcellus_Church" title="Francis Pharcellus Church">Francis Pharcellus Church</a> in the 21 September 1897 edition of <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sun (New York)">The New York Sun</a> that became the most reprinted in the U.S. and included the famous reply, "<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>".<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In Russia, Ded Moroz emerged as a Santa Claus figure around the late 19th century<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> where Christmas for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> is kept on 7 January. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg/170px-Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg/255px-Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg/340px-Chicago_Santa_Claus_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>A man dressed as Santa Claus <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> for <a href="/wiki/Volunteers_of_America" title="Volunteers of America">Volunteers of America</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sidewalk" title="Sidewalk">sidewalk</a> of street in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, in 1902. He is wearing a mask with a beard attached.</figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/L._Frank_Baum" title="L. Frank Baum">L. Frank Baum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Adventures_of_Santa_Claus" title="The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus">The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's book">children's book</a>, was published in 1902. Much of Santa Claus's mythos was not firmly established at the time, leaving Baum to give his "Neclaus" (Necile's Little One) a variety of immortal support, a home in the Laughing Valley of Hohaho, and ten reindeer—who could not fly, but leapt in enormous, flight-like bounds. Claus's <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a> was earned, much like his title ("Santa"), decided by a vote of those naturally immortal. This work also established Claus's motives: a happy childhood among immortals. When Ak, Master Woodsman of the World, exposes him to the misery and poverty of children in the outside world, Santa strives to find a way to bring joy into the lives of all children, and eventually invents toys as a principal means. Santa later appears in <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Oz" title="The Road to Oz">The Road to Oz</a> as an honored guest at Ozma's birthday party, stated to be famous and beloved enough for everyone to bow even before he is announced as "The most Mighty and Loyal Friend of Children, His Supreme Highness – Santa Claus". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_(Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_%28Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck%29.jpg/220px-Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_%28Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_%28Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck%29.jpg/330px-Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_%28Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_%28Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck%29.jpg/440px-Rose_O%27Neill_-_When_We_All_Believe_%28Santa_Claus_and_children_illustration_from_the_1903_December_2_issue_of_Puck%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7696" data-file-height="5152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a>'s illustration for the 1903 issue of <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a></figcaption></figure> Images of Santa Claus were conveyed through <a href="/wiki/Haddon_Sundblom" title="Haddon Sundblom">Haddon Sundblom</a>'s depiction of him for <a href="/wiki/The_Coca-Cola_Company" title="The Coca-Cola Company">The Coca-Cola Company</a>'s Christmas advertising in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-msnbc-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ccc-38">[38]</a> The image spawned <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legends</a> that Santa Claus was invented by The Coca-Cola Company or that Santa wears red and white because they are the colours used to promote the Coca-Cola brand.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Coca-Cola's competitor <a href="/wiki/Pepsi-Cola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepsi-Cola">Pepsi-Cola</a> used similar Santa Claus paintings in its advertisements in the 1940s and 1950s. Historically, Coca-Cola was not the first <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a> company to utilize the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising—<a href="/wiki/White_Rock_Beverages" title="White Rock Beverages">White Rock Beverages</a> had used a Santa figure in monochrome advertisements for <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a> in 1915, and in 1923–25, the same company used colour images of Santa Claus in adverts for drink mixers.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Earlier, Santa Claus had appeared dressed in red and white and essentially in his current form on several covers of <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> magazine in the first few years of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The image of Santa Claus as a benevolent character became reinforced with its association with charity and philanthropy, particularly by organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a>. Volunteers dressed as Santa Claus typically became part of <a href="/wiki/Fundraising" title="Fundraising">fundraising</a> drives to aid needy families at Christmas time. In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Howard" title="Charles W. Howard">Charles W. Howard</a>, who played Santa Claus in department stores and parades, established the Charles W. Howard Santa School, the oldest continuously run such school in the world.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In some images from the early 20th century, Santa was depicted as personally making his toys by hand in a small workshop like a craftsman. Eventually, the idea emerged that he had numerous elves responsible for making the toys, but the toys were still handmade by each individual elf working in the traditional manner. The 1956 popular song by <a href="/wiki/George_Melachrino" title="George Melachrino">George Melachrino</a>, "Mrs. Santa Claus", and the 1963 children's book How Mrs. Santa Claus Saved Christmas, by <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_McGinley" title="Phyllis McGinley">Phyllis McGinley</a>, helped standardize and establish the character and role of <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a> in the US.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seabury_Quinn" title="Seabury Quinn">Seabury Quinn</a>'s 1948 novel <a href="/wiki/Roads_(novel)" title="Roads (novel)">Roads</a> draws from historical legends to tell the story of Santa and the origins of Christmas. Other modern additions to the "story" of Santa include <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a>, the 9th and lead reindeer created in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._May" title="Robert L. May">Robert L. May</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Ward" title="Montgomery Ward">Montgomery Ward</a> copywriter, and immortalized in <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer (song)">a 1949 song</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Autry" title="Gene Autry">Gene Autry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Santa1905PuckCover.jpg/170px-Santa1905PuckCover.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Santa1905PuckCover.jpg/255px-Santa1905PuckCover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Santa1905PuckCover.jpg/340px-Santa1905PuckCover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="4984" /></a><figcaption>Santa on the December 1905 cover of <a href="/wiki/Puck_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Puck magazine">Puck magazine</a>, v. 58, no. 150</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg/170px-Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg/255px-Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg/340px-Jonathan_G_Meath_portrays_Santa_Claus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="2791" /></a><figcaption>Claus portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meath" title="Jonathan Meath">Jonathan Meath</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa Claus in film</a> and <a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></div> Elves had been portrayed as using <a href="/wiki/Assembly_line" title="Assembly line">assembly lines</a> to produce toys early in the 20th century. That shift was reflected in the modern depiction of Santa's residence—now often humorously portrayed as a fully mechanized production and distribution facility, equipped with the latest manufacturing technology, and overseen by the elves with Santa and Mrs. Claus as executives or managers.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1912, actor <a href="/wiki/Leedham_Bantock" title="Leedham Bantock">Leedham Bantock</a> became the first actor to be identified as having played <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa Claus in a film</a>. <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_(1912_film)" title="Santa Claus (1912 film)">Santa Claus</a>, which he also directed, included scenes photographed in a limited, two-tone colour process and featured the use of detailed models.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Since then many feature films have featured Santa Claus as a protagonist, including <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_34th_Street" title="Miracle on 34th Street">Miracle on 34th Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Santa_Clause" title="The Santa Clause">The Santa Clause</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elf_(film)" title="Elf (film)">Elf</a>. In the cartoon base, Santa has been voiced by several people, including <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Cummings" title="Jim Cummings">Jim Cummings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Smith" title="Mel Smith">Mel Smith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Tomlinson" title="Ricky Tomlinson">Ricky Tomlinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Belushi" title="Jim Belushi">Jim Belushi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alec_Baldwin" title="Alec Baldwin">Alec Baldwin</a>. Santa has been described as a positive male <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Santa is really the only cultural icon we have who's male, does not carry a gun, and is all about peace, joy, giving, and caring for other people. That's part of the magic for me, especially in a culture where we've become so commercialized and hooked into manufactured icons. Santa is much more organic, integral, connected to the past, and therefore connected to the future.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>TV producer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meath" title="Jonathan Meath">Jonathan Meath</a> who portrays Santa, 2011<a href="#cite_note-tws2DecL113-46">[46]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Corwin" title="Norman Corwin">Norman Corwin</a>'s 1938 comic radio play <a href="/wiki/The_Plot_to_Overthrow_Christmas" title="The Plot to Overthrow Christmas">The Plot to Overthrow Christmas</a>, set entirely in rhyme, details a conspiracy of <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">the Devil</a> <a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles_in_the_arts_and_popular_culture" title="Mephistopheles in the arts and popular culture">Mephistopheles</a> and damned figures of history to defeat the good will among men of Christmas, by sending the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> to the North Pole to assassinate Santa Claus. Through a battle of wits, Santa saves himself by winning Nero over to the joys of Christmas, and gives him a <a href="/wiki/Stradivarius" title="Stradivarius">Stradivarius</a> violin. The play was re-produced in 1940 and 1944. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight,_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight%2C_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg/220px-Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight%2C_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight%2C_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg/330px-Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight%2C_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight%2C_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg/440px-Gov._Wolf-_Santa%E2%80%99s_Reindeer_Approved_for_Flight%2C_Pennsylvanians_Can_Expect_Christmas_Eve_Deliveries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7367" data-file-height="4911" /></a><figcaption>Santa Claus with reindeer at <a href="/wiki/Hersheypark" title="Hersheypark">Hersheypark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hershey,_Pennsylvania" title="Hershey, Pennsylvania">Hershey, Pennsylvania</a> 2021</figcaption></figure> Many television commercials, <a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">comic strips</a> and other media depict this as a sort of humorous business, with <a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Santa's elves</a> acting as a sometimes mischievously disgruntled workforce, cracking jokes and pulling pranks on their boss. For instance, a <a href="/wiki/Bloom_County" title="Bloom County">Bloom County</a> story from 15 December 1981 through 24 December 1981 has Santa rejecting the demands of PETCO (Professional Elves Toy-Making and Craft Organization) for higher wages, a hot tub in the locker room, and "Aggressive recruitment of a wider gender spectrum of employee" ("short broads"), with the elves then going on strike. <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">President Reagan</a> steps in, fires all of Santa's helpers, and replaces them with out-of-work <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Aircraft control">air traffic controllers</a> (an obvious reference to the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Air_Traffic_Controllers_Organization_(1968)" title="Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)">1981 air traffic controllers' strike</a>), resulting in a riot before Santa vindictively rehires them in humiliating new positions such as his reindeer.<a href="#cite_note-High_Five!_Top_Five!_–_Bizarre_Santa_Claus_Cameos_in_Comics_by_Robert_Bazz,_13_December_2010-47">[47]</a> In the 2001 <a href="/wiki/The_Sopranos" title="The Sopranos">The Sopranos</a> episode, "<a href="/wiki/...To_Save_Us_All_from_Satan%27s_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="...To Save Us All from Satan's Power">To Save Us All from Satan's Power</a>", <a href="/wiki/Paulie_Gualtieri" title="Paulie Gualtieri">Paulie Gualtieri</a> says he "Used to think Santa and Mrs. Claus were running a <a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">sweatshop</a> over there. The original elves were ugly, traveled with Santa to throw bad kids a beatin', and gave the good ones toys." <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg/170px-Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg/255px-Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg/340px-Liverpool_Santa_Dash_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>2009 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Santa_Dash" title="Liverpool Santa Dash">Liverpool Santa Dash</a></figcaption></figure> In Kyrgyzstan, a mountain peak was named after Santa Claus, after a Swedish company had suggested the location be a more efficient starting place for present-delivering journeys all over the world, than Lapland. In the Kyrgyz capital, <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, a Santa Claus Festival was held on 30 December 2007, with government officials attending. 2008 was officially declared the Year of Santa Claus in the country. The events are seen as moves to boost tourism in Kyrgyzstan.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness World Record">Guinness World Record</a> for the largest gathering of Santa Clauses is held by <a href="/wiki/Thrissur" title="Thrissur">Thrissur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> where on 27 December 2014, 18,112 Santas overtook the previous record. Derry City, Northern Ireland had held the record since 9 September 2007, when a total of 12,965 people dressed up as Santa or Santa's helpers. Prior to that, the record was 3,921, which was set during the Santa Dash event in Liverpool City Centre in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A gathering of Santas in 2009 in Bucharest, Romania attempted to top the world record, but failed with only 3,939 Santas.