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class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-年表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>年表</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-年表-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关年表子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-年表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-青銅時代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#青銅時代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>青銅時代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-青銅時代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-黑暗时代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#黑暗时代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>黑暗时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-黑暗时代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古風时代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古風时代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>古風时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古風时代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古典时代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古典时代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>古典时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古典时代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-波希战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#波希战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>波希战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-波希战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-伯罗奔尼撒战争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伯罗奔尼撒战争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>伯罗奔尼撒战争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伯罗奔尼撒战争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-城邦混战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#城邦混战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.3</span> <span>城邦混战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-城邦混战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-希腊化时代" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#希腊化时代"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>希腊化时代</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-希腊化时代-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-马其顿的崛起" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#马其顿的崛起"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>马其顿的崛起</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-马其顿的崛起-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>地理</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-地理-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关地理子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-地理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自然環境" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自然環境"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>自然環境</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自然環境-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-殖民地" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#殖民地"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>殖民地</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-殖民地-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-政治制度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#政治制度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>政治制度</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-政治制度-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关政治制度子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-政治制度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-教育" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#教育"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>教育</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-教育-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>法律</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-军事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#军事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>军事</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-军事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-經濟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#經濟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>經濟</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-經濟-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关經濟子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-經濟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-農業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#農業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>農業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-農業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-手工業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#手工業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>手工業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-手工業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-商業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#商業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>商業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-商業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-金融業" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金融業"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>金融業</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金融業-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>文化</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文化子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-文學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>文學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-史學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>史學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>哲學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-哲學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宗教信仰" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宗教信仰"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>宗教信仰</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宗教信仰-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-藝術" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#藝術"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>藝術</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-藝術-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>科学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-社會" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社會"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>社會</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-社會-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关社會子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-社會-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>結構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-婦女地位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#婦女地位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>婦女地位</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-婦女地位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-體育競技及娛樂" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#體育競技及娛樂"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>體育競技及娛樂</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-體育競技及娛樂-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古希腊文明各主题成就" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古希腊文明各主题成就"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>古希腊文明各主题成就</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古希腊文明各主题成就-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关參考文獻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">古希腊</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。151种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-151" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">151种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antieke_Griekeland" title="Antieke Griekeland – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antieke Griekeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikes_Griechenland" title="Antikes Griechenland – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Antikes Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Grecia" title="Antiga Grecia – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antiga Grecia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A9" title="اليونان القديمة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اليونان القديمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%87" title="اليونان القديمه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اليونان القديمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%9A" title="প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="প্ৰাচীন গ্ৰীচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Grecia" title="Antigua Grecia – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="НекӀсияб Грекия – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="НекӀсияб Грекия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_Yunan%C4%B1stan" title="Qədim Yunanıstan – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim Yunanıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قدیم یونان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم یونان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%93%D0%BE_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Боронғо Греция – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Боронғо Греция" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senuob%C4%97s_Graik%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Senuobės Graikėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Senuobės Graikėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suanoy_na_Gresya" title="Suanoy na Gresya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Suanoy na Gresya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Старажытная Грэцыя – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытная Грэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Старажытная Грэцыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Старажытная Грэцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древна Гърция – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древна Гърция" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8" title="প্রাচীন গ্রিস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাচীন গ্রিস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="གནའ་རབས་ཀེ་རི་སི། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གནའ་རབས་ཀེ་རི་སི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henc%27hres" title="Henc'hres – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Henc'hres" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antička Grčka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Эртын Греци – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эртын Греци" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiga_Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Antiga Grècia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antiga Grècia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%AB_H%C4%AD-l%C3%A9-n%C3%A0%CC%A4" title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gū Hĭ-lé-nà̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%8C" title="Шира Желтойчоь – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шира Желтойчоь" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86" title="یۆنانی کۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یۆنانی کۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bk%C3%A9_%C5%98ecko" title="Starověké Řecko – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověké Řecko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Авалхи Греци – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Авалхи Греци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groeg_yr_Henfyd" title="Groeg yr Henfyd – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Groeg yr Henfyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtidens_Gr%C3%A6kenland" title="Oldtidens Grækenland – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldtidens Grækenland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikes_Griechenland" title="Antikes Griechenland – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antikes Griechenland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunan%C4%B1stano_Antik" title="Yunanıstano Antik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yunanıstano Antik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1" title="Αρχαία Ελλάδα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαία Ελλάδα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ancient Greece" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikva_Grekio" title="Antikva Grekio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikva Grekio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_Grecia" title="Antigua Grecia – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antigua Grecia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Kreeka" title="Vana-Kreeka – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vana-Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antzinako_Grezia" title="Antzinako Grezia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antzinako Grezia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یونان باستان – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یونان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiikin_Kreikka" title="Antiikin Kreikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiikin Kreikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vana-Kreeka" title="Vana-Kreeka – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vana-Kreeka" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forna_Grikkaland" title="Forna Grikkaland – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Forna Grikkaland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce_antique" title="Grèce antique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grèce antique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ual_Grichenlun" title="Ual Grichenlun – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ual Grichenlun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antighe_Grecie" title="Antighe Grecie – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Antighe Grecie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alde_Grikel%C3%A2n" title="Alde Grikelân – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Alde Grikelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSean-Ghr%C3%A9ig" title="An tSean-Ghréig – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSean-Ghréig" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="古希臘" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s_antik" title="Grès antik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Grès antik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghr%C3%A8ig_%C3%80rsaidh" title="A' Ghrèig Àrsaidh – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghrèig Àrsaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antiga" title="Grecia antiga – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grecia antiga" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyr%C3%A9sia_Ymaguare" title="Gyrésia Ymaguare – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Gyrésia Ymaguare" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BA_H%C3%AE-lia%CC%8Dp" title="Kú Hî-lia̍p – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kú Hî-lia̍p" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="יוון העתיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יוון העתיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राचीन यूनान – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्राचीन यूनान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purana_Greece" title="Purana Greece – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Purana Greece" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stara_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Stara Grčka – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stara Grčka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8s_antik" title="Grès antik – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grès antik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93kori_G%C3%B6r%C3%B6gorsz%C3%A1g" title="Ókori Görögország – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ókori Görögország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Հին Հունաստան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Հունաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antique" title="Grecia antique – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Grecia antique" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_Kuno" title="Yunani Kuno – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yunani Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taga-ugma_a_Gresia" title="Taga-ugma a Gresia – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taga-ugma a Gresia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%AF%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Шира Янехье – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шира Янехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiqua_Grekia" title="Antiqua Grekia – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Antiqua Grekia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grikkland_hi%C3%B0_forna" title="Grikkland hið forna – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grikkland hið forna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2" title="古代ギリシア – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="古代ギリシア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ienshent_Griis" title="Ienshent Griis – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ienshent Griis" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griki_Kuna" title="Griki Kuna – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Griki Kuna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ძველი საბერძნეთი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81yyemgi_Greciya" title="Áyyemgi Greciya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Áyyemgi Greciya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9b%C9%A9njaaz%C9%A9_Kr%C9%9Bs%C9%A9" title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩbɩnjaazɩ Krɛsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Ежелгі Грекия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ежелгі Грекия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4" title="고대 그리스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 그리스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Важ Эллада – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Важ Эллада" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewnanistana_kevnare" title="Yewnanistana kevnare – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yewnanistana kevnare" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Важ Греция – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Важ Греция" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hen_Res" title="Hen Res – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Hen Res" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graecia_antiqua" title="Graecia antiqua – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Graecia antiqua" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%8C_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дегь Греция – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дегь Греция" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elas_antica" title="Elas antica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Elas antica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antica_Grecia" title="Antica Grecia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Antica Grecia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senov%C4%97s_Graikijos_istorija" title="Senovės Graikijos istorija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senovės Graikijos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C4%81_Grie%C4%B7ija" title="Senā Grieķija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Senā Grieķija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grisia_Taloha" title="Grisia Taloha – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Grisia Taloha" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Акрет Греций – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Акрет Греций" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Стара Грција – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стара Грција" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4" title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് നാഗരികത – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രാചീന ഗ്രീക്ക് നാഗരികത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Эртний Грек – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эртний Грек" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%84_%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81" title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯂꯤꯄ ꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="ग्रीक संस्कृती – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ग्रीक संस्कृती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunani_Purba" title="Yunani Purba – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yunani Purba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Grécia Antiga – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%B1%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD" title="ရှေးခေတ်ဂရိ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရှေးခေတ်ဂရိ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="یونان باستان دوره – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یونان باستان دوره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antica" title="Grecia antica – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Grecia antica" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ool_Grekenland" title="Ool Grekenland – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ool Grekenland" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olde_Griekenlaand" title="Olde Griekenlaand – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Olde Griekenlaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राचीन यवन – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="प्राचीन यवन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oude_Griekenland" title="Oude Griekenland – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oude Griekenland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellas_i_antikken" title="Hellas i antikken – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hellas i antikken" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikkens_Hellas" title="Antikkens Hellas – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikkens Hellas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Grècia antica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Рагон Грекъ – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Рагон Грекъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੁਰਾਤਨ ਯੂਨਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staro%C5%BCytna_Grecja" title="Starożytna Grecja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Starożytna Grecja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antica" title="Grecia antica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grecia antica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پرانا یونان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پرانا یونان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لرغونی یونان – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لرغونی یونان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9cia_Antiga" title="Grécia Antiga – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grécia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91awpa_Qirisya" title="Ñawpa Qirisya – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ñawpa Qirisya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grezia_antica" title="Grezia antica – 罗曼什语" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Grezia antica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="罗曼什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_Antic%C4%83" title="Grecia Antică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grecia Antică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древняя Греция – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древняя Греция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Старовіке Ґрецько – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Старовіке Ґрецько" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="पौराणयवनसंस्कृतिः – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पौराणयवनसंस्कृतिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Былыргы Греция – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Былыргы Греция" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A8tzia_Antiga" title="Grètzia Antiga – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Grètzia Antiga" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grecia_antica" title="Grecia antica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Grecia antica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auncient_Greece" title="Auncient Greece – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Auncient Greece" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قديم يونان – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قديم يونان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dka_Gr%C4%8Dka" title="Antička Grčka – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antička Grčka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසිය – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පුරාතන ග්‍රීසිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ancient Greece" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starovek%C3%A9_Gr%C3%A9cko" title="Staroveké