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id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doubtful_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doubtful_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Doubtful cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doubtful_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monotypic_and_polytypic_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monotypic_and_polytypic_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monotypic and polytypic species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monotypic_and_polytypic_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Subspecies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspesie" title="Subspesie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Subspesie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="نويع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نويع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subespecie" title="Subespecie – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Subespecie" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subespecie" title="Subespecie – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Subespecie" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yar%C4%B1mn%C3%B6v" title="Yarımnöv – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yarımnöv" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="উপপ্রজাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপপ্রজাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81-ch%C3%A9ng" title="Á-chéng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Á-chéng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="उपप्रजाति – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="उपप्रजाति" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Подвид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Подвид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvrsta" title="Podvrsta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Podvrsta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isspesad" title="Isspesad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Isspesad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subesp%C3%A8cie" title="Subespècie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Subespècie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%82%C4%95%D1%81" title="Айтĕс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Айтĕс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poddruh" title="Poddruh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Poddruh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underart" title="Underart – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Underart" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterart" title="Unterart – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unterart" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamliik" title="Alamliik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alamliik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υποείδος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποείδος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subespecie" title="Subespecie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Subespecie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecio" title="Subspecio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subspecio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subespezie" title="Subespezie – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Subespezie" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="زیرگونه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زیرگونه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous-esp%C3%A8ce" title="Sous-espèce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sous-espèce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undersoarte" title="Undersoarte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Undersoarte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subespecie" title="Subespecie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Subespecie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%A2%85" title="아종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="उपजाति (जीवविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपजाति (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvrsta" title="Podvrsta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Podvrsta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsebbangan" title="Subsebbangan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Subsebbangan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspesies" title="Subspesies – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Subspesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecie" title="Subspecie – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Subspecie" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sottospecie" title="Sottospecie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sottospecie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="תת-מין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תת-מין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspesies" title="Subspesies – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Subspesies" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%95%D8%B2%D9%B2%DA%98" title="ادٕزٲژ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ادٕزٲژ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Subspecies" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasuga" title="Pasuga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pasuga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Por%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Porūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Porūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfaj" title="Alfaj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alfaj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Подвид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Подвид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sottospe%C4%8Bi" title="Sottospeċi – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sottospeċi" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspesies" title="Subspesies – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Subspesies" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ondersoort" title="Ondersoort – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ondersoort" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9C%E7%A8%AE" title="亜種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="亜種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underart" title="Underart – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Underart" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underart" title="Underart – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Underart" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgatunek" title="Podgatunek – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podgatunek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subesp%C3%A9cie" title="Subespécie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Subespécie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecie_(biologie)" title="Subspecie (biologie) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Subspecie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Підвид – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Підвид" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Подвид – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%80%D2%AF%D2%A5_%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%A5%D1%8D" title="Көрүҥ үөдүҥэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көрүҥ үөдүҥэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%ABnllojet" title="Nënllojet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nënllojet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Subspecies" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poddruh" title="Poddruh – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poddruh" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvrsta_(biologija)" title="Podvrsta (biologija) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Podvrsta (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvrsta" title="Podvrsta – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Podvrsta" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podvrsta" title="Podvrsta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Podvrsta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alalaji" title="Alalaji – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alalaji" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underart" title="Underart – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Underart" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="துணையினம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துணையினம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adu-telmest" title="Adu-telmest – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Adu-telmest" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="ชนิดย่อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชนิดย่อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt_t%C3%BCr" title="Alt tür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alt tür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C3%A7i_g%C3%B6rn%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Kiçi görnüş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Kiçi görnüş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Підвид – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Підвид" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotospece" title="Sotospece – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sotospece" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_lo%C3%A0i" title="Phân loài – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân loài" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%8D" title="亚种 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚种" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A8%AE" title="亞種 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Taxonomic rank subordinate to species</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the biological term. For the film series, see <a href="/wiki/Subspecies_(film_series)" title="Subspecies (film series)"><i>Subspecies</i> (film series)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" title="File:Biological classification L Pengo vflip.svg"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/150px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/225px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg/300px-Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30" resource="/wiki/File:Biological_classification_L_Pengo_vflip.svg" /></a><map name="ImageMap_b98a4ef962e05e30"><area href="/wiki/Life" shape="rect" coords="63,9,141,36" alt="Life" title="Life" /><area href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,49,141,75" alt="Domain" title="Domain" /><area href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,89,141,115" alt="Kingdom" title="Kingdom" /><area href="/wiki/Phylum" shape="rect" coords="63,128,141,154" alt="Phylum" title="Phylum" /><area href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,168,141,194" alt="Class" title="Class" /><area href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,208,141,234" alt="Order" title="Order" /><area href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" shape="rect" coords="63,247,141,273" alt="Family" title="Family" /><area href="/wiki/Genus" shape="rect" coords="63,287,141,313" alt="Genus" title="Genus" /><area href="/wiki/Species" shape="rect" coords="63,326,141,353" alt="Species" title="Species" /></map><figcaption>The hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a>'s eight major <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">taxonomic ranks</a>. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_(female)_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_%28female%29_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg/200px-Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_%28female%29_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_%28female%29_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg/300px-Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_%28female%29_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_%28female%29_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg/400px-Ceylon_paradise_flycatcher_%28female%29_-_Sri_Lanka_-_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ceylon paradise flycatcher (<i>Terpsiphone paradisi ceylonensis</i>), an <a href="/wiki/Indian_paradise_flycatcher" title="Indian paradise flycatcher">Indian paradise flycatcher</a> subspecies native to Sri Lanka</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopard_(Panthera_pardus)_male_..._(51890626416).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus%29_male_..._%2851890626416%29.jpg/200px-Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus%29_male_..._%2851890626416%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus%29_male_..._%2851890626416%29.jpg/300px-Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus%29_male_..._%2851890626416%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus%29_male_..._%2851890626416%29.jpg/400px-Leopard_%28Panthera_pardus%29_male_..._%2851890626416%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4355" data-file-height="2630" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">African leopard</a> (<i>Panthera pardus pardus</i>), the nominotypical (nominate) <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> subspecies native to Africa<sup id="cite_ref-Catsg2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catsg2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatran_Tiger_4_(6964676168).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sumatran_Tiger_4_%286964676168%29.jpg/200px-Sumatran_Tiger_4_%286964676168%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sumatran_Tiger_4_%286964676168%29.jpg/300px-Sumatran_Tiger_4_%286964676168%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Sumatran_Tiger_4_%286964676168%29.jpg/400px-Sumatran_Tiger_4_%286964676168%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4036" data-file-height="3028" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Island_tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda Island tiger">Sunda Island tiger</a> (<i>P. tigris sondaica</i>), a <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tiger</a> subspecies native to the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunda islands">Sunda islands</a><sup id="cite_ref-Catsg2017_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catsg2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">biological classification</a>, <b>subspecies</b> (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: subspecies) is a rank below <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (<a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>), but that can successfully interbreed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated as <b>subsp.