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Santa Claus has been featured in many video games.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions_and_rituals">Traditions and rituals</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chimneys">Chimneys</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg/170px-Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg/255px-Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg/340px-Jan_Steen_%E2%80%93_Het_Sint-Nicolaasfeest_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="1022" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Feast_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="The Feast of Saint Nicholas">The Feast of Saint Nicholas</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a> (c. 1665–1668)</figcaption></figure> The tradition of Santa Claus being said to enter dwellings through the chimney is shared by many European seasonal gift-givers.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christmas_Eve">Christmas Eve</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg/170px-ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg/255px-ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg/340px-ChristmasEveOhio1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>Hanging up stockings for Santa Claus in Worthington, Ohio, 1928</figcaption></figure>In the United States and Canada, children may leave a glass of milk and a plate of <a href="/wiki/Cookie" title="Cookie">cookies</a> intended for Santa; in Britain, Australia and New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Sherry" title="Sherry">sherry</a> or beer, and <a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">mince pies</a> are left instead. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, it is common for children to leave him rice porridge with sugar and cinnamon instead. In Ireland it is popular to leave <a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a> or milk, along with <a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Christmas pudding</a> or mince pies. In Hungary, St. Nicolaus (Mikulás) or Father Winter (Télapó) comes on the night of 5 December and the children get their gifts the next morning. They get sweets in a bag if they were good, and a golden coloured birch switch if not. On <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a> "Little Jesus" comes and gives gifts for everyone.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In Slovenia, Saint Nicholas (Miklavž) also brings small gifts for good children on the eve of 6 December. Božiček (Christmas Man) brings gifts on the eve of 25 December, and Dedek Mraz (Grandfather Frost) brings gifts in the evening of 31 December to be opened on New Years Day. After the children have fallen <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">asleep</a>, parents play the role of Santa Claus and leave their gifts under the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a>, which may be signed as being "from Santa Claus".<a href="#cite_note-:3-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif/170px-Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Jolly-old-saint-nick.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="179" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption>An archetypal North American depiction of Santa Claus</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg/170px-Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg/255px-Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg/340px-Santa_Claus_dolls_head.2023-12-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Santa Claus <a href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">doll</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG/170px-20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG/255px-20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG/340px-20121123_SantaClaus-Chicago.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A man dressed as Santa Claus waves to children from an <a href="/wiki/CTA_Holiday_Train" title="CTA Holiday Train">annual holiday train</a> in Chicago, 2012.</figcaption></figure>Santa is generally depicted as a portly, jolly, white-<a href="/wiki/Beard" title="Beard">bearded</a> man, often with <a href="/wiki/Spectacles" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectacles">spectacles</a>, wearing a red outfit consisting of jacket, trousers and hat all trimmed with white fur, accessorized with black leather belt and boots, and carrying a bag full of gifts for children. The 1823 poem "<a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a>" popularized this image in North America during the 19th century. Caricaturist and political cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> also played a role in the creation of Santa's image.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-59">[59]</a> The traditional 1823 Christmas poem <a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a> relates that Santa has: <dl><dd><blockquote>"a little round belly That shook when he laugh'd, like a bowl full of jelly"</blockquote></dd></dl> Though most often portrayed as <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white</a>, Santa is also depicted as <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black</a> or of other races. His race or colour is sometimes a subject of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laugh">Laugh</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ho ho ho" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Ho_ho_ho_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ho ho ho (disambiguation)">Ho ho ho (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Ho ho ho is the way that many languages write out how Santa Claus laughs. "Ho, ho, ho! Merry Christmas!" It is the textual rendition of a particular type of deep-throated <a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">laugh</a> or chuckle, most associated today with Santa Claus and <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a>. The laughter of Santa Claus has long been an important attribute by which the character is identified, but it also does not appear in many non-<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>-speaking countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Home">Home</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop#Location" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop § Location</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Claus_Village_(5306867729).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Claus_Village_%285306867729%29.jpg/170px-Santa_Claus_Village_%285306867729%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Claus_Village_%285306867729%29.jpg/255px-Santa_Claus_Village_%285306867729%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Santa_Claus_Village_%285306867729%29.jpg/340px-Santa_Claus_Village_%285306867729%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>, the legendary "North Pole" home of Santa.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City,_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City%2C_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg/170px-Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City%2C_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City%2C_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg/255px-Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City%2C_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City%2C_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg/340px-Santa%27s_House_at_Jerusalem_Old_City%2C_St_Peter_Street_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="4608" /></a><figcaption>Santa's House at Jerusalem Old City, St. Peter Street</figcaption></figure> Santa Claus's home is traditionally said to include a residence and a workshop where he is said to create—often with the aid of elves or other supernatural beings—the gifts he is said to deliver to good children at Christmas. Some stories and legends include a village, inhabited by his helpers, surrounding his home and shop. Santa is traditionally said to live at the North Pole, which according to <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> lies within Canadian jurisdiction in <a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Canada" title="Postal codes in Canada">postal code</a> H0H 0H0<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> (a reference to "ho ho ho", Santa's notable saying, although postal codes starting with H are usually reserved for the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Montreal" title="Island of Montreal">island of Montréal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Québec</a>). On 23 December 2008, <a href="/wiki/Jason_Kenney" title="Jason Kenney">Jason Kenney</a>, Canada's <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Immigration,_Refugees_and_Citizenship" title="Minister of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship">minister of Citizenship, Immigration and Multiculturalism</a>, formally awarded <a href="/wiki/Canadian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian citizenship">Canadian citizenship</a> status to Santa Claus. "The Government of Canada wishes Santa the very best in his Christmas Eve duties and wants to let him know that, as a Canadian citizen, he has the automatic right to re-enter Canada once his trip around the world is complete," Kenney said in an official statement.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> There is also a city named <a href="/wiki/North_Pole,_Alaska" title="North Pole, Alaska">North Pole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> where a tourist attraction known as the "Santa Claus House" has been established. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> recommends mail to Santa's workshop be sent to 123 Elf Road, North Pole, 88888.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The British postal service, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a>, recommends letters are sent to Santa/Father Christmas, Santa's Grotto, Reindeerland, XM4 5HQ.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Each <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic country</a> claims Santa's residence to be within their territory. Norway claims he lives in <a href="/wiki/Dr%C3%B8bak" title="Drøbak">Drøbak</a>. In Denmark, he is said to live in Greenland (near <a href="/wiki/Uummannaq" title="Uummannaq">Uummannaq</a>). In Sweden, the town of <a href="/wiki/Mora,_Sweden" title="Mora, Sweden">Mora</a> has a theme park named <a href="/wiki/Tomteland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomteland">Tomteland</a>. The national postal terminal in <a href="/wiki/Tomteboda" title="Tomteboda">Tomteboda</a> in Stockholm receives children's letters for Santa. In Finland, <a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> has long been known as Santa's home, and two theme parks, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Park" title="Santa Park">Santa Park</a> are located near <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>. In Belarus, there is a home of <a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belovezhskaya_Pushcha_National_Park" title="Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park">Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In France, Santa is believed to reside in 1 Chemin des Nuages, Pôle Nord (1 Alley of Clouds, North Pole). The French national postal service has operated a service that allows children to send letters to Père Noël since 1962.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In the period before Christmas, any physical letter in the country that is addressed to Santa Claus is sent to a specific location, where responses for the children's letters are written and sent back to the children.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parades,_department_stores,_and_shopping_malls">Parades, department stores, and shopping malls</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop#Santa_Claus_grottos_and_department_stores" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop § Santa Claus grottos and department stores</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg/170px-1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg/255px-1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg/340px-1918eatonssantaclausparade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>Eaton's Santa Claus Parade, 1918, Toronto, Canada. Having arrived at the <a href="/wiki/Eaton%27s" title="Eaton's">Eaton's</a> department store, Santa is readying his ladder to climb up onto the building.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg/170px-Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg/255px-Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg/340px-Representation_of_Santa_Claus_in_Italy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption>Representation of Santa Claus in Italy</figcaption></figure> Actors portraying Santa Claus are present at various venues in the weeks leading up to Christmas. A concept devised by retail entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(English_merchant)" title="David Lewis (English merchant)">David Lewis</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Christmas grotto</a> opened in <a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s" title="Lewis's">Lewis's</a> department store in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England in 1879.<a href="#cite_note-Grotto-69">[69]</a> The idea then took hold throughout the UK,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> before extending to Australian and American department stores in the 1890s, with <a href="/wiki/James_Edgar_(entrepreneur)" title="James Edgar (entrepreneur)">James Edgar</a> starting in 1890 in his <a href="/wiki/Brockton,_Massachusetts" title="Brockton, Massachusetts">Brockton, Massachusetts</a> department store.<a href="#cite_note-Enterprise-71">[71]</a> Having a Santa actor set up to take pictures with children is a ritual that dates back at least to 1918.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> An area is often set aside for the actors portraying Santa to use for the duration of the holiday season. It usually features a chair for the actors to sit in surrounded by various holiday-themed decorations. In Canada, malls operated by <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Properties" title="Oxford Properties">Oxford Properties</a> established a process by which <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum">autistic</a> children could "visit Santa Claus" at the mall without having to contend with crowds.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The malls open early to allow entry only to families with autistic children, who have a private visit with the actor portraying Santa Claus. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Southcentre_Mall" title="Southcentre Mall">Southcentre Mall</a> in Calgary was the first mall to offer this service.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In the UK, the discount store <a href="/wiki/Poundland" title="Poundland">Poundland</a> changes the voice of its <a href="/wiki/Self-checkout" title="Self-checkout">self-service checkouts</a> to that of Santa Claus throughout the Christmas retail period.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> There are schools offering instruction on how to act as Santa Claus. For example, children's television producer <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Meath" title="Jonathan Meath">Jonathan Meath</a> studied at the International School of Santa Claus and earned the degree Master of Santa Claus in 2006. It blossomed into a second career for him, and after appearing in parades and malls,<a href="#cite_note-twsNovMc-76">[76]</a> he appeared on the cover of the American monthly <a href="/wiki/Boston_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Magazine">Boston Magazine</a> as Santa.<a href="#cite_note-twsNovM32-77">[77]</a> There are associations with members who portray Santa; for example, Mr. Meath was a board member of the international organization called Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas.<a href="#cite_note-twsNovM24-78">[78]</a> Due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, many Santa grottos were not operating for the 2020 Christmas season. Due to this, some companies offered <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video calls</a> for a fee using apps such as <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a> where children could speak to an actor who was dressed as Santa Claus.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 2021, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Walt Disney World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a> featured for the first time Black cast members portraying Santa.