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class="vector-toc-link" href="#書寫系統"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 書寫系統 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-書寫系統-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关書寫系統子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-書寫系統-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-現代書寫標準" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現代書寫標準"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 現代書寫標準 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現代書寫標準-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古希腊字母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古希腊字母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 古希腊字母 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古希腊字母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-老雅典字母" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#老雅典字母"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 老雅典字母 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-老雅典字母-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 發音 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-發音-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关發音子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-發音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 元音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-元音略縮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音略縮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 元音略縮 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音略縮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輔音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輔音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 輔音 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輔音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 同化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲調" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲調"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 聲調 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲調-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-揚抑與音拍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#揚抑與音拍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 揚抑與音拍 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-揚抑與音拍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音節的術語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音節的術語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 音節的術語 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音節的術語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-附著語素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#附著語素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 附著語素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-附著語素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聲調的保守律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聲調的保守律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.4 聲調的保守律 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聲調的保守律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 語法 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关語法子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-語法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-名詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 名詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定冠詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定冠詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 定冠詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定冠詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形容詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形容詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 形容詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-形容詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動詞" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動詞"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 動詞 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動詞-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音詞幹" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音詞幹"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 元音詞幹 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音詞幹-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人稱字尾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人稱字尾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 人稱字尾 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人稱字尾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-現在時" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#現在時"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.3 現在時 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-現在時-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-未完成時與前增" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#未完成時與前增"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.4 未完成時與前增 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-未完成時與前增-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-完成時與重復" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#完成時與重復"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.5 完成時與重復 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-完成時與重復-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言樣本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言樣本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 語言樣本 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-語言樣本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參看" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參看"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 參看 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參看-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 引用 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">古希腊语</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。126种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Altgriechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_antigo" title="Griego antigo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Griego antigo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الإغريقية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الإغريقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90_%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܘܢܝܐ ܥܬܝܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="ليونانية لقديمة – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ليونانية لقديمة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85" title="لغه يونانى قديم – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه يونانى قديم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griegu_antiguu" title="Griegu antiguu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Griegu antiguu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_yunan_dili" title="Qədim yunan dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim yunan dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="قدیم یونان دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم یونان دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oidgriachisch" title="Oidgriachisch – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Oidgriachisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanoy_na_Griyego" title="Suanoy na Griyego – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Suanoy na Griyego" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытнагрэчаская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Старажытнагрэцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытнагрэцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогръцки език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Старогръцки език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="প্রাচীন গ্রিক – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন গ্রিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henc%27hresianeg" title="Henc'hresianeg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henc'hresianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Starogrčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grec antic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_H%C4%AD-l%C3%A9-n%C3%A0%CC%A4-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ширажелтойн мотт – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ширажелтойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="زمانی یۆنانیی کۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی یۆنانیی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%99e%C4%8Dtina" title="Starořečtina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starořečtina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Авалхи грек чĕлхи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи грек чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Roeg_(iaith)" title="Hen Roeg (iaith) – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hen Roeg (iaith)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldgr%C3%A6sk" title="Oldgræsk – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldgræsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altgriechische_Sprache" title="Altgriechische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Altgriechische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greki" title="Greki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Greki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία ελληνική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία ελληνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient Greek" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva_greka_lingvo" title="Antikva greka lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikva greka lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griego_antiguo" title="Griego antiguo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Griego antiguo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanakreeka_keel" title="Vanakreeka keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vanakreeka keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_greziera" title="Antzinako greziera – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako greziera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونانی باستان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونانی باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muinaiskreikka" title="Muinaiskreikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muinaiskreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_ancien" title="Grec ancien – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grec ancien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grec_ancian" title="Grec ancian – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Grec ancian" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-Ghr%C3%A9igis" title="An tSean-Ghréigis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Ghréigis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_grega_antiga" title="Lingua grega antiga – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="יוונית עתיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוונית עתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन यूनानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_Greek_bhasa" title="Purana Greek bhasa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Purana Greek bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Starogrčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8k_ansyen" title="Grèk ansyen – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grèk ansyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93g%C3%B6r%C3%B6g_nyelv" title="Ógörög nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ógörög nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Հին հունարեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին հունարեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Հին Յունարէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հին Յունարէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco_ancian" title="Greco ancian – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Greco ancian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taga-ugma_a_Griego" title="Taga-ugma a Griego – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taga-ugma a Griego" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Шира яний мотт – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шира яний мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forngr%C3%ADska" title="Forngríska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forngríska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua greca antica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="古代ギリシア語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ძველი ბერძნული ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი ბერძნული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C9%9Bk%C9%A9_k%C9%A9b%C9%A9n%CA%8A%CA%8A_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Krɛkɩ kɩbɩnʊʊ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ежелгі грек тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі грек тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%EC%96%B4" title="고대 그리스어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewnaniya_kevn" title="Yewnaniya kevn – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yewnaniya kevn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Важ эллин кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ эллин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Graeca_antiqua" title="Lingua Graeca antiqua – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Graeca antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algriichesch" title="Algriichesch – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Algriichesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дегь грек чӀал – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дегь грек чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aajdgrieks" title="Aajdgrieks – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Aajdgrieks" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_grega_antiga" title="Lengua grega antiga – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_greca_antiga" title="Lengua greca antiga – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua greca antiga" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_graik%C5%B3_kalba" title="Senovės graikų kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės graikų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sengrie%C4%B7u_valoda" title="Sengrieķu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sengrieķu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_grika_taloha" title="Fiteny grika taloha – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny grika taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Акрет грек йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Акрет грек йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Kariki_t%C5%AB%C4%81rangi" title="Reo Kariki tūārangi – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Kariki tūārangi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогрчки јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Старогрчки јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Эртний Грек хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний Грек хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Yunani_Kuno" title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingwa_Griega_antika" title="Lingwa Griega antika – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lingwa Griega antika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD" title="ရှေးဟောင်းဂရိ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးဟောင်းဂရိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ooltgreeksche_Spraak" title="Ooltgreeksche Spraak – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ooltgreeksche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="प्राचीन युनानी – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राचीन युनानी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oudgrieks" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gammelgresk" title="Gammelgresk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gammelgresk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9geais_antique" title="Grégeais antique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Grégeais antique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c_ancian" title="Grèc ancian – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grèc ancian" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_starogrecki" title="Język starogrecki – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język starogrecki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grech_antich" title="Grech antich – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grech antich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پرانی یونانی بولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانی یونانی بولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%93%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="زړه يوناني – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زړه يوناني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_grega_antiga" title="Língua grega antiga – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_Ilinika" title="Ñawpa Ilinika – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa Ilinika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83_veche" title="Limba greacă veche – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba greacă veche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_greche_andiche" title="Lènga greche andiche – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga greche andiche" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Древнегреческий язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древнегреческий язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Давньогрецькый язык – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Давньогрецькый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Былыргы гириэк тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы гириэк тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_greca_antica" title="Lingua greca antica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua greca antica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auncient_Greek" title="Auncient Greek – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auncient Greek" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Starogrčki jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Starogrčki jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A" title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීක – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient Greek" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starogr%C3%A9%C4%8Dtina" title="Starogréčtina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Starogréčtina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greqishtja_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Greqishtja e lashtë – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Greqishtja e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Старогрчки језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Старогрчки језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klassisk_grekiska" title="Klassisk grekiska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klassisk grekiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்க மொழி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்க மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Забони юнонии бостон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони юнонии бостон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="ภาษากรีกโบราณ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษากรีกโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Sinaunang_Griyego" title="Wikang Sinaunang Griyego – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Sinaunang Griyego" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grek%C3%A7e" title="Grekçe – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grekçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D1%8E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Борынгы юнан теле – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы юнан теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Вашкала грек кыл – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вашкала грек кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Давньогрецька мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Давньогрецька мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="قدیم یونانی – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم یونانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_yunon_tili" title="Qadimgi yunon tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi yunon tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_grega_antiga" title="Łéngua grega antiga – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua grega antiga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amui%C5%BEgrekan_kel%27" title="Amuižgrekan kel' – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amuižgrekan kel'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Hy Lạp cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oudgrieks" title="Oudgrieks – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oudgrieks" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%AE_grek" title="Vî grek – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Vî grek" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古希腊语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ჯვეში ბერძენული ნინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში ბერძენული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9" title="אוראלט גריכיש – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלט גריכיש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴳⵔⵉⴽⵉⵜ ⵜⴰⵣⴰⵢⴽⵓⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="古希臘語 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古希臘語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" title="古希臘文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古希臘文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35497#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_language" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" hreflang="zh">维基教科书</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikifunctions mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Z1052" hreflang="en">Wikifunctions</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35497" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  关于公元前八世紀之前的希腊语言，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="迈锡尼希腊语">迈锡尼希腊语</a>」和「<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="原始希臘語">原始希腊语</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">古希腊语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: lawngreen;">Ἑλληνικὴ γλῶττα Hellēnikḕ glȭtta</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/220px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/330px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg/440px-Account_of_the_construction_of_Athena_Parthenos_by_Phidias.