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<span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_to_the_premises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_to_the_premises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fiber to the premises</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_to_the_premises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiber_to_the_curb/cabinet/node" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiber_to_the_curb/cabinet/node"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiber_to_the_curb/cabinet/node-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deployments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deployments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Deployments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Deployments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Deployments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Deployments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FTTS,_FTTH_and_FTTB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FTTS,_FTTH_and_FTTB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>FTTS, FTTH and FTTB</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FTTS,_FTTH_and_FTTB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FTTN_and_FTTC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FTTN_and_FTTC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>FTTN and FTTC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FTTN_and_FTTC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_distribution_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_distribution_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Optical distribution networks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Optical_distribution_networks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Optical distribution networks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Optical_distribution_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Direct_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direct_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Direct fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direct_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_fiber" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_fiber"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Shared fiber</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_fiber-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Active_optical_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Active_optical_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Active optical network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Active_optical_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passive_optical_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passive_optical_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Passive optical network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passive_optical_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethernet_point-to-point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethernet_point-to-point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Ethernet point-to-point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethernet_point-to-point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Electrical network</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Fiber to the <i>x</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9" title="دائرة بصرية مغلقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة بصرية مغلقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasfasernetz" title="Glasfasernetz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glasfasernetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibre_to_the_x" title="Fibre to the x – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Fibre to the x" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTX" title="FTTX – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="FTTX" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuntz_optikoa_x-ra" title="Zuntz optikoa x-ra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuntz optikoa x-ra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فیبر به ایکس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیبر به ایکس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTX" title="FTTX – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="FTTX" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ഫൈബർ ടു ദ് എക്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫൈബർ ടു ദ് എക്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဖိုင်ဘာမှ အခြားကွန်ယက်သို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖိုင်ဘာမှ အခြားကွန်ယက်သို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fiber to the x" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTH" title="FTTH – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="FTTH" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTX" title="FTTX – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="FTTX" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTB" title="FTTB – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="FTTB" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Fiber to the x" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fiber to the x" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber-xDSL" title="Fiber-xDSL – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fiber-xDSL" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTx" title="FTTx – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="FTTx" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q586034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_Premises&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiber to the Premises">Fiber to the Premises</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Broadband network architecture term</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fiber broadband" redirects here. For the overhead version of data and internet transmission, see <a href="/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines" title="Broadband over power lines">Broadband over power lines</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">FTTB, FTTC, FTTD, FTTH, FTTK, FTTN, and FTTP all redirect here. For airports with those ICAO codes, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Chad" title="List of airports in Chad">List of airports in Chad</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FTTX.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FTTX.svg/300px-FTTX.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FTTX.svg/450px-FTTX.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FTTX.svg/600px-FTTX.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="365" /></a><figcaption>A schematic illustrating how FTT<b>X</b> (<b>N</b>ode, <b>C</b>urb, <b>B</b>uilding, <b>H</b>ome) architectures vary with regard to the distance between the optical fiber and the <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end user</a>. The building on the left is the <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">central office</a>; the building on the right is one of the buildings served by the central office. Dotted rectangles represent separate living or office spaces within the same building.