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letter_writing">Letter writing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Letters to Santa" redirects here. For the Muppet television film, see <a href="/wiki/A_Muppets_Christmas:_Letters_to_Santa" title="A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa">A Muppets Christmas: Letters to Santa</a>. For the Polish film, see <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Santa_(film)" title="Letters to Santa (film)">Letters to Santa (film)</a>.</div> Children sometimes write letters to Santa Claus, often with a wish list of presents that they wish to receive.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Some postal services recognize this tradition, and may accept letters addressed to "Santa Claus".<a href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-83">[83]</a> Writing letters to Santa Claus has the educational benefits of promoting literacy, computer literacy, and e-mail literacy. A letter to Santa is often a child's first experience of correspondence. Written and sent with the help of a parent or teacher, children learn about the <a href="/wiki/Letter_(message)" title="Letter (message)">structure of a letter, salutations, and the use of an address and postcode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-84">[84]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Postal_Union" title="Universal Postal Union">Universal Postal Union</a> (UPU)'s 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> (USPS) has the oldest Santa letter answering effort by a national postal system. The USPS Santa letter answering effort started in 1912 out of the historic <a href="/wiki/James_Farley_Post_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="James Farley Post Office">James Farley Post Office</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> in New York, and since 1940 has been called "Operation Santa" to ensure that letters to Santa are adopted by charitable organizations, major corporations, local businesses and individuals in order to fulfill the wishes of children.<a href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-83">[83]</a> Those seeking a <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> holiday postmark through the USPS, are told to send their letter from Santa or a holiday greeting card by 10 December to: North Pole Holiday Postmark, Postmaster, 4141 Postmark Dr, Anchorage, AK 99530–9998.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> In 2006, according to the UPU's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</a> received the most letters for Santa Claus or "<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a>" with 1,220,000 letters received from 126 countries.<a href="#cite_note-France_answers_the_most_Santa_letters,_21_Dec_2007-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</a> in 2007 specially recruited someone to answer the enormous volume of mail that was coming from Russia for Santa Claus.<a href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-83">[83]</a> Other Santa letter processing information, according to the UPU's 2007 study and survey of national postal operations, include:<a href="#cite_note-Santa_Claus_receives_more_than_six_million_letters_annually_and_growing,_20_Dec_2007-83">[83]</a> <ul><li>Countries whose national postal operators answer letters to Santa and other end-of-year holiday figures, and the number of letters received in 2006: Germany (500,000), Australia (117,000), Austria (6,000), Bulgaria (500), Canada (1,060,000), Spain (232,000), United States (no figure, as statistics are not kept centrally), Finland (750,000), France (1,220,000), Ireland (100,000), New Zealand (110,000), Portugal (255,000), Poland (3,000), Slovakia (85,000), Sweden (150,000), Switzerland (17,863), Ukraine (5,019), United Kingdom (750,000).</li> <li>In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Itella" class="mw-redirect" title="Itella">Finland's national postal operation</a> received letters from 150 countries (representing 90% of the letters received), France's Postal Service from 126 countries, Germany from 80 countries, and Slovakia from 20 countries.</li> <li>In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> replied to letters in 26 languages and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Post" title="Deutsche Post">Deutsche Post</a> in 16 languages.</li> <li>Some national postal operators make it possible to send in e-mail messages which are answered by physical mail. All the same, Santa still receives far more letters than e-mail through the national postal operators, proving that children still write letters. National postal operators offering the ability to use an on-line <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">web form</a> (with or without a return e-mail address) to Santa and obtain a reply include Canada Post<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> (on-line web request form in English and French), <a href="/wiki/La_Poste_(France)" title="La Poste (France)">France's Postal Service</a> (on-line web request form in French),<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Father_Christmas's_French_office_open,_18_Nov_2010-90">[90]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Post">New Zealand Post</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> (on-line web request form in English).<a href="#cite_note-NZ_Post_to_tighten_net_for_Santa,_by_Alexis_Grant,_30_Nov_2004-92">[92]</a> In France, by 6 December 2010, a team of 60 postal elves had sent out reply cards in response to 80,000 e-mail on-line request forms and more than 500,000 physical letters.<a href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-84">[84]</a></li></ul> From 2002 to 2014, Canada Post replied to approximately "one million letters or more a year, and in total answered more than 24.7 million letters";<a href="#cite_note-CanadaPost1-93">[93]</a> as of 2015, it responds to more than 1.5 million letters per year, "in over 30 languages, including Braille answering them all in the language they are written".<a href="#cite_note-CanadaPost2-94">[94]</a> The tradition also exists in Great Britain<a href="#cite_note-Christmas_letters_to_Santa-95">[95]</a> and Finland.<a href="#cite_note-No_small_job_for_postal_elves,_15_Dec_2010-84">[84]</a> In Latin America, letters are sometimes tied to balloons instead of being sent through the mail.<a href="#cite_note-letters-96">[96]</a> An example of a public and private cooperative venture is the opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> and local children and parents to receive postmarked mail and greeting cards from Santa during December in the Finnish Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Santa Claus Village in <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi" title="Rovaniemi">Rovaniemi</a>, Finland, and the People's Republic of China Postal System's Beijing International Post Office.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Say_hello_to_Santa_Claus,_November_24,_2010_by_Zhao_Hongyi-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracking">Tracking</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Weather_Bureau_Topics_(December_1958_-_front_cover).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg/170px-Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg/255px-Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg/340px-Weather_Bureau_Topics_%28December_1958_-_front_cover%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>The Christmas issue of <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>'s Weather Bureau Topics with "Santa Claus" streaking across a weather <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> screen, 1958</figcaption></figure> A number of websites have been created by various organizations that have claimed to track Santa Claus' yearly journey. Some, such as <a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a>, the emailSanta.com Tracker<a href="#cite_note-auto-101">[101]</a> and the Santa Update Project, have endured. Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Airservices_Australia" title="Airservices Australia">Airservices Australia</a> Tracks Santa Project,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Safe_Travels_Santa!_We_will_Be_Watching,_19_Dec_2005-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_technology_to_map_Santa's_flight,_24_Dec_2009-104">[104]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Dallas/Fort_Worth_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport</a>'s Tracks Santa Project,<a href="#cite_note-DFW_airport_unveils_Santa_Tracker_website,_18_Dec_2006-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-DFW_Airport's_'Santa_Tracker'_Is_Operational,_by_BJ_Austin,_24_Dec_2009-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-From_NORAD_Santa_Tracker_To_Twitter:_Santa_Tracking_For_Christmas_Eve_2009,_by_Danny_Sullivan,_23_Dec_2009-107">[107]</a> the <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> Tracks Santa Project,<a href="#cite_note-Here_Comes_Santa_Claus!_Watch_it_on_the_Web!,_24_Dec_2005-108">[108]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bing_Maps_Platform" title="Bing Maps Platform">Bing Maps Platform</a> Tracks Santa Project,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tracking_Santa_with_Bing_Maps_in_2009,_by_Chris_Pendleton,_24_Dec_2009-110">[110]</a> have not. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg/170px-Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg/255px-Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg/340px-Why_NORAD_Tracks_Santa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>1955 <a href="/wiki/Sears" title="Sears">Sears</a> ad with the misprinted telephone number that led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a> program</figcaption></figure> NORAD Tracks Santa originated in 1955 when a <a href="/wiki/Sears-Roebuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sears-Roebuck">Sears-Roebuck</a> ad incorrectly printed the number for their Santa hotline and the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Air_Defense_Command" title="Continental Air Defense Command">Continental Air Defense Command</a> received the calls intended for the Sears hotline. The program was transferred to NORAD when it was jointly founded by the United States and Canada in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In December 2000, the <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">Weather Channel</a> built upon these local efforts to provide a national Christmas Eve "Santa tracking" effort, called "SantaWatch", in cooperation with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>–based new <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> firm Dreamtime Holdings.<a href="#cite_note-SantaWatch:_Hunt_for_Santa_to_Include_Clues_from_the_International_Space_Station,_by_Dreamtime,_18_Dec_2000-113">[113]</a> Currently, most local television stations in the United States and Canada rely upon outside established "Santa tracking" efforts, such as NORAD Tracks Santa.<a href="#cite_note-Keep_track_of_Santa_thanks_to_NORAD,_by_WKTV_News,_24_Dec_2009-114">[114]</a> In addition to providing holiday-themed entertainment, "Santa tracking" websites raise interest in <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">exploration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NORAD_Tracks_Santa_-_Citation_-_Space_Certification_Program_as_a_Corporate_Patron_Level_Partner_in_the_Certified_Imagination_Product_Category,_December_2007-115">[115]</a> serve to educate children in geography<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_-_Hi-tech_helps_track_Santa_Claus,_24_December_2008-116">[116]</a> and encourage them to take an interest in science.<a href="#cite_note-You'd_Better_Not_Pout!_Booz_Allen_Supports_NORAD_to_Track_Santa's_Approach_This_Year,_1_December_2010_by_Booz_Allen_Hamilton-117">[117]</a> Many websites exist that claim to track Santa and his workshop. One particular website called <a href="/wiki/EmailSanta.com" title="EmailSanta.com">emailSanta.com</a> was created when a 1997 <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a> <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> prevented Alan Kerr's young niece and nephews from sending their letters to Santa; in a few weeks, over 1,000 emails to Santa were received, and the site had received 1,000 emails a day one year later.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Some websites, such as Santa's page on Microsoft's former <a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</a> or emailSanta.com, have used or still use "<a href="/wiki/Internet_bot" title="Internet bot">bots</a>" or other automated programs to compose and send personalized and realistic replies.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Microsoft's website has given occasional profane results.<a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Christmas controversies</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_from_some_Christian_denominations">Opposition from some Christian denominations</h3></div> Santa Claus has partial Christian roots in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> denominations that practice the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of him and other <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> have differing opinions Santa Claus, ranging from acceptance to denouncement.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Some Christians, particularly <a href="/wiki/Calvinists" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinists">Calvinists</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>, disliked the idea of Santa Claus as well as Christmas in general, believing that the lavish celebrations were not in accordance with their faith.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Other <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> Christians condemn the <a href="/wiki/Economic_materialism" title="Economic materialism">materialist</a> focus of contemporary gift-giving and see Santa Claus as the symbol of that culture.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Condemnation of Christmas was prevalent among 17th-century English Puritans and Dutch Calvinists. The <a href="/wiki/American_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="American colonies">American colonies</a> established by these groups reflected this view. Tolerance for Christmas increased after the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a>, although Puritan attitudes toward the holiday remained unfavorable.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In the Dutch <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> colony, season celebrations focused on New Year's Day. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FatherChristmastrial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/170px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/255px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/FatherChristmastrial.jpg/340px-FatherChristmastrial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="846" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>Excerpt from Josiah King's The Examination and Tryal of Father Christmas (1686), published shortly after Christmas was reinstated as a holy day in England</figcaption></figure> Following the Restoration of the monarchy and with Puritans out of power in England,<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> the ban on Christmas was satirized in works such as Josiah King's The Examination and Tryal of Old <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a>; Together with his Clearing by the Jury (1686).<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> In 1958, Reverend Paul Nedergaard, a clergyman in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen,_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen, Denmark">Copenhagen, Denmark</a>, declared Santa a "heathen goblin" (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: en hedensk trold) after Santa's image was used on the annual Christmas stamp (ulemærke) for a Danish children's welfare organization.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a> movement, wrote: "the children should not be taught that Santa Claus has aught to do with this [Christmas] pastime. A deceit or falsehood is never wise. Too much cannot be done towards guarding and guiding well the germinating and inclining thought of childhood. To mould aright the first impressions of innocence, aids in perpetuating purity and in unfolding the immortal model, man in His image and likeness."