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">区域</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">东<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>地区</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E6%BB%85%E4%BA%A1" title="語言滅亡">語言滅亡</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">在公元前3世紀左右發展爲<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="通用希腊语">通用希腊语</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="希臘語族">希腊语族</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li>古希腊语</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘字母">希臘字母</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lawngreen;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/grc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:grc">grc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/grc" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:grc">grc</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1242">anci1242</a></code><a href="#cite_note-Glottolog-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示，否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> 古希腊语（<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>: Ἑλληνικὴ γλῶττα，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="多利亞希臘語">多利亞方言</a>：Ἑλληνικὴ γλῶσσα）指公元前9世紀至公元前4世紀所有以口头及书面为载体的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="语族">语族</a>的方言，時間上包括公元前9世纪至公元前6世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風时期</a>，公元前5世纪至公元前4世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时期</a>。而公元前3世纪起，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>為基礎，通行於各地的希臘語被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>，通常會將之與古希臘語諸方言區分開來。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="索福克勒斯">索福克勒斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>都用古希腊的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>写作；是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="伯里克利時代">雅典黄金时期</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">文学</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">哲学</a>的语言；现代数学和科学中也有大量词根来自于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古希臘語方言">古希臘語方言</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：古希臘語方言">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="古希臘語方言">古希臘語方言</a></div> 古希臘語可以劃分成以下的方言：<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <ul><li>西部群組 <ul><li>西北希臘語</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="多利亞希臘語">多利亞方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AD%90%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伊歐里斯希臘語">伊歐里斯群組</a> <ul><li>伊琴海/亞洲伊歐里斯方言</li> <li>帖撒羅尼迦方言</li> <li>皮奧夏方言</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞-雅典群組</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a></li> <li>埃維厄島和意大利殖民地方言</li> <li>基克拉迪群島方言</li> <li>亞洲伊奧尼亞方言</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%A5%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="南亚该亚希腊语">南亚该亚希腊语</a> <ul><li>阿卡狄亞方言</li> <li>塞浦路斯方言</li> <li>旁非利亞方言</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="書寫系統">書寫系統</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：書寫系統">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="現代書寫標準">現代書寫標準</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：現代書寫標準">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="希臘語正寫法">希臘語正寫法</a></div>古希臘諸方言所使用的字母被統稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="古希腊字母">古希腊字母</a>。當時並沒有所謂大小寫的分別，且不同方言的書寫字母間有拼音與字型上的差異。現代所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="希腊小体">小寫希臘字母</a>是約略於9~10世紀，才從古希臘字母的一種變體——也就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%89%B2%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="安色尔体">安色尔体</a>——逐漸發展出來。現代的大寫希臘字母是基於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%89%B2%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="安色尔体">安色尔体</a>而發展出來的印刷體，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%89%B2%E5%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="安色尔体">安色尔体</a>又源自古希臘語<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>的字母。 古希臘語的詞與詞之沒有間隔。至於書寫的方向，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風时期</a>的古希臘語以<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%80%95%E5%BC%8F%E8%BD%89%E8%A1%8C%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" title="牛耕式轉行書寫法">牛耕式轉行</a>來書寫，所以字母偶爾會左右顛倒，但於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时期</a>逐漸以現代的左至右方向書寫，這時字母的左右向才固定了下來。而且當時也沒有任何標註<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">聲調變化</a>的記號。所以現代書寫古希臘文時，會採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="希臘語變音符號">變音符號</a>來標記<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" title="高低重音">聲調變化</a>，並加入詞與詞的間隔還有句點、逗號等等以方便斷句和發音。 另外，從<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>開始，古希臘語雙母音裡的「ι」逐漸地<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="元音弱化">不再被唸出來</a>，所以抄寫古希臘典籍的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">東羅馬帝國</a>學者將這些「失去聲音」的「ι」縮小並下標在前一個元音字母下（如<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡</a>碑文的ΔΕΜΟΙ會改拼為δήμῳ）。這種下標方法被稱為<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E5%A1%94%E4%B8%8B%E6%A8%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約塔下標（页面不存在）">約塔下標</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iota_subscript" class="extiw" title="en:Iota subscript">Iota_subscript</a>）（iota subscript）。雖然約塔下標幾乎是現代抄寫古希臘文的通用標準，但要注意約塔下標是後世添加的拼寫習慣。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古希腊字母">古希腊字母</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：古希腊字母">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="古希腊字母">古希腊字母</a></div> 一般依據如何表記<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">清塞音</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a>/ 和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="复辅音">复辅音</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style>/ks/, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ps/ ，來將不同地域的（epichoric, 源於ἐπιχώριος）古希臘字母劃分為四大類群：<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_(Ancient_Greek).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_%28Ancient_Greek%29.svg/400px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_%28Ancient_Greek%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_%28Ancient_Greek%29.svg/600px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_%28Ancient_Greek%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_%28Ancient_Greek%29.svg/800px-Ancient_Greek_epichoric_alphabets_%28Ancient_Greek%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>古希臘字母的四大類群：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  西類群：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%BB%B4%E4%BA%9A%E5%B2%9B" title="埃维亚岛">埃维亚岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%82%81" title="庫邁">庫邁</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%A7%86" title="帕埃斯图姆">帕埃斯图姆</a>等義大利本土殖民地</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  南類群：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特島">克里特島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="米洛斯島">米洛斯島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%BC" title="圣托里尼">錫拉島</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  「淡藍」東類群：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1" title="阿提卡">阿提卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="帕罗斯岛">帕罗斯岛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="纳克索斯岛">纳克索斯岛</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend">  「深藍」東類群：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="伊奧尼亞">伊奧尼亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF" title="科林斯">科林斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8" title="锡拉库萨">敘拉古</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89" title="杰拉">杰拉</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C" title="西西里">西西里</a>南部殖民地</div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">發音 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ks/ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ps/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a>/ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#B0FFB0;">南類群 </td> <td style="background-color:#B0FFB0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#B0FFB0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#B0FFB0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#B0FFB0;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Kappa_04.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#ffb0b0ff;">西類群 </td> <td style="background-color:#ffb0b0ff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Chi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Chi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Chi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#ffb0b0ff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffb0b0ff;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Chi_05.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Chi_05.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Greek_Chi_05.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#D0D0FF;">東類群 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0FF;">淡藍 </td> <td style="background-color:#D0D0FF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#A0A0FF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#A0A0FF;">深藍 </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#A0A0FF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#A0A0FF;"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#A0A0FF;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">現代字母 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%9E" title="Ξ">Ξ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A8" title="Ψ">Ψ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6" title="Φ">Φ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" title="Χ">Χ</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> 以下是一些特殊，現代（或說<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>）不常用的古希臘字母： <table class="wikitable nounderlines"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#ddddff"> <th>字母 </th> <td>名称 </td> <th>讀音 </th> <th>額外說明 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg/26px-Greek_Digamma_oblique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/%CF%9C" title="Ϝ">Ϝ</a> ϝ) </td> <td>ϝαῦ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>很早就<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="輔音弱化">失去</a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a>/， 但存在於早期的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>中。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Greek_Mu_03.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/%CF%BA" title="Ϻ">Ϻ</a> ϻ) </td> <td>ϻάν </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/ </td> <td>普遍存於各種方言如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特島">阿卡迪亞</a>、克里特。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/%CF%98" title="Ϙ">Ϙ</a> ϙ) </td> <td>ϙόππα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a>/ </td> <td>普遍存於各種方言如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)" title="科林斯 (古希腊)">科林斯</a>。 </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ͳ"><img alt="Ͳ" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/13px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/19px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg/26px-Greek_Sampi_Ionian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> (<a href="/wiki/%CD%B2" title="Ͳ">Ͳ</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CD%B2" title="Ͳ">ϡ</a>) </td> <td>ͳαμπῖ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/ </td> <td>存於早期的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AD%90%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伊歐里斯希臘語">伊歐里斯方言</a>，對應到<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>的τ τ與其他方言的σσ。<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%CD%B0" title="Ͱ">Ͱ</a> ͱ </td> <td>ͱῆτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/ </td> <td>存於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊">大希腊地區</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%BA%93%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%A7%86%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="赫库兰尼姆古城">赫库兰尼姆</a>， 也是現代拿來取代<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">粗气符</a>的替代方案。 </td></tr></tbody></table> 但有些所謂的「希臘」字母，並不是來自於古希臘語： <table class="wikitable nounderlines"> <tbody><tr> <th>字母 </th> <th>名稱 </th> <th>讀音 </th> <th>來源 </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg/13px-Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg/19px-Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg/25px-Greek_Digamma_cursive_07.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="40" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg/12px-Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg/18px-Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg/24px-Greek_Digamma_cursive_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="30" data-file-height="40" /></a>(<a href="/wiki/%CF%9A" title="Ϛ">Ϛ</a> ϛ) </td> <td>ϛῖγμα </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/st/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%B0%8F%E4%BD%93" title="希腊小体">早期希腊小寫</a>（西元9~10世紀）中「στ」的合寫（現代的外型很像σ在字尾的變體ς） </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/%CF%B7" title="Ϸ">Ϸ</a> ϸ </td> <td>ϸώ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʃ/ </td> <td>來自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="巴克特里亚语">巴克特里亚语</a>（西元前3~西元10世紀） </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="老雅典字母">老雅典字母</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：老雅典字母">编辑</a>]</div> 本條目的內容以公元前5世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>（雅典方言）為準，而這時的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>以西元前403年公告的拼寫改革為分界，之前的正式公告都以老雅典字母（old attic alphabet）書寫；之後則以<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞</a>字母。但事實上，在拼寫改革前，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞</a>字母的部分拼寫習慣（如以<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>拼/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛː</a>/、<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>拼/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔː</a>/）早就廣為流傳於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="古雅典">雅典</a>的各種碑文和書籍上<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>。下表是兩套字母大略的比較表： <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>老雅典字母 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞</a>字母 </th> <th>名称 (現代拼寫) </th> <th>發音 </th> <td>對應<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="腓尼基字母">腓尼基字母</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td>ἄλφα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">aː</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/16px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/24px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/32px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門塞音">ʔ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>βῆτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/16px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/24px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/32px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Greek_Gamma_02.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>γάμμα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">g</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/16px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/24px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/32px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">g</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>δέλτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="浊齿塞音">d̪</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daleth"><img alt="Daleth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/16px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/24px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/32px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Greek_Epsilon_04.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>εἶ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="He"><img alt="He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/16px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/24px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/32px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ζῆτα </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/zd/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/16px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/32px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞擦音">d͡z</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>ἧτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/ </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heth"><img alt="Heth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/16px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/24px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/32px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清咽擦音">ħ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Eta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ἦτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Greek_Theta_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>θῆτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒音">t̪ʰ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_teth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Teth"><img alt="Teth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/16px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/24px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Phoenician_teth.svg/32px-Phoenician_teth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%BD%E5%8C%96" title="咽化"> tˤ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ἰώτα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yodh"><img alt="Yodh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/16px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/24px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/32px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>κάππα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaph"><img alt="Kaph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/16px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/24px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/32px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣"> kʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>λάβδα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamedh"><img alt="Lamedh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/16px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/24px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/32px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Greek_Mu_02.