Grécko – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Staroveké Grécko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti%C4%8Dna_Gr%C4%8Dija" title="Antična Grčija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antična Grčija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greqia_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Greqia e lashtë – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Greqia e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Стара Грчка – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Стара Грчка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikens_Grekland" title="Antikens Grekland – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antikens Grekland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugiriki_ya_Kale" title="Ugiriki ya Kale – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugiriki ya Kale" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பண்டைக் கிரேக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Юнони Бостон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Юнони Бостон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93" title="กรีซโบราณ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรีซโบราณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadymy_Gresi%C3%BDa" title="Gadymy Gresiýa – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gadymy Gresiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinaunang_Gresya" title="Sinaunang Gresya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sinaunang Gresya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Yunanistan" title="Antik Yunanistan – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Yunanistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Борынгы Греция – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Борынгы Греция" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стародавня Греція – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стародавня Греція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قدیم یونان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قدیم یونان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadimgi_Yunoniston" title="Qadimgi Yunoniston – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qadimgi Yunoniston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gresa_antiga" title="Gresa antiga – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gresa antiga" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amuine_Grekanma" title="Amuine Grekanma – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Amuine Grekanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i" title="Hy Lạp cổ đại – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hy Lạp cổ đại" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadton_Gresya" title="Hadton Gresya – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hadton Gresya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="古希腊 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古希腊" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჯვეში საბერძნეთი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯვეში საბერძნეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="אוראלט גריכנלאנד – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוראלט גריכנלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hihlaz_ciuhgeq" title="Hihlaz ciuhgeq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Hihlaz ciuhgeq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="古希臘" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C4%81i_Hi-lia%CC%8Dp" title="Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kó͘-tāi Hi-lia̍p" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="古希臘 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古希臘" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11772#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23,_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23%2C_2019.jpg/350px-East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23%2C_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23%2C_2019.jpg/525px-East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23%2C_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23%2C_2019.jpg/700px-East_Facade_of_the_Parthenon_on_July_23%2C_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%8D%AB%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="雅典卫城">雅典卫城</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E5%86%9C%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" class="mw-redirect" title="帕特农神庙">帕特农神庙</a>，是为女神<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%A8%9C" title="雅典娜">雅典娜</a>而建。它是古希腊文明的标志性符号之一</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36; background:#ffffff;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#004C98"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="希腊历史"><span style="color:white">希腊历史</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Greece,_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli;_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="威廉·法登于1785年3月绘制的地中海区域地图"><img alt="威廉·法登于1785年3月绘制的地中海区域地图" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/190px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/285px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg/380px-Map_of_Greece%2C_Archipelago_and_part_of_Anadoli%3B_Louis_Stanislas_d%27Arcy_Delarochette_1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9411" data-file-height="6605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="background:#004C98"> <span style="color:white">历史系列条目</span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="新石器时代希腊">新石器时代希腊</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="新石器时代希腊">新石器时代希腊</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="爱琴文明">青铜时代希腊</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="希臘文明">希臘文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="基克拉泽斯文明">基克拉泽斯文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="米诺斯文明">米诺斯文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古希腊</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="希腊黑暗时代">黑暗时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古典希臘時期">古典时期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘化時代的希臘">希腊化时期</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="東羅馬帝國">中世纪希腊</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="希腊的罗马时期">罗马时期</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拜占庭时期的希腊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Byzantine Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拜占庭时期的希腊（页面不存在）">拜占庭希腊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Byzantine Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Byzantine Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%B2%BB%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="拉丁人治下的希腊">法兰克和拉丁统治</a></li> <li><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥斯曼时期的希腊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ottoman Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥斯曼时期的希腊（页面不存在）">奥斯曼希腊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Ottoman Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ottoman Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威尼斯統治時期的希臘" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stato da Màr"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%B5%B1%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威尼斯統治時期的希臘（页面不存在）">威尼斯統治</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_da_M%C3%A0r" class="extiw" title="en:Stato da Màr"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stato da Màr</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="近代希臘">近现代希腊</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%81%E4%BF%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="塞普丁修拉共和国">塞普丁修拉共和国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="希腊独立战争">独立战争</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="希臘王國">希臘王國</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国家分立" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="National Schism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%86%E7%AB%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国家分立（页面不存在）">国家分立</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Schism" class="extiw" title="en:National Schism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">National Schism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" title="希臘第二共和國">希臘第二共和國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5%E9%AB%94%E5%88%B6" title="八月四日體制">八月四日體制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E5%BF%83%E5%9C%8B%E4%BD%94%E9%A0%98%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="軸心國佔領希臘時期">轴心国占领</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9C%8B" title="希臘國">希臘國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%86%85%E6%88%98" title="希腊内战">内战</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%BB%8D%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="希臘軍政府">军政府</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希臘第三共和國" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Third Hellenic Republic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊第三共和国">希臘第三共和國</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Hellenic_Republic" class="extiw" title="en:Third Hellenic Republic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Third Hellenic Republic</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee">专题史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊艺术" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Greek art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊艺术（页面不存在）">艺术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_art" class="extiw" title="en:Greek art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Greek art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊宪政史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constitutional history of Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AE%AA%E6%94%BF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊宪政史（页面不存在）">宪政史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Constitutional history of Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constitutional history of Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊和希腊世界经济史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%92%8C%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊和希腊世界经济史（页面不存在）">经济史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" class="extiw" title="en:Economic history of Greece and the Greek world"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Economic history of Greece and the Greek world</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊军事史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Military history of Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊军事史（页面不存在）">军事史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Military history of Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Military history of Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊人的称谓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Names of the Greeks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊人的称谓（页面不存在）">称谓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:Names of the Greeks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Names of the Greeks</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Greece.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/32px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/48px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/64px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="Portal:希腊">希腊主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:希腊历史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:希腊历史（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:希腊历史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>古希腊</b>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：<span lang="el">Ελλάς</span>，<small><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%8C%96" title="希臘語羅馬化">羅馬化</a>：</small><span lang="el-Latn" title="希臘語羅馬化">Ellas</span>）泛指<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="愛琴海">愛琴海</a>一帶在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬人">羅馬人</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>進入前的古<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>。其大部分時期并非統一勢力，文化繁榮的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古典希臘時期">經典時期</a>為一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">城邦</a>百家爭鳴的狀態。 </p><p>早在約公元前三千紀，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="愛琴海">愛琴海</a>地區就孕育了燦爛的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="米諾斯文明">米諾斯文明</a>（或稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特文明">克里特文明</a>），約公元前16世紀被<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="邁錫尼文明">邁錫尼文明</a>取代，文明中心從克里特島轉向了希臘大陸。約公元前1200年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5" title="多利安人入侵">多利安人入侵</a>毀滅了邁錫尼文明，希臘歷史進入所謂「<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="希腊黑暗时代">黑暗時代</a>」。在公元前九世纪末期，海上贸易再次兴盛，新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>国家纷纷建立。公元前5世紀初在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="古雅典">雅典</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE" title="斯巴达">斯巴达</a>领导下，希臘城邦聯軍在兩次<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波希战争">波希战争</a>戰勝波斯帝國。此時希臘文明進入了最高峰，古典哲學，科技，藝術以及民主政治快速發展，獲称為「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="伯里克利时代">黄金时期</a>」（伯里克利在位）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伯羅奔尼撒戰爭">伯羅奔尼撒戰爭</a>結束了雅典民主制以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="提洛同盟">提洛同盟</a>，希臘各城邦進入混戰。公元前4世紀末<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="馬其頓">馬其頓</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="國王">國王</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大大帝</a>征服希臘地區后，古希臘文化得以播遷到<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9C%88%E6%B2%83%E5%9C%9F" title="新月沃土">新月沃土</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="印度河流域文明">印度河流域</a>的廣大地區，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘化時期">希臘化時期</a>。由于古希腊文明在地中海世界的重大影響，其文化還被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="古羅馬">古羅馬</a>吸收并带到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲">欧洲</a>的许多地区。因此一般认为古希腊文明为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="西方文明">西方文明</a>打下了基础<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="年表"><span id=".E5.B9.B4.E8.A1.A8"></span>年表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：年表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="青銅時代"><span id=".E9.9D.92.E9.8A.85.E6.99.82.E4.BB.A3"></span>青銅時代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：青銅時代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="米诺斯文明">米诺斯文明</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knossos_R01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Knossos_R01.jpg/250px-Knossos_R01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Knossos_R01.jpg/375px-Knossos_R01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Knossos_R01.jpg/500px-Knossos_R01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特島">克里特島</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%BA%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%AB%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="克诺索斯王宫博物馆">克诺索斯王宮</a></figcaption></figure> <p>前3000年左右南下的印欧人部落与來自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%82%A3%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="安那托利亚">安那托利亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐民族">印歐民族</a>以及希腊的原住民<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼拉斯齐人（页面不存在）">彼拉斯齐人</a>融合并定居於<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="愛琴海">愛琴海</a>沿岸，成為希臘人的祖先。希臘進入銅器時代。此時規模最大的考古遺址為克里特島上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%AB%BE%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="克諾索斯">克諾索斯</a>，被認為和傳說中的米諾斯王宮大致對應，因此這文明亦稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AB%BE%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="米諾斯文明">米諾斯文明</a>。同時代希腊地区也有<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="基克拉泽斯">基克拉泽斯群島</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="基克拉泽斯文明">基克拉泽斯文明</a>，以及位于希腊大陆的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%8A%85%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘銅器時代">赫拉斯文明</a>。 </p><p>大约公元前1600年，另一支古印欧人来到了希腊南部的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC" title="迈锡尼">迈锡尼</a>，此后的500年里，这支古印欧人创造了<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a>，希腊进入了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="荷馬史詩">荷马史詩</a>中的年代。邁錫尼文明在約公元前12世紀滅亡於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5" title="多利安人入侵">多利安人入侵</a>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg/300px-Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg/450px-Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg/600px-Mycenae_lion_gate_dsc06382.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC" title="迈锡尼">迈锡尼</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E9%96%80_(%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC)" title="獅子門 (邁錫尼)">狮子门</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="黑暗时代"><span id=".E9.BB.91.E6.9A.97.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>黑暗时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：黑暗时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>中古希臘（约前1200年至前800年）也稱希腊黑暗时代，指的是希腊历史中从传说中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E4%BA%BA" title="多利安人">多利安人</a>入侵及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a>灭亡的公元前十一世纪直到公元前九世纪最早的希腊<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>崛起；以及公元前八世纪出现了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%97" title="荷马史诗">荷马史诗</a>等早期<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>写作。這時期人口減少，邁錫尼時期的雄偉建築和墓葬消失，鐵器經可能的入侵者傳入。這時期的藝術風格主要是較簡單的<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="几何艺术">幾何風格</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古風时代"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E9.A2.A8.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>古風时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：古風时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>这时期人們會注意到工藝，科技和政治哲學的明顯進步和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">希臘城邦</a>的興起，古典<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%87%E5%A0%B4_(%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93)" class="mw-redirect" title="劇場 (藝術)">劇場</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="詩歌">詩歌</a>发展以及對在希臘黑暗時代失去的書寫語言的重新引入（古風的定義也部分來自此）。前8世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">希腊城邦</a>（Polis）逐渐兴起，城邦是政治生活的基本單元，“政治”（Politics）一詞即为“城邦事务”。最著名的兩個城邦為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="斯巴達">斯巴達</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>。斯巴達傳說在前7世紀由立法者呂庫古改革，實施軍事化制度，而雅典在前6世紀由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="梭倫">梭倫</a>改革，擴大雅典公民權利。希臘城邦紛紛在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7" title="地中海">地中海</a>和黑海沿岸建立殖民地，著名的有<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%98%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="敘拉古">敘拉古</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E8%98%AD%E6%89%98" class="mw-redirect" title="塔蘭托">塔蘭托</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a>。前776年，各城邦在奧林匹亞舉辦第一次<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="古代奥林匹克运动会">奥林匹克运动会</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="古典时代"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.85.B8.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>古典时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：古典时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/220px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/330px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg/440px-Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>雅典政治家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="伯里克利">伯里克利</a></figcaption></figure> <p>公元前492和480年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="波斯帝國">波斯帝國</a>兩次大規模入侵希臘世界，均遭到挫敗，史称<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="希波战争">希波战争</a>，古希臘文明進入了高峰。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="民主">民主</a>改革在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="伯里克利">伯里克利</a>時代正式完成，商業，工藝，哲學，科學和藝術空前發展。著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特">赫拉克利特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%97%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="巴门尼德">巴门尼德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德谟克利特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="希罗多德">希罗多德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%94%E5%BA%95%E5%BE%B7" title="修昔底德">修昔底德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%AF%BA%E8%8A%AC" title="色诺芬">色诺芬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="索福克勒斯">索福克勒斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%87%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="欧里庇得斯">歐里庇得斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="索福克勒斯">索福克勒斯</a>均為這一時期的人物。 </p><p>公元前431年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>領導的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="提洛同盟">提洛同盟</a>和斯巴達領導的伯羅奔尼撒同盟之間再次爆發戰爭，史稱<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伯羅奔尼撒戰爭">伯羅奔尼撒戰爭</a>。雅典民主制結束，取而代之的是斯巴達人支持的寡頭政府。但斯巴達人的霸權沒能持續太久，希臘城邦就陷入了混戰。 </p><p>公元前335年，馬其頓國王<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大大帝">亞歷山大大帝</a>夷平底比斯，除斯巴達外的希臘眾城邦降伏，古典時代結束。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="波希战争"><span id=".E6.B3.A2.E5.B8.8C.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>波希战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：波希战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波希战争">波希战争</a></div> <p>在希腊城邦向地中海沿岸扩展的同时，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="西亚">西亚</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯帝国</a>也在扩张；前547年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%91%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿契美尼德王朝">波斯帝国</a>征服了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="小亚细亚半岛">小亚细亚半岛</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="伊奥尼亚">伊奥尼亚</a>希腊诸邦<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。前499年，小亚细亚半岛上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E9%83%BD" title="米利都">米利都</a>等希腊城邦发动起义并焚烧了<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="萨迪斯">萨迪斯</a>城，且得到雅典支持<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2.1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2.1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。波斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="大流士一世">大流士一世</a>在镇压起义后，就准备进攻雅典。前490年，波斯大军渡海西侵，卻在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="马拉松战役">马拉松战役</a>被人数居于劣势的雅典重装步兵击败，希腊人赢了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波希战争">第一次波希战争</a><sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2.2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2.2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>前480年，波斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%9B%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="薛西斯一世">薛西斯一世</a>率20万大军再次进攻<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2.3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2.3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，希腊各城邦也结成同盟，共禦强敌。希腊联军的陆军以斯巴达人为主力，海军则以雅典舰队为主<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2.3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2.3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。斯巴达陆军在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E6%B3%89%E5%85%B3%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="温泉关战役">温泉关</a>阻击波斯陆军，虽然兵败，但为希腊海军爭取了集结时间<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2.4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2.4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。波斯人攻入了雅典，将全城焚毁，但希腊海军在<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E6%B9%BE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="萨拉米湾海战">萨拉米海战</a>中一举击溃波斯海军，波斯人面临补给切断的危险，不得不撤退<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.2.4_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.2.4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。希腊人乘胜追击，解放了小亚细亚的希腊诸邦。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波希战争">第二次波希战争</a>以希腊胜利告终。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="伯罗奔尼撒战争"><span id=".E4.BC.AF.E7.BD.97.E5.A5.94.E5.B0.BC.E6.92.92.E6.88.98.E4.BA.89"></span>伯罗奔尼撒战争</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：伯罗奔尼撒战争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="伯罗奔尼撒战争">伯罗奔尼撒战争</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="波希战争">波希战争</a>以后，雅典成为希腊的霸主<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雅典海军是希腊各城邦中最强大的军事力量，雅典的民主制也在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="伯里克利">伯里克利</a>执政时期达到黄金时代。波希战争中，希腊各城邦建立了以雅典为首的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="提洛同盟">提洛同盟</a>，战后逐渐成为雅典实现霸权的工具<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3.1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3.1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。以斯巴达为首的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="伯罗奔尼撒同盟">伯罗奔尼撒同盟</a>不满雅典霸权，双方多次爆发摩擦。前431年，斯巴达的同盟<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="底比斯 (希臘)">底比斯</a>进攻雅典的同盟<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="普拉提">普拉提</a>，正式引发了伯罗奔尼撒战争<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3.2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3.2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。雅典依靠强大的海军封锁，斯巴达则攻入雅典，试图迫其决战。双方互有胜负，但都未能取得决定性胜利，遂于前421年缔结和约<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3.2_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3.2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。