</b> or <b>ssp.</b> and the singular and plural forms are the same ("the subspecies is" or "the subspecies are"). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a>, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">mycology</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Infraspecific_name" title="Infraspecific name">infraspecific ranks</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">variety</a>, may be named. In <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">virology</a>, under standard <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Prokaryotes" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes">bacterial nomenclature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">virus nomenclature</a>, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks. </p><p>A taxonomist decides whether to recognize a subspecies. A common criterion for recognizing two distinct populations as subspecies rather than full species is the ability of them to <a href="/wiki/Interbreeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbreeding">interbreed</a> even if some male offspring may be sterile.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wild, subspecies do not interbreed due to <a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">geographic isolation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">scientific name</a> of a species is a <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial</a> or binomen, and comprises two <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> words, the first denoting the <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genus</a> and the second denoting the species.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific name of a subspecies is formed slightly differently in the different nomenclature codes. In zoology, under the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</a> (ICZN), the scientific name of a subspecies is termed a <a href="/wiki/Trinomen" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinomen">trinomen</a>, and comprises three words, namely the binomen followed by the name of the subspecies.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the binomen for the <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a> is <i>Panthera pardus</i>. The trinomen <i>Panthera pardus fusca</i> denotes a subspecies, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_leopard" title="Indian leopard">Indian leopard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catsg2017_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catsg2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All components of the trinomen are written in italics.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, subspecies is one of many ranks below that of species, such as <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">variety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subvariety_(botany)" title="Subvariety (botany)">subvariety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">form</a>, and subform. To identify the rank, the subspecific name must be preceded by "subspecies" (which can be abbreviated to "subsp." or "ssp."), as in <a href="/wiki/Totora_(plant)" title="Totora (plant)"><i>Schoenoplectus californicus</i> subsp. <i>tatora</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">bacteriology</a>, the only rank below species that is regulated explicitly by the code of nomenclature is <i>subspecies</i>, but infrasubspecific taxa are extremely important in bacteriology; Appendix 10 of the code lays out some recommendations that are intended to encourage uniformity in describing such taxa. Names published before 1992 in the rank of <i>variety</i> are taken to be names of subspecies<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <i><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Prokaryotes" title="International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes">International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes</a></i>). As in botany, <i>subspecies</i> is conventionally abbreviated as "subsp.", and is used in the scientific name: <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a></i> subsp. <i>spizizenii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICNP_2018_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICNP_2018-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms">Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Nominate_subspecies"></span><span class="anchor" id="Autonymous_subspecies"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nominotypical_subspecies_and_subspecies_autonyms"></span> In <a href="/wiki/Zoological_nomenclature" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoological nomenclature">zoological nomenclature</a>, when a species is split into subspecies, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subspecies"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "nominate subspecies", which repeats the same name as the species. For example, <i>Motacilla alba alba</i> (often abbreviated <i>M. a. alba</i>) is the nominotypical subspecies of the <a href="/wiki/White_wagtail" title="White wagtail">white wagtail</a> (<i>Motacilla alba</i>). </p><p>The subspecies name that repeats the species name is referred to in <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">botanical nomenclature</a> as the subspecies "<a href="/wiki/Autonym_(botany)" title="Autonym (botany)">autonym</a>", and the subspecific taxon as the "autonymous subspecies".<sup id="cite_ref-ICN_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doubtful_cases">Doubtful cases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Doubtful cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When zoologists disagree over whether a certain population is a subspecies or a full species, the species name may be written in parentheses. Thus <i>Larus (argentatus) smithsonianus</i> means the <a href="/wiki/American_herring_gull" title="American herring gull">American herring gull</a>; the notation within the parentheses means that some consider it a subspecies of a larger <a href="/wiki/European_herring_gull" title="European herring gull">herring gull</a> species and therefore call it <i>Larus argentatus smithsonianus</i>, while others consider it a full species and therefore call it <i>Larus smithsonianus</i> (and the user of the notation is not taking a position).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criteria">Criteria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A subspecies is a taxonomic rank below species – the only such rank recognized in the zoological code,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of three main ranks below species in the botanical code.<sup id="cite_ref-ICN_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When geographically separate populations of a species exhibit recognizable <a href="/wiki/Phenotype" title="Phenotype">phenotypic</a> differences, biologists may identify these as separate subspecies; a subspecies is a recognized local variant of a species.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Botanists and mycologists have the choice of ranks lower than subspecies, such as variety (varietas) or form (forma), to recognize smaller differences between populations.