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id="toc-Physical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Physical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Viscosity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viscosity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Viscosity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viscosity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Hydrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Crystal structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Chemical properties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reaction_with_acids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_with_acids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Reaction with acids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_with_acids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_with_acidic_oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_with_acidic_oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Reaction with acidic oxides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_with_acidic_oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaction_with_metals_and_oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_with_metals_and_oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Reaction with metals and oxides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_with_metals_and_oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precipitant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precipitant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Precipitant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precipitant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saponification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saponification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Saponification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saponification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical_pulping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_pulping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chemical pulping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_pulping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tissue_digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tissue_digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tissue digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tissue_digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolving_amphoteric_metals_and_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolving_amphoteric_metals_and_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolving_amphoteric_metals_and_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Esterification_and_transesterification_reagent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Esterification_and_transesterification_reagent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Esterification and transesterification reagent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Esterification_and_transesterification_reagent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skincare_ingredient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skincare_ingredient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Skincare ingredient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skincare_ingredient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Food preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleaning_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleaning_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Cleaning agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleaning_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relaxer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relaxer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Relaxer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relaxer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paint_stripper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paint_stripper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Paint stripper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paint_stripper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Water treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Historical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_cement_mixes,_mortars,_concrete,_grouts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_cement_mixes,_mortars,_concrete,_grouts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_cement_mixes,_mortars,_concrete,_grouts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium hydroxide</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 80 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-80" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">80 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhidroksied" title="Natriumhidroksied – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Natriumhidroksied" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="هيدروكسيد الصوديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيدروكسيد الصوديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxidu_di_natriu" title="Hidroxidu di natriu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Hidroxidu di natriu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xidu_de_sodiu" title="Hidróxidu de sodiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hidróxidu de sodiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سودیوم هیدروکسید – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سودیوم هیدروکسید" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="সোডিয়াম হাইড্রোক্সাইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোডিয়াম হাইড্রোক্সাইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BAi-sng-ho%C3%A0_natrium" title="Chúi-sng-hoà natrium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chúi-sng-hoà natrium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Натриев хидроксид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Натриев хидроксид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrij-hidroksid" title="Natrij-hidroksid – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Natrij-hidroksid" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B2xid_de_sodi" title="Hidròxid de sodi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hidròxid de sodi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%87%C4%95" title="Натрий гидроксичĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Натрий гидроксичĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxid_sodn%C3%BD" title="Hydroxid sodný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hydroxid sodný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Natriumhydroxid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natriumhydroxid" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naatriumh%C3%BCdroksiid" title="Naatriumhüdroksiid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naatriumhüdroksiid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Υδροξείδιο του νατρίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υδροξείδιο του νατρίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido_de_sodio" title="Hidróxido de sodio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hidróxido de sodio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natria_hidroksido" title="Natria hidroksido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Natria hidroksido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodio_hidroxido" title="Sodio hidroxido – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sodio hidroxido" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="سدیم هیدروکسید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سدیم هیدروکسید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxyde_de_sodium" title="Hydroxyde de sodium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hydroxyde de sodium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiddrocseed_hodjum" title="Hiddrocseed hodjum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Hiddrocseed hodjum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido_de_sodio" title="Hidróxido de sodio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hidróxido de sodio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8" title="수산화 나트륨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수산화 나트륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%A4%D6%80%D6%85%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A4" title="Նատրիումի հիդրօքսիդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նատրիումի հիդրօքսիդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A1" title="सोडियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोडियम हाइड्रॉक्साइड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrijev_hidroksid" title="Natrijev hidroksid – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Natrijev hidroksid" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Natrium hidroksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADtiss%C3%B3di" title="Vítissódi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vítissódi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrossido_di_sodio" title="Idrossido di sodio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Idrossido di sodio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99" title="נתרן הידרוקסידי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נתרן הידרוקסידי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Natrium hidroksida" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნატრიუმის ჰიდროქსიდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნატრიუმის ჰიდროქსიდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Натрий гидроксиді – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Натрий гидроксиді" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Натрий гидроксиди – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Натрий гидроксиди" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixivium" title="Lixivium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lixivium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81trija_hidroks%C4%ABds" title="Nātrija hidroksīds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nātrija hidroksīds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrio_hidroksidas" title="Natrio hidroksidas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Natrio hidroksidas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1trium-hidroxid" title="Nátrium-hidroxid – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nátrium-hidroxid" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Натриум хидроксид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Натриум хидроксид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="സോഡിയം ഹൈഡ്രോക്സൈഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോഡിയം ഹൈഡ്രോക്സൈഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrium_hidroksida" title="Natrium hidroksida – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Natrium hidroksida" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Натрийн гидроксид – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Натрийн гидроксид" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ဆိုဒီယမ် ဟိုက်ဒရောက်ဆိုဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုဒီယမ် ဟိုက်ဒရောက်ဆိုဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroxide" title="Natriumhydroxide – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natriumhydroxide" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="水酸化ナトリウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水酸化ナトリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naatriumh%C3%BCdroksiid" title="Naatriumhüdroksiid – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Naatriumhüdroksiid" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroksid" title="Natriumhydroksid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Natriumhydroksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroksid" title="Natriumhydroksid – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Natriumhydroksid" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idroxid_de_s%C3%B2di" title="Idroxid de sòdi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Idroxid de sòdi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriy_gidroksid" title="Natriy gidroksid – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Natriy gidroksid" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7" title="کاسٹک سوڈا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاسٹک سوڈا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Natriumhydroxid" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wodorotlenek_sodu" title="Wodorotlenek sodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wodorotlenek sodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidr%C3%B3xido_de_s%C3%B3dio" title="Hidróxido de sódio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hidróxido de sódio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriy_gidroksid" title="Natriy gidroksid – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Natriy gidroksid" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroxid_de_sodiu" title="Hidroxid de sodiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hidroxid de sodiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гидроксид натрия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гидроксид натрия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sodium hydroxide" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidroksidi_i_natriumit" title="Hidroksidi i natriumit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hidroksidi i natriumit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sodium hydroxide" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxid_sodn%C3%BD" title="Hydroxid sodný – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hydroxid sodný" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrijev_hidroksid" title="Natrijev hidroksid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Natrijev hidroksid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_Hydroxide" title="Sodium Hydroxide – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sodium Hydroxide" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Натријум-хидроксид – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Натријум-хидроксид" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrijum_hidroksid" title="Natrijum hidroksid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Natrijum hidroksid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroksidi" title="Natriumhydroksidi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Natriumhydroksidi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumhydroxid" title="Natriumhydroxid – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Natriumhydroxid" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சோடியம் ஐதராக்சைடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோடியம் ஐதராக்சைடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="సోడియం హైడ్రాక్సైడ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోడియం హైడ్రాక్సైడ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="โซดาไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โซดาไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodyum_hidroksit" title="Sodyum hidroksit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sodyum hidroksit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8E" title="Гідроксид натрію – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гідроксид натрію" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نطرون کاوی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نطرون کاوی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natri_hydroxide" title="Natri hydroxide – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Natri hydroxide" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%88%89" title="氫氧化鈉 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氫氧化鈉" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sodium hydroxide" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氢氧化钠" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E5%A3%AB%E7%9A%84" title="哥士的 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哥士的" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%92%A0" title="氢氧化钠 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氢氧化钠" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound with formula NaOH</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical compound. For the commercial product, see <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Sodium hydroxide </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Unit cell, spacefill model of sodium hydroxide"><img alt="Unit cell, spacefill model of sodium hydroxide" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png/220px-Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png/330px-Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png/440px-Sodium-hydroxide-crystal-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="827" /></a></span><br /><div style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:rgb(128, 64, 224); color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a>, Na</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:red; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a>, O</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a>, H</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SodiumHydroxide.