和平未能维持很久，前415年，雅典对<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里岛">西西里岛</a>斯巴达的盟邦<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="叙拉古">叙拉古</a>发动大规模远征，结果以惨败告终<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3.3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3.3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。西西里远征使雅典元气大伤，无力抵御斯巴达的攻势。前405年，雅典海军全歼<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3.3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3.3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。次年，雅典向斯巴达投降，斯巴达成了希腊的新霸主。斯巴达的霸权也未能长久，希腊各城邦陷入混战之中<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德4.3.4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德4.3.4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="城邦混战"><span id=".E5.9F.8E.E9.82.A6.E6.B7.B7.E6.88.98"></span>城邦混战</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：城邦混战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>斯巴達的帝國主義政策，使得斯巴達以前的盟友很快就背叛了斯巴達，雅典與以前的敵人<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="底比斯 (希臘)">底比斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF" title="科林斯">科林斯</a>結盟，在公元前395-387年的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="科林斯战争">科林斯戰爭</a>中對抗斯巴達。378年斯巴達統帥斯福德里亞斯突襲<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%9B%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF" title="比雷埃夫斯">比雷埃夫斯</a>的企圖引發雅典建立<b>第二次雅典同盟</b>。最終底比斯在371年的<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="留克特拉戰役">留克特拉戰役</a>中擊敗了斯巴達。然而此後包括雅典在內的其他希臘城邦轉而反對底比斯，底比斯的霸權在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E4%B8%81%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="曼丁尼亚战役">曼丁尼亚战役</a>（公元前362年）中隨著其領導人軍事天才<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%BF%83%E9%81%94" title="伊巴密濃達">伊巴密濃達</a>的去世而結束。底比斯的霸權結束之後，位於希臘北部的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="馬其頓王國">馬其頓王國</a>開始崛起，成為古希臘新的霸權。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="希腊化时代"><span id=".E5.B8.8C.E8.85.8A.E5.8C.96.E6.97.B6.E4.BB.A3"></span>希腊化时代</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：希腊化时代"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊化时代">希腊化时代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="希臘化文明">希臘化文明</a></div> <p>希臘化時代在亞歷山大征服波斯帝國之後不久開始。通常起始點視為亞歷山大大帝於公元前323年逝世開始，並結束於羅馬共和國在前146年征服希臘本土，或前30年最後的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%BC%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85" title="繼業者">繼業者王國</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="托勒密王國">托勒密王國</a>滅亡為止。這段時期，19世紀後西方史學界認為古希臘文明主宰整個地中海東部沿岸的文明，所以稱此地這段時期為希臘化時代。希臘化時代被認為是希臘古典時代和羅馬文化間的過渡時期，與希臘古典時代相比，被認為文化上呈現下降或衰退的趨勢。希臘化時期的特點是新的一波的希臘殖民活動，並主要以埃及和西亞的各希臘化王國內建立殖民城市為主。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="马其顿的崛起"><span id=".E9.A9.AC.E5.85.B6.E9.A1.BF.E7.9A.84.E5.B4.9B.E8.B5.B7"></span>马其顿的崛起</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：马其顿的崛起"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg/186px-Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg/279px-Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg/372px-Philip_II_of_Macedon_CdM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="903" /></a><figcaption>马其顿的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF)" title="腓力二世 (马其顿)">腓力二世</a></figcaption></figure> <p>马其顿位于希腊北部，处于希腊文明的边缘，被希腊人视为蛮族<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但从公元前4世纪起，马其顿逐渐成为希腊北部的重要国家。前359年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF)" title="腓力二世 (马其顿)">菲利普二世</a>即位。在菲利普的治下，马其顿成为巴尔干地区首屈一指的军事强国<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。菲利普大力推動馬其頓歷史發展，使馬其頓的歷史從此長期與希臘的歷史融為一體。面对马其顿的崛起，希腊建立了以雅典为首的反马其顿同盟<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。前338年，马其顿在<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="喀羅尼亞戰役">喀羅尼亞</a>大败希腊联军，取得了对整个希腊的控制权<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。前336年，菲利普遇刺身亡，其子<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大</a>即位。亚历山大即位后很快就平定了希腊城邦的叛亂，巩固了政权<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。前334年，亚历山大率大军渡海东征，拉开了他征服世界的序幕。亚历山大最大的敌人是强大的波斯帝国。亚历山大先后在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="格拉尼庫斯河戰役">格拉尼庫斯河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%98%87%E6%96%AF%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9" title="伊蘇斯戰役">伊蘇斯</a>击败波斯军队，从波斯人手中夺取了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚">叙利亚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a><sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。波斯国王<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B5%81%E5%A3%AB%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="大流士三世">大流士三世</a>试图求和，但被雄心勃勃的亚历山大拒绝。前331年，亚历山大和大流士三世之间具有决定性意义的<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%BE%8E%E6%8B%89%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="高加美拉战役">高加美拉戰役</a>爆发。亚历山大再一次取得了胜利，并乘势攻下<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E4%BC%A6" title="巴比伦">巴比伦</a>，波斯帝国灭亡<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。亚历山大继续东进，直到<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>流域方才折返<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此時，亚历山大的希臘軍實質是以馬其頓人為主的馬其頓軍。前323年，亚历山大病死，他庞大的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="马其顿帝国">帝国</a>也随之分裂，古典时代结束，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊化时代">希腊化时代</a>开始<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.7.3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.7.3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>亚历山大的部下，经过一系列的争斗后，仅存的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E6%9F%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="安提柯王朝">安提柯王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="塞琉古帝国">塞琉古帝国</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密王国">托勒密王国</a>，便成为希腊化时代主要的三个国家，虽然这三个彼此之间偶有战争，不过文化活动却取得了重大的發展，因为早在亚历山大征讨亞洲、非洲各国后，他為了統一文化生活的政策，派遣许多学者与人民到各国通婚、研究学术、商业贸易等，使希腊、埃及和西亚文化開始互相影響，加上希腊化时代各王国的君王的推广与资助，造成这三者文化紧密的融合与交流，是世界文化史的一件大事<sup id="cite_ref-蒲慕州13.2_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-蒲慕州13.2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，除此之外，波斯帝国所遗留下庞大的黄金，这些财富的流通，也扩大贸易和商业的发展，不过到了从前二世纪开始，在亞平寧半島崛起一个新興的勢力——<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="罗马共和国">古羅馬共和國</a>，其用武力先后征服三大王国，于是希腊化时代宣告结束<sup id="cite_ref-蒲慕州13.2_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-蒲慕州13.2-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不過其文化遺產流傳至中世紀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地理"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.86"></span>地理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：地理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png/200px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png/300px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png/400px-Ancient_Regions_Mainland_Greece.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>古希臘本土城邦，另外包括野蠻人的部分</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自然環境"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.84.B6.E7.92.B0.E5.A2.83"></span>自然環境</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：自然環境"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古希臘大致上包括馬其頓以南的希臘半島，以及愛琴海和愛奧尼亞海中的各島嶼。古希臘的自然環境並不豐富，從氣候上來看，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%AD%E6%B5%B7%E5%9E%8B%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99" class="mw-redirect" title="地中海型氣候">地中海型氣候</a>，冬雨夏熱，土地並不肥沃，只能生產耐旱的水果，如橄欖、葡萄等，粮食不能自给。穀物主要有大麥，此外則有蜂蜜和酒。希臘半島是一個多山，平原少的地區。地势崎岖不平，仅有的小块平原又被难以逾越的山脉阻隔，不適耕作。雖也有河川，不過都水淺流急，不利航運。雨季會氾濫成災，乾季又常乾涸，因此灌溉不易，很難發展農業。而畜牧業也只適合綿羊和山羊，所以不甚發達<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.1.1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.1.1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘半島位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%B9%B9%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="巴爾幹半島">巴爾幹半島</a>南部，東接<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="愛琴海">愛琴海</a>，西鄰<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="愛奧尼亞海">愛奧尼亞海</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B5%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞得里亞海">亞得里亞海</a>，海岸线曲折，岛屿密布，多良港。從半島東部的港口出發，經由愛琴海，向東可航行到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%B0%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="小亞細亞">小亞細亞</a>西岸；從東北可到<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="達達尼爾海峽">達達尼爾海峽</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="博斯普魯斯海峽">博斯普魯斯海峽</a>而抵達<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海">黑海</a>；往南經過<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="克里特島">克里特島</a>可到達<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>；向西經過愛奧尼亞海可到達<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="義大利">義大利</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>。這樣的地理環境，對於古希臘航海業的發展大有幫助<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德1.1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德1.1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘半島依地勢分為北、中、南三部分。北希臘由伊庇魯斯山和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%89%B2%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9" title="古色萨利">古色萨利</a>平原組成。由北希臘到中希臘，要經過一條險要的關卡—<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E6%B3%89%E9%97%9C" title="溫泉關">溫泉關</a>。中希臘由於群山眾多，平原狹小，其中以著名城邦—<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1" title="阿提卡">阿提卡</a>最為重要。從中希臘到南希臘，則要經過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%B0%E5%B3%BD" title="科林斯地峽">科林斯地峽</a>，地峽附近的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF" title="科林斯">科林斯</a>最為重要的城邦。南希臘別名為「<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="伯羅奔尼撒半島">伯羅奔尼撒半島</a>」，最重要的城邦為<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="斯巴達">斯巴達</a>。 </p><p>如此錯綜複雜的地理環境、不便的陸路交通和地區分割，是造成古希臘城邦林立、不易統一的重要原因。城邦的狭小使古希腊人经常向海外殖民。发达的商品经济，频繁的海外贸易与殖民活动，使希腊人一开始就与古代东方的农业民族不同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="殖民地"><span id=".E6.AE.96.E6.B0.91.E5.9C.B0"></span>殖民地</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：殖民地"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_greek_ancient.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Location_greek_ancient.svg/302px-Location_greek_ancient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="302" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Location_greek_ancient.svg/453px-Location_greek_ancient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Location_greek_ancient.svg/604px-Location_greek_ancient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>古希臘及其沿海殖民地，大約於公元前550年</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="大希臘">大希臘</a></div> <p>在古風時期，希臘的人口增長超出了耕地的負載力<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.2.3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>為了解決人口成长过快的問題，以及古希腊人固有的探险精神，大約從公元前750年起，希臘人在之後250年向外開拓殖民地。向東，鄰近愛琴海沿岸的小亞細亞是首先建立殖民地的地方，其次是今<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="塞浦路斯">塞浦路斯</a>岛和色雷斯的海岸，今<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%B5%B7" title="马尔马拉海">马尔马拉海</a>和黑海的南部海岸<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.2.3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘的殖民範圍，東北可達到今天<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%8C%97%E5%B2%B8%E4%BD%8E%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑海北岸低地（页面不存在）">黑海北岸低地</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="克里米亚半岛">克里米亚半岛</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="黑海北部沿岸的古希腊殖民地">黑海北部沿岸的古希臘殖民地</a>）；西邊可達<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="伊利里亚">伊利里亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里島">西西里島</a>和亚平宁半岛南部，再遠一些可到達高卢南部、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%A5%BF%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科西嘉島">科西嘉島</a>，甚至是伊比利亚半岛東北部。希臘也曾經在今北非的埃及和利比亞建立殖民地<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.2.3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現代<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8" title="锡拉库萨">锡拉库萨</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">那不勒斯</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E8%B3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="馬賽">馬賽</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%A0%A1" title="伊斯坦堡">伊斯坦堡</a>等等城市，都曾是希臘人的殖民地。這些殖民地是傳播希臘文化的重要角色，影響了整個歐洲，也有助於建立在希臘城邦之間長途貿易網路，帶動古希臘經濟發展<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.2.3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="政治制度"><span id=".E6.94.BF.E6.B2.BB.E5.88.B6.E5.BA.A6"></span>政治制度</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：政治制度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古希臘是城邦林立的地區，因此許多不同的政治制度都有在此地區获得實踐和发展<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，有些古希臘<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="斯巴達">斯巴達</a>一样奉行君主制，將統治權集中在國王手中；有些城邦則如<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>一樣實行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="雅典式民主">民主政治</a>；還有一些城邦則是由貴族統治或由少數人控制的議會（councils）統治。虽然古希腊所处地域狭小，但其政治制度在广泛的时间上获得了丰富多彩的发展。仅就政体来分古希腊就经历了贵族制、民主制、寡头制和僭主制的演变。尤其突出的是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="雅典式民主">古希腊的民主政治制度</a>是古代人类对<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="直接民主">直接民主</a>制度最早的尝试之一，对后世产生了深远的影响<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.1.1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.1.1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>專制政體取代希臘化時代政治思想，君主通常以神權或半神權作號召。亞歷山大大帝在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>以上帝之子身份統治，在希臘獲崇拜神化，身故後獲希臘化各國仿效。這種情況以塞流卡斯王國和托勒密王朝更為明顯，塞流卡斯王朝君主<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="安条克四世">安条克四世</a>統治敘利亞用「上帝顯現」（Epiphanes）的銜號；托勒密王朝君主在簽署詔命時用「上帝」（Theos）的名義，惟獨馬其頓的情況不像前述兩者如此明顯<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="教育"><span id=".E6.95.99.E8.82.B2"></span>教育</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：教育"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="古希腊教育">古希腊教育</a></div> <p>教育在古希腊生活中，自从创建城邦直到希腊化时期和罗马统治时期，教育一直扮演重要的角色。 </p><p>古希腊教育起源于荷马时代的贵族化传统，在公元前5世纪受到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%A1%E8%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="诡辩家">诡辩家</a>的影响，广泛的民主化。在希腊化时期，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E9%A6%86_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)" title="体育馆 (古希腊)">体育馆</a>的教育被认为是分享希腊文化的先决条件。古希腊普通教育制度的最著名的例外，是一个一直持续到罗马时期的城邦——斯巴达，男孩和女孩同样要接受严格的军事化的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="斯巴达教育">斯巴达教育</a>训练制度（始于公元前6世纪）。 </p><p>希臘化時代，教育有更進一步的發展。許多私人所經營的學校，後來都陸續得到政府的贊助。有心想要進一步深造的學生，除了前往<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%8D%93" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山卓">亞歷山卓</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="古雅典">雅典</a>的高級學術中心之外，另有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="伊比鳩魯">伊比鳩魯</a>所興辦的學府可以選擇就讀。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法律"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B"></span>法律</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：法律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古希臘法律條文之制訂，最早乃出於自雅典的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4" title="德拉古">德拉古</a>，在梭倫掌政時，還沒有藉由國家機構執行的刑罰。前六百年後，私罰的執行才陸續廢除。唯一起源於古典文藝時代而流傳於世的大法典原文，是克萊特島的葛爾廷城市法，該法典共分二十章節刻寫在音樂演奏廳走廊的牆壁上，使城市內公民都能見到，其內容包括個人法、家庭法、遺產法、財產法和債務法<sup id="cite_ref-辛達謨1.20_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-辛達謨1.20-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="军事"><span id=".E5.86.9B.E4.BA.8B"></span>军事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：军事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" title="古希腊军事">古希腊军事</a></div> <p>古希腊军事，傳統上包括了大量使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" title="步兵">步兵</a>作战。希腊最典形的步兵为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%9D%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘重裝步兵">希臘重裝步兵</a>组成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B5" title="民兵">民兵</a>，以<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E7%9B%BE%E5%85%B5" title="轻盾兵">輕盾兵</a>（Peltast）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%93%E7%AE%AD%E6%89%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="弓箭手">弓箭手</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5" title="骑兵">骑兵</a>为輔助。方阵步兵通常会以<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%90%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="錐形">锥形</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="长方形">长方形</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%99%A3_(%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B)" title="方陣 (軍事)">方阵</a>前进，而抛矛兵会在两侧騷扰敌人。一般的方阵是由方阵步兵紧靠着，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%BE%E7%89%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="盾牌">盾牌</a>放在前方而组成的人墙，在于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E8%A1%9B" class="mw-disambig" title="防衛">防卫</a>可以拥有很大的优势，不过缺乏<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机动性（页面不存在）">机动性</a>。希臘重裝步兵的名字来自于他们使用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E7%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="圓盾">圆盾</a>（Hoplon）。由于所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E5%85%B5" title="士兵">士兵</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%85%E5%A4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="装备">装备</a>全部都由自己购买，所以士兵缺乏<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B6%E6%9C%8D" title="制服">制服</a>，战场误伤的可能性也比較大。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="經濟"><span id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F"></span>經濟</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：經濟"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="古希臘經濟">古希臘經濟</a></div> <p>古希臘時代經濟相當發達，工商業雖然規模不大，不過仍有一定程度的發展。除了斯巴達採取管制經濟的體制外，其他各城邦大都寬鬆且自由。不過各城邦都有貧富懸殊的情況<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘化時代各國，尤其是埃及與西亞對於工商業和對外貿易採取嚴格的控制。托勒密王朝在埃及幾乎每一鄉村都設置政府經營的工廠或商店，用來充實財政，對於私營工商業也是嚴格管理；西亞的政府也有相似的手段，只不過規模較小。但是，貧富懸殊的情況，以及工資下降和物價上升的情形相當普遍，這些現象讓人民的生活相當辛苦。另外，大都市的興起亦為希臘化世界的特色。敘利亞的安提亞克在百年之內人口成長四倍，底格里斯河上的塞流西亞從渺無人煙之地成長為數十萬人口之多，埃及的亞歷山大城為當時最大城市，大約有一百萬人口<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="農業"><span id=".E8.BE.B2.E6.A5.AD"></span>農業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：農業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="古希臘農業">古希臘農業</a></div> <p>農業上，農業技術大有進展，開發出三種農作物輪種法，使耕地有限的各個希臘城邦，能夠將作物產量發揮到最大<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。當時古希臘人懂得利用綠肥（禾莖、草和菜根）和人工肥料（灰燼、石灰石）等方法，來為農作物施肥。此外，園藝業（橄欖、葡萄）的發展在雅典、米利都等城邦相當興盛，葡萄酒是日常生活的飲料，橄欖油可作為飲食、化妝品和照明等用途，園藝作物發展到了商品化階段，成為城邦貿易的出口商品<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="手工業"><span id=".E6.89.8B.E5.B7.A5.E6.A5.AD"></span>手工業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：手工業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>手工業上，手工業的發展也相當興盛。科林斯的紡織業，米利都的紡織業、家具業，雅典的冶金業、造船業、製陶業和建築業的發展規模很大<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在當時，雅典所生產的「紅花」瓶遠近馳名，其特色在於色澤亮麗，精緻典雅。雅典還曾製造排水量達220噸的商船，這種船上掛上一張很大布帆，以一根牢固的船桅和桃桁作為支撐。另外在採礦業的發展也很大，特別以勞里昂的銀礦、潘給優斯的金礦和塞浦路斯的銅礦最為著名<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="商業"><span id=".E5.95.86.E6.A5.AD"></span>商業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：商業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>商業上，由於生產力的提昇，商業也頗為發達。每個城邦皆有集市，各種商品在專門的區域販賣<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。某些城邦的海外貿易的發展相當篷勃。雅典曾經主宰愛琴海海域，其海外貿易遠及地中海及黑海等地區，雅典的比雷埃夫斯港是當時聞名世界的商港，輸入的商品包括埃及、西西里、黑海的穀物、牲畜和皮革，米利都的羊毛，波斯和迦太基的毛毯，阿拉伯的香水，馬其頓和色雷斯的亞麻衣料和造船木材，另外還有各個地區運送到來的奴隸；輸出的商品包括橄欖油、葡萄酒、銅、鉛、銀、大理石、金屬製品和陶器<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金融業"><span id=".E9.87.91.E8.9E.8D.E6.A5.AD"></span>金融業</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：金融業"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由於商業的發展，以及各國城邦使用的貨幣並不相同，因此在市場上出現貨幣兌換攤，後來慢慢發展成金融業，開始從事借貸、抵押和匯兌等業務。在當時，抵押借款利息是12%，商業借利息是16至18%，海外貿易借款利息是30%<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96"></span>文化</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：文化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文學"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.B8"></span>文學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：文學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">古希腊文学</a></div> <p>古希腊文学反映了欧洲从氏族社会向<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隶制">奴隶制</a>社会过渡时期的现实生活，特别体现了古代世界的人们对战争与和平、人与自然之间的关系的思考。古希腊时代显赫的英雄行为和社会历史的重大变迁都在文学作品中得以深刻的体现。这些文学作品不仅为整个西方文学的发展奠定了基调，也为人们研究古希腊世界的历史与社会提供了丰富的文献资料。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg/150px-Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg/225px-Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg/300px-Briseis_Phoinix_Louvre_G152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1833" /></a><figcaption>古希腊时根据荷马史诗所绘的图。图中为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%BC%A6_(%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D)" title="海伦 (神话)">海倫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%98%BF%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF" title="普里阿摩斯">普里阿摩斯</a></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>史詩</dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="史詩">史詩</a>是一種的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E9%AB%94%E8%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="文學體裁">文學體裁</a>，內容為<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E9%96%93%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="民間傳說">民間傳說</a>或歌頌<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84" title="英雄">英雄</a>功績的長篇<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%99%E4%BA%8B%E8%AF%97" title="叙事诗">敘事詩</a><sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%97" title="荷马史诗">荷马史诗</a>》是西方文学史上最早的正式的书面文学作品。史诗包括两部，分别是《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9" title="伊利亚特">伊利亚特</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%BE%B7%E8%B5%9B" title="奥德赛">奥德赛</a>》，相传作者是大致生活于公元前10世纪至8世纪之间的盲人诗人<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马">荷马</a><sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.1.1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.1.1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，不过目前更流行的观点是《荷马史诗》是包括荷马在内的许多人集体创作并反复修改过的<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.1.1.C_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.1.1.C-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在这一时期的诗人除荷马外，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德">赫西俄德</a>也非常著名。他大致生活于公元前8世纪末至7世纪初。他的代表作包括教谕诗《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%88%87%E6%99%82%E6%97%A5" title="工作與時日">工作与时日</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%B0%B1" title="神谱">神谱</a>》。他的创作风格和荷马非常相似，语言上有模仿《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%97" title="荷马史诗">荷马史诗</a>》的痕迹<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德8.2.1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德8.2.1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希腊化时代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大城">亞歷山大城</a>，聚集了不少著名詩人，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E9%A9%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF" title="卡利马科斯">卡利马科斯</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B2%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF" title="罗德岛的阿波罗尼奥斯">阿波罗尼奥斯</a>為該時期敘事詩的代表詩人，但是境界不如古典時期的荷馬<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.1.1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.1.1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg/150px-Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg/225px-Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg/300px-Mask_youngster_Louvre_S3044.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1310" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>劇埸面具，西元前一世紀</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>戲劇</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘戲劇">古希臘戲劇</a></div> <p>希臘戲劇的起源，至今仍然不得而知，一般認為與酒神有關。酒神也是收穫之神，為了感謝衪的賜予，希臘農人常以歌舞的儀式來表達內心的感激之情。這種儀式後來為城裡的希臘人採用，並使其更為複雜，逐漸成為一種戏剧模式<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.2_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.2.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘人認為悲劇是最高級的戲劇形式，希臘到公元前第五世紀，出現了不少悲劇作家。他們不約而同以傳奇故事、人與諸神的關係，以及命運與家庭對人生的影響等為主題。至於喜劇通常是在悲劇發展到相當成熟的階段後才會出現，作品和作家均較少。喜劇作品常諷刺雅典官員，或取笑當代的一些思想家。悲劇通常在早上上演，喜劇則排在下午上演。悲劇往往訴諸人的情感，表現人的優點；喜劇則訴諸人的理智，暴露人的弱點。因此悲劇在情感上容易引起觀者的同情，而喜劇則令人感到幽默；西方四大悲劇作家中，希臘占有其三<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，分別為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="埃斯库罗斯">埃斯库罗斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="索福克勒斯">索福克勒斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%87%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="欧里庇得斯">欧里庇得斯</a>，喜劇作家以<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a>作為代表，可見希臘戲劇在戲壇的重要性，是其他民族難以企及<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.2_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.2.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>到了希臘化時代，悲劇作品雖不少，但普遍被認為生命力，價值不如古典希臘三大作家<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.2.1_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.2.1-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，所以這時的戲劇作品以喜劇為主，以米南德的新喜劇作為代表，擅長刻劃出希臘化時代的真實社會面貌<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.2_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.2.2-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.2.2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.2.2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>詩歌</dt></dl> <p>除了敘事詩之外，古希腊還出現了<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E8%AF%97" title="抒情诗">抒情诗</a>，就是詩人個人主觀的感懷為主題，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89" class="mw-disambig" title="里拉">里拉</a>樂器為伴奏，發洩詩人自己的思想和聲音<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.2.1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.2.1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。