<sup id="cite_ref-ICN_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICN-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monotypic_and_polytypic_species">Monotypic and polytypic species</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Monotypic and polytypic species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg/220px-One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg/330px-One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg/440px-One_horn_Rhino_in_Kaziranga_national_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_rhinoceros" title="Indian rhinoceros">Indian rhinoceros</a> (<i>Rhinoceros unicornis</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotypic">monotypic</a> species.</figcaption></figure> <p>In biological terms, rather than in relation to nomenclature, a <a href="/wiki/Polytypic_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytypic taxon">polytypic</a> species has two or more genetically and phenotypically divergent subspecies, <a href="/wiki/Race_(biology)" title="Race (biology)">races</a>, or more generally speaking, <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a> that differ from each other so that a separate description is warranted.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These distinct groups do not interbreed as they are isolated from another, but they can interbreed and have fertile offspring, e.g. in captivity. These subspecies, races, or populations, are usually <a href="/wiki/Scientific_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific description">described</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientific_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific name">named</a> by zoologists, botanists and microbiologists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a <a href="/wiki/Monotypic_taxon" title="Monotypic taxon">monotypic</a> species, all populations exhibit the same genetic and phenotypical characteristics. Monotypic species can occur in several ways:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>All members of the species are very similar and cannot be sensibly divided into biologically significant subcategories.</li> <li>The individuals vary considerably, but the variation is essentially random and largely meaningless so far as genetic transmission of these variations is concerned.</li> <li>The variation among individuals is noticeable and follows a pattern, but there are no clear dividing lines among separate groups: they fade imperceptibly into one another. Such <a href="/wiki/Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">clinal</a> variation always indicates substantial <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> among the apparently separate groups that make up the population(s). Populations that have a steady, substantial gene flow among them are likely to represent a monotypic species, even when a fair degree of genetic variation is obvious.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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(1982). "Of what use are subspecies?". <i>The Auk</i>. <b>99</b> (3): 593–595.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Auk&rft.atitle=Of+what+use+are+subspecies%3F&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=593-595&rft.date=1982&rft.au=Mayr%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonroe,_B._L.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Monroe, B. L. (1982). 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London: The International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853010064" title="Special:BookSources/0853010064"><bdi>0853010064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature%3A+Adopted+by+the+International+Union+of+Biological+Sciences&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=The+International+Trust+for+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0853010064&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vliz.be%2Fimisdocs%2Fpublications%2F271138.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/page/scientific-nomenclature">"Scientific Nomenclature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Names of Subspecies: Rule 13a". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fijsem.0.000778">10.1099/ijsem.0.000778</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26596770">26596770</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Systematic+and+Evolutionary+Microbiology&rft.atitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+of+Prokaryotes+%282008+Revision%29&rft.volume=69&rft.pages=%22Names+of+Subspecies%3A+Rule+13a%22&rft.date=2015-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1099%2Fijsem.0.000778&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26596770&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft.au=Tindall%2C+Brian+J.&rft.au=Garrity%2C+George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1099%252Fijsem.0.000778&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span> Full text available from PDF link at this page; direct URL to PDF is auto-generated and expires.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://code.iczn.org/species-group-nominal-taxa-and-their-names/article-47-nominotypical-taxa/?frame=1">International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Art. 47</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICN-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICN_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeillBarrieBuckDemoulin2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F. R.; Buck, W. R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D. L.; Herendeen, P. S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G. F.; Wiersema, J. H.; Turland, N. J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title"><i>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</i></a>. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6"><bdi>978-3-87429-425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=A.R.G.+Gantner+Verlag+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-425-6&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Barrie%2C+F.+R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+W.+R.&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V.&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.+L.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+P.+S.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K.&rft.au=Prado%2C+J.&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.+F.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Turland%2C+N.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcf._Read1999" class="citation web cs1">cf. Read, Geoffrey B. (Ph.D.) (12 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annelida.net/zootax-tutor.html">"Zoological nomenclature: a guide to writing zoological names for non-taxonomist authors"</a>. <i>Annelid Resources (annelida.net)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Annelid+Resources+%28annelida.net%29&rft.atitle=Zoological+nomenclature%3A+a+guide+to+writing+zoological+names+for+non-taxonomist+authors&rft.date=1999-07-12&rft.aulast=cf.+Read&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+B.+%28Ph.D.%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annelida.net%2Fzootax-tutor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Gary; et al. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted-sites/iczn/code/index.jsp?booksection=glossary">"ICZN Glossary"</a>. <i>International Code of Zoological Nomenclature</i>. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Code+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=ICZN+Glossary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fhosted-sites%2Ficzn%2Fcode%2Findex.jsp%3Fbooksection%3Dglossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussellHertzMcMillan2011" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Peter J.; Hertz, Paul E.; McMillan, Beverly (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSw9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA456">"21: Speciation"</a>. <i>Biology: The Dynamic Science</i>. Brooks/Cole California. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1133418849" title="Special:BookSources/978-1133418849"><bdi>978-1133418849</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21%3A+Speciation&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+The+Dynamic+Science&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole+California&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1133418849&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Hertz%2C+Paul+E.&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Beverly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSw9AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayr1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mayr" title="Ernst Mayr">Mayr, E.</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/populationsspeci00mayr"><i>Populations, Species, and Evolution: An Abridgment of Animal Species and Evolution</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674690103" title="Special:BookSources/9780674690103"><bdi>9780674690103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Populations%2C+Species%2C+and+Evolution%3A+An+Abridgment+of+Animal+Species+and+Evolution&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780674690103&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpopulationsspeci00mayr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrow1998" class="citation book cs1">Barrow, M. V. (1998). <i>A Passion for Birds: American Ornithology after Audubon</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691044026" title="Special:BookSources/9780691044026"><bdi>9780691044026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Passion+for+Birds%3A+American+Ornithology+after+Audubon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780691044026&rft.aulast=Barrow&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2012" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300175523"><i>The Feathery Tribe: Robert Ridgway and the Modern Study of Birds</i></a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300175523" title="Special:BookSources/9780300175523"><bdi>9780300175523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feathery+Tribe%3A+Robert+Ridgway+and+the+Modern+Study+of+Birds&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780300175523&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalepress.yale.edu%2Fyupbooks%2Fbook.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780300175523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayrAshlock1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_W._Mayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst W. Mayr">Mayr, E.</a>; Ashlock, P. D. (1991). <i>Principles of Systematic Zoology</i> (Second ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-041144-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-041144-9"><bdi>978-0-07-041144-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Systematic+Zoology&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Inc.&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-07-041144-9&rft.aulast=Mayr&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Ashlock%2C+P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASubspecies" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subspecies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subspecies" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:subspecies"><i>subspecies</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0;line-height: 1.75;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Realm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realm_(virology)" title="Realm (virology)">Subrealm (<abbr title="virology">vir.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_(biology)" title="Domain (biology)"><strong>Domain</strong>/Superkingdom</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Kingdom</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Subkingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">Infrakingdom/Branch</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Superphylum</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Superdivision (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">Phylum</a></strong>/<strong><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Division (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Subphylum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Infraphylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subphylum" title="Subphylum">Microphylum</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Superclass</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Class</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Infraclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Subterclass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">Parvclass</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Division_(biology)" title="Division (biology)">Division (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(taxonomy)" title="Legion (taxonomy)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohort_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohort (taxonomy)">Cohort</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Magnorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Superorder</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Order</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Suborder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Infraorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">Parvorder</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="width: 11%;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(biology)" title="Section (biology)">Section (<abbr title="zoology">zoo.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (taxonomy)">Superfamily</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Family</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">Subfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">Infrafamily</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Supertribe</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Tribe</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtribe" title="Subtribe">Subtribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">Infratribe</a></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 3.5em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><strong><a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">Genus</a></strong></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">Subgenus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Section_(botany)" title="Section (botany)">Section (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Series_(botany)" title="Series (botany)">Series (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td style="padding-top: 1.75em; width: 11%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><strong><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></strong></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Subspecies</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">Variety (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Form_(botany)" title="Form (botany)">Form (<abbr title="botany">bot.</abbr>)</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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