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fiber to the <i>x</i></b> (<b>FTTX</b>; also spelled "fibre") or <b>fiber in the loop</b> is a generic term for any <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> network architecture using <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> to provide all or part of the <a href="/wiki/Local_loop" title="Local loop">local loop</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a> <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a>. As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, arranged into two groups: FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (fiber laid all the way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection). </p><p>Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running fiber to the home. </p><p>Fiber to the <i>x</i> is the key method used to drive <b>next-generation access</b> (<b>NGA</b>), which describes a significant upgrade to the broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001240000000000000♠"></span>24 Mbit/s</span> plus and a fast upload speed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> have defined super-fast broadband as "broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001240000000000000♠"></span>24 Mbit/s</span> – this threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar network called a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> (HFC) network is used by <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> operators but is usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC networks. <a href="/wiki/Fixed_wireless" title="Fixed wireless">Fixed wireless</a> and mobile wireless technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> and <a href="/wiki/3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="3GPP Long Term Evolution">3GPP Long Term Evolution</a> (LTE) are an alternative for providing <a href="/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are: </p> <ul><li><b>FTTE</b> (<a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_telecom_enclosure" title="Fiber to the telecom enclosure">fiber-to-the-edge</a>) is a networking approach used in the enterprise building (hotels, convention centers, office buildings, hospitals, senior living communities, <a href="/wiki/Multi-Dwelling_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-Dwelling Unit">Multi-Dwelling Units</a>, stadiums, etc.). <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Fiber</a> reaches directly from the <a href="/wiki/Main_distribution_frame" title="Main distribution frame">main distribution frame</a> of a building out to the edge devices, eliminating the need for <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_distribution_frame" title="Intermediate distribution frame">intermediate distribution frames</a>.</li> <li><b>FTTP</b> (fiber-to-the-premises): This term is used either as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the fiber network includes both homes and small businesses <ul><li><b>FTTH</b> (fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home. <a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">Passive optical networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">point-to-point Ethernet</a> are architectures that are capable of delivering <a href="/wiki/Triple_play_(telecommunications)" title="Triple play (telecommunications)">triple-play</a> services over FTTH networks directly from an operator's <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">central office</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically providing between 1 and <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001100000000000000♠"></span>10 Gbit/s</span></li> <li><b>FTTB</b> (fiber-to-the-building, -business, or -basement): Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a <a href="/wiki/Multi-family_residential" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-family residential">multi-dwelling unit</a>, with the final connection to the individual living space being made via alternative means, similar to the curb or pole technologies</li> <li><b>FTTD</b> can mean two different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-desktop or -desk): In an office, fiber connection is installed from the main computer room to a desk or <a href="/wiki/Fiber_media_converter" title="Fiber media converter">fiber media converter</a> near the user's desk</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-door): Fiber reaches outside the flat</li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTR</b> can mean three different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-radio): Fiber runs to the transceivers of base stations</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-router): Fiber connection is installed from the router to the ISP's fiber network</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-room): Fiber connection is extended from the router to each room in the home</li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTO</b> (fiber-to-the-office): Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room/core switch to a special mini-switch (called FTTO Switch) located at the user's workstation or service points. This mini-switch provides Ethernet services to end user devices via standard <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a> patch cords. The switches are decentralised and located all over the building, but managed from one central point</li> <li><b>FTTF</b> can mean five different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-factory): fiber runs to factory buildings</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-farm): fiber runs to agricultural farms</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-feeder): a synonym of FTTN</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-floor): fiber reaches a junction box at a floor of a building</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-frontage): This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node serves a single subscriber. This allows for multi-gigabit speeds using <a href="/wiki/G.fast#XG-fast" title="G.fast">XG-fast</a> technology. The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem<sup id="cite_ref-FTTF_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTTF-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTM</b> can mean four different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-machine): In a factory, fiber runs to machines</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-mast): Fiber runs to wireless masts</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-mobile): Fiber runs to base stations</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-multi-dwelling-unit): FTTP to apartment buildings</li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTT</b> can