抒情诗包括多种题材，主要分为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E8%A1%8C%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双行体诗（页面不存在）">双行体诗</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BD%E5%88%BA%E8%AF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="讽刺诗（页面不存在）">讽刺诗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B4%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="琴歌">琴歌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E6%AD%8C" title="牧歌">牧歌</a>。其中写双行体诗的古希腊诗人众多，最早的诗人据传是公元前7世纪上半叶的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF" title="卡利努斯">卡利努斯</a>，但是最擅长写此诗体的则是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="西莫尼德斯">西莫尼德斯</a>（前556－前466）。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="雅典">雅典</a>民主制度的创建者<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E4%BC%A6" title="梭伦">梭伦</a>也写过不少诗歌。然而古希腊抒情诗中，成就最高的却是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B4%E6%AD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="琴歌">琴歌</a>。琴歌可分为两种，一是独唱体，一是合唱体。独唱体琴歌的代表人物是女诗人<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="萨福">萨福</a>，除萨福外，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%9F%83%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔卡埃乌斯">阿尔卡埃乌斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%BF%81" title="阿那克里翁">阿那克里翁</a>也非常擅长写独唱体琴歌。至于合唱体琴歌，成就最高的诗人是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%BE%BE" title="品达">品达</a>。 </p><p>希腊化时代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%9F%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="亞歷山大城">亞歷山大城</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="埃拉托斯特尼">埃拉托斯特尼</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="阿拉托斯">阿拉托斯</a>為該時期抒情詩的代表詩人，他們的作品曾用天文學作為題材來創作，成為這個時代獨有的特色<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.1.2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.1.2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%92%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="忒奥克里托斯">忒奥克里托斯</a>，他是田园诗的佼佼者，對近代歐洲文學也有一定程度的影響<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.1.3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.1.3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.2.3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="史學"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>史學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：史學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘史學">古希臘史學</a></div> <p>古希臘為西方世界中第一個產生有系統的歷史著作的民族。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德">希羅多德</a>以獨特風格和豐富想像力寫作他的史書<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.摘要_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.摘要-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，著有描述波希戰爭的名作《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2_(%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7)" title="歷史 (希羅多德)">歷史</a>》，獲譽為「歷史之父」。第二位傑出的史家是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%94%E5%BA%95%E5%BE%B7" title="修昔底德">修昔底德</a>，著作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%8F%B2" title="伯罗奔尼撒战争史">伯羅奔尼撒戰爭史</a>，雖然生前並未完成，不過就他所完成的部分，仍為後世推崇。他被視為第一位運用科學方法的史家，因他寫史的目的是要客觀中立報導歷史事實<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.摘要_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.摘要-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。第三位著名的史家為<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%AF%BA%E8%8A%AC" title="色诺芬">色诺芬</a>，著有<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%BE%81%E8%AE%B0" title="长征记">长征记</a>，被視為歷史上最偉大的軍事史書之一<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.摘要_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.摘要-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘化時代史學家以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E6%AF%94%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="波里比阿">波里比阿</a>為主，他在歷史研究方面，非常注重真實，並且重視歷史的社會與經濟方面因素。他的著作為《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2_(%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E6%AF%94%E9%98%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歷史 (波里比阿)（页面不存在）">歷史</a>》，主要是記述羅馬共和興起而終成為世界大國的過程<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.3_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.3-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="哲學"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.B8"></span>哲學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：哲學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thales.jpg/150px-Thales.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thales.jpg/225px-Thales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Thales.jpg/300px-Thales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>泰勒斯</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊哲学</a></div> <p>古希臘哲學源於西元前第六世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="泰利斯">泰利斯</a>，有「哲學之父」美譽<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.1.1.1_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.1.1.1-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。西元前第五世紀中葉正是雅典民主思想的高潮時期，希臘出現思想革命，哲學家放棄研究自然宇宙，這便是「<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AF%E5%A3%AB%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="辯士學派">辯士學派</a>」<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他們研究與人本身有更密切關係的事務，認為善良、真理、正義與美都與人本身的需要與利益相關。因此沒有絕對的真理，正義也沒有絕對標準。在一定的時空下，只有人自己才能決定何者正確<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>辯士學派不深刻探究絕對的真理和正義的看法，引起了強烈的反對<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1.1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.1.1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。反對者認為此舉將使宗教、道德、國家與社會無法長久的維持，因此導致新哲學思想的出現，強調「確有真理，而且絕對標準也確實存在。」其主要的領導人物是<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇格拉底">蘇格拉底</a><sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1.1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.1.1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a><sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.4.2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.4.2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亞里斯多德">亞里斯多德</a><sup id="cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.5.2_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.5.2-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，號稱「希臘三大哲學家。」 </p><p>希臘化時代哲學主流是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="斯多葛學派">斯多葛學派</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="犬儒學派">犬儒學派</a><sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.4_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a>認為人生最高的目的在追求快樂，但要達到快樂的境界，應具備獨立的精神，祛除虛偽、恐懼等意念，養成公平正直的寧靜心態，斯多亞學派主張抑制內心的慾望與外界環境的追求，並主張四海皆兄弟、寬恕待人、重視倫理等。後來此一學派對後來的羅馬，至於整個西方文化均有深遠的影響。犬儒學派否定社會與文明，提倡回歸自然，清心寡欲。後來對羅馬和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E4%BF%AE%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="苦修主義">苦修主義</a>均有影響<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.4_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.4-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/220px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/330px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg/440px-%22The_School_of_Athens%22_by_Raffaello_Sanzio_da_Urbino.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="2964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%AD%B8%E9%99%A2_(%E7%95%AB%E4%BD%9C)" title="雅典學院 (畫作)">雅典學院</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E5%B0%94" title="拉斐尔">拉斐尔</a>，1509</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="宗教信仰"><span id=".E5.AE.97.E6.95.99.E4.BF.A1.E4.BB.B0"></span>宗教信仰</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：宗教信仰"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bust_of_Zeus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bust_of_Zeus.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Zeus.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bust_of_Zeus.jpg/225px-Bust_of_Zeus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Bust_of_Zeus.jpg/300px-Bust_of_Zeus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>眾神之王<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF" title="宙斯">宙斯</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">古希臘宗教</a></div> <p>宗教信仰是組成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希臘文化（页面不存在）">古希臘文化</a>的重要部份。古希臘人大多熱愛宗教，因此他們崇拜很多天神，每個城邦都供奉有各自的天神。這些神祇擬人性相當明顯，而且就像常人一樣表現出喜怒哀樂，這種宗教信仰與希臘人的文化活動息息相關。每四年一度希臘人在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="奧林匹亞">奧林匹亞</a>所舉行的奧林匹克運動會，其基本目的在於尊敬神明，運動反而是另外目的。除了運動競技之外，還有音樂和詩歌比賽<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在希臘化時代中，中東的神秘宗教，如埃及女神<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="艾西斯">艾西斯</a>、波斯的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%86%E6%95%99" title="祆教">祆教</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="猶太教">猶太教</a>和基督教，也隨著猶太人的移入<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在下層階級傳播，而傳統宗教信仰影響力則慢慢減弱<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="藝術"><span id=".E8.97.9D.E8.A1.93"></span>藝術</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：藝術"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊艺术">古希腊艺术</a></div> <p>古希腊艺术公認為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="西方藝術">西方艺术</a>的主要源头，突出的特点是重视<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%99%E5%AE%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="写实">写实</a>。古希腊神话的人神共性使古希腊艺术对人体的塑造充满了兴趣<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。古希腊艺术不仅在希腊世界盛行，还通过贸易等方式影响了周边地域，如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="伊特鲁利亚">伊特鲁利亚</a>地区，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="亚历山大帝国">亚历山大帝国</a>建立后古希腊艺术更是向东方世界传播，在罗马征服希腊后，罗马人吸收仿效了古希腊艺术。德国学者的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="温克尔曼">温克尔曼</a>是第一个有系统研究古希腊艺术的学者。1970年代后，希腊地区的考古出土了许多古希腊艺术品，大大丰富了对古希腊艺术的认识。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg/200px-Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg/300px-Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg/400px-Parthenon-2008_entzerrt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3906" data-file-height="2865" /></a><figcaption>帕特農神廟正在整修，2008年</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>建築</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古希臘建築">古希臘建築</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="古希臘神廟">古希臘神廟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古希臘神廟列表">古希臘神廟列表</a></div> <p>古希臘建築，早期曾受埃及影響，後來則自成風格。最大成就在於，利用紀念性建築物展現出藝術形式，應用在公共建築上，如神廟、劇場、競技場。古希臘最常用的四種詞彙，為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%9F%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="多立克柱式">多立克柱式</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%9F%B1%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="愛奧尼亞柱式">愛奧尼亞柱式</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E6%9F%B1%E5%BC%8F" title="科林斯柱式">科林斯柱式</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E9%83%8E%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E6%9F%B1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女郎雕像柱式（页面不存在）">女郎雕像柱式</a>。古希臘建築風格的特點是和諧、完美、崇高。而神廟建築為就是這些特徴最為顯眼的標誌，同時也是對古希臘甚至全歐洲影響最深的建築形式。代表建築物為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E8%BE%B2%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="帕特農神廟">帕特農神廟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%A0%E9%A6%AC%E7%A5%AD%E5%A3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="帕加馬祭壇">帕加馬祭壇</a>，為世界留下了珍貴的藝術遺產，也對世界建築藝術留下極為深遠的影響<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德5.1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德5.1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘人重視公共建築，盡其所能要蓋得美輪美奐，但一般人的住宅卻很簡單，他們熱衷參與公共事務，而不肯建造精美的私人住處。可是希臘人的公共工程如運動場、噴水池、法院、城牆等往往比炫耀私人財富的住宅更受重視<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民概述_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民概述-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>希臘化時代，建築多採科林斯式和愛奧尼亞式，不再顯露人文主義、均衡和雕刻，而以奢華宏偉的宮殿為主<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.5_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <dl><dt>雕刻</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%9B%95%E5%88%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘雕刻">古希臘雕刻</a></div> <p>古希臘雕刻，早期曾受埃及影響，後來則自成風格。西元前500年以後，雕刻漸以裝飾公共建築物，特別是以神廟為主，作品亦多以神祇為題材。除了供奉的雕像外，古希臘人也塑造紀念雕像。這種雕像作品一般是為慶祝戰爭獲勝、獎勵在運動場上奪冠的運動員，或是紀錄一些大的政治事件而塑造<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德6.1.1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德6.1.1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。著名雕刻師為<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E7%8B%84%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="菲狄亚斯">菲狄亞斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%9A%86" title="米隆">米隆</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E7%95%99%E5%85%8B%E5%88%97%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF" title="波留克列特斯">波留克列特斯</a>，菲狄亞斯是雅典娜女神像的雕刻師，他也為帕德嫩神廟雕飾，還替位於奧林匹克的神殿，雕刻了一座宙斯像，是希臘人盡皆知的神像雕刻家。另一位著名的雕刻家米隆，則雕出運動員和各種動物的雕像，且以石頭或青銅為素材，他的一些作品至今仍可見到。波留克列特斯特別精通塑造運動員，且以青銅為材料。 </p><p>希臘化時代，雕刻作品出現放縱與誇大的色彩，意境雖然不如古典時期，但也有值得稱道的作品，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%B4%9B%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="米洛的维纳斯">米洛的維納斯</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%8E%AB%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="薩莫特拉斯的勝利女神">薩莫特拉斯的勝利女神</a><sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.5_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.5-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/130px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/195px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg/260px-Exekias_Dionysos_Staatliche_Antikensammlungen_2044_n2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1866" /></a><figcaption>公元前6世纪下半叶瓶画黑绘风格作品：帆船上的酒神狄俄倪索斯</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>繪畫</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB" title="古希臘繪畫">古希臘繪畫</a></div> <p>古希臘繪畫作品，由於多用在布料或建物牆壁上，容易因天災人禍影響，而不容易保存下來，因此遺留下來的作品甚少，僅存的資料，大多數為挖掘出來陶瓶的裝飾。這種裝飾於是稱為「古希臘瓶畫」，因此也就這樣代表了古希臘繪畫的概況，古希臘瓶畫可分為五種，幾何紋樣式、東方化紋樣式、黑繪式、紅繪式和白底彩繪式<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德7.1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德7.1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。古希臘瓶畫內容眾多，大部分是神話故事和英雄傳說。神話故事畫是生動的史料，題材非常廣泛，例如戰爭、狩獵、生產、家庭娛樂、體育等等<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德7.2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德7.2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。至於英雄傳說畫大多有典故，多源自於史詩、神話以及戲劇。古希臘瓶畫是古希臘繪畫的奇葩，對古羅馬、文藝復興和近代藝術的發展影響深遠<sup id="cite_ref-王尚德7.2.1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王尚德7.2.1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>至於希臘化時代的繪畫，除了極少數出土之外，其他作品都已消失殆盡<sup id="cite_ref-馮作民10.3.6.2.3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-馮作民10.3.6.2.3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="科学"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6"></span>科学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：科学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/220px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/330px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg/440px-NAMA_Machine_d%27Anticyth%C3%A8re_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="924" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E5%9F%BA%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0" title="安提基特拉机械">安提基特拉机械</a>的碎片，其为最早的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%8B%9F%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA" title="模拟计算机">模擬計算機</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="古希腊科技">古希腊科技</a></div> <p>古希臘人在科學，特別在理論科學方面成就斐然。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="天文學">天文學</a>方面能算出日蝕和月蝕，也了解月亮反射太陽的光。至於在曆法方面，各個城邦則不盡相同，大致上陰曆為每年354日，陽曆為365日，為了配合季節，用閏月來調整。在數學方面，泰里斯和畢達哥拉斯, 欧几里得，阿基米德的幾何學有相當程度的進展。在醫學方面，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a>醫術高明，認為生病必定有其原因，據說有七十部以上的醫書，均是他的著作。另外他對古希臘之醫學發展貢獻良多，故今人多尊稱之為「醫學之父」。希臘化時代在科學史上也是非常輝煌的時代。第一因執政者的提倡，亞歷山大大帝本人便大力贊助科學研究；第二埃及和美索不達米亞科學知識的普及而為希臘人所發揚光大；第三因應當時時代的需要，以滿足對生活舒適的要求和解決問題。在此情形下，天文學、數學、地理學、醫學和物理學都有一定程度的進步。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="社會"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83"></span>社會</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：社會"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancing_woman_krotala_BM_1920,0613.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dancing_woman_krotala_BM_1920%2C0613.1.jpg/300px-Dancing_woman_krotala_BM_1920%2C0613.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dancing_woman_krotala_BM_1920%2C0613.1.jpg/450px-Dancing_woman_krotala_BM_1920%2C0613.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7e/Dancing_woman_krotala_BM_1920%2C0613.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%9D%AF" title="基里克斯杯">基里克斯杯</a>，古希腊时期最普遍的饮酒（水）容器，约公元前500年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="大英博物馆">大英博物馆</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古希腊饮食">古希腊饮食</a></div> <p>希臘時代各城邦情況雖各不相同，往往來自數個部落的集結與融合，但人民均認同其城邦，對於自己城邦表現出強烈的族群認同。一般希臘人的飲食非常單純，每天大都吃兩餐，午餐通常只有一盤豆或豌豆，再加一片生洋蔥或烤蕪菁（蘿蔔）；在太陽下山時吃晚餐，這時就是主食，有麵包、乳酪、無花果、橄欖，偶爾會有魚或肉。希臘人穿著也很單純，上衣常是到膝蓋或踝骨，腰間用繩或毛織的帶子為腰帶，不穿襪子，鞋子多為草鞋。希臘人的住宅系用石塊或日曬磚蓋成的房舍，上面塗以灰泥。希臘人工作相當辛勞，大都為日出而作和日入而息<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.3_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>各城邦間相互交戰常造成生命與財產很大的損傷。前404年雅典在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="伯羅奔尼撒戰爭">伯羅奔尼撒戰爭</a>中失敗以後，斯巴達一度取得領導地位，每個希臘城邦都分裂為窮人與富人、寡頭派與民主派的衝突，不再有團結一致的族群認同。希臘化時代各國長年戰亂，導致人民出現無家可歸的情況<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.3_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="結構"><span id=".E7.B5.90.E6.A7.8B"></span>結構</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：結構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古希腊奴隶制度">古希腊奴隶制度</a></div> <p>古希腊的居民构成复杂，有农民、商人、政府人员、手工业者、艺人、奴隶等。居住在古希臘<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="城邦">城邦</a>的人大多是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91" title="農民">農民</a>。他們主要種植<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%BA%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="小麥">小麥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84" title="葡萄">葡萄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%84%E6%A6%84%E7%A7%91" title="橄榄科">橄欖</a>等農作物。部份古希臘人是<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E4%BA%BA" title="商人">商人</a>，他們以買賣<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="陶器">陶器</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%92" title="酒">酒</a>、毛衣和其他貨品維生。除農民和商人外，還有些是工匠。這些工匠技術精湛，能在陶器上繪畫美麗的圖案。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg/135px-NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg/203px-NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg/270px-NAMA_Figurine_p%C3%A9trissante_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>一个女性在揉制面包，约公元前500~475，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" class="mw-redirect" title="雅典国家考古博物馆">雅典国家考古博物馆</a></figcaption></figure> <p>除農民、商人和工匠外，古希臘還有很多從戰俘或其他管道而來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奴隸">奴隸</a>，他們的生活極為困苦。 </p><p>法国女作家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="維奧萊納·瓦諾依克" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Violaine Vanoyeke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%A5%A7%E8%90%8A%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%AB%BE%E4%BE%9D%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維奧萊納·瓦諾依克（页面不存在）">維奧萊納·瓦諾依克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violaine_Vanoyeke" class="extiw" title="fr:Violaine Vanoyeke"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Violaine Vanoyeke</span></a></span>）</span></span>所著的《古希臘羅馬浮世繪》一書，揭露該時期娼妓業昌盛，導致大量不合法子女，進一步擴大娼妓業的人力供給，充斥在當時社會各階層，在皇宮與神廟（廟妓）、公共浴池…男娼女妓都有，顯示人權與公平正義…等普世價值並沒有因當時的哲學討論而被真正伸張。 </p><p>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="比莉蒂絲之歌" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Songs of Bilitis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%94%E8%8E%89%E8%92%82%E7%B5%B2%E4%B9%8B%E6%AD%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="比莉蒂絲之歌（页面不存在）">比莉蒂絲之歌</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Songs_of_Bilitis" class="extiw" title="en:The Songs of Bilitis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Songs of Bilitis</span></a></span>）</span></span>》記述，帝王、文人和貴族都時興追求知識與健身，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%BC" title="米蒂利尼">米蒂利尼</a>整個城市放縱荒淫，競技、賭博、觀賞演出、宴會，普遍擁有姘婦，經常嫖娼，對家庭關系造成很大影響，國王和軍官們甚至劫掠神廟，給寵愛的妓女修建了愛情女神殿堂。 </p><p>古希臘衰落后，大批希臘人遷入羅馬，改變古羅馬建城之初原本以收容孤兒、寡婦、奴隸、逃犯、逃難者...的仁愛社會，帝王與貴族、軍官、公民...均受影響，再度重演了古希臘曾經出現過的末世場景，社會風氣日趨墮落腐化。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="婦女地位"><span id=".E5.A9.A6.E5.A5.B3.E5.9C.B0.E4.BD.8D"></span>婦女地位</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：婦女地位"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg/125px-Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg/188px-Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg/250px-Discobolus_Lancelotti_Massimo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E9%9A%86" title="米隆">米隆</a>的作品掷铁饼選手</figcaption></figure> <p>婦女在古希臘社會的地位甚低，她們沒有接受教育，只能留在家中料理家務。在藝術上，女性甚少成為藝術作品的創作，後來在前四世紀後，才有出現女性美的概念的裸體女像。不論在希臘或希臘化時代，女人在法律上和經濟上的權利相當有限。不過也有些例外的情形，如埃及托勒密二世的王后阿西諾伊二世曾使她的肖像與國王的肖像均鑄在錢幣上，而且在埃及與塞流卡斯王朝的戰爭，展現出色的軍事能力，為埃及獲勝的功臣，因此她和她的母親均有權利戴著王冠。斯多亞和伊比鴆魯兩個哲學學派，都容許女性入學，並且沒有任何性別歧視，希臘化時代末期，在亞歷山大城與雅典甚至有了婦女的俱樂部或聯誼會的組織<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.3_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.3-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="體育競技及娛樂"><span id=".E9.AB.94.E8.82.B2.E7.AB.B6.E6.8A.80.E5.8F.8A.E5.A8.9B.E6.A8.82"></span>體育競技及娛樂</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：體育競技及娛樂"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>古希臘人熱愛體育運動，認為健全心靈育於健全身體中，亦重視祭神活動，經常舉行運動競賽來致敬天神；從公元前776年起，古希臘人每四年在希臘半島西南部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="奧林匹亞">奧林匹亞</a>舉行一次<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="古代奧林匹克運動會">古代奧林匹克運動會</a>（簡稱奧運會）。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影响"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>15世纪<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>时期，很多知识分子（以<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%A7%E4%BE%A3" class="mw-disambig" title="僧侣">僧侣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B5%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="贵族">贵族</a>为主）为了摆脱<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>日益腐朽的世俗化统治与思想禁锢，开始重新学习逐渐被遗忘的古希腊著作，如《<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%B2%E8%AF%97" title="荷马史诗">荷马史诗</a>》、亚里士多德的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%97%E5%AD%A6" title="诗学">诗学</a>》，和一些先古基督教会文章。古希腊的精神遗产第一次得到全面复兴和继承。 </p><p>可是到了18～19世纪，随着<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="启蒙运动">启蒙运动</a>的兴起，学者们不再把《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%BB%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="圣经">圣经</a>》上所写的歷史看作是絕對正確的，而且把古希腊的知识归于同类，把前776年第一次<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%90%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="奥运会">奥运会</a>之前的事情统统算为<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="神话">神话</a>，而非历史。1870年<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="海因里希·施里曼">海因里希·施里曼</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="奥斯曼帝国">奥斯曼帝国</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A" title="特洛伊">特洛伊</a>出土文物，这一考古发现让西方人重新认识到古希腊不是虚无缥缈的神话传说，而的确经历过灿烂的文明。从此学者开始仔细研究古希腊流传下的著作，区分神话，传说和历史。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古希腊文明各主题成就"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E5.B8.8C.E8.85.8A.E6.96.87.E6.98.8E.E5.90.84.E4.B8.BB.E9.A2.98.E6.88.90.E5.B0.B1"></span>古希腊文明各主题成就</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：古希腊文明各主题成就"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊体育（页面不存在）">古希腊体育</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="奥林匹克运动会">奥运会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘語">古希臘語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">古希腊文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊哲学家">古希腊哲学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊数学">古希腊数学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="古希腊科技">古希腊科技</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古希臘天文學">古希臘天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="古希腊神话">古希腊神话</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊戏剧">古希腊戲劇</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%82%B2%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊悲剧">古希臘悲劇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%96%9C%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊喜剧">古希腊喜剧</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F" title="古希腊卫生">古希腊卫生</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊医学">古希腊医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B" title="古希腊军事">古希腊军事</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="古希腊教育">古希臘教育</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">據估計，古希臘的人口增長，從前800年至前400年，人口從80萬到成長到1000~1300萬<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">第四位是英國的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%8E%E5%A3%AB%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·莎士比亞">威廉·莎士比亞</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">由於亞歷山大征服巴勒斯坦和羅馬在西元前一世紀征服這些地區，使許多猶太人進入地中海地區。據估計，在西元一世紀時，在埃及約有一百萬猶太人，在小亞細亞約有二十萬猶太人與其他民混居而成為希臘化世界中的猶太人<sup id="cite_ref-王曾才2.3.1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-王曾才2.3.1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=38" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Tarnas, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0n2C299jeOMC&lpg=PA25">Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View</a>. Random House Publishing Group. 