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>μῦ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/16px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/24px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/32px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Greek_Nu_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>νῦ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/16px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/24px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/32px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Greek_Xi_05.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Xi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Greek_Xi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Xi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ξεῖ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ks/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_samekh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samekh"><img alt="Samekh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/16px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/24px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Phoenician_samekh.svg/32px-Phoenician_samekh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>οὖ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/16px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/24px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/32px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E5%92%BD%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="浊咽擦音">ʕ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>πεῖ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe"><img alt="Pe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/16px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/24px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/32px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣"> pʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Rho_01.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ῥῶ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Res"><img alt="Res" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/16px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/24px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/32px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>σῖγμα </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sin"><img alt="Sin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/16px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/24px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/32px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ταῦ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齿塞音">t̪</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taw"><img alt="Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/16px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/24px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/32px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣"> tʰ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ὖ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">yː</a>/ (更早為/<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">u</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">uː</a>/) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/16px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/24px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/32px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="濁圓唇軟腭近音">w</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>φεῖ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/16px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/24px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/32px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a> /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清小舌塞音">q</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>χεῖ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_straight.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Greek_Psi_straight.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_straight.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Psi_V-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ψεῖ </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ps/ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a> </td> <td>ὦ </td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔː</a>/ </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="發音">發音</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：發音">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="古希臘語音系">古希臘語音系</a></div> 以下說明的發音以公元前5世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>為準。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音">元音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：元音">编辑</a>]</div> 以下的元音表以<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞</a>字母輔以現代小寫字母標註： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">伊歐尼奧(現代) <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="前元音">前</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="後元音">後</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">不圓唇</a> </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">圓唇</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%BA%A6" title="元音圓唇度">圓唇</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ι) /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">i</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前不圓唇元音">iː</a>/ </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(υ) /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">y</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉前圓唇元音">yː</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ου) /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">uː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉元音">半閉</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ε) /<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a>/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ει) /<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">eː</a>/ </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ο) /<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉後圓唇元音">o</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開元音">半開</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(η) /<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛː</a>/ </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omega_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/13px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/19px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Greek_Omega_04.svg/26px-Greek_Omega_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ω) /<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開後圓唇元音">ɔː</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開元音">開</a> </td> <td colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/14px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/21px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Greek_Alpha_classical.svg/28px-Greek_Alpha_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="70" data-file-height="80" /></a>(α) /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">a</a>/, /<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">aː</a>/ </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞</a>字母的拼寫沒有辦法分辨α、ι、υ的長短，所以現代拼寫有時會在字母上加一槓（如ᾱ）來表示長音，反之短音則上標下凹的圓環（如ᾰ）或完全不標示任何額外符號。 對於老雅典來說，兩者有以下的不同： <table class="wikitable" style="font-family:Arial;"> <tbody><tr> <th>音素 </th> <th>老雅典 </th> <th>伊奧尼亞 </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɛː/ </td> <td>E </td> <td>Η </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/ </td> <td>Ε 或 ΕΙ </td> <td>ΕΙ </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ɔː/ </td> <td>Ο </td> <td>Ω </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uː/ </td> <td>Ο 或 ΟΥ </td> <td>ΟΥ </td></tr></tbody></table> 老雅典拼寫<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uː/ 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/的方式似乎有些混淆，但其實這是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" title="語音變化">語音變化</a>的結果： 有一部分的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uː/ 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/是分別由雙母音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ou̯/ 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ei̯/ 演變而來，這些原來的真雙元音（genuine diphthong，縮寫為gen.），老雅典會以 <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ου) 與 <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ει) 拼寫；另外有些 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uː/ 和 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/是<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E5%81%BF%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF#古希腊语" title="补偿延长">补偿延长</a>所造成的結果，它們被稱為假雙元音（spurious diphthong，縮寫為sp.），這時老雅典字母會分別以 <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ο) 和 <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ε) 來拼寫。幾乎可以確定從西元前五世紀開始，真假雙元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/eː/都以<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Epsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>拼寫；但另一方面，只能確定假雙元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/uː/在西元前6世紀開始逐漸被改寫為<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Greek_Omicron_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Omicron_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。 分辨真假雙元音對學習古希臘語的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E6%A0%BC" title="变格">詞型變化</a>至關重要，因為古希臘的字尾常與詞幹發生<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>，但兩者的略縮結果總是不盡相同。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元音略縮">元音略縮</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：元音略縮">编辑</a>]</div> 下表展示的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>特有的元音略縮：<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">略縮結果 </th> <th colspan="15">第二元音 </th></tr> <tr> <th>ᾰ </th> <th>ᾱ </th> <th>αι </th> <th>ᾳ </th> <th>ε </th> <th>ει (gen.) </th> <th>ει (sp.) </th> <th>η </th> <th>ῃ </th> <th>ῐ </th> <th>ο </th> <th>οι </th> <th>ου (sp.) </th> <th>ω </th> <th>ῳ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">第一元音 </th> <th>ᾰ </th> <td colspan="2">ᾱ </td> <td>αι </td> <td>ᾳ </td> <td>ᾱ </td> <td>ᾳ </td> <td colspan="2">ᾱ </td> <td>ᾳ </td> <td>αι </td> <td>ω </td> <td>ῳ </td> <td colspan="2">ω </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ᾱ </th> <td>ᾱ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ᾳ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ε </th> <td colspan="2">η </td> <td>ῃ </td> <td> </td> <td>ει (sp.) </td> <td>ει (sp.) </td> <td>ει (gen.) </td> <td>η </td> <td>ῃ </td> <td> </td> <td>ου (sp.) </td> <td>οι </td> <td>ου (sp.) </td> <td>ω </td> <td>ῳ </td></tr> <tr> <th>η </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ῃ </td> <td> </td> <td>η </td> <td>ῃ </td> <td>η </td> <td>η </td> <td colspan="2">ῃ </td> <td> </td> <td>ῳ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>ο </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ου (sp.) </td> <td>οι </td> <td>ου (sp.) </td> <td>ω </td> <td>οι </td> <td> </td> <td>ου (sp.) </td> <td>οι </td> <td>ου </td> <td>ω </td> <td>ῳ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="輔音">輔音</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：輔音">编辑</a>]</div> 以下的輔音表以老雅典字母輔以現代小寫字母標註： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">老雅典(現代) <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">國際音標</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6)" title="颤音 (语音学)">颤音</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">清</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">送氣</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="不送氣">不送氣</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/13px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/19px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Greek_Phi_03.svg/26px-Greek_Phi_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(φ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">pʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/13px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/19px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/26px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(π) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_15.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/13px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/19px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Greek_Beta_15.svg/26px-Greek_Beta_15.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(β) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Mu_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Mu_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Mu_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Mu_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Mu_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Mu_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(μ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齿音</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/13px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/19px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg/26px-Greek_Theta_archaic_dot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(θ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">tʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Greek_Tau_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Tau_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(τ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/13px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/19px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Greek_Delta_05.svg/26px-Greek_Delta_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(δ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>, <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(σ, ς) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>5 </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a>1) </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈颤音">r̥</a>4) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ρ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%AB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="齒齦顫音">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/13px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/19px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Greek_Nu_05.svg/26px-Greek_Nu_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(ν) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(λ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E8%BE%B9%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈边近音">l</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟顎音</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Greek_Chi_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Chi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(χ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">kʰ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(κ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清軟腭塞音">k</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/13px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/19px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Greek_Gamma_06.svg/26px-Greek_Gamma_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(γ) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁軟腭塞音">ɡ</a> </td> <td>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a>2) </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門音">聲門音</a> </th> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">◌҅</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>3 </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr></tbody></table> 1/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a>/是σ在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="清濁音">濁</a>輔音字母（如β/<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a>/）前的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同位異音</a>。 2/<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="軟腭鼻音">ŋ</a>/是γ在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟顎音</a>字母（κ, γ, χ）前的同位異音。 3老雅典字母<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Greek_Eta_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Eta_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>被用來拼寫字首的/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>的/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/很早就<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="輔音弱化">消失</a>了，所以<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞字母</a>並沒有任何拼寫/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/的字母。現代為了避免/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/和/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">ɛː</a>/混淆，會改用<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">粗气符</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">◌҅</a>，形狀是一個反<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%97%E8%99%9F" title="逗號">逗號</a>)來表示這個<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>還保留的字首/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/；反之元音前若沒有/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/則上標◌̓，也就是形狀為逗號的柔氣符。 4現代延續<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古希腊语</a>的習慣，將某些字首的ρ記為<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84750655">.mw-parser-output span[lang="grc"],.mw-parser-output .Polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style>ῥ，可能發為 /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齿龈颤音">r̥</a>/，但碑文似乎都記為<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/13px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/19px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/26px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>。 5現代延續<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古希腊语</a>的習慣，將字尾的σ寫為ς，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>的碑文會全部寫成<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_Z-shaped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>或<a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/13px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/19px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Greek_Sigma_normal.svg/26px-Greek_Sigma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="同化">同化</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：同化">编辑</a>]</div> 當古希臘詞幹和字尾的兩個輔音相互接觸時，第一個輔音常常會被第二個輔音<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%8C%E5%8C%96" title="語音同化">同化</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟顎</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> χ , κ, γ 會與後面的(如將來時、弱不定時詞幹的) σ /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/ 合寫為ξ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ks/</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> φ, π, β 會與後面的 σ 合寫為ψ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ps/。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%9F%B3" title="齿音">齿</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> θ, δ （和ζ）後接 σ 後，常常會消失。</li> <li>在 θ /<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E6%B0%A3" title="送氣">tʰ</a>/ 前(如弱不定時被動詞幹的-θε/θη)， κ 變 χ，π 變 φ 。</li> <li>在 μ /<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a>/ 前(如完成時中間被動第一人稱單數字尾-μαι)，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟顎</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>變為γ；<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a>變為μ。</li> <li>在 τ /<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a>/ 前(如完成時中間被動第三人稱單數字尾-ται)，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="软腭音">軟顎</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a>變為κ；<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="唇音">唇音</a>變為π。