mean three different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-terminal): In an office, fiber runs to desktop equipment</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-tower): Fiber reaches base stations</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-tent): For example, at hacker camps such as <a href="/wiki/BornHack" title="BornHack">BornHack</a> in Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTW</b> (fiber-to-the-wall or -workgroup): In an office, fiber runs to small switches near a group of users</li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTA</b> can mean two different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-amplifier): Fiber runs to street cabinets</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-antenna): Fiber runs up antenna towers</li></ul></li> <li><b>FTTCS</b> (fiber-to-the-cell-site): fiber reaches the base station site</li> <li><b>FTTE</b> / <b>FTTZ</b> (<a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_telecom_enclosure" title="Fiber to the telecom enclosure">fiber-to-the-telecom-enclosure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fiber_to_the_telecom_enclosure" title="Fiber to the telecom enclosure">fiber-to-the-zone</a>): is a form of <a href="/wiki/Structured_cabling" title="Structured cabling">structured cabling</a> typically used in enterprise <a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">local area networks</a>, where fiber is used to link the main computer equipment room to an enclosure close to the desk or workstation. FTTE and FTTZ are not considered part of the FTTX group of technologies, despite the similarity in name.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>FTTdp</b> (fiber-to-the-distribution-point): This is very similar to FTTC / FTTN but is one-step closer again, moving the end of the fiber to within meters of the boundary of the customers premises in the last possible junction box, known as the "distribution point". This allows for near-gigabit speeds<sup id="cite_ref-heath_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heath-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>FTTL</b> (fiber-to-the-loop): general term</li> <li><b>FTTN</b> / <b>FTTLA</b> (fiber-to-the-node, -neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet, possibly miles away from the customer premises, with the final connections being copper. FTTN is often an interim step toward full FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) and is typically used to deliver 'advanced' <a href="/wiki/Triple_play_(telecommunications)" title="Triple play (telecommunications)">triple-play</a> telecommunications services</li> <li><b>FTTC</b> / <b>FTTK</b> (fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, -closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises, typically within 300 m (1,000 ft), within range for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> or <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">IEEE 1901</a> <a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">power line networking</a> and wireless <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> technology. FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system. Typically providing up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100 Mbit/s</span></li> <li><b>FTTS</b> can mean three different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-screen or -seat): On an airplane, fiber reaches the <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">IFE</a> screens</li> <li>(fiber-to-the-street): The customer is connected using copper to the fiber passing near the building, up to 200 m (700 ft) away. This is a compromise between FTTB and FTTC. Typically providing up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002500000000000000♠"></span>500 Mbit/s</span></li> <li>(fiber-to-the-subscriber): This is a synonym for FTTP</li></ul></li></ul> <p>To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries, the three FTTH Councils of Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an update in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-council2009_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council2009-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011<sup id="cite_ref-council2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-council2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FTTH Councils do not have formal definitions for FTTC and FTTN. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> cannot. For example, the common form of <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> (<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span>) runs over relatively economical <a href="/wiki/Category_5e" class="mw-redirect" title="Category 5e">category 5e</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category_6_cable" title="Category 6 cable">category 6 or 6A</a> unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling but only to 100 m (300 ft). However, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span> <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_over_fiber" title="Ethernet over fiber">Ethernet over fiber</a> can easily reach tens of kilometers. Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over long <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span> symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard Ethernet or coaxial cable. </p><p>Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the terminal equipment rather than the fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers chosen, e.g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span>. </p><p>With the rising popularity of <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high-definition</a>, on-demand <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">video streaming</a> applications and devices such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roku" title="Roku">Roku</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Facebook_features#Live_streaming" title="List of Facebook features">Facebook LIVE</a>, the demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more people begin to utilize these services.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard Ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use <a href="/wiki/Very-high-bit-rate_digital_subscriber_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line">very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line</a> (VDSL) at <a href="/wiki/Downstream_(networking)" title="Downstream (networking)">downstream</a> rates of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001800000000000000♠"></span>80 Mbit/s</span>, but this falls extremely quickly when the distance exceeds 100 m (300 ft). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_to_the_premises">Fiber to the premises</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fiber to the premises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fiber-optic communication</a> delivery in which an optical fiber is run in an <a href="/wiki/Optical_distribution_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical distribution network">optical distribution network</a> from the central office all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Premises" title="Premises">premises</a> occupied by the subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at a <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">utility pole</a> without reaching the premises. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg/220px-Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg/330px-Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg/440px-Fiber-Optic_Installation_in_New_York_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Fiber-optic cable being pulled underneath the streets of New York City</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg/220px-Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg/330px-Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg/440px-Fibre_Optic_Jack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9248" data-file-height="6936" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a> jack (cover removed) in a residence with FTTH service</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the optical fiber ends: </p> <ul><li>FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that reaches one living or working space. The fiber extends from the central office to the subscriber's living or working space.<sup id="cite_ref-council2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once at the subscriber's living or working space, the signal may be conveyed throughout the space using any means, including <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">power line communication</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a>.</li> <li>FTTB (fiber-to-the-building or -basement) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that necessarily applies only to those properties that contain multiple living or working spaces. The optical fiber terminates before actually reaching the subscribers living or working space itself, but does extend to the property containing that living or working space. The signal is conveyed the final distance using any non-optical means, including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless, or power line communication.<sup id="cite_ref-council2011_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">apartment</a> building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the apartment building's shared <a href="/wiki/Electrical_room" title="Electrical room">electrical room</a> (either only to the <a href="/wiki/Storey" title="Storey">ground floor</a> or to each floor), it is FTTB. </p><p><br /> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Fibre-to-the-home cable.</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FTTP_Dismantled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/FTTP_Dismantled.jpg/200px-FTTP_Dismantled.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/FTTP_Dismantled.jpg/300px-FTTP_Dismantled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/FTTP_Dismantled.jpg/400px-FTTP_Dismantled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FTTP_XS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FTTP_XS.jpg/200px-FTTP_XS.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FTTP_XS.jpg/300px-FTTP_XS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/FTTP_XS.jpg/400px-FTTP_XS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="1134" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">This cable is outdoor-grade. Approximate diameters: Outer sheath: <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997500000000000000♠"></span>5 mm</span>, outer white paper wrapper: ⌀<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6997250000000000000♠"></span>2.5 mm</span>, inner white plastic sheath: ⌀<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996890000000000000♠"></span>890 μm</span>, blue sheath: ⌀<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996250000000000000♠"></span>250 μm</span>, optical fiber: ⌀<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6996150000000000000♠"></span>150 μm</span></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fiber_to_the_curb/cabinet/node"><span id="Fiber_to_the_curb.2Fcabinet.2Fnode"></span>Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_fibre_cab_(12945979503).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Inside_fibre_cab_%2812945979503%29.jpg/220px-Inside_fibre_cab_%2812945979503%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Inside_fibre_cab_%2812945979503%29.jpg/330px-Inside_fibre_cab_%2812945979503%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Inside_fibre_cab_%2812945979503%29.jpg/440px-Inside_fibre_cab_%2812945979503%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Inside an FTTN or FTTC fiber cabinet. The left side contains the fiber and a <a href="/wiki/DSLAM" title="DSLAM">DSLAM</a>, and the right side contains the copper and <a href="/wiki/Punch_down_block" class="mw-redirect" title="Punch down block">punch down blocks</a> for a form of <a href="/wiki/DSL" class="mw-redirect" title="DSL">DSL</a> such as VDSL</figcaption></figure> <p>Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a>. The "curb" is an abstraction and can just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within 300 m (1,000 ft) of the customer premises equipment would be described as FTTC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional <a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">coaxial cable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">twisted pair</a> wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually less than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers. </p><p>FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocols</a> such as broadband cable access (typically <a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a>) or some form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">digital subscriber line</a> (DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet. </p><p>Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last mile</a> service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber. </p><p>A variant of this technique for <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> providers is used in a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> (HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym <a href="/wiki/FTTLA" title="FTTLA">FTTLA</a> (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers). </p><p>FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">communications protocols</a> such as broadband cable access (typically <a href="/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a>) or some form of <a href="/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a> connecting the curb/cabinet and the customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet. </p><p>Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> are capable of connecting the "curb" with a full <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100 Mbit/s</span> or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span> connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over hundreds of meters, all Ethernet protocols including <a href="/wiki/Power_over_Ethernet" title="Power over Ethernet">power over Ethernet</a> (PoE) are supported<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Most fixed wireless technologies rely on PoE, including <a href="/wiki/Motorola_Canopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola Canopy">Motorola Canopy</a>, which has low-power radios capable of running on a <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001120000000000000♠"></span>12 VDC</span> power supply fed over several tens of meters of cable. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Power_line_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Power line communication">Power line networking</a> deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_P1901" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE P1901">IEEE P1901</a> protocol (or its predecessor <a href="/wiki/HomePlug_AV" class="mw-redirect" title="HomePlug AV">HomePlug AV</a>) existing electric service cables move up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span> from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> implementation, with the added advantage of a single cable for power and data. </p><p>By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the bandwidth available for <a href="/wiki/Backhaul_(telecommunications)" title="Backhaul (telecommunications)">backhaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Usage-based_billing" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage-based billing">usage-based billing</a> restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and the cost of running fiber that can vary widely with geography and building type. </p><p>In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by <a href="/wiki/BellSouth_Telecommunications" title="BellSouth Telecommunications">BellSouth Telecommunications</a>. With the acquisition of BellSouth by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, deployment of FTTC will end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a>, meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down <a href="/wiki/Verizon_FiOS" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon FiOS">Verizon FiOS</a> expansion, concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying to new areas,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that FTTH was uneconomic beyond these areas. </p><p>Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the <a href="/wiki/Smart_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart home">smart home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_utility" title="Electric utility">power utility</a> data management arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure <a href="/wiki/AES-128" class="mw-redirect" title="AES-128">AES-128</a> bandwidth required for <a href="/wiki/Advanced_metering_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced metering infrastructure">advanced metering infrastructure</a>. However, the largest <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1 Gbit/s</span> deployment in the United States, in <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, despite being conducted by power utility <a href="/wiki/EPB" title="EPB">EPB</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of US$350 reflected this generally high cost of deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to US$70/month.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure, availability of three different existing wire solutions, <a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">smart grid</a> deployment requirements (as in Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_Atheros" title="Qualcomm Atheros">Qualcomm Atheros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> solutions for <a href="/wiki/Edge_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge network">edge networks</a>, <a href="/wiki/IEEE_1905" title="IEEE 1905">IEEE 1905</a> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.21" title="IEEE 802.21">IEEE 802.21</a> protocol efforts and <a href="/wiki/SNMP" class="mw-redirect" title="SNMP">SNMP</a> improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In effect FTTC serves as a halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for <a href="/wiki/Smart_appliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart appliance">smart appliances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a> that rely on <a href="/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">PLC</a> use already. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployments">Deployments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deployments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Multiple_system_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple system operator">Operators</a> around the world have been rolling out high-speed <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> access networks since the mid-2000s. Some used a network topology known as <a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">Active Ethernet Point-to-Point</a> to deliver services from its central office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination was handled by a <a href="/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateway</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Digital_Broadcast" title="Advanced Digital Broadcast">Advanced Digital Broadcast</a> inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">consumer electronics</a> (CE) devices. </p><p>Since 2007, Italian access providers <a href="/wiki/Fastweb_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fastweb (telecommunications)">Fastweb</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fastweb_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fastweb-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vodafone_Italy" title="Vodafone Italy">Vodafone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wind_Telecom" title="Wind Telecom">Wind</a> participated in an initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The pilot taking place in the Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100 Mbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telecom Italia, which refused to take part in the Fiber for Italy initiative, had an even more ambitious plan to bring fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-whatever_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatever-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million, with more than 348,000 subscribers.<sup id="cite_ref-whatever_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whatever-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Telecom Italia takes part and does not take part? (July 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>) </p><p>In September 2010, the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> published a new "Recommendation for Regulated Access to NGA Networks" along with a list of measures to promote the deployment of fast broadband and next-generation access networks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002200000000000000♠"></span>200 Mbit/s</span> down, <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100 Mbit/s</span> up costs €22 per month.