1993-03-16: 25 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-345-36809-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-345-36809-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-345-36809-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106205307/https://books.google.com/books?id=0n2C299jeOMC&lpg=PA25">存档</a>于2022-11-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.aulast=Tarnas&rft.btitle=Passion+of+the+Western+Mind%3A+Understanding+the+Ideas+That+Have+Shaped+Our+World+View&rft.date=1993-03-16&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-345-36809-6&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0n2C299jeOMC%26lpg%3DPA25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hynson, Colin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hmweq2TyxvsC&lpg=PT5">Ancient Greece</a>. Gareth Stevens. 2005-12-15: 5 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8368-6190-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8368-6190-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8368-6190-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106192315/https://books.google.com/books?id=hmweq2TyxvsC&lpg=PT5">存档</a>于2022-11-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.aulast=Hynson&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8368-6190-7&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhmweq2TyxvsC%26lpg%3DPT5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomas, Carol G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NAwVAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA1">Paths from Ancient Greece</a>. BRILL. 1988: 1 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-10-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-08846-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-08846-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-04-08846-7</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221106184108/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAwVAAAAIAAJ&lpg=PA1">存档</a>于2022-11-06） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.aufirst=Carol+G.&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.btitle=Paths+from+Ancient+Greece&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08846-7&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNAwVAAAAIAAJ%26lpg%3DPA1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第二節〈希波戰爭〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=105&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.2.1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2.1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第二節〈東西方文明的衝突〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 106–107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%9D%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%9D%E7%AA%81%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=106-107&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.2.2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2.2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第二節〈馬拉松戰役〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 108–111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=108-111&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.2.3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2.3_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2.3_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第二節〈血戰溫泉關〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 111–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%A1%80%E6%88%B0%E6%BA%AB%E6%B3%89%E9%97%9C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=111-114&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.2.4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2.4_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.2.4_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第二節〈薩拉米海戰〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 114–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E7%B1%B3%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=114-116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.3-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第三節〈伯羅奔尼撒戰爭〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E4%BC%AF%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=116&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.3.1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3.1_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第三節〈提洛同盟〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 116–118.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=116-118&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.3.2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3.2_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3.2_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第三節〈雙雄爭霸希臘〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 119–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E9%9B%99%E9%9B%84%E7%88%AD%E9%9C%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=119-121&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.3.3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3.3_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3.3_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第三節〈西西里之戰〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 122–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%B9%8B%E6%88%B0%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=122-124&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德4.3.4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德4.3.4_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第四章第三節〈留克特拉戰行〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 124–126.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%95%99%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%88%B0%E8%A1%8C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=124-126&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德3.7.1-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-0"><sup><b>14.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-1"><sup><b>14.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-2"><sup><b>14.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.1_14-3"><sup><b>14.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第三章第七節〈馬其頓的崛起〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 91–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%9B%E8%B5%B7%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=91-93&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德3.7.2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-0"><sup><b>15.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-1"><sup><b>15.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-2"><sup><b>15.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.2_15-3"><sup><b>15.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第三章第七節〈亞歷山大東征〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 93–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E5%BE%81%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=93-94&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德3.7.3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.7.3_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第三章第七節〈亞歷山大帝國的崩潰〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%B4%A9%E6%BD%B0%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=95&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-蒲慕州13.2-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-蒲慕州13.2_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-蒲慕州13.2_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">蒲慕州. 第一章第二十節〈法律與憲政〉. 《西洋上古文化》. 2009: 232–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%88%87%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E8%92%B2%E6%85%95%E5%B7%9E&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=232-236&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.1.1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.1.1_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.1.1_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第一節〈早期歷史〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 82–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=82-87&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德1.1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德1.1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第一章第一節〈文明的海岸線〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 10–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8%E7%B7%9A%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=10-11&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070305112612/http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/fall2006/hansen.htm">Population of the Greek city-states</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-09-05</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/fall2006/hansen.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007-03-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+Greek+city-states&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsystem.edu%2Fupress%2Ffall2006%2Fhansen.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德3.2.3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-0"><sup><b>21.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-1"><sup><b>21.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-2"><sup><b>21.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.2.3_22-3"><sup><b>21.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第三章第二節〈廣殖歐亞的希臘城邦〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 64–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%BB%A3%E6%AE%96%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=64-68&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.1_23-0"><sup><b>22.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.1_23-1"><sup><b>22.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈政治〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 138–139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=138-139&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-辛達謨1.20-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-辛達謨1.20_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">辛達謨. 第一章第二十節〈法律與憲政〉. 《歐洲文化史》—上冊. 1995: 71–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E8%88%87%E6%86%B2%E6%94%BF%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E8%BE%9B%E9%81%94%E8%AC%A8&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%E2%80%94%E4%B8%8A%E5%86%8A&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=71-75&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.2_25-0"><sup><b>24.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.2_25-1"><sup><b>24.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈經濟〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=139&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德3.5.2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-0"><sup><b>25.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-1"><sup><b>25.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-2"><sup><b>25.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-3"><sup><b>25.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-4"><sup><b>25.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-5"><sup><b>25.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王尚德3.5.2_26-6"><sup><b>25.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第三章第五節〈空前繁榮的社會經濟〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 84–87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%A9%BA%E5%89%8D%E7%B9%81%E6%A6%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=84-87&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第一節〈敘事詩〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 772.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E8%A9%A9%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=772&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.1.1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.1.1_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第一節〈詩聖荷馬〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 772–774.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%A9%A9%E8%81%96%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=772-774&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.1.1.C-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.1.1.C_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第一節〈荷馬的批判〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 775–776.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%8D%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=775-776&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德8.2.1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德8.2.1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第八章第二節〈史詩的餘暉〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 191–193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AB%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%A4%98%E6%9A%89%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=191-193&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.1.1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.1.1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇第三章第三節〈敘事詩—長歌〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 690–691.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%95%98%E4%BA%8B%E8%A9%A9%E2%80%94%E9%95%B7%E6%AD%8C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=690-691&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.2.2-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.2_32-0"><sup><b>31.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.2_32-1"><sup><b>31.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.2_32-2"><sup><b>31.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈戲劇〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 116–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%88%B2%E5%8A%87%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=116-120&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.2.1-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.2.1_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇第三章第三節〈悲劇〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%82%B2%E5%8A%87%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=692&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.2.2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.2.2_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇第三章第三節〈喜劇〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 692–693.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%96%9C%E5%8A%87%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=692-693&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.2.1.2.1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.2.1.2.1_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第一節〈產生抒情詩的時代背景〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 778–780.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%94%A2%E7%94%9F%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E8%A9%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E8%83%8C%E6%99%AF%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=778-780&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.1.2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.1.2_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇第三章第三節〈抒情詩—短歌〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 691.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%8A%92%E6%83%85%E8%A9%A9%E2%80%94%E7%9F%AD%E6%AD%8C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=691&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.3.3.1.3-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.3.3.1.3_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇第三章第三節〈田園詩—牧歌〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 691–692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%94%B0%E5%9C%92%E8%A9%A9%E2%80%94%E7%89%A7%E6%AD%8C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=691-692&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.2.3-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.2.3_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈詩歌〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 120–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%A9%A9%E6%AD%8C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=120-122&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.摘要-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.摘要_40-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.摘要_40-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.摘要_40-2"><sup><b>38.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇〈概論〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 713–715.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E3%80%88%E6%A6%82%E8%AB%96%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=713-715&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.3-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.3_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈史學〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 122–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%8F%B2%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=122-124&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.1.1.1.1-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.1.1.1_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第一節〈泰利斯〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 718–719.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%B3%B0%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=718-719&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.1-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1_43-0"><sup><b>41.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1_43-1"><sup><b>41.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第二節〈詭辯學派〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 737–738.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%A9%AD%E8%BE%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=737-738&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.1.1-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1.1_44-0"><sup><b>42.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.1.1_44-1"><sup><b>42.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第二節〈普羅塔哥拉斯〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 739–740.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E5%A1%94%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=739-740&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.4.2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.4.2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第二節〈柏拉圖—著作〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 754–755.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E2%80%94%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=754-755&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民11.1.2.5.2-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民11.1.2.5.2_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十一篇第一章第二節〈亞歷斯多德—著作〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 764–765.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E2%80%94%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=764-765&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.4-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.4_47-0"><sup><b>45.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.4_47-1"><sup><b>45.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈哲學〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 124–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=124-130&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.1_48-0"><sup><b>46.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.1_48-1"><sup><b>46.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.1_48-2"><sup><b>46.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈宗教〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 111–114.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=111-114&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《外国美术简史》15页 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787500673309" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-7-5006-7330-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德5.1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德5.1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第五章第一節〈歐洲建築藝術之母〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 128–129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E4%B9%8B%E6%AF%8D%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=128-129&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民概述-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民概述_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 概述第七點〈希臘的藝術〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 28–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E9%BB%9E%E3%80%88%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%9A%84%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=28-32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.5-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.5_53-0"><sup><b>50.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.5_53-1"><sup><b>50.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈藝術〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 131–136.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=131-136&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德6.1.1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德6.1.1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第六章第一節〈後世雕塑之源〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 148–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%96%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91%E4%B9%8B%E6%BA%90%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=148-149&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德7.1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德7.1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第七章第一節〈彌足珍貴的古希臘繪畫〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 170–171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%BD%8C%E8%B6%B3%E7%8F%8D%E8%B2%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%B9%AA%E7%95%AB%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=170-171&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德7.2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德7.2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第七章第二節〈古樸的古希臘瓶畫〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E5%8F%A4%E6%A8%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%93%B6%E7%95%AB%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=171&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王尚德7.2.1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-王尚德7.2.1_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王尚德. 第七章第二節〈豐富的內容〉. 《希臘文明》. 2010: 171–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%83%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E8%B1%90%E5%AF%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B0%9A%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=171-172&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-馮作民10.3.6.2.3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-馮作民10.3.6.2.3_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">馮作民. 第十篇第三章第六節〈特洛城祭司雷科翁的雕像〉. 《西洋全史》（三）希臘城邦. 1979: 707–707.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E7%AF%87%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%9F%8E%E7%A5%AD%E5%8F%B8%E9%9B%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%81%E7%9A%84%E9%9B%95%E5%83%8F%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E9%A6%AE%E4%BD%9C%E6%B0%91&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E5%85%A8%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%89%EF%BC%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=707-707&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-王曾才2.3.7.3-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.3_59-0"><sup><b>56.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.3_59-1"><sup><b>56.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-王曾才2.3.7.3_59-2"><sup><b>56.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">王曾才. 第二章第三節〈社會情況〉. 《世界通史》. 2006: 139–141.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E7%AB%A0%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E7%AF%80%E3%80%88%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%83%85%E6%B3%81%E3%80%89&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E6%9B%BE%E6%89%8D&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=139-141&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="zh" dir="ltr">引用错误：在<code><references></code>标签中name属性为“王曾才2.3.6”的参考文献没有在文中使用</span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>書籍</dt></dl> <ul><li>《西洋全史（三）：希臘城邦》，燕京文化事業股份有限公司</li> <li>《世界通史》，三民書局，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571446028" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-14-4602-8</a></li> <li>《希臘文明》，華滋出版，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789866271137" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-986-6271-13-7</a></li> <li>《歐洲文化史—上冊》，國立編譯館，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789570060447" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-00-6044-7</a></li> <li>《西洋上古文化》，三民書局，<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571451442" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-14-5144-2</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皮耶·李維克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pierre Lévêque"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮耶·李維克（页面不存在）">皮耶·李維克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque" class="extiw" title="en:Pierre Lévêque"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pierre Lévêque</span></a></span>）</span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35084211">《希臘的誕生：燦爛的古典文明》</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8" title="發現之旅叢書">發現之旅</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85%E5%8F%A2%E6%9B%B8%E6%9B%B8%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="發現之旅叢書書目列表">03</a>. 由王鵬、陳祚敏翻译. 