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="聲調">聲調</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：聲調">编辑</a>]</div> 和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">現代汉语</a>一樣，聲調是古希臘單字的重要組成部分，但古希臘語通行的時代當下沒有任何標註聲調起伏的符號，直到<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>初期的學者<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="拜占庭的阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a>（西元前3世紀）發明了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="希臘語變音符號">變音符號</a>（但大約於西元4世紀初，<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a>卻以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%87%8D%E8%AE%80" title="輕重讀">輕重讀</a>完全取代了聲調變化）。現代的學者能依據這些紀錄，回推出古希臘語單詞和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a>的聲調，但更長（如完整句子）的聲調變化卻幾乎沒有頭緒。<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="揚抑與音拍">揚抑與音拍</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：揚抑與音拍">编辑</a>]</div> 為了理解古希臘聲調變化，學者定義所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8B%8D" title="音拍">音拍</a>（mora），換句話說，一個音拍相當於一個短元音的長度（ᾰ、ε、ῐ、ο、ῠ和大部分字尾的αι和οι）。這樣的話，長原音和大部分的雙母音（除大部分字尾的αι和οι以外）的長度都是兩個音拍。 οι 與 αι 常被視為單音拍的理由，是因為ι就是字尾時可視為輔音/<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭近音">j</a>/，這時 οι 與 αι 就被視為單音拍；反之，若ι後有其他輔音字母，則傾向於把ι視為元音，這時才會把 οι 與 αι 劃分為兩個音拍。 古希臘聲調常有一套完整的揚抑（contonation）。詳細來說，揚抑有可能是在某<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">音节</a>的尾音拍升起，並於隨後音節的首音拍落下；也有可能是把這整套先升後降的過程壓縮在兩個音拍的音節內完成。而古希臘聲調的一般規律是，揚抑到字尾（或發音時被視為一個字來連誦的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="短语">短语</a>的字尾）最多間隔一個音拍。這個規則把古希臘語的聲調變化嚴格的限制在倒數三音節中，比如： <ul><li>τέτ-ταρ-ες 「四」：於έ這個音拍升起，隨後於音拍α落下，與字尾間隔一個音拍ε。</li> <li>πρά-ττω 「做」：於ά這個音拍升起，隨後於ω前半的音拍落下，與字尾間隔ω後半的那個音拍。</li></ul> 現代延續<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古希腊语</a>的傳統，在字母上標註以下標點符號來表示古希臘語的聲調： (1)<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="尖音符">銳音符</a>（◌́）：代表揚起的聲調，換句話說，在某單音拍元音揚起或是在雙音拍元音的第二個音拍揚起。 (2)<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="抑音符">抑音符</a>（◌̀ ）：尾音節銳音符的變體，也就是尾音節後沒有<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#附著語素">後置語素</a>或標點符號時，尾音節的銳音符須改為抑音符。實際意義現在學界還無定論，但有可能代表聲調不要如單字單獨的念法般揚起。 (3)<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E6%8A%91%E7%AC%A6" title="揚抑符">揚抑符</a>（◌̂或◌̃）：代表揚抑壓縮在一個音節內的狀況。 聲調符號（與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">粗气符</a>、柔氣符）標註在雙母音的第二個字母上；但如果雙母音包含被下標的Ι，則標在第一個字母之上。聲調符號與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">粗气符</a>或柔氣符合寫時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%96%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" title="尖音符">銳音符</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%91%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="抑音符">抑音符</a>置於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%97%E6%B0%94%E7%AC%A6" title="粗气符">粗气符</a>（與柔氣符）之後；反之<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%9A%E6%8A%91%E7%AC%A6" title="揚抑符">揚抑符</a>置於它們之上。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="音節的術語">音節的術語</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：音節的術語">编辑</a>]</div> 在討論古希臘聲調（或<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3#重音" title="拉丁语发音">拉丁语的重音</a>）時，雖然中文習慣以倒數第幾音節來描述相關的規律，但外國學者習慣以下面三個<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>形容詞來做說明： <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r58909830">.mw-parser-output .smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output .nocaps{text-transform:lowercase}</style>vltimvs(ultimus)：本意是時間上「最後的」與空間上「最遠的」，代表倒數第一（因為離字首最遠），縮寫成U。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">paenvltimvs(paenultimus)：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">vltimvs前接副詞<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">paene「幾乎」（並省略短尾元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">e）而來，代表倒數第二（幾乎離字首最遠），縮寫成P。</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">antepaenvltimvs(antepaenultimus)：<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">paenvltimvs前接副詞 / 介詞<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r58909830">ante「之前」而來，代表倒數第三（倒數第二之前），縮寫成A。</li></ul> 古希臘語的音節劃分與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>基本上是相同的，可參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%91%E9%9F%B3#音節的劃分" title="拉丁语发音">拉丁语发音#音節的劃分</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="附著語素">附著語素</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：附著語素">编辑</a>]</div> 古希臘語的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%84%E8%91%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B4%A0" title="附著語素">附著語素</a>（clitic）是一群本身沒有聲調起伏，大部分是單音節的單字。放在某單字前的稱為前置語素（proclitic），反之稱為後置語素（enclitic）。 常見的前置語素像是否定副詞οὐ（但οὐ出現在字尾時會變成有聲調的οὔ）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>εἰς、ἐν和ἐκ與定冠詞ὁ的陽性與陰性單複數主格。通常不會改變後面單詞的聲調 常見的後置語素有不定代名詞τις的大部分變化型、不定形容詞τι、不定副詞、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%A9%9E" title="繫詞">繫動詞</a>εἰμί「是」和動詞φημί「說」大部分的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">现在时</a>型態、某些<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="小品詞">小品詞</a>和代名詞沒有聲調起伏的形式。 後置語素有可能會改變前面單字甚至是自己的聲調： <ul><li>若前個單字的聲調符號在倒數第二音節，且後置語素為雙音節，則後置語素需在第二音節加上銳音符（τις 的複數<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">属格</a>τινῶν算例外之一，或說這個變化型不算後置語素）</li></ul> <ul><li>若前個單字的倒數第二音節有抑音符，或是倒數第三音節有銳音符，則前個單字需在尾音節再加上銳音符。</li> <li>前置語素若正好在後置語素前，則會得到銳音符。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="聲調的保守律">聲調的保守律</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：聲調的保守律">编辑</a>]</div> 古希臘動詞<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="屈折变化">变化</a>的聲調大多遵守保守律（recessive rule），也就是只有銳音符且聲調揚起到字尾間頂多間隔一個音拍；換句話說，若尾音節元音為短，則銳音符在倒數第三音節；尾音節元音為長則銳音符在倒數第二音節上。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語法">語法</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：語法">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="古希臘語語法">古希臘語語法</a></div> 以下的語法說明，同樣以<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>為準。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名詞">名詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：名詞">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>根據以下的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格位</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>做<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="屈折变化">屈折变化</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">與格</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">賓格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a></li> <li>單數、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" title="双数 (语言学)">雙數</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E6%95%B8_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="複數 (語法)">複數</a>（其中雙數是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>特有的）</li></ul> 如α-變格 / 第一變格<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">陰性</a>名詞θεά「女神」： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a> </th> <td rowspan="2">θεά </td> <td rowspan="3">θεά </td> <td rowspan="2">θεαί </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">賓格</a> </th> <td>θεάν </td> <td>θεάς </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a> </th> <td>θεᾶς </td> <td rowspan="2">θεαῖν </td> <td>θεῶν </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">與格</a> </th> <td>θεᾷ </td> <td>θεαῖς </td></tr></tbody></table> 如ο-變格 / 第二變格中性名詞δῶρον「禮物」： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a> </th> <td rowspan="3">δῶρον </td> <td rowspan="3">δώρω </td> <td rowspan="3">δῶρα </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">賓格</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a> </th> <td>δώρου </td> <td rowspan="2">δώροιν </td> <td>δώρων </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">與格</a> </th> <td>δώρῳ </td> <td>δώροις </td></tr></tbody></table> 現代字典習慣以單數主格去表示古希臘名詞。 名詞的聲調是恆定的（persistent），也就是說單數主格的聲調符號在哪個音節，其他變化型的聲調幾乎都固定在那個音節且聲調的類型相同；但有以下例外規則： <ul><li>若尾音節為長（雙音拍），倒數第二音節的揚抑符改為銳音符；或是倒數第三音節的銳音符移至倒數第二音節。</li> <li>ο-變格、α-變格名詞的主格單數，若銳音符在尾音節上，則對於所有<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">与格</a>，都改在尾音節放揚抑符。</li> <li>α-變格的複數<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a>本來以-αων結尾，後來<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>成-ων（略縮的聲調規則請參見<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#現在時">現在時</a>一節）。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="定冠詞">定冠詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：定冠詞">编辑</a>]</div> 定冠詞ὁ須根據其指示之名詞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格位</a>做變化： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性 </th> <th colspan="3">陰性 </th> <th colspan="3">中性 </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a> </th> <td>ὁ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τώ </td> <td>οἱ </td> <td>ἡ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τώ </td> <td>αἱ </td> <td rowspan="2">τό </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τώ </td> <td rowspan="2">τά </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">賓格</a> </th> <td>τόν </td> <td>τούς </td> <td>τήν </td> <td>τάς </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τοῦ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τοῖν </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">τῶν </td> <td>τῆς </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τοῖν </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">τῶν </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τοῦ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τοῖν </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">τῶν </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">與格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τῷ </td> <td style="background:#FFC90E;">τοῖς </td> <td>τῇ </td> <td>ταῖς </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τῷ </td> <td style="background:#FFC90E;">τοῖς </td></tr></tbody></table> ὁ沒有呼格的變化。注意到陽性與陰性單複數主格沒有聲調，有學者認為這是為了避免與<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="關係代名詞">關係代名詞</a>相同數格的變化（ὅς、ἥ、οἵ、αἵ）混淆而產生的讀法。 事實上，ὁ本來是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E8%A9%9E" title="指示詞">指示詞</a>，但後來指示詞的功能被以下的ὅδε所取代： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性 </th> <th colspan="3">陰性 </th> <th colspan="3">中性 </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a> </th> <td>ὅδε </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τώδε </td> <td>οἵδε </td> <td>ἥδε </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τώδε </td> <td>αἵδε </td> <td rowspan="2">τόδε </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τώδε </td> <td rowspan="2">τάδε </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">賓格</a> </th> <td>τόνδε </td> <td>τούσδε </td> <td>τήνδε </td> <td>τάσδε </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τοῦδε </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τοῖνδε </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">τῶνδε </td> <td>τῆσδε </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τοῖνδε </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">τῶνδε </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τοῦδε </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">τοῖνδε </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">τῶνδε </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">與格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τῷδε </td> <td style="background:#FFC90E;">τοῖσδε </td> <td>τῇδε </td> <td>ταῖσδε </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">τῷδε </td> <td style="background:#FFC90E;">τοῖσδε </td></tr></tbody></table> 忽略音調的話，ὅδε的變化就只是ὁ的變化後接δε；而聲調改變的全是原先沒有聲調的型態，也就是陽性與陰性單複數主格，且它們增加的聲調正好符合<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#附著語素">前置語素接上後置語素的規則</a>；再考慮到陽性複數賓格τούσδε違反<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#聲調的保守律">聲調的保守律</a>（換句話說，ὅδε很可能是個複合字），可以推測δε原先是一個後置語素，而ὅδε只是ὁ後接δε的結果<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="形容詞">形容詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：形容詞">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容词</a>修飾名詞時，需依照被修飾名詞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">數</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格位</a>做變化，以（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>變格 / 第一與第二變格）形容詞ἀγαθός「好的」為例： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">陽性 </th> <th colspan="3">陰性 </th> <th colspan="3">中性 </th></tr> <tr> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th> <th>單數 </th> <th>雙數 </th> <th>複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a> </th> <td>ἀγαθός </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#E1AEC9;">ἀγαθώ </td> <td rowspan="2">ἀγαθοί </td> <td rowspan="2">ἀγαθή </td> <td rowspan="3">ἀγαθά </td> <td rowspan="2">ἀγαθαί </td> <td rowspan="2">ἀγαθόν </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#E1AEC9;">ἀγαθώ </td> <td rowspan="3">ἀγαθά </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E6%A0%BC" title="呼格">呼格</a> </th> <td>ἀγαθέ </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">賓格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἀγαθόν </td> <td>ἀγαθούς </td> <td>ἀγαθήν </td> <td>ἀγαθάς </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἀγαθόν </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">屬格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἀγαθοῦ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">ἀγαθοῖν </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">ἀγαθῶν </td> <td>ἀγαθῆς </td> <td rowspan="2">ἀγαθαῖν </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">ἀγαθῶν </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἀγαθοῦ </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#E1AEC9;">ἀγαθοῖν </td> <td style="background:#B5E61D;">ἀγαθῶν </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">與格</a> </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἀγαθῷ </td> <td style="background:#FFC90E;">ἀγαθοῖς </td> <td>ἀγαθῇ </td> <td>ἀγαθαῖς </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἀγαθῷ </td> <td style="background:#FFC90E;">ἀγαθοῖς </td></tr></tbody></table> 可以發現元音變格的字尾與定冠詞ὁ十分接近，除了陽性單數主格、陰性雙數還有中性單數的主格與賓格。另外ὁ三性的雙數都有一模一樣的變化。 形容詞的聲調基本上跟名詞一樣是恆定的（固定在同個音節），但仍有不少例外。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動詞">動詞</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：動詞">编辑</a>]</div> 古希臘文的動詞就像<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英文</a>動詞，除了有擔當<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>（或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8E%E5%8F%A5" title="从句">子句</a>）的核心，從而依據主語的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人稱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>和描述的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">時態</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="語氣">語氣</a>（ mood）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%80%81" title="语态">語態</a>（voice）做<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%88%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96" title="屈折变化">变化</a>的普通<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="限定动词">限定型態</a>，尚有： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E8%A9%9E" title="不定詞">不定詞</a>型態：具有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="動名詞">動名詞</a>或補助另一個動詞的功能，不須隨執行不定詞動作的人事物的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人稱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>來做變化，但仍有時態和語態上的變化，如： ἄρχειν χαλεπόν.「領導是困難的」 ἄρχειν是動詞ἄρχω「領導」的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">主動</a>不定詞。不定詞當作名詞時被視為單數中性，所以形容詞χαλεπός「困難的」需要變成相應的中性主格單數型態χαλεπόν。特別注意<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%A9%9E" title="繫詞">繫動詞</a>（也就是εἰμι「是」）常在這種形容詞當作<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="定語">定語</a>的狀況被省略。 κελεύω τὴν στρατιὰν ἐλαύνειν「我命令這支軍隊前進」 ἐλαύνειν是ἐλαύνω「驅動」的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">主動</a>不定詞，在這裡當作動詞κελεύω「命令」的補語。這裡στρατιὰν是陰性名詞στρατία「軍隊」的單數賓格。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E8%AF%8D" title="分词">分词</a>型態：具有形容詞的功能，除需依照其所修飾的名詞的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0" title="人称">人稱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="数 (语法)">数</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="性 (语法)">性</a>來做變化，還須按照描述的時態和語態做變化，如： αἱ ὀρχούμεναι γπᾶες「那群在跳舞的女人」 ὀρχούμεναι是動詞ὀρχέομαι「跳舞」的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">中間態</a>分詞的陰性複數主格(的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>)型態（因為跳舞這個動作是作用在自身，所以是中間態）。這裡γπᾶες是陰性名詞γραῦς「女人」的主格複數。</li></ul> 古希臘動詞有以下的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="語氣">語氣</a>（ mood）和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="語態">語態</a>（voice）： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">祈使語氣</a>（imperative mood）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%8B%9F%E8%AF%AD%E6%B0%94" title="虚拟语气">虚拟语气</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈愿語氣</a>（optative mood）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">主動語態</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="中間被動語態">中間被動語態</a></li></ul> 古希臘語剛開始只有主動和中間兩種語態，但後來大部分動詞的中間語態，都從作用在主語自身的用法，逐漸發展出被動的意義（如動詞πείθομαι的語意變化：我說服我自己→我讓自己被說服→我被某人說服），所以古希臘語的中間語態被歸類為中間被動語態。<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> 但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定時</a>的被動型態卻是從動詞的主動<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%8A%E7%89%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="不及物動詞">不及物</a>型態發展出來的 <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#未完成時與前增">前增</a> + 詞根+ 強時態幹元音η / 弱時態<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B6%B4" title="後綴">後綴</a>θη + <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音詞幹">元音詞幹</a> + 第二主動<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#人稱字尾">人稱字尾</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E6%99%82" title="將來時">將來時</a>的被動型態則是 <ul><li>詞根+ 強時態幹元音η / 弱時態<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B6%B4" title="後綴">後綴</a>θη + σ + <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音詞幹">元音詞幹</a> + 第一中間態<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#人稱字尾">人稱字尾</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風時期</a>的確有常以（強）<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定時</a>中間語態表達被動意義的例子，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a>大多用前述的「不定時被動型態」；至於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E6%99%82" title="將來時">將來時</a>，除了使用前述的「將來時被動型態」，有些動詞（如λέγω）的將來時中間語態的確還能表達被動的意義。<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="限定动词">限定型態</a>有下列可能的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">時態</a>： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>有全部七種<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">時態</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E6%99%82" title="將來時">將來時</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="未完成時">未完成時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定時</a> 、 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E9%AB%94" title="完成體">完成時</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="過去完成時">過去完成時</a>與 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="將來完成時（页面不存在）">將來完成時</a>（最後兩者尤其是將來完成時非常少用）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣">虚拟语气</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈使語氣</a>（imperative mood）只有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="現在時">現在時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定時</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E9%AB%94" title="完成體">完成時</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E9%A1%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈願語氣">祈愿語氣</a>有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="現在時">現在時</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定過去時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E9%AB%94" title="完成體">完成時</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E6%99%82" title="將來時">將來時</a>。</li></ul> 不定詞和限定型態的祈願語氣相同，具有<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="現在時">現在時</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定過去時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E9%AB%94" title="完成體">完成時</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E6%99%82" title="將來時">將來時</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="元音詞幹">元音詞幹</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：元音詞幹">编辑</a>]</div> 大略來說，古希臘語動詞的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="限定动词">限定型態</a>是由經過修飾的語幹後接上人稱字尾所構成的。而對語幹修飾的方法中，其中一種是在語幹和人稱字尾間插入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E8%A9%9E%E5%B9%B9" title="元音詞幹">元音詞幹</a>，換句話說，如果人稱字尾以<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a>ν、μ 開頭則插入ο（或ω）；其他人稱字尾則插入ε（或η）。