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between September 2017 and March 2019, the number of European FTTH and FTTB subscribers increased by nearly 16%. By 2025, the total number of premises passed by FTTH and FTTB infrastructure is expected to reach 187 million throughout Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Google_Fiber" title="Google Fiber">Google Fiber</a> provides speed of up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000800000000000000♠"></span>8 Gbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Active Line Access is an evolving standard for the provision of services over FTTP networks in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> proposed by the regulator <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> and developed by the Network Interoperability Consultative Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FTTS,_FTTH_and_FTTB"><span id="FTTS.2C_FTTH_and_FTTB"></span>FTTS, FTTH and FTTB</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: FTTS, FTTH and FTTB"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most FTTH deployments follow one of four primary architecture types: centralized split, distributed split, star architecture, or daisy-chaining. Fiber network developers choose architectures based on a variety of factors, such as the physical geography of the local environment, number of anticipated subscribers, and labor force skill. <sup id="cite_ref-OSPInsight_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSPInsight-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FTTN_and_FTTC">FTTN and FTTC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: FTTN and FTTC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utility_box,_Ribnitz-Damgarten_(P1070873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Utility_box%2C_Ribnitz-Damgarten_%28P1070873%29.jpg/220px-Utility_box%2C_Ribnitz-Damgarten_%28P1070873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Utility_box%2C_Ribnitz-Damgarten_%28P1070873%29.jpg/330px-Utility_box%2C_Ribnitz-Damgarten_%28P1070873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Utility_box%2C_Ribnitz-Damgarten_%28P1070873%29.jpg/440px-Utility_box%2C_Ribnitz-Damgarten_%28P1070873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2808" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>FTTC during installation in Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full <a href="/wiki/FTTH" class="mw-redirect" title="FTTH">FTTH</a> and in many cases triple-play services delivered using this approach to provide up to around <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100 Mbit/s</span> have been proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> in the United States, Germany's <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>'s <a href="/wiki/OTE" title="OTE">OTE</a>, Swisscom, <a href="/wiki/TIM_(brand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TIM (brand)">TIM</a> in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Proximus" title="Proximus">Proximus</a> in Belgium, <a href="/wiki/NBN_Co" title="NBN Co">nbn™</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and Canadian operators <a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cogeco" title="Cogeco">Cogeco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Optical_distribution_networks">Optical distribution networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Optical distribution networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direct_fiber">Direct fiber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Direct fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber: each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. These networks can support a lot of bandwidth, but they cost more because of the fiber and the equipment in the central office.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2 networking technologies are excluded, whether <a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">passive optical network</a> (PON), active optical network (AON), or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_fiber">Shared fiber</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Shared fiber"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and PONs both achieve this split. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active_optical_network">Active optical network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Active optical network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PON_vs_AON.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PON_vs_AON.png/350px-PON_vs_AON.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="500" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PON_vs_AON.png/525px-PON_vs_AON.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PON_vs_AON.png/700px-PON_vs_AON.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Comparison showing how a typical AON (a <a href="/wiki/Star_network" title="Star network">star network</a> capable of <a href="/wiki/Multicast" title="Multicast">multicasting</a>) handles downstream traffic differently from a typical PON (a star network having multiple splitters housed in the same cabinet)</figcaption></figure> <p>AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a <a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">switch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a>. Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only to the customer for whom it is intended. </p><p>Incoming signals from the customers avoid <a href="/wiki/Collision_(telecommunications)" title="Collision (telecommunications)">colliding</a> at the intersection because the powered equipment there provides <a href="/wiki/Buffer_(telecommunication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffer (telecommunication)">buffering</a>. Active Ethernet (a type of <a href="/wiki/Ethernet_in_the_first_mile" title="Ethernet in the first mile">Ethernet in the first mile</a>) is a common AON, which uses optical Ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into a large switched Ethernet network. Ethernet in the first mile deployments follow a point to point or star network topology and are often based on Fast Ethernet speeds of up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002100000000000000♠"></span>100 Mbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such networks are identical to Ethernet computer networks used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a location. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000 customers, although 400–500 is more typical. </p><p>This neighborhood equipment performs <a href="/wiki/Layer_2_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Layer 2 switch">layer 2 switching</a> or <a href="/wiki/LAN_switching#Layer_3_switching" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN switching">layer 3 switching</a> and routing, offloading full layer 3 <a href="/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routing</a> to the carrier's central office. The <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.3ah" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.3ah">IEEE 802.3ah</a> standard enables service providers to deliver up to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000 Mbit/s</span>, <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">full-duplex</a>, over one <a href="/wiki/Single-mode_optical_fiber" title="Single-mode optical fiber">single-mode optical fiber</a> FTTP, depending on the provider. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passive_optical_network">Passive optical network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Passive optical network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">Passive optical network</a></div> <p>A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint FTTP network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers. A PON reduces the fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architecture. Because of this, and because it needs no powered splitters or other active components from the moment it leaves the ISP's facilities until it reaches the customer, many ISPs prefer this technology.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber. <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a> is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">time-division multiple access</a> (TDMA). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethernet_point-to-point">Ethernet point-to-point</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethernet point-to-point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet" title="Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet">Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet</a> (PPPoE) is a common way of delivering <a href="/wiki/Triple_play_(telecommunications)" title="Triple play (telecommunications)">triple-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quadruple_play" title="Quadruple play">quad-play</a> (voice, video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_fiber-coaxial" title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial">hybrid fiber-coaxial</a> (HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber from an operator's <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">central office</a> all the way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a> speeds over <a href="/wiki/Last_mile_(telecommunications)" title="Last mile (telecommunications)">last-mile</a> copper connections. </p><p>This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North America (<a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telus" title="Telus">Telus</a>, for example) and Europe's <a href="/wiki/Fastweb_(telecommunications_company)" title="Fastweb (telecommunications company)">Fastweb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecom_Italia" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecom Italia">Telecom Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telekom_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Telekom Austria">Telekom Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a>, for example. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as a way to deliver multiple services over open-access networks in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_network">Electrical network</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Electrical network"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once on private property, the signal is typically converted into an electrical format. </p><p>The optical network terminal (ONT, an <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> term) or unit (ONU, an identical <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a> term) converts the optical signal into an electrical signal using <a href="/wiki/Thin_film" title="Thin film">thin film</a> filter technology. These units require electrical power for their operation, so some providers connect them to backup batteries in case of power outages to ensure emergency access to telecommunications. The <a href="/wiki/Optical_line_termination" title="Optical line termination">optical line terminations</a> "range" the optical network terminals or units in order to provide <a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiple_access" title="Time-division multiple access">TDMA</a> time slot assignments for upstream communication. </p><p>For FTTH and for some forms of FTTB, it is common for the building's existing Ethernet, phone, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the optical network terminal or unit. If all three systems cannot directly reach the unit, it is possible to combine signals and transport them over a common medium such as Ethernet. Once closer to the end user, equipment such as a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">router</a> or <a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">network interface controller</a> can separate the signals and convert them into the appropriate protocol. </p><p>For FTTC and FTTN, the combined internet, video and telephone signal travels to the building over existing telephone or cable wiring until it reaches the end-user's living space, where a VDSL or DOCSIS modem converts data and video signals into Ethernet protocol, which is sent over the end-user's <a href="/wiki/Category_5_cable" title="Category 5 cable">category 5 cable</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_broadband_plan" title="National broadband plan">National broadband plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fiber_to_the_x&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"How Fiber Optics Work". <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic4.htm">https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic4.htm</a>. How Stuff Works. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jm.telecoms.free.fr&rft.atitle=Fundamentals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjm.telecoms.free.fr%2FQCM_Fibre%2FGPON-Fundamentals_Huawei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFiber+to+the+x" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Hardy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lightwaveonline.com/fttx/featured-articles/Is-Active-Ethernet-best-FTTH-option-for-Google-85219312.html">"Is Active Ethernet best FTTH option for Google?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111228180718/http://www.lightwaveonline.com/fttx/featured-articles/Is-Active-Ethernet-best-FTTH-option-for-Google-85219312.html">Archived</a> December 28, 2011, at the <a 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title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a 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signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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