臺北: 時報文化. 1994 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2017-12-18</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/957-13-1162-6" title="Special:网络书源/957-13-1162-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 957-13-1162-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201224104902/https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/35084211">存档</a>于2020-12-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&rft.au=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Pierre+L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E7%9A%AE%E8%80%B6%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EPierre+L%C3%A9v%C3%AAque%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%95%E7%94%9F%EF%BC%9A%E7%87%A6%E7%88%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=957-13-1162-6&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97&rft.pub=%E6%99%82%E5%A0%B1%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft.series=%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodreads.com%2Fbook%2Fshow%2F35084211&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&section=40" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL023BCE5134243987">（视频）耶鲁大学公开课 - 希腊历史导论</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210911034524/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL023BCE5134243987">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%A0%B9" title="唐纳德·卡根">唐纳德·卡根</a>主讲</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.yulei.org/joomla/article/history/128-civ03class.html">（视频）希腊罗马文明讲座</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160708115837/http://home.yulei.org/joomla/article/history/128-civ03class.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk">英國博物館網頁</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210226211845/http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.athensinfoguide.com/history.htm">雅典歷史及時序線和地圖</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210218090742/http://www.athensinfoguide.com/history.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502201333/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/engen.greece">古希臘經濟歷史</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/currency/greekcoinshistory.asp?sec=4">希臘貨幣歷史</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080110074818/http://www.fleur-de-coin.com/currency/greekcoinshistory.asp?sec=4">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="古希腊" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="Template:古希臘"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="Template talk:古希臘"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:古希臘"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="古希腊" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古希腊</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊大纲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of ancient Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊大纲（页面不存在）">古希腊大纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of ancient Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of ancient Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊时间线" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of ancient Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E7%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊时间线（页面不存在）">古希腊时间线</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of ancient Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of ancient Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="古希腊古希腊地区" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">古希腊</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="古希腊地区">古希腊地区</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史时期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%BD%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="基克拉泽斯文明">基克拉泽斯文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="米诺斯文明">米诺斯文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="迈锡尼文明">迈锡尼文明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%BB%91%E6%9A%97%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="希腊黑暗时代">希腊黑暗时代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A2%A8%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古風時期">古風時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="古典希臘時期">古典希臘時期</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希臘化時代的希臘">希臘化時代的希臘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%9A%84%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F" title="希腊的罗马时期">希腊的罗马时期</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA" title="古希腊地区">古希腊地区</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E7%90%B4%E6%B5%B7" title="爱琴海">爱琴海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" title="伊奧利亞">伊奧利亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7_(%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A)" title="亚历山大 (埃及)">亚历山大</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E9%98%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="安提阿">安提阿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="卡帕多细亚">卡帕多细亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%B2%9B" title="克里特岛">克里特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="賽普勒斯">賽普勒斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多利安六城邦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Doric hexapolis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%85%AD%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多利安六城邦（页面不存在）">多利安六城邦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_hexapolis" class="extiw" title="en:Doric hexapolis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Doric hexapolis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%BC%97%E6%89%80" title="以弗所">以弗所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BA%87%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="伊庇魯斯同盟">伊庇魯斯同盟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E9%81%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%BD" title="達達尼爾海峽">達達尼爾海峽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="伊奧尼亞">愛奧尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E6%B5%B7" title="伊奥尼亚海">爱奥尼亚海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="馬其頓王國">馬其頓王國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊">大希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E9%83%BD" title="米利都">米利都</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E5%A5%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%92%92" title="伯罗奔尼撒">伯罗奔尼撒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%8A%A0%E9%A9%AC" title="帕加马">帕加马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD" title="本都">本都</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%9A" title="克里米亚">克里米亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="古代殖民地">古代殖民地</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="城邦政治军事" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">城邦</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">政治</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="古希腊战争">军事</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%9F%8E%E9%82%A6" title="希臘城邦">城邦</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔戈斯">阿尔戈斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8" title="古雅典">古雅典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%8D%A0%E5%BA%AD" title="拜占庭">拜占庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF" title="哈尔基斯">哈尔基斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)" title="科林斯 (古希腊)">科林斯 (古希腊)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E9%9B%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="埃雷特里亞">埃雷特里亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%9F%BA%E6%8B%89%E5%B3%B6" title="克基拉島">克基拉島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E8%90%A8" title="拉里萨">拉里萨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9" title="迈加洛波利">迈加洛波利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89" title="迈加拉">墨伽拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%97%E5%B2%9B" title="罗得岛">罗得岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B" title="萨摩斯岛">萨摩斯岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE" title="斯巴达">斯巴达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8" title="锡拉库萨">锡拉库扎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="底比斯 (希臘)">底比斯 (希臘)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%8A" title="特洛伊">特洛伊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%99%BE%E4%BA%BA%E6%9C%83%E8%AD%B0" title="五百人會議">五百人會議</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="联盟 (古希腊)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Koinon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="联盟 (古希腊)（页面不存在）">联盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinon" class="extiw" title="en:Koinon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Koinon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Proxeny" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proxeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proxeny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proxeny（页面不存在）">Proxeny</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxeny" class="extiw" title="en:Proxeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proxeny</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%87%E8%BB%8D_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98)" title="將軍 (古希臘)">將軍 (古希臘)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tagus (title)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tagus (title)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tagus_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tagus (title)（页面不存在）">Tagus (title)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagus_(title)" class="extiw" title="en:Tagus (title)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tagus (title)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB" title="僭主">僭主</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%82%BB%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="近邻同盟">近邻同盟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%BC%8F%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="雅典式民主">雅典式民主</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="阿哥拉">阿哥拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%95%A5%E5%B7%B4%E5%8F%A4" title="亚略巴古">亚略巴古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%9A" title="公民大会">雅典集会</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Graphe paranomon" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Graphe paranomon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graphe_paranomon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graphe paranomon（页面不存在）">Graphe paranomon</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" class="extiw" title="en:Graphe paranomon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Graphe paranomon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E7%9C%BE%E6%B3%95%E5%BA%AD" title="民眾法庭">民眾法庭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E7%89%87%E6%94%BE%E9%80%90%E5%88%B6" title="陶片放逐制">陶片放逐制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯巴达宪法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spartan Constitution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯巴达宪法（页面不存在）">斯巴达宪法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" class="extiw" title="en:Spartan Constitution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spartan Constitution</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="公民会议" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apella"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公民会议（页面不存在）">公民会议</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apella" class="extiw" title="en:Apella"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apella</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%9D%A3%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98" title="五督政官">五督政官</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E9%81%94%E5%85%83%E8%80%81%E9%99%A2" title="斯巴達元老院">元老院</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="馬其頓王國">馬其頓王國</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="同盟议事会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Synedrion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F%E8%AE%AE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同盟议事会（页面不存在）">同盟议事会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synedrion" class="extiw" title="en:Synedrion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Synedrion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马其顿联盟" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Koinon of Macedonians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E8%81%94%E7%9B%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马其顿联盟（页面不存在）">马其顿联盟</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="extiw" title="en:Koinon of Macedonians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Koinon of Macedonians</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="古希腊战争">军事</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊参与的战争列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of wars involving Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8F%82%E4%B8%8E%E7%9A%84%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊参与的战争列表（页面不存在）">希腊参与的战争列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:List of wars involving Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of wars involving Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雅典军事" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Athenian military"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅典军事（页面不存在）">雅典军事</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_military" class="extiw" title="en:Athenian military"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Athenian military</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E6%9F%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="馬其頓安提柯王朝陸軍">馬其頓安提柯王朝陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E9%98%BF%E5%90%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="馬其頓阿吉德王朝陸軍">馬其頓阿吉德王朝陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%B0%84%E6%A9%9F" title="投射機">投射機</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里特弓箭手" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cretan archers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%93%E7%AE%AD%E6%89%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里特弓箭手（页面不存在）">克里特弓箭手</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_archers" class="extiw" title="en:Cretan archers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cretan archers</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊化军队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hellenistic armies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊化军队（页面不存在）">希腊化军队</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" class="extiw" title="en:Hellenistic armies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hellenistic armies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有马者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hippeis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E9%A9%AC%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有马者（页面不存在）">马兵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippeis" class="extiw" title="en:Hippeis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hippeis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%87%8D%E8%A3%9D%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘重裝步兵">希臘重裝步兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A5%E5%8F%8B%E9%A8%8E%E5%85%B5" title="夥友騎兵">夥友騎兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%98%B5" title="马其顿方阵">马其顿方阵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%99%A3_(%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B)" title="方陣 (軍事)">方陣 (軍事)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%BB%E7%9B%BE%E5%85%B5" title="轻盾兵">轻盾兵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A5%E5%85%B5%E5%A4%A5%E5%8F%8B" title="步兵夥友">步兵夥友</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%99%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%9B" title="薩里沙長矛">薩里沙長矛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%A3%E9%98%9F" title="底比斯圣队">底比斯圣队</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯基里提斯人" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sciritae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%8C%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯基里提斯人（页面不存在）">斯基里提斯人</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciritae" class="extiw" title="en:Sciritae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sciritae</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞琉古军队" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Seleucid army"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞琉古军队（页面不存在）">塞琉古军队</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucid_army" class="extiw" title="en:Seleucid army"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Seleucid army</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯巴达军队（页面不存在）">斯巴达军队</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Toxotai" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Toxotai"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxotai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxotai（页面不存在）">Toxotai</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxotai" class="extiw" title="en:Toxotai"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Toxotai</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Xiphos" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Xiphos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiphos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiphos（页面不存在）">Xiphos</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiphos" class="extiw" title="en:Xiphos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Xiphos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%92%E6%96%AF%E5%90%8C%E9%A8%8E%E6%A7%8D" title="緒斯同騎槍">緒斯同騎槍</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="人物" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:古希臘人">人物</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="古希腊人物列表（英语：-&#123;List_of_ancient_Greeks&#125;-）"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊人物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greeks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊人物列表（页面不存在）">古希腊人物列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greeks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greeks</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊统治者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lists of rulers of Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊统治者列表（页面不存在）">统治者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Lists of rulers of Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lists of rulers of Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔戈斯国王列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of kings of Argos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%88%88%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔戈斯国王列表（页面不存在）">阿尔戈斯国王列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" class="extiw" title="en:List of kings of Argos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of kings of Argos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E6%89%A7%E6%94%BF%E5%AE%98%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="雅典执政官列表">雅典执政官列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B" title="雅典國王">雅典國王</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科马基尼国王列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of rulers of Commagene"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科马基尼国王列表（页面不存在）">科马基尼国王列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="extiw" title="en:List of rulers of Commagene"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of rulers of Commagene</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%BC%E6%A5%AD%E8%80%85" title="繼業者">繼業者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%82%E5%BA%95%E4%BA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="呂底亞國王列表">呂底亞國王列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="马其顿国王列表">马其顿国王列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia（页面不存在）">List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="extiw" title="en:List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A1%94%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="阿塔罗斯王朝">阿塔罗斯国王列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E7%BB%9F%E6%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="本都统治者列表">本都统治者列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%B4%E8%BE%BE%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="斯巴达国王列表">斯巴达国王列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="叙拉古僭主列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of tyrants of Syracuse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%99%E6%8B%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%83%AD%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="叙拉古僭主列表（页面不存在）">叙拉古僭主列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" class="extiw" title="en:List of tyrants of Syracuse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of tyrants of Syracuse</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">哲人</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89" title="阿那克萨哥拉">阿那克萨哥拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E6%9B%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="阿那克西曼德">阿那克西曼德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%82%A3%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC" title="阿那克西美尼">阿那克西美尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8F%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="安提西尼">安提西尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德谟克利特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE%E7%9A%84%E7%AC%AC%E6%AC%A7%E6%A0%B9%E5%B0%BC" title="锡诺普的第欧根尼">锡诺普的第欧根尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E5%9F%B9%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="恩培多克勒">恩培多克勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="高爾吉亞">高爾吉亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="赫拉克利特">赫拉克利特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E5%A9%AD" title="希帕提婭">希帕提婭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%99%E5%9F%BA%E4%BC%AF" title="留基伯">留基伯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%97%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="巴门尼德">巴门尼德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%B3%B0%E6%88%88%E6%8B%89" title="普罗泰戈拉">普罗泰戈拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="毕达哥拉斯">毕达哥拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="苏格拉底">苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="泰勒斯">泰勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E8%92%82%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E8%8A%9D%E8%AF%BA" title="季蒂昂的芝诺">季蒂昂的芝诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8E%E8%8E%B1%E4%B9%8C%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="扎莱乌库斯">扎莱乌库斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">作家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%93%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="埃斯库罗斯">埃斯库罗斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E7%B4%A2" title="伊索">伊索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E5%9F%83%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔卡埃乌斯">阿尔卡埃乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%9F%BA%E7%BD%97%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔基罗库斯">阿尔基罗库斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E8%8A%AC" title="阿里斯托芬">阿里斯托芬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%BA%93%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="巴库利德斯">巴库利德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E9%87%8C%E5%BA%87%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF" title="欧里庇得斯">欧里庇得斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="希羅多德">希羅多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%A5%BF%E4%BF%84%E5%BE%B7" title="赫西俄德">赫西俄德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="希波纳克斯">希波纳克斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC" title="荷马">荷马</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF" title="伊比库斯">伊比库斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E5%96%84" title="琉善">琉善</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7" title="米南德">米南德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A5%E6%B6%85%E5%A2%A8%E6%96%AF" title="弥涅墨斯">弥涅墨斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF" title="尼阿西斯">尼阿西斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斐洛克利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philocles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斐洛克利（页面不存在）">斐洛克利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philocles" class="extiw" title="en:Philocles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philocles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E8%BE%BE" title="品达">品达</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="普魯塔克">普魯塔克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F%E6%96%AF" title="波利比烏斯">波利比烏斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E5%AD%9A" title="莎孚">莎孚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="西莫尼德斯">西莫尼德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="索福克勒斯">索福克勒斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="斯特西克鲁斯">斯特西克鲁斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="泰奥格尼斯">泰奥格尼斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E6%98%94%E5%BA%95%E5%BE%B7" title="修昔底德">修昔底德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E7%BF%81" title="提谟克勒翁">提谟克勒翁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF" title="提尔泰奥斯">提尔泰奥斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%AF%BA%E8%8A%AC" title="色诺芬">色诺芬</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%B1%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿格西莱二世">阿格西莱二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="阿基斯二世">阿基斯二世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%A5%BF%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="阿尔西比亚德斯">阿尔西比亚德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D" title="亚历山大大帝">亚历山大大帝</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BA%AB%E6%98%82%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF" title="西庫昂的阿拉圖斯">西庫昂的阿拉圖斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="阿基米德">阿基米德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E9%BD%8A%E5%A9%AD" title="阿斯帕齊婭">阿斯帕齊婭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%91%A9%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%BC" title="狄摩西尼">狄摩西尼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B7%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%BF%83%E9%81%94" title="伊巴密濃達">伊巴密濃達</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%87%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97" title="欧几里得">欧几里得</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9D%E5%B7%B4%E8%B0%B7" title="依巴谷">喜帕恰斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95" title="希波克拉底">希波克拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%BC%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="列奥尼达一世">列奥尼达一世</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%86%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E5%A3%AB" title="來古格士">來古格士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%95%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7" title="吕山德">吕山德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%89%98%E9%82%A3%E7%9A%84%E7%B1%B3%E7%BD%97" title="克罗托那的米罗">克罗托那的米罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%B1%B3%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%9E%E5%BE%B7" title="小米太亞德">小米太亞德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕萨尼阿斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pausanias (general)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%BC%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕萨尼阿斯（页面不存在）">帕萨尼阿斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pausanias_(general)" class="extiw" title="en:Pausanias (general)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pausanias (general)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="伯里克利">伯里克利</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%93%E5%8A%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF)" title="腓力二世 (马其顿)">腓力二世 (马其顿)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E6%B4%9B%E7%9A%AE%E9%96%80" title="菲洛皮門">菲洛皮門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%97%E6%96%AF" title="普拉克西特列斯">普拉克西特列斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E7%8B%84%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" title="克劳狄乌斯·托勒密">克劳狄乌斯·托勒密</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%A3%AB" title="皮洛士">皮洛士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AD%E4%BC%A6" title="梭伦">梭伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9" title="地米斯托克利">地米斯托克利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">群体</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古希腊哲学家列表">古希腊哲学家列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊剧作家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greek playwrights"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%89%A7%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊剧作家列表（页面不存在）">古希腊剧作家列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek playwrights"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greek playwrights</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊诗人列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Ancient Greek poets"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%97%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊诗人列表（页面不存在）">古希腊诗人列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_poets" class="extiw" title="en:List of Ancient Greek poets"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Ancient Greek poets</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊独裁者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greek tyrants"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%8B%AC%E8%A3%81%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊独裁者列表（页面不存在）">古希腊独裁者列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek tyrants"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greek tyrants</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">按文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊部落列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greek tribes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%83%A8%E8%90%BD%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊部落列表（页面不存在）">古希腊部落列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek tribes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greek tribes</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="色雷斯希腊人列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Thracian Greeks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="色雷斯希腊人列表（页面不存在）">色雷斯希腊人列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:List of Thracian Greeks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Thracian Greeks</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="马其顿国王列表">马其顿国王列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="社會文化" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#社會">社會</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="希臘文化">文化</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#社會">社会</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD" title="古希臘農業">农业</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="希腊化历法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hellenic calendars"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="希腊化历法（页面不存在）">希腊化历法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenic_calendars" class="extiw" title="en:Hellenic calendars"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hellenic calendars</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0" title="古希腊服饰">服饰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%92%B1%E5%B8%81" title="古希腊钱币">钱币</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F" title="古希腊饮食">饮食</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="古希臘經濟">經濟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E5%9C%B0%E4%BA%9A" title="派地亚">派地亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊节日" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Athenian festivals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%8A%82%E6%97%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊节日（页面不存在）">古希腊节日</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_festivals" class="extiw" title="en:Athenian festivals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Athenian festivals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%B8%A7%E8%91%AC" title="古希腊丧葬">丧葬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%88%80" title="古希臘同性戀">同性戀</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Greek law"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊法（页面不存在）">古希腊法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek law"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Greek law</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E5%85%8B%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E4%BC%9A" title="古代奥林匹克运动会">奥林匹克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E6%84%9B" title="古希臘少年愛">少年愛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%9A%84%E6%80%A7%E4%BA%A4%E6%98%93" title="古希臘的性交易">性交易</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A5%B4%E9%9A%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="古希腊奴隶制度">奴隶制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="古希腊战争">战争</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊婚俗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Greek wedding customs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A9%9A%E4%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊婚俗（页面不存在）">古希腊婚俗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_wedding_customs" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek wedding customs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Greek wedding customs</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="古希臘葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="古希臘藝術">藝術</a>和科学</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="古希臘建築">建築</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="希臘復興式建築">復興式建築</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="古希臘天文學">天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊数学">数学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊医学">醫學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="古希腊音乐">音乐</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊音乐体系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Musical system of ancient Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊音乐体系（页面不存在）">古希腊音乐体系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Musical system of ancient Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Musical system of ancient Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E9%99%B6%E5%99%A8" title="古希腊陶器">陶器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E9%9B%95%E5%A1%91" title="古希臘雕塑">雕塑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" title="古希腊科技">科技</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%88%8F%E5%89%A7" title="古希腊戏剧">戏剧</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="古希臘宗教">宗教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%B8%A7%E8%91%AC" title="古希腊丧葬">丧葬</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="希腊神话">神话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E7%A5%87%E5%8F%8A%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="希臘神祇及神話人物列表">神話人物表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="古希臘神廟">神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E7%A5%9E" title="奧林匹斯十二主神">十二主神</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E7%95%8C_(%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="冥界 (希臘神話)">冥界</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">圣地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%A4%AB%E8%A5%BF%E7%BA%B3" title="埃莱夫西纳">埃莱夫西纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%96%90" title="德尔斐">德尔斐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%B4%9B%E5%B2%9B" title="提洛岛">提洛岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="多多纳">多多纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%B1%B1" title="奥林匹斯山">奥林匹斯山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9A" title="奥林匹亚">奥林匹亚</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">建筑</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雅典国库" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Athenian Treasury"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%9B%BD%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅典国库（页面不存在）">雅典国库</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" class="extiw" title="en:Athenian Treasury"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Athenian Treasury</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E9%96%80_(%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC)" title="獅子門 (邁錫尼)">狮子门</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Long Walls" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Long Walls"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Walls&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Walls（页面不存在）">Long Walls</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Walls" class="extiw" title="en:Long Walls"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Long Walls</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Philippeion" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philippeion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippeion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippeion（页面不存在）">Philippeion</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippeion" class="extiw" title="en:Philippeion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philippeion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E4%BF%84%E5%80%AA%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%89%A7%E5%9C%BA" title="狄俄倪索斯剧场">狄俄倪索斯剧场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%91%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%9A%A7%E9%81%93" title="萨摩斯隧道">萨摩斯隧道</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="古希臘神廟">古希臘神廟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%95%E5%9F%83%E5%A9%AD%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="阿法埃婭神廟">阿法埃婭神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%B3%E5%BF%92%E5%BC%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="阿耳忒弥斯神庙">阿耳忒弥斯神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%B8%E5%A8%9C%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="雅典娜勝利神廟">雅典娜勝利神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%E5%BF%92%E7%BF%81%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="厄瑞克忒翁神庙">厄瑞克忒翁神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%B7%AE%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99" title="赫淮斯托斯神庙">赫淮斯托斯神庙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="奧林匹亞赫拉神廟">奧林匹亞赫拉神廟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E5%AB%A9%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="帕德嫩神廟">帕德嫩神廟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="萨莫色雷斯岛神庙群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Samothrace temple complex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E8%8E%AB%E8%89%B2%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B2%9B%E7%A5%9E%E5%BA%99%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨莫色雷斯岛神庙群（页面不存在）">萨莫色雷斯岛神庙群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" class="extiw" title="en:Samothrace temple complex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Samothrace temple complex</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%9E%97%E5%8C%B9%E4%BA%9E%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F" title="奧林匹亞宙斯神廟">奧林匹亞宙斯神廟</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="古希腊语">语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="原始希臘語">原始希臘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E9%8C%AB%E5%B0%BC%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="邁錫尼希臘語">邁錫尼</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="荷馬希臘語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Homeric Greek"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="荷马希腊语">荷馬</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeric_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Homeric Greek"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Homeric Greek</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊方言" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ancient Greek dialects"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊方言（页面不存在）">古希腊方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" class="extiw" title="en:Ancient Greek dialects"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ancient Greek dialects</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="爱奥利亚希腊语">伊歐里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%A5%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="南亚该亚希腊语">阿卡狄亞—塞浦路斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="阿提卡希臘語">阿提卡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多利安希腊语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Doric Greek"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多利安希腊语（页面不存在）">多利安希腊语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doric_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Doric Greek"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Doric Greek</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱奥尼亚希腊语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ionic Greek"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%A5%A7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="愛奧尼亞希臘語">爱奥尼亚希腊语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Ionic Greek"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ionic Greek</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Locrian Greek" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Locrian Greek"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locrian_Greek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locrian Greek（页面不存在）">Locrian Greek</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locrian_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Locrian Greek"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Locrian Greek</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E8%AA%9E" title="古馬其頓語">古馬其頓</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pamphylian Greek" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pamphylian Greek"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pamphylian_Greek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pamphylian Greek（页面不存在）">Pamphylian Greek</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" class="extiw" title="en:Pamphylian Greek"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pamphylian Greek</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" title="通用希臘語">通用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊字母历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the Greek alphabet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊字母历史（页面不存在）">文字</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" class="extiw" title="en:History of the Greek alphabet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the Greek alphabet</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97A" title="线形文字A">线形文字A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97B" title="线形文字B">线形文字B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%B5%A6%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="塞浦路斯音節文字">塞浦路斯音節文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母">希腊字母</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97" title="希腊数字">希腊数字</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿提卡数字" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Attic numerals"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97" title="阿提卡數字">阿提卡数字</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attic_numerals" class="extiw" title="en:Attic numerals"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Attic numerals</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="古希腊殖民（英语：-&#123;Greek_colonisation&#125;-）" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊殖民" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Greek colonisation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘殖民">古希腊殖民</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_colonisation" class="extiw" title="en:Greek colonisation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Greek colonisation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="大希腊">大希腊</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E5%88%87" title="萊切">萊切</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E8%BF%AA%E8%A5%BF" title="布林迪西">布林迪西</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Caulonia (ancient city)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Caulonia (ancient city)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caulonia_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caulonia (ancient city)（页面不存在）">Caulonia (ancient city)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" class="extiw" title="en:Caulonia (ancient city)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Caulonia (ancient city)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%90%A8%E5%8D%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="卡萨博纳">卡萨博纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E6%89%98%E5%85%A7" title="克羅托內">克羅托內</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%82%81" title="庫邁">庫邁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="韦利亚">埃利亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Heraclea Lucania" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heraclea Lucania"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclea_Lucania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclea Lucania（页面不存在）">Heraclea Lucania</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" class="extiw" title="en:Heraclea Lucania"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heraclea Lucania</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%8D%9A%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A" title="维博瓦伦蒂亚">维博瓦伦蒂亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97%E6%89%98" title="奧特朗托">奧特朗托</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Krimisa" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Krimisa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krimisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krimisa（页面不存在）">Krimisa</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krimisa" class="extiw" title="en:Krimisa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Krimisa</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Laüs" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laüs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=La%C3%BCs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laüs（页面不存在）">Laüs</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%BCs" class="extiw" title="en:Laüs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laüs</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C" title="洛克里">洛克里</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Medma" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Medma"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medma（页面不存在）">Medma</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medma" class="extiw" title="en:Medma"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Medma</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Metapontum" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Metapontum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapontum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapontum（页面不存在）">Metapontum</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metapontum" class="extiw" title="en:Metapontum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Metapontum</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%A3%E4%B8%8D%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="那不勒斯">尼亚波利斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Pandosia (Lucania)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pandosia (Lucania)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pandosia_(Lucania)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pandosia (Lucania)（页面不存在）">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" class="extiw" title="en:Pandosia (Lucania)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pandosia (Lucania)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%A7%86" title="帕埃斯图姆">波塞冬尼亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Policastro Bussentino" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Policastro Bussentino"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Policastro_Bussentino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Policastro Bussentino（页面不存在）">Policastro Bussentino</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" class="extiw" title="en:Policastro Bussentino"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Policastro Bussentino</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E7%84%A6%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="雷焦卡拉布里亚">雷吉翁</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Scylletium" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scylletium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scylletium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scylletium（页面不存在）">Scylletium</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scylletium" class="extiw" title="en:Scylletium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scylletium</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Siris (Magna Graecia)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Siris (Magna Graecia)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siris_(Magna_Graecia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)（页面不存在）">Siris (Magna Graecia)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="extiw" title="en:Siris (Magna Graecia)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Siris (Magna Graecia)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="锡巴里斯">锡巴里斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sybaris on the Traeis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sybaris on the Traeis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sybaris_on_the_Traeis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sybaris on the Traeis（页面不存在）">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" class="extiw" title="en:Sybaris on the Traeis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sybaris on the Traeis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E6%9E%97%E6%95%A6" title="他林敦">他林敦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Terina (ancient city)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Terina (ancient city)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terina_(ancient_city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terina (ancient