<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_under_state_atheism">Opposition under state atheism</h3></div> Under the <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_atheism" title="Marxist–Leninist atheism">Marxist–Leninist</a> doctrine of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> in the Soviet Union after its foundation in 1917, Christmas celebrations—along with other religious holidays—were prohibited as a result of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">antireligious campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Connelly2000-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-MIG-134">[134]</a> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Militant_Atheists" title="League of Militant Atheists">League of Militant Atheists</a> encouraged schoolchildren to campaign against Christmas traditions, among them being Santa Claus and the <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas tree</a>, as well as other Christian holidays including <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>; the League established an antireligious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet2005-136">[136]</a> In December 2018, the city management office of <a href="/wiki/Langfang" title="Langfang">Langfang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei province</a>, China, released a statement stating that people caught selling Christmas trees, wreaths, stockings or Santa Claus figures in the city would be punished.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbol_of_commercialism">Symbol of commercialism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg/220px-Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg/330px-Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg/440px-Santa_1933_clr_SLNSW_FL18911182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5657" data-file-height="7483" /></a><figcaption>Santa Claus, Sydney, 1933</figcaption></figure> Jeremy Seal, author of the 2005 book Nicholas: The Epic Journey from Saint to Santa Claus, said in an interview that Santa's 19th-century elements, like reindeer, a sleigh, and bells, were reminiscent of the real world.<a href="#cite_note-Seal-138">[138]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] Writing in <a href="/wiki/Mothering_(magazine)" title="Mothering (magazine)">Mothering</a> magazine, writer Carol Jean-Swanson makes similar points, noting that the original figure of St. Nicholas gave only to those who were needy and that today Santa Claus seems to be more about <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">conspicuous consumption</a>: "He [...] mirrors some of our highest ideals: childhood purity and innocence, selfless giving, unfaltering love, justice, and mercy. [...] The problem is that, in the process, he has become burdened with some of society's greatest challenges: materialism, corporate greed, and domination by the media."<a href="#cite_note-Mother-139">[139]</a> In the Czech Republic, a group of advertising professionals started a website against Santa Claus, a relatively recent phenomenon in that country.<a href="#cite_note-Czech-140">[140]</a> In the Czech tradition, presents are delivered by <a href="/wiki/Je%C5%BE%C3%AD%C5%A1ek" class="mw-redirect" title="Ježíšek">Ježíšek</a>, which translates as <a href="/wiki/Baby_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby Jesus">Baby Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Czech-140">[140]</a> In the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a> was historically depicted wearing a green cloak.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As Father Christmas has been increasingly merged into the image of Santa Claus, that has been changed to the more commonly known red suit.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Santa had been portrayed in a red suit in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">relevant?</a>] A law in the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> prohibits the usage of Santa Claus or his image to sell alcoholic beverages.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Representation_to_children">Representation to children</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_deception" title="Paternalistic deception">Paternalistic deception</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmas_list_for_Santa_(Unsplash).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A young boy looks at Santa Claus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Christmas_list_for_Santa_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/220px-Christmas_list_for_Santa_%28Unsplash%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Christmas_list_for_Santa_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/330px-Christmas_list_for_Santa_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Christmas_list_for_Santa_%28Unsplash%29.jpg/440px-Christmas_list_for_Santa_%28Unsplash%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4929" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Parent-initiated activities, like visiting a Santa actor at a shopping center, promote belief in Santa Claus by young children.<a href="#cite_note-:6-144">[144]</a></figcaption></figure> Psychologists generally differentiate between telling fictional stories that feature Santa Claus and actively deceiving a child into believing that Santa Claus is real. <a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">Imaginative play</a>, in which children know that Santa Claus is only a character in a story, but pretend that he is real, just like they pretend that superheroes or other <a href="/wiki/Fictional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional characters">fictional characters</a> are real, is valuable. Actively deceiving a child into believing in Santa Claus's real-world existence, sometimes even to the extent of fabricating false evidence to convince them despite their growing natural doubts, does not result in imaginative play and can promote <a href="/wiki/Credulity" title="Credulity">credulity</a> in the face of strong evidence against Santa Claus's existence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[146]</a> Children will eventually know that their parents deceived them.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Babies and toddlers do not understand the concept of a fictional character, but most children become developmentally able to "believe in" Santa Claus around age three or four.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-144">[144]</a> The prevalence of belief in Santa Claus is high at age five, and declines precipitously when children are seven or eight years old.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Although the age at disillusionment has been fairly stable for decades – in 1978, 85% of American five year olds believed that Santa was real, but only 25% of eight year olds still did – it may be getting slightly lower over time.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Age-inappropriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Age-inappropriate">Age-inappropriate</a> belief in Santa is seen in some older children and teenagers who have <a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">autism</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodevelopmental disorders">neurodevelopmental disorders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley helped conduct a study that found that children seemed competent in their use of logic, evidence, and comparative reasoning even though they might conclude that Santa Claus or other fanciful creatures were real. According to Woolley, the existence of Santa Claus is affirmed to children by "friends, books, TV and movies" and by "hard evidence" of "half-eaten cookies and empty milk glasses".<a href="#cite_note-Woolley2-155">[155]</a> Typical objections to presenting Santa Claus as a literally real person, rather than a story, include: <ul><li>that <a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">lying</a> is <a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">normally bad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[146]</a></li> <li>that parents intentionally lying to their children promotes distrust,<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[146]</a></li> <li>that it promotes <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfishness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greed" title="Greed">greed</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[156]</a></li> <li>that it associates good behavior with being materially rewarded with presents from Santa Claus,<a href="#cite_note-:2-156">[156]</a> and</li> <li>that tricking children into believing falsehoods interferes with the development of <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cline-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-145">[145]</a></li></ul> Some have argued that Santa Claus prioritizes parents' short-term happiness in seeing children excited about Santa Claus, and their nostalgic willingness to prolong the age of <a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">magical thinking</a>, over children.<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[146]</a> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/David_Kyle_Johnson" title="David Kyle Johnson">David Kyle Johnson</a> wrote, "It's a lie, it degrades your parental trustworthiness, it encourages credulity, it does not encourage imagination, and it's equivalent to bribing your kids for good behavior."<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Others see little harm in the belief in Santa Claus. Psychologist Tamar Murachver said that because it is a cultural, not parental, lie, it does not usually undermine parental trust.<a href="#cite_note-SantaTrust-159">[159]</a> Psychology professor Jacqueline Woolley posited that it is perhaps "kinship with the adult world" that causes children not to be angry that they were lied to for so long. In one study, it was found that children did not trust their parents less and adults did not recall an increase in lack of trust.<a href="#cite_note-:7-160">[160]</a> Austin Cline argued the problem is not with length, but with a complicated series of very large lies.<a href="#cite_note-Cline-157">[157]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Most children do not remain angry or embarrassed about the deception for very long.<a href="#cite_note-:7-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-161">[161]</a> They are most likely to have a positive feeling about it if they are able to figure it out logically (e.g., by realizing the impossibility of one person visiting every home in a single night) and gradually.<a href="#cite_note-:7-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-161">[161]</a> According to psychologist John Condry, "The most common response to finding out the truth was that they felt older and more mature. They now knew something that the younger kids did not".<a href="#cite_note-:8-161">[161]</a> In other studies, a small fraction of children felt betrayed by their parents, but disappointment was a more common response.<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[146]</a> Some children have reacted strongly, including rejecting the family's <a href="/wiki/Religious_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious beliefs">religious beliefs</a> on the grounds that if the parents lied about the existence of Santa Claus, then they might lie about the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-:1-146">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/NZ_Skeptics" title="NZ Skeptics">New Zealand Skeptics</a> also see no harm in parents telling their children that Santa is real. Spokesperson <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Hyde" title="Vicki Hyde">Vicki Hyde</a> said, "It would be a hard-hearted parent indeed who frowned upon the innocent joys of our children's cultural heritage. We save our bah humbugs for the things that exploit the vulnerable."<a href="#cite_note-SantaTrust-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Calendar_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/22px-Calendar_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/33px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Calendar_icon.svg/44px-Calendar_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="654" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Holidays" title="Portal:Holidays">Holidays portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/32px-Draig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/48px-Draig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Draig.svg/64px-Draig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="475" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology">Mythology portal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_figures">Related figures</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amu_Nowruz" title="Amu Nowruz">Amu Nowruz</a> — "Uncle New Year"; Iranian gift-bringing figure associated with spring and the new year in the traditional Iranian calendar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Ata" title="Ayaz Ata">Ayaz Ata</a> — Grandfather Frost in Turkic folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a> — a friendly witch who delivers gifts to children on 5 January</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a> — Finnish Santa Claus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo%C8%99_Geril%C4%83" title="Moș Gerilă">Moș Gerilă</a> — name of a character from Romanian communist propaganda</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a> — traditional Basque character who has recently been transformed into a Santa-like figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Basil#Commemorations" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Basil">Saint Basil</a> —who is believed to bring Christmas gifts for children in <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi#Hispanic_customs" title="Biblical Magi">The Three Kings</a> — The Biblical three wise men brings gifts on 6 January in Spain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a> — Mythical characters associated with winter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas controversy">Christmas controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a>—a <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_US" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern US">northeastern US</a> tradition of pilots delivering presents to families in remote lighthouses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_Order_of_Real_Bearded_Santas" title="Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas">Fraternal Order of Real Bearded Santas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Claus" title="Pancho Claus">Pancho Claus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a> version of Santa Claus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus,_Indiana" title="Santa Claus, Indiana">Santa Claus, Indiana</a>—a small <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a> town named after the figure, home to <a href="/wiki/Holiday_World_%26_Splashin%27_Safari" title="Holiday World & Splashin' Safari">Holiday World</a> <a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">amusement park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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(18 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ypkyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334">The Oxford Handbook of Church and State in the United States</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 334–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190208783" title="Special:BookSources/9780190208783"><bdi>9780190208783</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230901170254/https://books.google.com/books?id=ypkyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT334">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Church+and+State+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=334-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft.isbn=9780190208783&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Derek+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DypkyAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214092530/http://www.nibud.nl/over-het-nibud/pers/informatie-voor-de-pers.html?page=content&subject=persberichten&main=pe_persberichten&pag=pe_persberichten&id=100&year=2003">"Nibud Pers, persberichten"</a> (in Dutch). NIBUD. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nibud.nl/over-het-nibud/pers/informatie-voor-de-pers.html?page=content&subject=persberichten&main=pe_persberichten&pag=pe_persberichten&id=100&year=2003">the original</a> on 14 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nibud+Pers%2C+persberichten&rft.pub=NIBUD&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nibud.nl%2Fover-het-nibud%2Fpers%2Finformatie-voor-de-pers.html%3Fpage%3Dcontent%26subject%3Dpersberichten%26main%3Dpe_persberichten%26pag%3Dpe_persberichten%26id%3D100%26year%3D2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> Netherlands budget institute table showing money spent by households categorised into those that give gifts only on Sint (36%), only on Christmas day (21%), on both days (26%) </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=105">"Sinterklaas Arrival—Amsterdam, the Netherlands"</a>. St. Nicholas Center. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110117181712/http://www.stnicholascenter.org/Brix?pageID=105">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sinterklaas+Arrival%E2%80%94Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=St.+Nicholas+Center&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnicholascenter.org%2FBrix%3FpageID%3D105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFswissinfo.ch2008" class="citation web cs1">swissinfo.ch, Morven McLean (5 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/schmutzli--the-swiss-santa-s-sinister-sidekick/7082046">"Schmutzli: the Swiss Santa's sinister sidekick"</a>. SWI swissinfo.ch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520205230/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/schmutzli--the-swiss-santa-s-sinister-sidekick/7082046">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Schmutzli%3A+the+Swiss+Santa%27s+sinister+sidekick&rft.date=2008-12-05&rft.aulast=swissinfo.ch&rft.aufirst=Morven+McLean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fschmutzli--the-swiss-santa-s-sinister-sidekick%2F7082046&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ORCHARD-187-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ORCHARD-187_17-0">^</a> Orchard, Andy (1997). Dictionary of Norse Mythology and Legend, page 187. Cassell. </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK-379-380-18"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK-379-380_18-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (2007) translated by Angela Hall. Dictionary of Northern Mythology, pages 379–380. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">D.S. Brewer</a>. & Orchard (1997:1987). </li> <li id="cite_note-SIMEK372-373-19"><a href="#cite_ref-SIMEK372-373_19-0">^</a> For the wild hunt, Simek (2010:372–373). For Jólnir, see Simek (2010:180) and Orchard (1997:189). For Langbarðr, see Simek (2010:186). </li> <li id="cite_note-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ODIN-CLAUS-EXAMPLES_20-0">^</a> For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight1917" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, George Harley (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/stnicholashis00mckn">St. Nicholas; his legend and his rôle in the Christmas celebration and other popular customs</a>. New York and London, G.P. Putman's sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Nicholas%3B+his+legend+and+his+r%C3%B4le+in+the+Christmas+celebration+and+other+popular+customs&rft.pub=New+York+and+London%2C+G.P.+Putman%27s+sons&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=George+Harley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstnicholashis00mckn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> pages 24–26, 138–139 ; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFruehling_Springwood2009" class="citation book cs1">Fruehling Springwood, Charles (2009). "If Santa Wuz Black: The Domestication of a White Myth". In Denzin, Norman (ed.). Studies in Symbolic Interaction. Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 243–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848557840" title="Special:BookSources/9781848557840"><bdi>9781848557840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=If+Santa+Wuz+Black%3A+The+Domestication+of+a+White+Myth&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Symbolic+Interaction&rft.pages=243-244&rft.pub=Emerald+Group+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781848557840&rft.aulast=Fruehling+Springwood&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BAKER-62-21"><a href="#cite_ref-BAKER-62_21-0">^</a> Baker, Margaret (2007 1962). Discovering Christmas Customs and Folklore: A Guide to Seasonal Rites Throughout the World, page 62. Osprey Publishing. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirén" class="citation web cs1">Sirén, Ilkka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20171221-does-santa-claus-come-from-finland">"Does Santa Claus come from Finland?"</a>. www.bbc.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419071218/http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20171221-does-santa-claus-come-from-finland">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Does+Santa+Claus+come+from+Finland%3F&rft.aulast=Sir%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20171221-does-santa-claus-come-from-finland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> "Last Monday, the anniversary of St. Nicholas, otherwise called Santa Claus, was celebrated at Protestant Hall, at Mr. Waldron's; where a great number of sons of the ancient saint <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sons_of_Saint_Nicholas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sons of Saint Nicholas (page does not exist)">the Sons of Saint Nicholas</a> celebrated the day with great joy and festivity." Rivington's Gazette (New York City), 23 December 1773. </li> <li id="cite_note-bloombergstory-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bloombergstory_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bloombergstory_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2019" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Justin (13 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-12-13/how-washington-irving-influenced-the-modern-christmas-santa">"Christmas Was Invented in New York: The strange but probably true tale of how Washington Irving and a few contemporaries created the modern holiday in the early 1800s"</a>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204746/https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2019-12-13/how-washington-irving-influenced-the-modern-christmas-santa">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Christmas+Was+Invented+in+New+York%3A+The+strange+but+probably+true+tale+of+how+Washington+Irving+and+a+few+contemporaries+created+the+modern+holiday+in+the+early+1800s.&rft.date=2019-12-13&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fopinion%2Farticles%2F2019-12-13%2Fhow-washington-irving-influenced-the-modern-christmas-santa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toronto-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Toronto_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718194304/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4350/poem1485.html">"mentioning Don Foster, Author Unknown: On the Trail of Anonymous (New York: Henry Holt, 2000: 221–75) for the attribution of Old Santeclaus to Clement Clarke Moore"</a>. Tspace.library.utoronto.ca. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4350/poem1485.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=mentioning+Don+Foster%2C+Author+Unknown%3A+On+the+Trail+of+Anonymous+%28New+York%3A+Henry+Holt%2C+2000%3A+221%E2%80%9375%29+for+the+attribution+of+Old+Santeclaus+to+Clement+Clarke+Moore&rft.pub=Tspace.library.utoronto.ca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fhtml%2F1807%2F4350%2Fpoem1485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirkpatrick2000" class="citation news cs1">Kirkpatrick, David D. (26 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/26/books/whose-jolly-old-elf-that-anyway-literary-sleuth-casts-doubt-authorship-iconic.html">"Whose Jolly Old Elf Is That, Anyway?; Literary Sleuth Casts Doubt on the Authorship of an Iconic Christmas Poem"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520204757/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/26/books/whose-jolly-old-elf-that-anyway-literary-sleuth-casts-doubt-authorship-iconic.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Whose+Jolly+Old+Elf+Is+That%2C+Anyway%3F%3B+Literary+Sleuth+Casts+Doubt+on+the+Authorship+of+an+Iconic+Christmas+Poem&rft.date=2000-10-26&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Kirkpatrick&rft.aufirst=David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F10%2F26%2Fbooks%2Fwhose-jolly-old-elf-that-anyway-literary-sleuth-casts-doubt-authorship-iconic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-donner-partys-over/">"What Are the True Names of Santa's Reindeer?"</a>. snopes.com. 6 June 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230424094430/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/the-donner-partys-over/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=snopes.com&rft.atitle=What+Are+the+True+Names+of+Santa%27s+Reindeer%3F&rft.date=2001-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Ffact-check%2Fthe-donner-partys-over%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Advertisement for Harrison's Bookstore". Baltimore American Republican And Daily Clipper. No. 3. 1 January 1846.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+American+Republican+And+Daily+Clipper&rft.atitle=Advertisement+for+Harrison%27s+Bookstore&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1846-01-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The article is signed "Uneda", an anagrammatic pen-name used by William Duane (1808–1882) of Philadelphia, son of <a href="/wiki/William_John_Duane" class="mw-redirect" title="William John Duane">William John Duane</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> "Notes and Queries", volume 8 (217), 24 December 1853, p.615 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAktuell2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aktuell, S. W. R. (3 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/rheinland-pfalz/ludwigshafen/pfaelzer-thomas-nast-erfand-weihnachtsmann-in-usa-100.html">"Wie ein Pfälzer Auswanderer den Weihnachtsmann erfand"</a>. swr.online (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swr.online&rft.atitle=Wie+ein+Pf%C3%A4lzer+Auswanderer+den+Weihnachtsmann+erfand&rft.date=2023-12-03&rft.aulast=Aktuell&rft.aufirst=S.+W.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swr.de%2Fswraktuell%2Frheinland-pfalz%2Fludwigshafen%2Fpfaelzer-thomas-nast-erfand-weihnachtsmann-in-usa-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Thomas Nast, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensicgenealogy.info/images/nast_santa_and_his_works.jpg">Santa Claus and His Works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215084032/http://forensicgenealogy.info/images/nast_santa_and_his_works.jpg">Archived</a> 15 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1866. The phrase "Santa Claussville, N.P." is on the curved border to the right of center, above the large word "Claus". </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Jeremy Seal, Nicholas: The Epic Journey From Saint to Santa Claus, Bloomsbury, 2005, p. 199–200. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-419-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58234-419-5">978-1-58234-419-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong1875" class="citation magazine cs1">Armstrong, Ralph (1875). Seaverns, Fanny P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tIUDAAAAYAAJ">"A letter from Colorado"</a>. The Nursery. Vol. 18. John L. Shorey. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nursery&rft.atitle=A+letter+from+Colorado&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=43&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtIUDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunlap2015" class="citation web cs1">Dunlap, David W. (25 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/insider/1933-ps-virginia-theres-a-new-york-times-too.html">"1933 - P.S., Virginia, There's a New York Times, Too"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211224152836/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/24/insider/1933-ps-virginia-theres-a-new-york-times-too.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=1933+-+P.S.%2C+Virginia%2C+There%27s+a+New+York+Times%2C+Too&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft.aulast=Dunlap&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F12%2F24%2Finsider%2F1933-ps-virginia-theres-a-new-york-times-too.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBever2018" class="citation news cs1">Bever, Lindsey (22 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2018/12/22/is-there-santa-claus-how-childs-letter-inspired-classic-yes-virginia-response/">"'Is there a Santa Claus?': How a child's letter inspired the classic 'Yes, Virginia' response"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220317031928/https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2018/12/22/is-there-santa-claus-how-childs-letter-inspired-classic-yes-virginia-response/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2022. 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Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lansing+State+Journal&rft.atitle=Meet+the+parents+who+don%27t+keep+Santa%27s+secret&rft.aulast=Lehr&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lansingstatejournal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2019%2F12%2F22%2Fthese-lansing-area-parents-celebrate-christmas-without-santas-secret%2F2686614001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-56"><a href="#cite_ref-:5_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShabazz2020" class="citation news cs1">Shabazz, Sa'iyda (17 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/parenting/holiday-money-stress.html">"The Heavy Price of Holiday Magic"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222062620/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/17/parenting/holiday-money-stress.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Heavy+Price+of+Holiday+Magic&rft.date=2020-04-17&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Shabazz&rft.aufirst=Sa%27iyda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F04%2F17%2Fparenting%2Fholiday-money-stress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-57"><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205232536/http://www.dailyrecord.com/article/20091128/COMMUNITIES/91127064/1005/news01/Santa-s-arrival-lights-up-the-Green">"Santa's arrival lights up the Green"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 July 2020. <q>It now offers kids and parents personalized messages from Santa, which run from an ASP script that Kerr built himself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BizTech+Magazine&rft.atitle=EmailSanta.com%3A+How+Santa+Claus+Went+Digital&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=Ricky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiztechmagazine.com%2Farticle%2F2012%2F12%2Femailsantacom-how-santa-claus-went-digital&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVnuk2017" class="citation web cs1">Vnuk, Helen (7 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mamamia.com.au/email-santa-and-get-a-reply/">"Email Santa and get a reply: the website making my kids believe"</a>. MamaMia.com.au/. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211102185519/https://www.mamamia.com.au/email-santa-and-get-a-reply/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2020. <q>The one thing that's convinced my daughter, more than anything else, that Santa is real is a website, emailSanta.com.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MamaMia.com.au%2F&rft.atitle=Email+Santa+and+get+a+reply%3A+the+website+making+my+kids+believe.&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft.aulast=Vnuk&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mamamia.com.au%2Femail-santa-and-get-a-reply%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_pulls_plug_on_potty-mouth_Santa,_by_John_Fontana,_4_Dec_2007_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013161007/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/120407-microsoft-santa-bot.html">"Microsoft pulls plug on potty-mouth Santa, by John Fontana, 4 Dec 2007"</a>. Network World. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkworld.com/news/2007/120407-microsoft-santa-bot.html">the original</a> on 13 October 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microsoft+pulls+plug+on+potty-mouth+Santa%2C+by+John+Fontana%2C+4+Dec+2007&rft.pub=Network+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkworld.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F120407-microsoft-santa-bot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006-123"><a href="#cite_ref-For_a_Jolly_Good_Time,_Chat_With_Santa_on_Windows_Live_Messenger,_13_Dec_2006_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024145241/https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/dec06/12-13SantaIMPR.mspx">"For a Jolly Good Time, Chat With Santa on Windows Live Messenger, 13 Dec 2006"</a>. Microsoft. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2006/dec06/12-13SantaIMPR.mspx">the original</a> on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+a+Jolly+Good+Time%2C+Chat+With+Santa+on+Windows+Live+Messenger%2C+13+Dec+2006&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fpresspass%2Fpress%2F2006%2Fdec06%2F12-13SantaIMPR.mspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.av1611.org/othpubls/santa.html">Santa Claus: The great imposter</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119120225/http://av1611.org/othpubls/santa.html">Archived</a> 19 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Terry Watkins, Dial-the-Truth Ministries. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochran" class="citation web cs1">Cochran, Sylvia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080605161911/http://www.familiesonlinemagazine.com/christian-parenting/christian-santa.html">"To Santa or Not to Santa"</a>. familiesonlinemagazine.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familiesonlinemagazine.com/christian-parenting/christian-santa.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=familiesonlinemagazine.com&rft.atitle=To+Santa+or+Not+to+Santa&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.familiesonlinemagazine.com%2Fchristian-parenting%2Fchristian-santa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKippenbergKuiperSanders1990" class="citation book cs1">Kippenberg, Hans G.; Kuiper, Yme B.; Sanders, Andy F. (1 January 1990). Concepts of Person in Religion and Thought. Walter de Gruyter. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3110874372" title="Special:BookSources/978-3110874372"><bdi>978-3110874372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concepts+of+Person+in+Religion+and+Thought&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3110874372&rft.aulast=Kippenberg&rft.aufirst=Hans+G.&rft.au=Kuiper%2C+Yme+B.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Andy+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowler2011" class="citation book cs1">Bowler, Gerry (27 July 2011). Santa Claus: A Biography. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1551996080" title="Special:BookSources/978-1551996080"><bdi>978-1551996080</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Santa+Claus%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1551996080&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108033515/http://www.apuritansmind.com/Christmas/DankoChristmasBanned.htm">"When Christmas Was Banned – The early colonies and Christmas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apuritansmind.com/Christmas/DankoChristmasBanned.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Christmas+Was+Banned+%E2%80%93+The+early+colonies+and+Christmas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apuritansmind.com%2FChristmas%2FDankoChristmasBanned.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050313041241/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/society/ten_ages_gallery_03.shtml">"History – Ten Ages of Christmas"</a>. BBC. 13 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/society/ten_ages_gallery_03.shtml">the original</a> on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 21 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%E2%80%93+Ten+Ages+of+Christmas&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fsociety_culture%2Fsociety%2Ften_ages_gallery_03.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Nissenbaum, chap. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClar1959" class="citation journal cs1">Clar, Mimi (October 1959). "Attack on Santa Claus". <a href="/wiki/Western_Folklore" title="Western Folklore">Western Folklore</a>. 18 (4): 337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1497769">10.2307/1497769</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1497769">1497769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Western+Folklore&rft.atitle=Attack+on+Santa+Claus&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=337&rft.date=1959-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1497769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1497769%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Clar&rft.aufirst=Mimi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddy1925" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Mary Baker (1925). Miscellany, p. 261, in Prose Works other than Science and Health. Trustees under the will of Mary Baker G. Eddy, Boston, USA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miscellany%2C+p.+261%2C+in+Prose+Works+other+than+Science+and+Health&rft.pub=Trustees+under+the+will+of+Mary+Baker+G.+Eddy%2C+Boston%2C+USA&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Mary+Baker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connelly2000-133"><a href="#cite_ref-Connelly2000_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnelly2000" class="citation book cs1">Connelly, Mark (2000). Christmas at the Movies: Images of Christmas in American, British and European Cinema. I.B.Tauris. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860643972" title="Special:BookSources/9781860643972"><bdi>9781860643972</bdi></a>. <q>A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could, in fact be the shortest in this collection: suffice it to say that there were, at least officially, no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christmas+at+the+Movies%3A+Images+of+Christmas+in+American%2C+British+and+European+Cinema&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781860643972&rft.aulast=Connelly&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIG-134"><a href="#cite_ref-MIG_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Echo of Islam. MIG. 1993. <q>In the former Soviet Union, fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year's day, following a tradition established by the officially atheist state.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echo+of+Islam&rft.pub=MIG&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuzer2013" class="citation news cs1">Luzer, Daniel (26 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psmag.com/social-justice/whats-real-war-christmas-look-like-70524">"What a Real War on Christmas Looks Like"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Standard" title="Pacific Standard">Pacific Standard</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114030311/https://psmag.com/social-justice/whats-real-war-christmas-look-like-70524">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2014. <q>There were several anti-religious campaigns, the most dramatic of which occurred in the 1920s. According to a piece published by the School of Russian and Asia Studies: In 1925, Christmas was effectively banned under the officially atheist Soviets, and was not to return to Russian lands until 1992. The New Year celebration usurped the traditions of a Christmas Tree (Ёлка), Santa (known in Russian as "Дед Mopoз" or "Grandfather Frost"), and presents. In the Russian tradition, Grandfather Frost's granddaughter, the Snow Maiden (Снегурочка), always accompanies him to help distribute the gifts. Elves are not associated with the holiday. The state prohibited people from selling Christmas trees. There were even festivals, organized by the League of Militant Atheists, specifically to denigrate religious holidays. Their carnivals were inspired by similar events staged by activists after the French Revolution. From 1923 to 1924 and then again from 1929 to 1930 the "Komsomol Christmases" and Easters were basically holiday celebrations of atheism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Standard&rft.atitle=What+a+Real+War+on+Christmas+Looks+Like&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft.aulast=Luzer&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsmag.com%2Fsocial-justice%2Fwhats-real-war-christmas-look-like-70524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet2005-136"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet2005_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2005" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina Petra (10 November 2005). Religious Policy in the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521022309" title="Special:BookSources/9780521022309"><bdi>9780521022309</bdi></a>. <q>The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival. Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools. More such material followed in 1929, and a flood of it the next year. It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned—carnivals, farces, and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief. It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas (including Christmas trees) and Easter. Some schools, the League approvingly reported, staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month. Not teachers but the League's local set the programme for this special occasion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-11-10&rft.isbn=9780521022309&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+Petra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas">"Santa Claus won't be coming to this town, as Chinese officials ban Christmas"</a>. South China Morning Post. 18 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190112085857/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2178532/santa-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 23 December 2018. <q>Christmas is not a recognised holiday in mainland China – where the ruling party is officially atheist – and for many years authorities have taken a tough stance on anyone who celebrates it in public. ... The statement by Langfang officials said that anyone caught selling Christmas trees, wreaths, stockings or Santa Claus figures in the city would be punished. ... While the ban on the sale of Christmas goods might appear to be directed at retailers, it also comes amid a crackdown on Christians practising their religion across the country. On Saturday morning, more than 60 police officers and officials stormed a children's Bible class in Guangzhou, capital of southern China's Guangdong province. The incident came after authorities shut down the 1,500-member <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Zion_Church" title="Beijing Zion Church">Zion Church in Beijing</a> in September and Chengdu's 500-member <a href="/wiki/Early_Rain_Covenant_Church" title="Early Rain Covenant Church">Early Rain Covenant Church</a> last week. In the case of the latter, about 100 worshippers were snatched from their homes or from the streets in coordinated raids.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Santa+Claus+won%27t+be+coming+to+this+town%2C+as+Chinese+officials+ban+Christmas&rft.date=2018-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fsociety%2Farticle%2F2178532%2Fsanta-claus-wont-be-coming-town-chinese-officials-ban-christmas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seal-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Seal_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stnicholascenter.org/who-is-st-nicholas/origin-of-santa/jeremy-seal">"Interview: Jeremy Seal"</a>. St. Nicholas Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101193404/https://www.stnicholascenter.org/who-is-st-nicholas/origin-of-santa/jeremy-seal">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St.+Nicholas+Center&rft.atitle=Interview%3A+Jeremy+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stnicholascenter.org%2Fwho-is-st-nicholas%2Forigin-of-santa%2Fjeremy-seal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mother-139"><a href="#cite_ref-Mother_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071226135150/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0838/is_n65/ai_12694470/print">"In defense of Santa Claus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0838/is_n65/ai_12694470/print">the original</a> on 26 December 2007. Retrieved 7 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+defense+of+Santa+Claus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m0838%2Fis_n65%2Fai_12694470%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988">, Carol-Jean Swanson, Mothering, Fall 1992. </li> <li id="cite_note-Czech-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Czech_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Czech_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070120090521/http://www.praguepost.com/articles/2006/12/13/better-watch-out-better-not-cry.php">"Better Watch Out, Better Not Cry"</a>. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-8065-6"><bdi>978-1-4419-8065-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Autism+and+Pervasive+Developmental+Disorders&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-8065-6&rft.aulast=Matson&rft.aufirst=Johnny+L.&rft.au=Sturmey%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tDR9c7kOxkC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woolley2-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Woolley2_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolley2006" class="citation news cs1">Woolley, Jacqueline (23 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/23/opinion/23woolley.html">"Opinion | Do You Believe in Surnits?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328224121/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/23/opinion/23woolley.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%26%23124%3B+Do+You+Believe+in+Surnits%3F&rft.date=2006-12-23&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Woolley&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F12%2F23%2Fopinion%2F23woolley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_156-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVines2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vines, Gail (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626351-500-the-santa-delusion/">"The Santa Delusion"</a>. New Scientist. 210 (2809): 29. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011NewSc.210Q..29M">2011NewSc.210Q..29M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2811%2960920-2">10.1016/S0262-4079(11)60920-2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520205000/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19626351-500-the-santa-delusion/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=The+Santa+Delusion&rft.volume=210&rft.issue=2809&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2811%2960920-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011NewSc.210Q..29M&rft.aulast=Vines&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg19626351-500-the-santa-delusion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cline-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cline_157-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learnreligions.com/the-origins-of-santa-claus-2562993">"The Pagan Origins of Santa Claus"</a>. Learn Religions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101193354/https://www.learnreligions.com/the-origins-of-santa-claus-2562993">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Learn+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Pagan+Origins+of+Santa+Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnreligions.com%2Fthe-origins-of-santa-claus-2562993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119122646/https://www.vocativ.com/378177/lying-to-kids-about-santa-is-a-big-mistake-psychologists-say/">"Lying To Kids About Santa Can Erode Their Trust, Psychologists Say"</a>. Vocativ. 25 November 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vocativ.com/378177/lying-to-kids-about-santa-is-a-big-mistake-psychologists-say/">the original</a> on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vocativ&rft.atitle=Lying+To+Kids+About+Santa+Can+Erode+Their+Trust%2C+Psychologists+Say&rft.date=2016-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocativ.com%2F378177%2Flying-to-kids-about-santa-is-a-big-mistake-psychologists-say%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantaTrust-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SantaTrust_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SantaTrust_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/archive/national-news/186155">"How to deal with the 'is Santa real?'