根據變化時要不要插入元音詞幹，可以把古希臘動詞分為兩大類： <ul><li>ω-動詞：特徵在於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">主動</a>單數第一人稱以ω結尾（或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93%E8%A2%AB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="中間被動語態">中間被動</a>第一人稱以ομαι結尾），大部分需要插入元音詞幹來做變化。且變化規則比較一致，佔古希臘動詞的大多數。</li> <li>μι-動詞：特徵在於<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%8B%95%E8%AA%9E%E6%85%8B" title="主動語態">主動</a>單數第一人稱以μι結尾，大多不需插入元音詞幹來做變化。變化比較不規則，保留了許多原始<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的特徵。如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%A9%9E" title="繫詞">繫動詞</a>εἰμι「是」。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="人稱字尾">人稱字尾</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：人稱字尾">编辑</a>]</div> 上小節提到ω-動詞和μι-動詞，可以注意到同人稱和數下，兩者有不同的人稱字尾。除此之外，時態和語態的不同也會影響人稱字尾。而根據人稱字尾的異同，可以把時態分為兩大類：<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <ul><li>第一時態：與現在有關的時態，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E6%99%82" title="將來時">將來時</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E9%AB%94" title="完成體">完成時</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="將來完成時（页面不存在）">將來完成時</a>。</li> <li>第二時態：與過去有關的時態，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="未完成時">未完成時</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AE%9A%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E6%99%82" title="不定過去時">不定時</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%8E%BB%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="過去完成時">過去完成時</a>。</li></ul> 第一時態的人稱字尾是從<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%B6" title="现在时">現在時</a>的人稱字尾延伸出來的；反之第二時態的人稱字尾是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="未完成時">未完成時</a>的延伸出來的。所以現在時的人稱字尾被俗稱為第一人稱字尾；未完成時的則被俗稱為第二人稱字尾。 ω-動詞有以下的人稱字尾： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">主動 </th> <th colspan="2">中間被動 </th></tr> <tr> <th>現在時 </th> <th>未完成時 </th> <th>現在時 </th> <th>未完成時 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">單數 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">-ω </td> <td>-ν </td> <td>-μαι </td> <td>-μην </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">-εις (gen.) </td> <td>-ς </td> <td>-σαι </td> <td>-σο </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">-ει(ν) (gen.) </td> <td>(空字尾) </td> <td>-ται </td> <td>-το </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">雙數 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td rowspan="2">-τον </td> <td>-τον </td> <td rowspan="2">-σθον </td> <td>-σθον </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>-την </td> <td>-σθην </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">複數 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td colspan="2">-μεν </td> <td colspan="2">-μεθα </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td colspan="2">-τε </td> <td colspan="2">-σθε </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">-ουσι(ν) (sp.) </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">-ν </td> <td>-νται </td> <td>-ντο </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">不定詞 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">-εν </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td>-σθαι </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr></tbody></table> μι-動詞則有以下的人稱字尾： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">主動 </th> <th colspan="2">中間被動 </th></tr> <tr> <th>現在時 </th> <th>未完成時 </th> <th>現在時 </th> <th>未完成時 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">單數 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">-μι </td> <td>-ν </td> <td>-μαι </td> <td>-μην </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">-ς </td> <td>-ς </td> <td>-σαι </td> <td>-σο </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">-σι(ν) </td> <td>(空字尾) </td> <td>-ται </td> <td>-το </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">雙數 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td rowspan="2">-τον </td> <td>-τον </td> <td rowspan="2">-σθον </td> <td>-σθον </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td>-την </td> <td>-σθην </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">複數 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <td colspan="2">-μεν </td> <td colspan="2">-μεθα </td></tr> <tr> <th>第二人稱 </th> <td colspan="2">-τε </td> <td colspan="2">-σθε </td></tr> <tr> <th>第三人稱 </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">-ᾱσι(ν) </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">-σαν </td> <td>-νται </td> <td>-ντο </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">不定詞 </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">-ναι </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td> <td>-σθαι </td> <td bgcolor="#dddddd"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="現在時">現在時</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：現在時">编辑</a>]</div> 現代的古希臘文字典習慣以<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>現在時第一人稱單數的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%AE%9A%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="限定动词">限定型態</a>來表示一個動詞，所以對於的ω-動詞來說，去掉第一人稱字尾的ω或是ομαι（因為有的ω-動詞缺乏主動型態）就可以得到現在式詞幹。然後將現在時詞幹接上元音詞幹和人稱字尾，理應就可以得到所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>下的現在時變化（直述現在時型態的聲調符合<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#聲調的保守律">保守規則</a>），但事實上仍有不少例外規則，如： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">πέμπω 「傳遞」 的直述現在時 </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">πέμπω </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">πέμπεις </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">πέμπει(ν) </td> <td colspan="2">πέμπετον </td> <td>πέμπομεν </td> <td>πέμπετε </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">πέμπουσι(ν) </td></tr> <tr> <th>中間被動 </th> <td>πέμπομαι </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">πέμπῃ </td> <td>πέμπεται </td> <td colspan="2">πέμπεσθον </td> <td>πεμπόμεθα </td> <td>πέμπεσθε </td> <td>πέμπονται </td></tr></tbody></table> ω-動詞現在時主動的單數、複數第三人稱是直接與語幹相接（因為元音詞幹和人稱字尾已經融合了）；另外中間被動的單數第二人稱照理來說應該是πέμπ + ε + σαι，但人稱字尾的σ被略去，隨後產生了ε + αι → ῃ的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>，才變成上面的型態。 現在時型態在元音略縮型態後，聲調符合以下規律： <ul><li>若略縮前銳音符加在略縮前的第一個元音，則略縮後的聲調是改為抑揚符；反之銳音符若在原來第二個字母上，略縮後也是銳音符。</li> <li>若沒有銳音符，略縮後也不增加任何聲調。</li></ul> 古希臘語為了避免兩個元音直接連讀，若一個以元音結尾的單字後面有個以元音開頭的單字，前面的單字常常會多後接一個ν。這就是上表主動第三人稱後面括弧ν的意義。這個插入的ν被稱為可移動的ν（movable Nu）。 除了以上所提的例外規則，還需考慮現在式詞幹本身與人稱字尾產生（可能不只一次的）<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>的可能，如： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">ὁρῶ (ὁράω) 「看」 的直述現在時 </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ὁρῶ (ὁράω) </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ὁρᾷς (ὁράεις) </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ὁρᾷ (ὁράει) </td> <td colspan="2">ὁρᾶτον (ὁράετον) </td> <td>ὁρῶμεν (ὁράομεν) </td> <td>ὁρᾶτε (ὁράετε) </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ὁρῶσι (ὁράουσι) </td></tr> <tr> <th>中間被動 </th> <td>ὁρῶμαι (ὁράομαι) </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ὁρᾷ (ὁράῃ) </td> <td>ὁρᾶται (ὁράεται) </td> <td colspan="2">ὁρᾶσθον (ὁράεσθον) </td> <td>ὁρώμεθα (ὁραόμεθα) </td> <td>ὁρᾶσθε (ὁράεσθε) </td> <td>ὁρῶνται (ὁράονται) </td></tr></tbody></table> （簡略起見，上表沒有標示可移動的ν） ὁρῶ 是 ὁράω 的略縮型態（常用於詩歌中，反之未略縮用於散文），因為中間發生了ᾰ + ω → ω的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>。上表將略縮前的形式寫在括弧中，像是第二人稱第三人稱單數主動的ὁράεις和ὁράει，就是發生了ᾰ + ει (gen.) → ᾳ的略縮，才變成ὁρᾷς 和 ὁρᾷ，這也佐證了第二人稱第三人稱單數主動的人稱字尾的ει都是真雙母音。同法可以佐證第三人稱複數主動的人稱字尾的ου是假雙元音。 上表第二人稱單數的中間被動，照理來說應該是ὁρά + ε + σαι，但<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>的σ常常<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="輔音弱化">消失</a>，這樣就剩下ὁρά + ε + αι，然後考慮到ε + αι → ῃ的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>就會變成真正的未略縮型ὁρά + ῃ。剩下的略縮型ὁρᾷ是透過ᾰ + ῃ → ᾳ的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>變化出來的。 μι-動詞的現在時照理來說，是現在時詞幹加上人稱字尾（且聲調大致上也是<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#聲調的保守律">保守</a>的），但仍有許多例外，如： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">δείκνῡμι 「展示」 的直述現在時 </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">δείκνῡμι </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">δείκνῡς </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">δείκνῡσι(ν) </td> <td colspan="2">δείκνυτον </td> <td>δείκνυμεν </td> <td>δείκνυτε </td> <td>δεικνύᾱσι(ν) </td></tr> <tr> <th>中間被動 </th> <td>δείκνυμαι </td> <td>δείκνυσαι </td> <td>δείκνυται </td> <td colspan="2">δείκνυσθον </td> <td>δείκνύμεθα </td> <td>δείκνυσθε </td> <td>δείκνυνται </td></tr></tbody></table> 與現在時詞幹δείκνῡ-相比，只有單數主動的元音長短和詞幹相同，其他的ῡ通通縮短成υ。但更有μι-動詞打破了詞幹、人稱字尾和聲調保守的規則，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AB%E8%A9%9E" title="繫詞">繫動詞</a>εἰμι「是」： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">εἰμι 「是」 的直述現在時 (<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>) </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td>εἰμι </td> <td>εἶ </td> <td>ἐστι(ν) </td> <td colspan="2">ἐστον </td> <td>ἐσμεν </td> <td>ἐστε </td> <td>εἰσι(ν) </td></tr></tbody></table> 注意到εἰμί沒有中間被動型態，且除了單數第二人稱，全都是<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#附著語素">附著語素</a>（考慮到它們常依據後置語素的聲調規則而在第二音節標上銳音符，傳統上會把銳音符連帶包含在單獨的型態上，但本條目為避免混淆不這樣表示）。 考慮到同為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系">印欧语系</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AF%AD" title="梵语">梵语</a>，其<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:अस्ति">繫動詞現在時主動人稱字尾</a>是： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="3">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td>-मि <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/mɪ/ </td> <td>-सि <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/sɪ/ </td> <td>-ति <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/tɪ/ </td> <td>-वस् <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ʋɐs/ </td> <td>-थस् <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/tʰɐs/ </td> <td>-तस् <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/tɐs/ </td> <td>-मस् <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/mɐs/ </td> <td>-थ <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/tʰɐ/ </td> <td>-न्ति <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503">/ntɪ/ </td></tr></tbody></table> 還有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="多利亞希臘語">多利亞方言</a>εἰμί的現在時變化：<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>（注意雙數是<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>特有的） <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">εἰμι 「是」 的直述現在時 (<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="多利亞希臘語">多利亞方言</a>) </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td>εἰμι </td> <td>ἐσσι </td> <td>ἐστι(ν) </td> <td>ἐσμες </td> <td>ἐστε </td> <td>ἐντι(ν) </td></tr></tbody></table> 這樣可以假設εἰμί原來的現在時詞幹是ἐσ-<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>，原始的主動單數第一人稱應為*ἐσμι（星號表示還未有文獻紀錄的支持），在失去中間的σ後，發生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E5%81%BF%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF#古希腊语" title="补偿延长">补偿延长</a>才變成εἰμι；類似地，原始的主動單數第二人稱應為ἐσσι（正好是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="荷马希腊语">史詩希腊语</a>的主動單數第二人稱），在失去中間的σ後才被合併成εἶ；在這個觀點下，ἐστι(ν)實際應上是「規則變化」，但阿提卡方言μι-動詞的單數第三人稱字尾大多從-τι變成-σι；另外原始第三人稱複數人稱字尾-ντι的ν應該是消失，然後發生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E5%81%BF%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF#古希腊语" title="补偿延长">补偿延长</a>使*ἐσντι(ν)變成εἰσι(ν)。 現在時的不定詞是現在時詞幹加上(元音詞幹與)對應語態的不定詞字尾（見<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#人稱字尾">人稱字尾</a>一節的表格），但聲調不符合保守規則： <ul><li>現在時主動不定詞和ω-動詞的現在中間被動不定詞，（未略縮型）在現在時詞幹的最後一個音節上放銳音符</li> <li>μι-動詞現在時中間被動不定詞的聲調起伏在倒數第三音節。</li></ul> 如： <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>現在時詞幹 </th> <th>現在時主動不定詞 </th> <th>現在時中間被動不定詞 </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">ω-動詞 </th> <td>πεμπ- 「傳遞」 </td> <td>πέμπειν (πεμπ + ε + εν) </td> <td>πέμπεσθαι </td></tr> <tr> <td>ὁρα- 「看」 </td> <td>ὁρᾶν (ὁρα + ε + εν → ὁράειν) </td> <td>ὁρᾶσθαι (ὁράεσθαι) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">μι-動詞 </th> <td>δεικνῡ- 「展示」 </td> <td>δεικνύναι </td> <td>δείκνυσθαι </td></tr> <tr> <td>*ἐσ- 「是」 </td> <td>εἶναι </td> <td style="background:#DDDDDD;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> 上表其實自動佐證了-ειν是元音詞幹ε和不定詞字尾εν的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>（ε + ε → ει sp.），因為ὁράειν<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>成ὁρᾶν的過程正好是α + ει(sp.) → ᾱ。 注意到上表δεικνῡ-的兩個不定詞都是不規則的，因為ῡ都縮短成υ。至於εἰμι的主動現在時不定詞，大概是ἐσ + ναι之後σ消失而發生了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A5%E5%81%BF%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%BF#古希腊语" title="补偿延长">补偿延长</a>才變成εἶναι。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="未完成時與前增">未完成時與前增</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：未完成時與前增">编辑</a>]</div> 動詞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E5%AE%8C%E6%88%90%E6%99%82" title="未完成時">未完成時</a>型態來自於未完成詞幹，而未完成時詞幹是對現在時詞幹前增（augment）所構成的。而前增分為以下兩種： (1)音節前增（syllabic augment）：如果詞幹以輔音開頭，那就在詞幹前接ἐ （不含/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/的純/<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">e</a>/），但如果現在時詞幹本身是由更簡單的詞幹和源於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%B4" title="前綴">前綴</a>所組成，那ἐ必須接在介詞前墜之後（且介詞的尾短母音通常會被省略），如 <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>動詞 </th> <th>現在時詞幹 </th> <th>未完成時詞幹 </th></tr> <tr> <td>πέμπω「傳遞」 </td> <td>πεμπ- </td> <td>ἐπεμπ- </td></tr> <tr> <td>ἀποκτείνω「殺」 </td> <td>ἀποκτείν- </td> <td>ἀπεκτείν- </td></tr></tbody></table> 有些元音開頭的詞幹卻好似音節前增後<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>動詞 </th> <th>現在時詞幹 </th> <th>未完成時詞幹 </th></tr> <tr> <td>ἔχω「有」 </td> <td>ἐχ- </td> <td>εἰχ- </td></tr></tbody></table> 學者推測ἔχω原先有個<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="輔音弱化">消失</a>的σ，由*ἐσεχ-失去σ後略縮成εἰχ-。 (2)長度前增（temporal augment）：如果詞幹以元音開頭，則依據以下的規則來「拉長」： ᾰ → η, ε → η, ῐ → ῑ, ο → ω, ῠ → ῡ, αι → ῃ, ει → ῃ, αυ → ηυ, ευ → ηυ, οι → ῳ 其他以ου開頭，或是以長元音、雙元音開頭的詞幹則完全不作任何更動。長度前增遇到源於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%8B%E8%A9%9E" title="介詞">介詞</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%B4" title="前綴">前綴</a>時，仍須把「拉長」的對象放在<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%B4" title="前綴">前綴</a>後面的詞幹上，如： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>動詞 </th> <th>現在時詞幹 </th> <th>未完成時詞幹 </th></tr> <tr> <td>ἀφῐκνέομαι「到達」 </td> <td>ἀφῐκνέ- </td> <td>ἀφῑκνέ- </td></tr></tbody></table> 但字首元音帶有粗氣符的動詞，有時就好似採用音節前增後，省略粗氣符所帶的/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/後再略縮的結果： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>動詞 </th> <th>現在時詞幹 </th> <th>未完成時詞幹 </th></tr> <tr> <td>ἕλκω「拉、拖」 </td> <td>ἑλκ- </td> <td>εἱλκ- </td></tr></tbody></table> 或許這個/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/本來是σ，而使未完成詞幹經歷了某種混合<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BC%B1%E5%8C%96" title="輔音弱化">輔音弱化</a>（/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>/→/<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清声门擦音">h</a>/）和<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>的音變，使得*ἐσελκ- → εἱλκ- 。 在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>之外，其他方言的字首ᾰ和αι卻依據以下規則來長度前增： ᾰ → ᾱ, αι → ᾳ 一般來說，ω-動詞的未完成時詞幹接上元音詞幹和第二人稱字尾就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B2%E7%84%B6%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="已然語氣">直陳語氣</a>下的未完成時變化，但仍需考慮<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>的可能，像： <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">πέμπω 「傳遞」 的直述未完成時 </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td>ἔπεμπον </td> <td>ἔπεμπες </td> <td>ἔπεμπε(ν) </td> <td>ἐπέμπετον </td> <td>ἐπεμπέτην </td> <td>ἐπέμπομεν </td> <td>ἐπέμπετε </td> <td>ἔπεμπον </td></tr> <tr> <th>中間被動 </th> <td>ἐπεμπόμην </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ἐπέμπου </td> <td>ἐπέμπετο </td> <td>ἐπέμπεσθον </td> <td>ἐπεμπέσθην </td> <td>ἐπεμπόμεθα </td> <td>ἐπέμπεσθε </td> <td>ἐπέμποντο </td></tr></tbody></table> 照理來說，中間被動的單數第二人稱應該是ἐπεμπ + ε + σο，但人稱字尾的σ消失了，然後因為ε + ο → ου 的<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">元音略縮</a>，變成ἐπεμπ + ου。這樣再考慮到未完成時的聲調符合<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#聲調的保守律">保守規則</a>，就會得到ἐπέμπου。 ω-動詞的未完成時一樣需要考慮詞幹與人稱字尾<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#元音略縮">略縮</a>的可能，如： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">οἰκῶ (οἰκέω) 「居住」的直述未完成時 </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td>ᾤκουν (ᾤκεον) </td> <td>ᾤκεις (ᾤκεες) </td> <td>ᾤκει (ᾤκεε) </td> <td>ᾠκεῖτον (ᾠκέετον) </td> <td>ᾠικείτην (ᾠικεέτην) </td> <td>ᾠκοῦμεν (ᾠκέομεν) </td> <td>ᾠκεῖτε (ᾠκέετε) </td> <td>ᾤκουν (ᾤκεον) </td></tr> <tr> <th>中間被動 </th> <td>ᾠκούμην (ᾠκεόμην) </td> <td style="background:#E1AEC9;">ᾠκοῦ (ᾠκέου) </td> <td>ᾠκεῖτο (ᾠκέετο) </td> <td>ᾠκεῖσθον (ᾠκέεσθον) </td> <td>ᾠκείσθην (ᾠκεέσθην) </td> <td>ᾠκούμεθα (ᾠκεόμεθα) </td> <td>ᾠκεῖσθε (ᾠκέεσθε) </td> <td>ᾠκοῦντο (ᾠκέοντο) </td></tr></tbody></table> 略縮後的聲調同樣符合現在時的規則。 μι-動詞的未完成時常常不規則，如： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">εἰμι 「是」 的直述未完成時 </th> <th colspan="3">單數 </th> <th colspan="2">雙數 </th> <th colspan="3">複數 </th></tr> <tr> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th> <th>第一人稱 </th> <th>第二人稱 </th> <th>第三人稱 </th></tr> <tr> <th>主動 </th> <td>ἦν / ἦ </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἦσθα </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἦν </td> <td>ἦστον </td> <td>ἦστην </td> <td>ἦμεν </td> <td>ἦ(σ)τε </td> <td style="background:#99D9EA;">ἦσαν </td></tr></tbody></table> 假設現在時詞幹是*ἐσ-的話，字首的確是ε → η的長度前增，但單數二三人稱和複數第三人稱甚至連人稱字尾都找不出來。 有時在後世的詩歌或仿<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="荷馬">荷馬</a>的史詩裡，未完成時不加前增。 前增有時替代重復，見后。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="完成時與重復">完成時與重復</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：完成時與重復">编辑</a>]</div> 完成時、過去完成時和將來完成時的幾乎所有形式重復動詞詞幹的首音節。(注意完成時的一些不規則形式不重復，而少數不規則不定過去時卻重復)。有三種類型的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E5%BE%A9_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重復 (語法)（页面不存在）">重復</a>: <ul><li>音節重復: 多數動詞開始於一個單一輔音，或一個輔音帶一個響音的輔音簇，增加由詞首輔音和隨后的 e 構成的一個音節。但是送氣輔音重復它的不送氣對應者: <a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="格拉斯曼定律">格拉斯曼定律</a>。</li> <li>前增: 開始於元音，和開始於不是前面指出的那種輔音簇的動詞(和偶爾一些其他動詞)，以同前增相同的方式重復。這殘余在完成式的所有形式中，不只是直陳語氣。</li> <li>阿提卡式重復: 開始於 a、e 或 o，跟隨著一個響音(或偶爾的 d 或 g) 的動詞，通過增加由詞首元音和隨后的輔音構成的音節，并加長隨后的元音來做重復。因此 er -> erēr，an -> anēn，ol -> olōl，ed -> edēd。儘管叫這個名字，它實際上不特定於<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡希臘語</a>，但在阿提卡希臘語中被推廣。這最初涉及重復由一個<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%89%E9%9F%B3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="喉音理論">喉音</a>和響音構成的輔音簇；因此隨著正常希臘語喉音的發展為 h₃l -> h₃leh₃l -> olōl。(帶有塞音的形式也是類似的)。</li></ul> 不規則重復可以按歷史演進來理解。例如，<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">λαμβάνω (詞根 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">λαβ-) 有完成時詞幹 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">εἴληφα (不是 *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">λέληφα) 因為它最初是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">σλαμβάνω，有完成時 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">σέσληφα，通過(半)規則變化而變成了 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84750655">εἴληφα。 重復還能在特定動詞的現在時詞幹中見到。這些詞幹增加由詞根的詞首輔音和隨后的 i 構成的音節。鼻音出現在某些動詞中的重復之后。<a href="#cite_note-Palmer1996p262-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言樣本">語言樣本</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：語言樣本">编辑</a>]</div> <dl><dd>Ὅτι μὲν ὑμεῖς, ὦ ἄνδρες Ἀθηναῖοι, πεπόνθατε ὑπὸ τῶν ἐμῶν κατηγόρων, οὐκ οἶδα: ἐγὼ δ' οὖν καὶ αὐτὸς ὑπ' αὐτῶν ὀλίγου ἐμαυτοῦ ἐπελαθόμην, οὕτω πιθανῶς ἔλεγον. Καίτοι ἀληθές γε ὡς ἔπος εἰπεῖν οὐδὲν εἰρήκασιν.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Hóti mèn humeîs, ô ándres Athēnaîoi, pepónthate hupò tôn emôn katēgórōn, ouk oîda: egṑ d' oûn kaì autòs hup' autōn olígou emautoû epelathómēn, hótō pithanôs élegon. Kaítoi althés ge hōs épos eipeîn oudèn eirḗkasin.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>雅典的人們，我的控告者們是怎麼影響你們的，我不知道。至於我，我自己也有點渾然自失了，他們說得可真是充滿說服力。而他們說的話裏，簡直沒有真話。</dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>，《<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B3%E8%BE%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格拉底的申辯">蘇格拉底的申辯</a>》<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%9D_%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%99_%CE%94%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%9D_%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%99_%CE%94%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99.png/924px-%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%9D_%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%99_%CE%94%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99.png" decoding="async" width="924" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%9D_%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%99_%CE%94%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99.png/1386px-%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%9D_%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%99_%CE%94%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/%CE%95%CE%94%CE%9F%CE%A7%CE%A3%CE%95%CE%9D_%CE%A4%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%92%CE%9F%CE%9B%CE%95%CE%99_%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%99_%CE%94%CE%95%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99.png 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="162" /></a><figcaption>原文（老雅典）： ΕΔΟΧΣΕΝ ΤΕΙ ΒΟΛΕΙ ΚΑΙ ΤΟΙ ΔΕΜΟΙ 現代拼寫：Ἔδοξεν τῇ Βουλῇ καὶ τῷ Δήμῳ 翻譯：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="五百人會議">議會</a>與公民已決定.... 注意現代拼寫的λ 被書寫為 <a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/13px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/19px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg/26px-Greek_Lambda_Athenian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參看">參看</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：參看">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width:16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%AA%BF%E6%AD%A3%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="多調正寫法">多調正寫法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="古希臘語音系">古希臘語音系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95_(%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC)" title="古希臘語語法 (表格)">古希臘語語法 (表格)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="古希臘語方言">古希腊语方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" title="古希臘語語法">古希臘語語法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母">希腊字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E8%AE%8A%E9%9F%B3%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="希臘語變音符號">希臘語變音符號</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="希臘語族">希臘語族</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%AF%E6%AD%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="纯正希腊语">纯正希腊语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%92%8C%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD%E8%AF%8D%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英语中的希腊和拉丁语词根（页面不存在）">英语中的希腊和拉丁语词根</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_and_Latin_roots_in_English" class="extiw" title="en:List of Greek and Latin roots in English">List of Greek and Latin roots in English</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E7%9F%AD%E8%AF%AD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊语短语列表（页面不存在）">希腊语短语列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_phrases" class="extiw" title="en:List of Greek phrases">List of Greek phrases</a>）（主要是古希腊语）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古希腊语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="现代希腊语">现代希腊语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="邁錫尼希臘語">邁錫尼希臘語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="原始希臘語">原始希臘語</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="当代希腊语变体（页面不存在）">当代希腊语变体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Varieties of Modern Greek">Varieties of Modern Greek</a>）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="引用">引用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：引用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Glottolog-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Glottolog_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/anci1242">Ancient Greek</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog 2.7</a>. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.btitle=Glottolog+2.7&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=Jena&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Institute+for+the+Science+of+Human+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fanci1242&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> This one is to be found in recent versions of the Encyclopedia Britannica, which also lists the major works defining the subject. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Χριστίδης, Αναστάσιος Φοίβος. A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity. Cambridge University Press. 2007: 270–270. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521833078" title="Special:网络书源/0521833078">ISBN 0521833078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82&rft.aulast=%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Greek%3A+From+the+Beginnings+to+Late+Antiquity&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521833078&rft.pages=270-270&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Adolf, Kirchhoff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/studienzurgeschi00kirc/page/n179/mode/2up">Studien zur Geschichte des griechischen Alphabets</a>. Berlin, Dümmler. 1877: 180–180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Kirchhoff&rft.aulast=Adolf&rft.btitle=Studien+zur+Geschichte+des+griechischen+Alphabets&rft.date=1877&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=180-180&rft.pub=Berlin%2C+D%C3%BCmmler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstudienzurgeschi00kirc%2Fpage%2Fn179%2Fmode%2F2up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> 如：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所">以弗所</a>碑文（西元前7~6世紀）的τέͳαρες 「四」。以弗所屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>的區域，但以古典時期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">伊奧尼亞方言</a>記為τέσσαρες；<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡方言</a>則記為τέτταρες。 </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">D'Angour, Armand. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646755">archinus, eucleides and the reform - of the athenian alphabet</a>. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. 1999,. Vol. 43: 109-130 [2024-01-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240125095549/https://www.jstor.org/stable/43646755">存档</a>于2024-01-25） –通过JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=archinus%2C+eucleides+and+the+reform+-+of+the+athenian+alphabet&rft.aufirst=Armand&rft.aulast=D%27Angour&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Classical+Studies&rft.pages=109-130&rft.volume=Vol.+43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43646755&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 15–16. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=15-16&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Allen, W. Sidney. Vox Graeca: A Guide to The Pronunciation of Classical Greek. Cambridge University Press. 1968: 67–68 72–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=W.+Sidney&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.btitle=Vox+Graeca%3A+A+Guide+to+The+Pronunciation+of+Classical+Greek&rft.date=1968&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=67-68+72-72&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 385. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=385&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 17–18. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=17-18&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 108, 111. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=108%2C+111&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 91. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=91&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 243, 245. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=243%2C+245&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 150–151, 159. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=150-151%2C+159&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mastronarde, Donald J.　Mastronarde. Introduction to Attic Greek. California. 2013: 130. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520078444" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520078444">ISBN 978-0520078444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.%E3%80%80Mastronarde&rft.aulast=Mastronarde&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Attic+Greek&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520078444&rft.pages=130&rft.place=California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mitchell, Eva A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/6724">Laconian dialect</a>. 1984 [2024-01-24]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240507031108/https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/6724">存档</a>于2024-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.atitle=Laconian+dialect&rft.aufirst=Eva+A&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.ed.ac.uk%2Fhandle%2F1842%2F6724&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Major, Wilfred E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/5/"><bdi>Ancient Greek for Everyone (Essential Morphology and Syntax for Beginning Greek)</bdi></a>. [2024-01-22]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240616155027/https://pressbooks.pub/ancientgreek/chapter/5/">存档</a>于2024-06-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+E.&rft.aulast=Major&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greek+for+Everyone+%28Essential+Morphology+and+Syntax+for+Beginning+Greek%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressbooks.pub%2Fancientgreek%2Fchapter%2F5%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Smyth, Herbert Weir. A Greek Grammar for Colleges. Harvard University Press. : 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Herbert+Weir&rft.aulast=Smyth&rft.btitle=A+Greek+Grammar+for+Colleges&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer1996p262-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer1996p262_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Palmer, Leonard. The Greek Language. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. 1996: p. 262. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0806128445" title="Special:网络书源/0806128445">ISBN 0806128445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.btitle=The+Greek+Language&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0806128445&rft.pages=p.+262&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0169%253Atext%253DApol.">Plato, Apology</a>. [2012-12-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001172220/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0169%253Atext%253DApol.">存档</a>于2020-10-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=Plato%2C+Apology&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%25253Atext%25253A1999.01.0169%25253Atext%25253DApol.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/en:Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:en:Ancient Greek">en:Ancient Greek</a>」或「<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:古希臘語">古希臘語</a>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">希臘語<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中相关的原始文献： <a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B1/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1?uselang=zh">古希臘語文獻</a></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530033451/http://www.rhapsodes.fll.vt.edu/Greek.htm">Recitation of classics books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html">Perseus Greek and Roman Materials</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20061108020531/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_Greco-Roman.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_PersInfo.html">Perseus Greek dictionaries</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20061111185124/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cache/perscoll_PersInfo.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-language.asp">Free Lessons in Ancient Greek, Bilingual Libraries, Forum</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210115133705/http://www.ellopos.net/elpenor/greek-language.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html">Ancient Greek Tutorials</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080621105256/http://socrates.berkeley.edu/~ancgreek/ancient_greek_start.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.home.nl/petjoeprietveld/muomgram/grammar/">A more extensive grammar of the Ancient Greek language</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">约公元前2000年 </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">约公元前1600年–前1100年 </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">约公元前800年–前300年 </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">约公元前300年–公元330年 </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">约公元330年–1453年 </td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="1" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;padding-top: 0.5em; background: transparent; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;">公元1453年以后</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="原始希臘語">原始希腊语</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="邁錫尼希臘語">邁錫尼希臘語</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">古典希腊语</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用希臘語</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="中古希腊语">中古希腊语</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;font-size: 110%; text-align: center;;;;width:10em;"><div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="现代希腊语">现代希腊语</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="古希腊" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="Template:古希臘"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="Template talk:古希臘"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古希臘"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="古希腊" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊大纲（页面不存在）">古希腊大纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of ancient Greece">Outline of ancient Greece</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊时间线（页面不存在）">古希腊时间线</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline of ancient Greece</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="古希腊古希腊地区" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">古希腊</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="古希腊地区">古希腊地区</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史时期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="基克拉泽斯文明">基克拉泽斯文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="米诺斯文明">米诺斯文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="希腊黑暗时代">希腊黑暗时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古典希臘時期">古典希臘時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘化時代的希臘">希臘化時代的希臘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="希腊的罗马时期">希腊的罗马时期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="古希腊地区">古希腊地区</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="伊奧利亞">伊奧利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="亚历山大 (埃及)">亚历山大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="安提阿">安提阿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="卡帕多细亚">卡帕多细亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B2%9B" title="克里特岛">克里特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%AD%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多利安六城邦（页面不存在）">多利安六城邦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="extiw" title="en:Doric hexapolis">Doric hexapolis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所">以弗所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BA%87%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="伊庇魯斯同盟">伊庇魯斯同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="達達尼爾海峽">達達尼爾海峽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="伊奧尼亞">愛奧尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="伊奥尼亚海">爱奥尼亚海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="馬其頓王國">馬其頓王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊">大希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E9%83%BD" title="米利都">米利都</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92" title="伯罗奔尼撒">伯罗奔尼撒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%A0%E9%A9%AC" title="帕加马">帕加马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD" title="本都">本都</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="克里米亚">克里米亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="古代殖民地">古代殖民地</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="城邦政治军事" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">城邦</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">政治</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="古希腊战争">军事</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">城邦</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔戈斯">阿尔戈斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="古雅典">古雅典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF" title="哈尔基斯">哈尔基斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)" title="科林斯 (古希腊)">科林斯 (古希腊)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="埃雷特里亞">埃雷特里亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%8B%89%E5%B3%B6" title="克基拉島">克基拉島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E8%90%A8" title="拉里萨">拉里萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9" title="迈加洛波利">迈加洛波利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" title="迈加拉">墨伽拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%97%E5%B2%9B" title="罗得岛">罗得岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="萨摩斯岛">萨摩斯岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE" title="斯巴达">斯巴达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8" title="锡拉库萨">锡拉库扎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="底比斯 (希臘)">底比斯 (希臘)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A" title="特洛伊">特洛伊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="五百人會議">五百人會議</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联盟 (古希腊)（页面不存在）">联盟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinon" class="extiw" title="en:Koinon">Koinon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxeny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxeny（页面不存在）">Proxeny</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxeny" class="extiw" title="en:Proxeny">Proxeny</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="將軍 (古希臘)">將軍 (古希臘)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagus_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagus (title)（页面不存在）">Tagus (title)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Tagus (title)">Tagus (title)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">僭主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%82%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="近邻同盟">近邻同盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="雅典式民主">雅典式民主</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="阿哥拉">阿哥拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%95%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%A4" title="亚略巴古">亚略巴古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="公民大会">雅典集会</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphe_paranomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphe paranomon（页面不存在）">Graphe paranomon</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" class="extiw" title="en:Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="民眾法庭">民眾法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%89%87%E6%94%BE%E9%80%90%E5%88%B6" title="陶片放逐制">陶片放逐制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯巴达宪法（页面不存在）">斯巴达宪法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Spartan Constitution">Spartan Constitution</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公民会议（页面不存在）">公民会议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apella" class="extiw" title="en:Apella">Apella</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%9D%A3%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="五督政官">五督政官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="斯巴達元老院">元老院</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="馬其頓王國">馬其頓王國</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同盟议事会（页面不存在）">同盟议事会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synedrion" class="extiw" title="en:Synedrion">Synedrion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马其顿联盟（页面不存在）">马其顿联盟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="extiw" title="en:Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon of Macedonians</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="古希腊战争">军事</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊参与的战争列表（页面不存在）">希腊参与的战争列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:List