city)（页面不存在）">Terina (ancient city)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" class="extiw" title="en:Terina (ancient city)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Terina (ancient city)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Thurii" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thurii"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thurii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thurii（页面不存在）">Thurii</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurii" class="extiw" title="en:Thurii"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thurii</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg/70px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg/105px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg/140px-Magna_Graecia_ancient_colonies_and_dialects-zh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里岛">西西里岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%9F%E6%89%98" title="阿格里真托">阿格里真托</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Akrai" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Akrai"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akrai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akrai（页面不存在）">Akrai</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrai" class="extiw" title="en:Akrai"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Akrai</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Akrillai" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Akrillai"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akrillai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akrillai（页面不存在）">Akrillai</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akrillai" class="extiw" title="en:Akrillai"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Akrillai</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Apollonia (Sicily)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apollonia (Sicily)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Apollonia_(Sicily)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Apollonia (Sicily)（页面不存在）">Apollonia (Sicily)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" class="extiw" title="en:Apollonia (Sicily)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apollonia (Sicily)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="卡罗尼亚">卡罗尼亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Casmenae" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Casmenae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casmenae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casmenae（页面不存在）">Casmenae</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casmenae" class="extiw" title="en:Casmenae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Casmenae</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="卡塔尼亞">卡塔尼亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89" title="杰拉">杰拉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Helorus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Helorus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helorus（页面不存在）">Helorus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helorus" class="extiw" title="en:Helorus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Helorus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E7%BA%B3" title="恩纳">恩纳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Heraclea Minoa" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heraclea Minoa"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heraclea_Minoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heraclea Minoa（页面不存在）">Heraclea Minoa</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" class="extiw" title="en:Heraclea Minoa"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heraclea Minoa</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A2%85%E6%8B%89" title="希梅拉">希梅拉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hybla Gereatis" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hybla Gereatis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybla_Gereatis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybla Gereatis（页面不存在）">Hybla Gereatis</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" class="extiw" title="en:Hybla Gereatis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hybla Gereatis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Hybla Heraea" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hybla Heraea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybla_Heraea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybla Heraea（页面不存在）">Hybla Heraea</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" class="extiw" title="en:Hybla Heraea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hybla Heraea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kamarina, Sicily" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kamarina, Sicily"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamarina,_Sicily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamarina, Sicily（页面不存在）">Kamarina, Sicily</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" class="extiw" title="en:Kamarina, Sicily"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kamarina, Sicily</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC" title="伦蒂尼">伦蒂尼</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Megara Hyblaea" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Megara Hyblaea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megara_Hyblaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megara Hyblaea（页面不存在）">Megara Hyblaea</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" class="extiw" title="en:Megara Hyblaea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Megara Hyblaea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%8B%BF" title="墨西拿">墨西拿</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="纳克索斯 (西西里)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naxos (Sicily)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%B3%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%A2%E6%96%AF_(%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="纳克索斯 (西西里)（页面不存在）">纳克索斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" class="extiw" title="en:Naxos (Sicily)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naxos (Sicily)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%82%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94" title="塞傑斯塔">塞傑斯塔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%86%9C%E7%89%B9" title="塞利农特">塞利农特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%93%E8%90%A8" title="锡拉库萨">叙拉古</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%B0%94%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%B3" title="陶尔米纳">陶尔米纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%8D%A1_(%E9%98%BF%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E7%9C%9F%E6%89%98%E7%9C%81)" title="夏卡 (阿格里真托省)">夏卡 (阿格里真托省)</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tindari" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tindari"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tindari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tindari（页面不存在）">Tindari</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tindari" class="extiw" title="en:Tindari"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tindari</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="埃奥利群岛">埃奥利群岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E7%BA%B3%E5%B2%9B" title="萨利纳岛">萨利纳岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%BA%B3%E9%9B%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B2%9B" title="帕纳雷阿岛">帕纳雷阿岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%B3%B6" title="阿利庫迪島">阿利庫迪島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%A2%E4%BD%90%E5%B2%9B" title="巴西卢佐岛">巴西卢佐岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="利帕里岛">利帕里岛</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%AB%E8%BF%AA%E5%B3%B6" title="菲利庫迪島">菲利庫迪島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E5%B3%B6" title="斯通波利島">斯通波利島</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA%E5%B2%9B" title="武尔卡诺岛">武尔卡诺岛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%92%92%E4%B8%81%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="撒丁岛">撒丁岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" title="奧爾比亞">奧爾比亞</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0" title="昔兰尼加">昔兰尼加</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E8%BE%BE" title="贝达">贝达</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴尔卡 (古城)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Barca (ancient city)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1_(%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴尔卡 (古城)（页面不存在）">巴尔卡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" class="extiw" title="en:Barca (ancient city)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Barca (ancient city)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%AD%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF" title="班加西">班加西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC" title="昔兰尼">昔兰尼</a> (<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿波洛尼亚 (昔兰尼加)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A_(%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿波洛尼亚 (昔兰尼加)（页面不存在）">阿波洛尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="extiw" title="en:Apollonia, Cyrenaica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Apollonia, Cyrenaica</span></a></span>）</span></span>)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托勒密 (昔兰尼加)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86_(%E6%98%94%E5%85%B0%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托勒密 (昔兰尼加)（页面不存在）">托勒密</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" class="extiw" title="en:Ptolemais, Cyrenaica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ptolemais, Cyrenaica</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B" title="伊比利亚半岛">伊比利亚半岛</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Akra Leuke" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Akra Leuke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akra_Leuke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akra Leuke（页面不存在）">Akra Leuke</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akra_Leuke" class="extiw" title="en:Akra Leuke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Akra Leuke</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E9%9C%8D%E7%BA%A6%E8%90%A8" title="比利亚霍约萨">比利亚霍约萨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Empúries" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Empúries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emp%C3%BAries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Empúries（页面不存在）">Empúries</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" class="extiw" title="en:Empúries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Empúries</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="德尼亚">德尼亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔哈拉克">阿尔哈拉克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Sant Martí d'Empúries" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sant Martí d'Empúries"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries（页面不存在）">Sant Martí d'Empúries</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" class="extiw" title="en:Sant Martí d'Empúries"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sant Martí d'Empúries</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Menace (Greek settlement)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Menace (Greek settlement)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Menace_(Greek_settlement)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menace (Greek settlement)（页面不存在）">Menace (Greek settlement)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menace_(Greek_settlement)" class="extiw" title="en:Menace (Greek settlement)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Menace (Greek settlement)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%E4%BA%9A%E6%B8%AF" title="圣玛丽亚港">圣玛丽亚港</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89" title="圣波拉">圣波拉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="罗萨斯">罗德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E6%B4%9B_(%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88%E7%BA%B3%E7%9C%81)" title="萨洛 (塔拉戈纳省)">萨洛 (塔拉戈纳省)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%B4%A1%E6%89%98" title="萨贡托">萨贡托</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E6%B2%BF%E5%B2%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="黑海北部沿岸的古希腊殖民地">黑海北岸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A5%E5%88%97%E8%B4%8A%E5%B3%B6" title="別列贊島">波里斯提尼斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Charax, Crimea" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charax, Crimea"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charax,_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charax, Crimea（页面不存在）">Charax, Crimea</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" class="extiw" title="en:Charax, Crimea"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charax, Crimea</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E7%B4%A2" title="克森尼索">克森尼索</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%91%BC%E7%B1%B3" title="苏呼米">狄俄斯库里亚斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E5%A4%AB%E5%B8%95%E6%89%98%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="叶夫帕托里亚">叶夫帕托里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E5%B8%95" title="阿纳帕">阿纳帕</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特穆塔拉干" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tmutarakan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E7%A9%86%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%B9%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特穆塔拉干（页面不存在）">特穆塔拉干</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tmutarakan" class="extiw" title="en:Tmutarakan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tmutarakan</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kepoi" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kepoi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepoi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepoi（页面不存在）">Kepoi</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepoi" class="extiw" title="en:Kepoi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kepoi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kimmerikon" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kimmerikon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kimmerikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kimmerikon（页面不存在）">Kimmerikon</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimmerikon" class="extiw" title="en:Kimmerikon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kimmerikon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Myrmekion" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Myrmekion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myrmekion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myrmekion（页面不存在）">Myrmekion</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrmekion" class="extiw" title="en:Myrmekion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Myrmekion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nikonion" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nikonion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikonion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikonion（页面不存在）">Nikonion</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikonion" class="extiw" title="en:Nikonion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nikonion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Nymphaion (Crimea)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nymphaion (Crimea)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nymphaion_(Crimea)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)（页面不存在）">Nymphaion (Crimea)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" class="extiw" title="en:Nymphaion (Crimea)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nymphaion (Crimea)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E9%87%8C%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="奧里維亞">奧里維亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1%E5%BD%AD" title="潘提卡彭">潘提卡彭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%BA%B3%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A" title="法纳戈里亚">法纳戈里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%81%B0%E5%A4%A7" title="皮聰大">皮提乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%BA%B3%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="塔纳伊斯">塔纳伊斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="费奥多西亚">狄奥多西亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="提拉斯">提拉斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tyritake" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tyritake"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tyritake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tyritake（页面不存在）">Tyritake</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyritake" class="extiw" title="en:Tyritake"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tyritake</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">黑海南岸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E5%A5%87%E5%85%8B" title="巴爾奇克">迪奥尼索波利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D" title="瓦爾納">奥德索斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%91%A9%E8%90%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="波摩萊">安基阿卢斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E5%A1%9E%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%BE" title="内塞伯爾">美森布里亚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E4%BD%90%E6%B3%A2%E7%88%BE" title="索佐波爾">阿波洛尼亚</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kıyıköy" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kıyıköy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kıyıköy（页面不存在）">Kıyıköy</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" class="extiw" title="en:Kıyıköy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kıyıköy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本都赫拉克勒亚" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heraclea Pontica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本都赫拉克勒亚（页面不存在）">本都赫拉克勒亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" class="extiw" title="en:Heraclea Pontica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heraclea Pontica</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="提乌姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8F%90%E4%B9%8C%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="提乌姆（页面不存在）">提乌姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tium" class="extiw" title="en:Tium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tium</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="阿瑪斯拉">阿瑪斯拉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Cytorus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cytorus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cytorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cytorus（页面不存在）">Cytorus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytorus" class="extiw" title="en:Cytorus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cytorus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Abonoteichos" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Abonoteichos"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abonoteichos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abonoteichos（页面不存在）">Abonoteichos</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abonoteichos" class="extiw" title="en:Abonoteichos"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Abonoteichos</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E8%AF%BA%E6%99%AE_(%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6)" title="锡诺普 (土耳其)">锡诺普</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Zaliche" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zaliche"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zaliche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zaliche（页面不存在）">Zaliche</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaliche" class="extiw" title="en:Zaliche"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zaliche</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86%E6%9D%BE" title="薩姆松">阿米索斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E8%80%B6" title="云耶">云耶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E8%96%A9" title="法特薩">波勒蒙尼翁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%88%BE%E6%A2%85" title="泰爾梅">泰爾梅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E6%9D%9C" title="奧爾杜">奧爾杜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9B%B7%E6%9D%BE" title="吉雷松">吉雷松</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特里波里斯 (本都)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tripolis (Pontus)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E6%B3%A2%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF_(%E6%9C%AC%E9%83%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特里波里斯 (本都)（页面不存在）">特里波里斯 (本都)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" class="extiw" title="en:Tripolis (Pontus)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tripolis (Pontus)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%B8%83%E5%AE%97" title="特拉布宗">特拉布宗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E6%BE%A4" title="里澤">里祖斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE" title="帕扎爾">帕扎爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%BB%9F" title="巴统">巴统</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法息斯 (城镇)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phasis (town)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%81%AF%E6%96%AF_(%E5%9F%8E%E9%95%87)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法息斯 (城镇)（页面不存在）">法息斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phasis_(town)" class="extiw" title="en:Phasis (town)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phasis (town)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";;;;;"><div id="列表" class="" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">列表</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊城市列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greek cities"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊城市列表（页面不存在）">古希腊城市列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek cities"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greek cities</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of cities in ancient Epirus" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of cities in ancient Epirus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus（页面不存在）">List of cities in ancient Epirus</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" class="extiw" title="en:List of cities in ancient Epirus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of cities in ancient Epirus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊人列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greeks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊人列表（页面不存在）">古希腊人列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greeks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greeks</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊地名表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Greek place names"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%9C%B0%E5%90%8D%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊地名表（页面不存在）">古希腊地名表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" class="extiw" title="en:List of Greek place names"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Greek place names</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of stoae" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of stoae"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_stoae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of stoae（页面不存在）">List of stoae</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stoae" class="extiw" title="en:List of stoae"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of stoae</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%A5%9E%E5%BB%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="古希臘神廟列表">古希臘神廟列表</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊剧院列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ancient Greek theatres"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%89%A7%E9%99%A2%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊剧院列表（页面不存在）">古希腊剧院列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" class="extiw" title="en:List of ancient Greek theatres"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ancient Greek theatres</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A" title="Category:古希腊">分类</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Portal:古希腊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Portal:Ancient_Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:古希腊（页面不存在）">导览</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Portal:Ancient Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Portal:Ancient_Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古希腊大纲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of ancient Greece"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古希腊大纲（页面不存在）">大纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of ancient Greece"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of ancient Greece</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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