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dominion Post (Wellington)">The Dominion Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101219085719/http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/archive/national-news/186155">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2010. Retrieved 7 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dominion+Post&rft.atitle=How+to+deal+with+the+%27is+Santa+real%3F%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Fdominion-post%2Farchive%2Fnational-news%2F186155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_160-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_160-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillsGoldsteinKanumuruMonroe2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mills, Candice M.; Goldstein, Thalia R.; Kanumuru, Pallavi; Monroe, Anthony J.; Quintero, Natalie B. (13 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/dev0001662">"Debunking the Santa myth: The process and aftermath of becoming skeptical about Santa"</a>. Developmental Psychology. 60 (1): 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fdev0001662">10.1037/dev0001662</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-0599">1939-0599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37956037">37956037</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:265157363">265157363</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Developmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Debunking+the+Santa+myth%3A+The+process+and+aftermath+of+becoming+skeptical+about+Santa.&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2023-11-13&rft.issn=1939-0599&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A265157363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37956037&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fdev0001662&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=Candice+M.&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Thalia+R.&rft.au=Kanumuru%2C+Pallavi&rft.au=Monroe%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.au=Quintero%2C+Natalie+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.apa.org%2Fgetdoi.cfm%3Fdoi%3D10.1037%2Fdev0001662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutner1991" class="citation news cs1">Kutner, Lawrence (21 November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/21/garden/parent-child.html">"Children can learn the wrong lessons from little lies"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230208090445/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/21/garden/parent-child.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2023. Retrieved 24 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Children+can+learn+the+wrong+lessons+from+little+lies&rft.date=1991-11-21&rft.aulast=Kutner&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F11%2F21%2Fgarden%2Fparent-child.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Belk, Russell. 1989. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/asr/v001/1.1belk.html">Materialism with the modern U.S. Christmas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201063439/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/asr/v001/1.1belk.html">Archived</a> 1 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In Interpretive Consumer Research, ed. by Elizabeth C. Hirschman, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 75–104.</li> <li>Bowler, Gerry, Editor (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771015359">The World Encyclopedia of Christmas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028083103/http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771015359">Archived</a> 28 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1535-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1535-9">978-0-7710-1535-9</a> (0-7710-1535-6)</li> <li>Bowler, Gerry, (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771016684">Santa Claus: A Biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028083107/http://www.mcclelland.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780771016684">Archived</a> 28 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1668-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7710-1668-4">978-0-7710-1668-4</a> (0-7710-1668-9)</li> <li>Crump, William D. Editor (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-2293-7">The Christmas Encyclopedia, 2nd edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309143618/http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-2293-7">Archived</a> 9 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2293-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2293-7">978-0-7864-2293-7</a></li> <li>Nissenbaum, Stephen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679740384">The Battle for Christmas</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006120048/http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780679740384">Archived</a> 6 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74038-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-74038-4">978-0-679-74038-4</a> (0-679-74038-4)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoffe-Walt2012" class="citation web cs1">Joffe-Walt, Chana (19 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/12/19/167570321/without-magic-santa-would-need-12-million-employees">"Without Magic, Santa Would Need 12 Million Employees"</a>. <a href="/wiki/All_Things_Considered" title="All Things Considered">All Things Considered</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. Retrieved 20 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Considered&rft.atitle=Without+Magic%2C+Santa+Would+Need+12+Million+Employees&rft.date=2012-12-19&rft.aulast=Joffe-Walt&rft.aufirst=Chana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fmoney%2F2012%2F12%2F19%2F167570321%2Fwithout-magic-santa-would-need-12-million-employees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASanta+Claus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Santa Claus at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Santa Claus">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="c:Santa Claus">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Santa Claus">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="q:Santa Claus">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Santa_Claus" class="extiw" title="voy:Santa Claus">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stnicholascenter.org/pages/who-is-st-nicholas/">An article on the History of Santa Claus from the St. Nicholas Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arthuriana.co.uk/xmas/">The History of Santa Claus and Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110424032843/http://jfpl.org/NJHistoryPathfinders.cfm?doc_Id=31">Research guides for Thomas Nast and Santa Claus at The Morristown & Morris Township Public Library, NJ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheKnickerbockersRescueSantaClausJamesKirkePaulding">"The Knickerbockers Rescue Santa Claus: 'Claas Schlaschenschlinger' from James Kirke Paulding's The Book of Saint Nicholas" (1836)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.noradsanta.org/">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emailsanta.com/">emailSanta.com Tracker</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christmas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christmas" title="Template:Christmas"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christmas" title="Template talk:Christmas"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christmas"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christmas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Christmas_(holiday)" title="Blue Christmas (holiday)">Blue Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Day" title="Children's Day">Children's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Eve" title="Christmas Eve">Christmas Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_Day" title="Saint Nicholas Day">Saint Nicholas Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen%27s_Day" title="Saint Stephen's Day">St. Stephen's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In Christianity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Biblical Magi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi" title="Adoration of the Magi">Adoration of the Magi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Adoration of the Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent" title="Advent">Advent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Angel Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annunciation_to_the_shepherds" title="Annunciation to the shepherds">Annunciation to the shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_the_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of the Lord">Baptism of the Lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmastide" title="Christmastide">Christmastide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">flight into Egypt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_art" title="Nativity of Jesus in art">in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus_in_later_culture" title="Nativity of Jesus in later culture">in later culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_nativity_scene" title="Neapolitan nativity scene">Neapolitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Night_(holiday)" title="Twelfth Night (holiday)">Twelfth Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badalisc" title="Badalisc">Badalisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caganer" title="Caganer">Caganer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BDla" title="Grýla">Grýla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korvatunturi" title="Korvatunturi">Korvatunturi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Christmas_Spider" title="Legend of the Christmas Spider">Legend of the Christmas Spider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_Lwyd" title="Mari Lwyd">Mari Lwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_figure" title="Miner's figure">Miner's figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Man_Winter" title="Old Man Winter">Old Man Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_workshop" title="Santa's workshop">Santa's workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti%C3%B3_de_Nadal" title="Tió de Nadal">Tió de Nadal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turo%C5%84" title="Turoń">Turoń</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertep" title="Vertep">Vertep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_cat" title="Yule cat">Yule cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Lads" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule Lads">Yule Lads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Gift-bringers</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas" title="Saint Nicholas">Saint Nicholas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Nicholas_(European_folklore)" title="Saint Nicholas (European folklore)">folklore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Befana" title="Befana">Befana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ded_Moroz" title="Ded Moroz">Ded Moroz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Christmas" title="Father Christmas">Father Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grandpa_Indian" title="Grandpa Indian">Grandpa Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joulupukki" title="Joulupukki">Joulupukki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julemanden" title="Julemanden">Julemanden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noel_Baba" title="Noel Baba">Noel Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olentzero" title="Olentzero">Olentzero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_No%C3%ABl" title="Père Noël">Père Noël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinterklaas" title="Sinterklaas">Sinterklaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_winter_gift-bringers" title="List of Christmas and winter gift-bringers">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Claus" title="Mrs. Claus">Mrs. Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Fouettard" title="Père Fouettard">Père Fouettard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_Man" title="Sack Man">Sack Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27_daughter" title="Santa Claus' daughter">Santa Claus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus%27s_reindeer" title="Santa Claus's reindeer">Santa's reindeer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_the_Red-Nosed_Reindeer" title="Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer">Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snegurochka" title="Snegurochka">Snegurochka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwarte_Piet" title="Zwarte Piet">Zwarte Piet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_traditions" title="Christmas traditions">Traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_calendar" title="Advent calendar">Advent calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_candle" title="Advent candle">Advent candle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advent_wreath" title="Advent wreath">Advent wreath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar%27s_Head_Feast" title="Boar's Head Feast">Boar's Head Feast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwibbogen" title="Schwibbogen">Candle arches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carols_by_Candlelight" title="Carols by Candlelight">Carols by Candlelight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_Magi" title="Cavalcade of Magi">Cavalcade of Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christingle" title="Christingle">Christingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Christmas jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Peace" title="Christmas Peace">Christmas Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cracker" title="Christmas cracker">Crackers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_decoration" title="Christmas decoration">Decorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didukh" title="Didukh">Didukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_events_and_celebrations" title="Category:Christmas events and celebrations">Events and celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Seven_Fishes" title="Feast of the Seven Fishes">Feast of the Seven Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Santa" title="Flying Santa">Flying Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift" title="Christmas gift">Gifts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Santa_Tracker" title="Google Santa Tracker">Google Santa Tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamper#Christmas_hamper" title="Hamper">Hampers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Posadas" title="Las Posadas">Las Posadas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-robin_letter" title="Round-robin letter">Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_lights" title="Christmas lights">Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule" title="Lord of Misrule">Lord of Misrule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_market" title="Christmas market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_meals_and_feasts" title="Category:Christmas meals and feasts">Meals and feasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Mass" title="Midnight Mass">Midnight Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_star" title="Moravian star">Moravian star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lessons_and_Carols" title="Nine Lessons and Carols">Nine Lessons and Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAD_Tracks_Santa" title="NORAD Tracks Santa">NORAD Tracks Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker" title="Nutcracker">Nutcrackers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_doll" title="Nutcracker doll">dolls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ornament" title="Christmas ornament">Ornaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_parade" title="Santa Claus parade">Parades</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_and_holiday_season_parades" title="List of Christmas and holiday season parades">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1ata" title="Piñata">Piñatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poinsettia" title="Poinsettia">Poinsettia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pyramid" title="Christmas pyramid">Pyramids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A4uchermann" title="Räuchermann">Räuchermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seal" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas seal">Seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Santa" title="Secret Santa">Secret Santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanbaum" title="Spanbaum">Spanbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_szopka" title="Kraków szopka">Szopka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stamp" title="Christmas