of wars involving Greece">List of wars involving Greece</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅典军事（页面不存在）">雅典军事</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_military" class="extiw" title="en:Athenian military">Athenian military</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E6%9F%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="馬其頓安提柯王朝陸軍">馬其頓安提柯王朝陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E9%98%BF%E5%90%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="馬其頓阿吉德王朝陸軍">馬其頓阿吉德王朝陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%B0%84%E6%A9%9F" title="投射機">投射機</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%93%E7%AE%AD%E6%89%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里特弓箭手（页面不存在）">克里特弓箭手</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_archers" class="extiw" title="en:Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊化军队（页面不存在）">希腊化军队</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" class="extiw" title="en:Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有马者（页面不存在）">马兵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippeis" class="extiw" title="en:Hippeis">Hippeis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%9D%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘重裝步兵">希臘重裝步兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A5%E5%8F%8B%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="夥友騎兵">夥友騎兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B5" title="马其顿方阵">马其顿方阵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%99%A3_(%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B)" title="方陣 (軍事)">方陣 (軍事)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E7%9B%BE%E5%85%B5" title="轻盾兵">轻盾兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%A4%A5%E5%8F%8B" title="步兵夥友">步兵夥友</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%99%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%9B" title="薩里沙長矛">薩里沙長矛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%A3%E9%98%9F" title="底比斯圣队">底比斯圣队</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯基里提斯人（页面不存在）">斯基里提斯人</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciritae" class="extiw" title="en:Sciritae">Sciritae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞琉古军队（页面不存在）">塞琉古军队</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_army" class="extiw" title="en:Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯巴达军队（页面不存在）">斯巴达军队</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxotai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxotai（页面不存在）">Toxotai</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxotai" class="extiw" title="en:Toxotai">Toxotai</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiphos（页面不存在）">Xiphos</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphos" class="extiw" title="en:Xiphos">Xiphos</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%92%E6%96%AF%E5%90%8C%E9%A8%8E%E6%A7%8D" title="緒斯同騎槍">緒斯同騎槍</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="人物" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:古希臘人">人物</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="古希腊人物列表（英语：-&#123;List_of_ancient_Greeks&#125;-）"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊人物列表（页面不存在）">古希腊人物列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊统治者列表（页面不存在）">统治者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of rulers of Greece">Lists of rulers of Greece</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔戈斯国王列表（页面不存在）">阿尔戈斯国王列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" class="extiw" title="en:List of kings of Argos">List of kings of Argos</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="雅典执政官列表">雅典执政官列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="雅典國王">雅典國王</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科马基尼国王列表（页面不存在）">科马基尼国王列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="extiw" title="en:List of rulers of Commagene">List of rulers of Commagene</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%BC%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85" title="繼業者">繼業者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="呂底亞國王列表">呂底亞國王列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="马其顿国王列表">马其顿国王列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia（页面不存在）">List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="extiw" title="en:List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿塔罗斯王朝">阿塔罗斯国王列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="本都统治者列表">本都统治者列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="斯巴达国王列表">斯巴达国王列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叙拉古僭主列表（页面不存在）">叙拉古僭主列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" class="extiw" title="en:List of tyrants of Syracuse">List of tyrants of Syracuse</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">哲人</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="阿那克萨哥拉">阿那克萨哥拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="阿那克西曼德">阿那克西曼德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC" title="阿那克西美尼">阿那克西美尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="安提西尼">安提西尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德谟克利特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E6%AC%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="锡诺普的第欧根尼">锡诺普的第欧根尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%9F%B9%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="恩培多克勒">恩培多克勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="高爾吉亞">高爾吉亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特">赫拉克利特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%AD" title="希帕提婭">希帕提婭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF" title="留基伯">留基伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%97%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="巴门尼德">巴门尼德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89" title="普罗泰戈拉">普罗泰戈拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯">毕达哥拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯">泰勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%9D%E8%AF%BA" title="季蒂昂的芝诺">季蒂昂的芝诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E8%8E%B1%E4%B9%8C%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="扎莱乌库斯">扎莱乌库斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">作家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="埃斯库罗斯">埃斯库罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%A2" title="伊索">伊索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%9F%83%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔卡埃乌斯">阿尔卡埃乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔基罗库斯">阿尔基罗库斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%93%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="巴库利德斯">巴库利德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%87%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="欧里庇得斯">欧里庇得斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德">希羅多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德">赫西俄德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="希波纳克斯">希波纳克斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马">荷马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="伊比库斯">伊比库斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E5%96%84" title="琉善">琉善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7" title="米南德">米南德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A2%A8%E6%96%AF" title="弥涅墨斯">弥涅墨斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" title="尼阿西斯">尼阿西斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斐洛克利（页面不存在）">斐洛克利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philocles" class="extiw" title="en:Philocles">Philocles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%BE%BE" title="品达">品达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普魯塔克">普魯塔克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="波利比烏斯">波利比烏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%AD%9A" title="莎孚">莎孚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="西莫尼德斯">西莫尼德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="索福克勒斯">索福克勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="斯特西克鲁斯">斯特西克鲁斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="泰奥格尼斯">泰奥格尼斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%94%E5%BA%95%E5%BE%B7" title="修昔底德">修昔底德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E7%BF%81" title="提谟克勒翁">提谟克勒翁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF" title="提尔泰奥斯">提尔泰奥斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%AF%BA%E8%8A%AC" title="色诺芬">色诺芬</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%B1%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿格西莱二世">阿格西莱二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿基斯二世">阿基斯二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔西比亚德斯">阿尔西比亚德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大大帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%AB%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF" title="西庫昂的阿拉圖斯">西庫昂的阿拉圖斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿基米德">阿基米德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E9%BD%8A%E5%A9%AD" title="阿斯帕齊婭">阿斯帕齊婭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="狄摩西尼">狄摩西尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%BF%83%E9%81%94" title="伊巴密濃達">伊巴密濃達</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" title="欧几里得">欧几里得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E8%B0%B7" title="依巴谷">喜帕恰斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="列奥尼达一世">列奥尼达一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E5%A3%AB" title="來古格士">來古格士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="吕山德">吕山德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%89%98%E9%82%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97" title="克罗托那的米罗">克罗托那的米罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7" title="小米太亞德">小米太亞德</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕萨尼阿斯（页面不存在）">帕萨尼阿斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" class="extiw" title="en:Pausanias (general)">Pausanias (general)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="伯里克利">伯里克利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF)" title="腓力二世 (马其顿)">腓力二世 (马其顿)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B4%9B%E7%9A%AE%E9%96%80" title="菲洛皮門">菲洛皮門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF" title="普拉克西特列斯">普拉克西特列斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" title="克劳狄乌斯·托勒密">克劳狄乌斯·托勒密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%A3%AB" title="皮洛士">皮洛士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E4%BC%A6" title="梭伦">梭伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="地米斯托克利">地米斯托克利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">群体</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古希腊哲学家列表">古希腊哲学家列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%89%A7%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊剧作家列表（页面不存在）">古希腊剧作家列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek playwrights">List of ancient Greek playwrights</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊诗人列表（页面不存在）">古希腊诗人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets" class="extiw" title="en:List of Ancient Greek poets">List of Ancient Greek poets</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊独裁者列表（页面不存在）">古希腊独裁者列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek tyrants">List of ancient Greek tyrants</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊部落列表（页面不存在）">古希腊部落列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek tribes">List of ancient Greek tribes</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色雷斯希腊人列表（页面不存在）">色雷斯希腊人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:List of Thracian Greeks">List of Thracian Greeks</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="马其顿国王列表">马其顿国王列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="社會文化" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A#社會" title="古希腊">社會</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="希臘文化">文化</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A#社會" title="古希腊">社会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="古希臘農業">农业</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊化历法（页面不存在）">希腊化历法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_calendars" class="extiw" title="en:Hellenic calendars">Hellenic calendars</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0" title="古希腊服饰">服饰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%92%B1%E5%B8%81" title="古希腊钱币">钱币</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古希腊饮食">饮食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="古希臘經濟">經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="派地亚">派地亚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%8A%82%E6%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊节日（页面不存在）">古希腊节日</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_festivals" class="extiw" title="en:Athenian festivals">Athenian festivals</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%B8%A7%E8%91%AC" title="古希腊丧葬">丧葬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="古希臘同性戀">同性戀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊法（页面不存在）">古希腊法</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek law">Ancient Greek law</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="古代奥林匹克运动会">奥林匹克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%9B" title="古希臘少年愛">少年愛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="古希臘的性交易">性交易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古希腊奴隶制度">奴隶制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="古希腊战争">战争</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A9%9A%E4%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊婚俗（页面不存在）">古希腊婚俗</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek wedding customs">Ancient Greek wedding customs</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="古希臘葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古希臘藝術">藝術</a>和科学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古希臘建築">建築</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="希臘復興式建築">復興式建築</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古希臘天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊数学">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊医学">醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="古希腊音乐">音乐</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊音乐体系（页面不存在）">古希腊音乐体系</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system of ancient Greece</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="古希腊陶器">陶器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="古希臘雕塑">雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="古希腊科技">科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊戏剧">戏剧</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%B8%A7%E8%91%AC" title="古希腊丧葬">丧葬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">神话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="希臘神祇及神話人物列表">神話人物表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="古希臘神廟">神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E" title="奧林匹斯十二主神">十二主神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%95%8C_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="冥界 (希臘神話)">冥界</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">圣地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%AB%E8%A5%BF%E7%BA%B3" title="埃莱夫西纳">埃莱夫西纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%90" title="德尔斐">德尔斐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%B2%9B" title="提洛岛">提洛岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="多多纳">多多纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="奥林匹斯山">奥林匹斯山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9A" title="奥林匹亚">奥林匹亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">建筑</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅典国库（页面不存在）">雅典国库</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" class="extiw" title="en:Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E9%96%80_(%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC)" title="獅子門 (邁錫尼)">狮子门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Walls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Walls（页面不存在）">Long Walls</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Walls" class="extiw" title="en:Long Walls">Long Walls</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippeion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippeion（页面不存在）">Philippeion</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippeion" class="extiw" title="en:Philippeion">Philippeion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BF%84%E5%80%AA%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%89%A7%E5%9C%BA" title="狄俄倪索斯剧场">狄俄倪索斯剧场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="萨摩斯隧道">萨摩斯隧道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="古希臘神廟">古希臘神廟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%83%E5%A9%AD%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="阿法埃婭神廟">阿法埃婭神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%B3%E5%BF%92%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="阿耳忒弥斯神庙">阿耳忒弥斯神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%A8%9C%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="雅典娜勝利神廟">雅典娜勝利神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%BF%92%E7%BF%81%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="厄瑞克忒翁神庙">厄瑞克忒翁神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%B7%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="赫淮斯托斯神庙">赫淮斯托斯神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="奧林匹亞赫拉神廟">奧林匹亞赫拉神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E5%AB%A9%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="帕德嫩神廟">帕德嫩神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%AB%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨莫色雷斯岛神庙群（页面不存在）">萨莫色雷斯岛神庙群</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" class="extiw" title="en:Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="奧林匹亞宙斯神廟">奧林匹亞宙斯神廟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="原始希臘語">原始希臘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="邁錫尼希臘語">邁錫尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="荷马希腊语">荷馬</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Homeric Greek">Homeric Greek</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊方言（页面不存在）">古希腊方言</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek dialects">Ancient Greek dialects</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="爱奥利亚希腊语">伊歐里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%A5%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="南亚该亚希腊语">阿卡狄亞—塞浦路斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多利安希腊语（页面不存在）">多利安希腊语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">爱奥尼亚希腊语</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locrian_Greek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locrian Greek（页面不存在）">Locrian Greek</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locrian_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Locrian Greek">Locrian Greek</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E8%AA%9E" title="古馬其頓語">古馬其頓</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphylian_Greek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamphylian Greek（页面不存在）">Pamphylian Greek</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian Greek</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊字母历史（页面不存在）">文字</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Greek alphabet">History of the Greek alphabet</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97A" title="线形文字A">线形文字A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97B" title="线形文字B">线形文字B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="塞浦路斯音節文字">塞浦路斯音節文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母">希腊字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97" title="希腊数字">希腊数字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="阿提卡數字">阿提卡数字</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_numerals" class="extiw" title="en:Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="古希腊殖民（英语：-&#123;Greek_colonisation&#125;-）" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘殖民">古希腊殖民</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_colonisation" class="extiw" title="en:Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a>）</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊">大希腊</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%88%87" title="萊切">萊切</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E8%BF%AA%E8%A5%BF" title="布林迪西">布林迪西</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulonia_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caulonia (ancient city)（页面不存在）">Caulonia (ancient city)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" class="extiw" title="en:Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia (ancient city)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="卡萨博纳">卡萨博纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%89%98%E5%85%A7" title="克羅托內">克羅托內</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%82%81" title="庫邁">庫邁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="韦利亚">埃利亚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclea_Lucania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclea Lucania（页面不存在）">Heraclea Lucania</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" class="extiw" title="en:Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%8D%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A" title="维博瓦伦蒂亚">维博瓦伦蒂亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%89%98" title="奧特朗托">奧特朗托</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krimisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krimisa（页面不存在）">Krimisa</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimisa" class="extiw" title="en:Krimisa">Krimisa</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La%C3%BCs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laüs（页面不存在）">Laüs</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%BCs" class="extiw" title="en:Laüs">Laüs</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C" title="洛克里">洛克里</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medma（页面不存在）">Medma</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medma" class="extiw" title="en:Medma">Medma</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapontum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapontum（页面不存在）">Metapontum</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapontum" class="extiw" title="en:Metapontum">Metapontum</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">尼亚波利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandosia_(Lucania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandosia (Lucania)（页面不存在）">Pandosia (Lucania)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" class="extiw" title="en:Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%A7%86" title="帕埃斯图姆">波塞冬尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Policastro_Bussentino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policastro Bussentino（页面不存在）">Policastro Bussentino</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" class="extiw" title="en:Policastro Bussentino">Policastro Bussentino</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%84%A6%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="雷焦卡拉布里亚">雷吉翁</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scylletium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scylletium（页面不存在）">Scylletium</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylletium" class="extiw" title="en:Scylletium">Scylletium</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siris_(Magna_Graecia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)（页面不存在）">Siris (Magna Graecia)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="extiw" title="en:Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris (Magna Graecia)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="锡巴里斯">锡巴里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sybaris_on_the_Traeis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sybaris on the Traeis（页面不存在）">Sybaris on the Traeis</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" class="extiw" title="en:Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9E%97%E6%95%A6" title="他林敦">他林敦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terina_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terina (ancient city)（页面不存在）">Terina (ancient city)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" class="extiw" title="en:Terina (ancient city)">Terina (ancient city)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thurii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thurii（页面不存在）">Thurii</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurii" class="extiw" title="en:Thurii">Thurii</a>）</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg/70px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg/105px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg/140px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="517" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里岛">西西里岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%9F%E6%89%98" title="阿格里真托">阿格里真托</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akrai（页面不存在）">Akrai</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrai" class="extiw" title="en:Akrai">Akrai</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akrillai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akrillai（页面不存在）">Akrillai</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrillai" class="extiw" title="en:Akrillai">Akrillai</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Sicily)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollonia (Sicily)（页面不存在）">Apollonia (Sicily)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" class="extiw" title="en:Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia (Sicily)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="卡罗尼亚">卡罗尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casmenae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casmenae（页面不存在）">Casmenae</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casmenae" class="extiw" title="en:Casmenae">Casmenae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="卡塔尼亞">卡塔尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89" title="杰拉">杰拉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helorus（页面不存在）">Helorus</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helorus" class="extiw" title="en:Helorus">Helorus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="恩纳">恩纳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclea_Minoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclea Minoa（页面不存在）">Heraclea Minoa</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" class="extiw" title="en:Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A2%85%E6%8B%89" title="希梅拉">希梅拉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybla_Gereatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybla Gereatis（页面不存在）">Hybla Gereatis</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" class="extiw" title="en:Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybla_Heraea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybla Heraea（页面不存在）">Hybla Heraea</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" class="extiw" title="en:Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamarina,_Sicily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamarina, Sicily（页面不存在）">Kamarina, Sicily</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" class="extiw" title="en:Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina, Sicily</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC" title="伦蒂尼">伦蒂尼</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megara_Hyblaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megara Hyblaea（页面不存在）">Megara Hyblaea</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" class="extiw" title="en:Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%BF" title="墨西拿">墨西拿</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF_(%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳克索斯 (西西里)（页面不存在）">纳克索斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" class="extiw" title="en:Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos (Sicily)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%82%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94" title="塞傑斯塔">塞傑斯塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%86%9C%E7%89%B9" title="塞利农特">塞利农特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8" title="锡拉库萨">叙拉古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%B3" title="陶尔米纳">陶尔米纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%8D%A1_(%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%9F%E6%89%98%E7%9C%81)" title="夏卡 (阿格里真托省)">夏卡 (阿格里真托省)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindari（页面不存在）">Tindari</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindari" class="extiw" title="en:Tindari">Tindari</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="埃奥利群岛">埃奥利群岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%B2%9B" title="萨利纳岛">萨利纳岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BA%B3%E9%9B%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B2%9B" title="帕纳雷阿岛">帕纳雷阿岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%B3%B6" title="阿利庫迪島">阿利庫迪島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%A2%E4%BD%90%E5%B2%9B" title="巴西卢佐岛">巴西卢佐岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="利帕里岛">利帕里岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%B3%B6" title="菲利庫迪島">菲利庫迪島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B3%B6" title="斯通波利島">斯通波利島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E5%B2%9B" title="武尔卡诺岛">武尔卡诺岛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="撒丁岛">撒丁岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="奧爾比亞">奧爾比亞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0" title="昔兰尼加">昔兰尼加</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%BE%BE" title="贝达">贝达</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴尔卡 (古城)（页面不存在）">巴尔卡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" class="extiw" title="en:Barca (ancient city)">Barca (ancient city)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF" title="班加西">班加西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="昔兰尼">昔兰尼</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A_(%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿波洛尼亚 (昔兰尼加)（页面不存在）">阿波洛尼亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="extiw" title="en:Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia, Cyrenaica</a>）)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86_(%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托勒密 (昔兰尼加)（页面不存在）">托勒密</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" class="extiw" title="en:Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais, Cyrenaica</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akra_Leuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akra Leuke（页面不存在）">Akra Leuke</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akra_Leuke" class="extiw" title="en:Akra Leuke">Akra Leuke</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9C%8D%E7%BA%A6%E8%90%A8" title="比利亚霍约萨">比利亚霍约萨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%BAries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empúries（页面不存在）">Empúries</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" class="extiw" title="en:Empúries">Empúries</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="德尼亚">德尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔哈拉克">阿尔哈拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries（页面不存在）">Sant Martí d'Empúries</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" class="extiw" title="en:Sant Martí d'Empúries">Sant Martí d'Empúries</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menace_(Greek_settlement)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menace (Greek settlement)（页面不存在）">Menace (Greek settlement)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menace_(Greek_settlement)" class="extiw" title="en:Menace (Greek settlement)">Menace (Greek settlement)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E6%B8%AF" title="圣玛丽亚港">圣玛丽亚港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89" title="圣波拉">圣波拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="罗萨斯">罗德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%B4%9B_(%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88%E7%BA%B3%E7%9C%81)" title="萨洛 (塔拉戈纳省)">萨洛 (塔拉戈纳省)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%B4%A1%E6%89%98" title="萨贡托">萨贡托</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="黑海北部沿岸的古希腊殖民地">黑海北岸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%88%97%E8%B4%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="別列贊島">波里斯提尼斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charax,_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charax, Crimea（页面不存在）">Charax, Crimea</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" class="extiw" title="en:Charax, Crimea">Charax, Crimea</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E7%B4%A2" title="克森尼索">克森尼索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%91%BC%E7%B1%B3" title="苏呼米">狄俄斯库里亚斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E5%B8%95%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="叶夫帕托里亚">叶夫帕托里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E5%B8%95" title="阿纳帕">阿纳帕</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E7%A9%86%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特穆塔拉干（页面不存在）">特穆塔拉干</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmutarakan" class="extiw" title="en:Tmutarakan">Tmutarakan</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepoi（页面不存在）">Kepoi</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepoi" class="extiw" title="en:Kepoi">Kepoi</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimmerikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimmerikon（页面不存在）">Kimmerikon</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmerikon" class="extiw" title="en:Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrmekion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrmekion（页面不存在）">Myrmekion</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmekion" class="extiw" title="en:Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikonion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikonion（页面不存在）">Nikonion</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikonion" class="extiw" title="en:Nikonion">Nikonion</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nymphaion_(Crimea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)（页面不存在）">Nymphaion (Crimea)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" class="extiw" title="en:Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion (Crimea)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="奧里維亞">奧里維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%BD%AD" title="潘提卡彭">潘提卡彭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="法纳戈里亚">法纳戈里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%81%B0%E5%A4%A7" title="皮聰大">皮提乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="塔纳伊斯">塔纳伊斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="费奥多西亚">狄奥多西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="提拉斯">提拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyritake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyritake（页面不存在）">Tyritake</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyritake" class="extiw" title="en:Tyritake">Tyritake</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">黑海南岸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%87%E5%85%8B" title="巴爾奇克">迪奥尼索波利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D" title="瓦爾納">奥德索斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%91%A9%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="波摩萊">安基阿卢斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%A1%9E%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%BE" title="内塞伯爾">美森布里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E4%BD%90%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="索佐波爾">阿波洛尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kıyıköy（页面不存在）">Kıyıköy</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" class="extiw" title="en:Kıyıköy">Kıyıköy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本都赫拉克勒亚（页面不存在）">本都赫拉克勒亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" class="extiw" title="en:Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea Pontica</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提乌姆（页面不存在）">提乌姆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tium" class="extiw" title="en:Tium">Tium</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="阿瑪斯拉">阿瑪斯拉</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytorus（页面不存在）">Cytorus</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytorus" class="extiw" title="en:Cytorus">Cytorus</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abonoteichos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abonoteichos（页面不存在）">Abonoteichos</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonoteichos" class="extiw" title="en:Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE_(%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6)" title="锡诺普 (土耳其)">锡诺普</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaliche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaliche（页面不存在）">Zaliche</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaliche" class="extiw" title="en:Zaliche">Zaliche</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86%E6%9D%BE" title="薩姆松">阿米索斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E8%80%B6" title="云耶">云耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E8%96%A9" title="法特薩">波勒蒙尼翁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85" title="泰爾梅">泰爾梅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%9D%9C" title="奧爾杜">奧爾杜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9B%B7%E6%9D%BE" title="吉雷松">吉雷松</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF_(%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特里波里斯 (本都)（页面不存在）">特里波里斯 (本都)</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" class="extiw" title="en:Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis (Pontus)</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%97" title="特拉布宗">特拉布宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%BE%A4" title="里澤">里祖斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE" title="帕扎爾">帕扎爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%9F" title="巴统">巴统</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%81%AF%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法息斯 (城镇)（页面不存在）">法息斯</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasis_(town)" class="extiw" title="en:Phasis (town)">Phasis (town)</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="列表" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">列表</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊城市列表（页面不存在）">古希腊城市列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek cities">List of ancient Greek cities</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus（页面不存在）">List of cities in ancient Epirus</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" class="extiw" title="en:List of cities in ancient Epirus">List of cities in ancient Epirus</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊人列表（页面不存在）">古希腊人列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊地名表（页面不存在）">古希腊地名表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" class="extiw" title="en:List of Greek place names">List of Greek place names</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_stoae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of stoae（页面不存在）">List of stoae</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stoae" class="extiw" title="en:List of stoae">List of stoae</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古希臘神廟列表">古希臘神廟列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊剧院列表（页面不存在）">古希腊剧院列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek theatres">List of ancient Greek theatres</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="Category:古希腊">分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:古希腊（页面不存在）">导览</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal:Ancient_Greece</a>）</li> <li><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊大纲（页面不存在）">大纲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of ancient Greece">Outline of ancient Greece</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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