stamp">Stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">Stockings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Days_of_Christmas" title="Twelve Days of Christmas">Twelve Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassailing" title="Wassailing">Wassailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_window" title="Christmas window">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_goat" title="Yule goat">Yule goat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log" title="Yule log">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Observance_of_Christmas_by_country" title="Observance of Christmas by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Australia" title="Christmas in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Colombia" title="Christmas in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_and_Christmas_in_Denmark" title="Yule and Christmas in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_England" title="Category:Christmas in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Christmas" title="Ethiopian Christmas">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Finland" title="Christmas in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_France" title="Christmas in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihnachten" title="Weihnachten">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hungary" title="Christmas in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Iceland" title="Christmas in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Indonesia" title="Christmas in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ireland" title="Christmas in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Italy" title="Christmas in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Mexico" title="Christmas in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Zealand" title="Christmas in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Norway" title="Christmas in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Poland" title="Christmas in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Romania" title="Christmas in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Russia" title="Christmas in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Scotland" title="Christmas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Serbia" title="Christmas in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Sweden" title="Christmas in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Ukraine" title="Christmas in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Christmas in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Christmas in the American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Hawaii" title="Christmas in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_New_Mexico" title="Christmas in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_United_States_(1946%E2%80%931964)" title="Christmas in the United States (1946–1964)">Post-War United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music" title="Christmas music">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_carols" title="List of Christmas carols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_operas" title="List of Christmas operas">Operas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_music#Popular_Christmas_songs" title="Christmas music">Songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_hit_singles_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Christmas hit singles in the United Kingdom">Hit singles in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_Christmas_singles_in_the_United_States" title="List of popular Christmas singles in the United States">Hit singles in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billboard_Christmas_Holiday_charts" title="Billboard Christmas Holiday charts">Music charts (Billboard)</a></li> <li>Music books <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carols_for_Choirs" title="Carols for Choirs">Carols for Choirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The Oxford Book of Carols">The Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Oxford_Book_of_Carols" title="The New Oxford Book of Carols">The New Oxford Book of Carols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piae_Cantiones" title="Piae Cantiones">Piae Cantiones</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_by_medium" title="Christmas by medium">Other media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Christmas in literature">In literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Christmas novels">novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_films" title="List of Christmas films">Films (Christmas,</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_in_film" title="Santa Claus in film">Santa,</a> <a href="/wiki/Christmas_horror" title="Christmas horror">Christmas horror</a>)</li> <li>Poetry <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Old_Santeclaus_with_Much_Delight" title="Old Santeclaus with Much Delight">Old Santeclaus with Much Delight</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_St._Nicholas" title="A Visit from St. Nicholas">A Visit from St. Nicholas</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_in_the_Workhouse" title="Christmas Day in the Workhouse">Christmas Day in the Workhouse</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Journey_of_the_Magi" title="Journey of the Magi">Journey of the Magi</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Tomten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomten">Tomten</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_television_specials" title="List of Christmas television specials">Christmas television specials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)" title="Yule Log (TV program)">Yule Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%">In modern society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advent_Conspiracy" title="Advent Conspiracy">Advent Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(partying)" title="Black Friday (partying)">Black Friday (partying)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday (shopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronner%27s_Christmas_Wonderland" title="Bronner's Christmas Wonderland">Bronner's Christmas Wonderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season" title="Christmas and holiday season">Christmas and holiday season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_club" title="Christmas club">Christmas club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_creep" title="Christmas creep">Christmas creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_(Trading)_Act_2004" title="Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004">Christmas Day (Trading) Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_Christmas_Lectures" title="Royal Institution Christmas Lectures">Christmas Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Mountains" title="Christmas Mountains">Christmas Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_seals" title="Christmas seals">Christmas seals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_truce" title="Christmas truce">Christmas truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_controversies" title="Christmas controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Monday" title="Cyber Monday">Cyber Monday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_Christmas" title="Economics of Christmas">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giving_Tuesday" class="mw-redirect" title="Giving Tuesday">Giving Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Christmas_Lottery" title="Spanish Christmas Lottery">El Gordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_July" title="Christmas in July">In July</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_August_(Yellowstone)" title="Christmas in August (Yellowstone)">In August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBA_Christmas_games" title="NBA Christmas games">NBA games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_on_Christmas_Day" title="NFL on Christmas Day">NFL games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pikkujoulu" title="Pikkujoulu">Pikkujoulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SantaCon" title="SantaCon">SantaCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa%27s_Candy_Castle" title="Santa's Candy Castle">Santa's Candy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus_Village" title="Santa Claus Village">Santa Claus Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge">Scrooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Saturday" title="Small Business Saturday">Small Business Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Saturday" title="Super Saturday">Super Saturday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_jumper" title="Christmas jumper">Ugly sweaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_O%27Hanlon" title="Virginia O'Hanlon">Virginia O'Hanlon</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Yes,_Virginia,_there_is_a_Santa_Claus" title="Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus">Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Christmas_(weather)" title="White Christmas (weather)">White Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_festivals_and_holidays" title="List of multinational festivals and holidays">Winter festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWE_Tribute_to_the_Troops" title="WWE Tribute to the Troops">WWE Tribute to the Troops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xmas" title="Xmas">Xmas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christmas_dishes" title="List of Christmas dishes">Food and drink</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Christmas_dinner" title="Christmas dinner">Dinner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joulup%C3%B6yt%C3%A4" title="Joulupöytä">Joulupöytä</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julebord" title="Julebord">Julebord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C5%AB%C4%8Dios" title="Kūčios">Kūčios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon" title="Réveillon">Réveillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_desserts" title="Thirteen desserts">Thirteen desserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-dish_Christmas_Eve_supper" title="Twelve-dish Christmas Eve supper">Twelve-dish supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%C3%B6rg%C3%A5sbord" class="mw-redirect" title="Smörgåsbord">Smörgåsbord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wigilia" title="Wigilia">Wigilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sweets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska" title="Baked Alaska">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cake" title="Christmas cake">Cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_cookie" title="Christmas cookie">Cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cozonac" title="Cozonac">Cozonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruitcake" title="Fruitcake">Fruitcake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">Gingerbread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutia" title="Kutia">Kutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak%C3%B3wki" title="Makówki">Makówki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melomakarono" title="Melomakarono">Melomakarono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mince_pie" title="Mince pie">Mince pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampushka" title="Pampushka">Pampushka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panettone" title="Panettone">Panettone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlova_(cake)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavlova (cake)">Pavlova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecan_pie" title="Pecan pie">Pecan pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed_roll" title="Poppy seed roll">Poppy seed roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_pudding" title="Christmas pudding">Pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie" title="Pumpkin pie">Pumpkin pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qurabiya" title="Qurabiya">Qurabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_velvet_cake" title="Red velvet cake">Red velvet cake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stollen" title="Stollen">Stollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szaloncukor" title="Szaloncukor">Szaloncukor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turr%C3%B3n" title="Turrón">Turrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule_log_(cake)" title="Yule log (cake)">Yule log</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Soup</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menudo_(soup)" title="Menudo (soup)">Menudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borscht" title="Borscht">Borscht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Sauces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bread_sauce" title="Bread sauce">Bread sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranberry_sauce" title="Cranberry sauce">Cranberry sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant_sauce" title="Redcurrant sauce">Redcurrant sauce</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Beverages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_cider" title="Apple cider">Apple cider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champurrado" title="Champurrado">Champurrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog" title="Eggnog">Eggnog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_chocolate" title="Hot chocolate">Hot chocolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissel" title="Kissel">Kissel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulled_wine" title="Mulled wine">Mulled wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_Bishop" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking Bishop">Smoking Bishop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponche_crema" title="Ponche crema">Ponche crema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(cocktail)" title="Snowball (cocktail)">Snowball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Dumplings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallaca" title="Hallaca">Hallaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierogi" title="Pierogi">Pierogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">Tamale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varenyky" class="mw-redirect" title="Varenyky">Varenyky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white;width:6.5em">Meat and fish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefilte_fish" title="Gefilte fish">Gefilte fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_ham" title="Christmas ham">Ham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickled_herring" title="Pickled herring">Pickled herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roast_goose" title="Roast goose">Roast goose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romeritos" title="Romeritos">Romeritos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffing" title="Stuffing">Stuffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourti%C3%A8re" title="Tourtière">Tourtière</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meat_pie" title="Meat pie">meat pie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_meat" title="Turkey meat">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CE1D20; color:white"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Christmas" title="Category:Christmas">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315796#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315796#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000035174503">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/315189402">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1105278/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjBg6JMtX9QfpMWmYrTbkC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4322773-9">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2015039717">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005470x">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12005470x">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001123057">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V335656">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an62220239">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016908772&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX3605393">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000018003">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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