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sample of sodium hydroxide as pellets in a watchglass"><img alt="Sample of sodium hydroxide as pellets in a watchglass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SodiumHydroxide.jpg/220px-SodiumHydroxide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SodiumHydroxide.jpg/330px-SodiumHydroxide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/SodiumHydroxide.jpg/440px-SodiumHydroxide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="1764" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Sodium hydroxide<sup id="cite_ref-PubChem_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PubChem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Ascarite</li><li>Caustic soda</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a><sup id="cite_ref-msd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msd2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msd2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Soda lye</li><li>Sodium hydrate</li><li>White caustic<sup id="cite_ref-PubChem_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PubChem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="commonchemistry.cas.org"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1310-73-2">1310-73-2</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="chemapps.stolaf.edu (3D interactive model)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=%5BOH-%5D.%5BNa%2B%5D">Interactive image</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.ebi.ac.uk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=32145">CHEBI:32145</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.chemspider.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.14114.html">14114</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard"><span title="echa.europa.eu">ECHA InfoCard</span></a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.013.805">100.013.805</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102769#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number"><span title="European Community number (chemical identifier)">EC Number</span></a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>215-185-5</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number"><span title="E number (food additive code)">E number</span></a> </td> <td>E524 <a href="/wiki/E_number#E500–E599" title="E number">(acidity regulators, ...)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>68430 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="www.kegg.jp"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D01169">D01169</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><span title="www.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Sodium+Hydroxide">Sodium+Hydroxide</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/14798">14798</a></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>WB4900000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="precision.fda.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/55X04QC32I">55X04QC32I</a></span><sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1823 (solid)<br />1824 (solution) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</span></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="comptox.epa.gov"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0029634">DTXSID0029634</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102769#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M<sup> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span></sup></div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/Na.H2O/h;1H2/q+1;/p-1</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-REWHXWOFAM</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">[OH-].[Na+]</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td>NaOH  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>39.9971 g/mol    </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>White, opaque crystals </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>odorless </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td>2.13 g/cm<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-crc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>323 °C (613 °F; 596 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>1,388 °C (2,530 °F; 1,661 K)<sup id="cite_ref-crc_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td>418 g/L (0 °C)<br />1000 g/L (25 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-crc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />3370 g/L (100 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>soluble in <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a>, negligible in <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, slowly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> </td> <td>238 g/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> </td> <td><<139 g/L </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td><2.4 kPa (20 °C)<br />0.1 kPa (700 °C) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>) </td> <td>15.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−15.8·10<sup>−6</sup> cm<sup>3</sup>/mol (aq.)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (<i>n</i><sub>D</sub>)</div> </td> <td>1.3576 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></div> </td> <td>Orthorhombic, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oS8</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">Space group</a></div> </td> <td>Cmcm, No. 63 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></div> </td> <td><div><i>a</i> = 0.34013 nm, <i>b</i> = 1.1378 nm, <i>c</i> = 0.33984 nm</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Formula_unit" title="Formula unit">Formula units</a> (<i>Z</i>)</div> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacity" title="Heat capacity">Heat capacity</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>C</i>)</span></div> </td> <td>59.5 J/(mol·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar<br />entropy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(<i>S</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>64.4 J/(mol·K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of<br />formation</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>H</i><sup>⦵</sup><sub>298</sub>)</span></div> </td> <td>−425.8 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gibbs_free_energy#Standard_energy_change_of_formation" title="Gibbs free energy">Gibbs free energy</a> <span style="font-size:112%;">(Δ<sub>f</sub><i>G</i><sup>⦵</sup>)</span></div> </td> <td>-379.7 kJ/mol </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals"><b>GHS</b> labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td><b>Danger</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H290: May be corrosive to metals">H290</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H302: Harmful if swallowed">H302</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.">P305+P351+P338</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P310: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P310</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704"><b>NFPA 704</b></a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_39f31e50fc47e634" /></span><map name="ImageMap_39f31e50fc47e634"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard ALK: Alkaline" title="Special hazard ALK: Alkaline" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" class="notheme mw-no-invert">3</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Flammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. water" class="notheme mw-no-invert">0</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704"><span title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" class="notheme mw-no-invert">1</span></a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704"><span class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp" title="Special hazard ALK: Alkaline">ALK</span></a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><b>Lethal dose</b> or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>50</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>40 mg/kg (mouse, intraperitoneal)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />140 - 340 mg/kg (rat, oral)<br />1350 mg/kg (rabbit, dermal) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD<sub>Lo</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LDLo" title="Lethal dose">lowest published</a>)</div> </td> <td>500 mg/kg (rabbit, oral)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health"><b>NIOSH</b></a> (US health exposure limits): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>TWA 2 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>C 2 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>10 mg/m<sup>3</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PGCH_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGCH-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.certified-lye.com/SDS-Lye.pdf">External SDS</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">anions</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydrosulfide" title="Sodium hydrosulfide">Sodium hydrosulfide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">Sodium hydride</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Sodium oxide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Other <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">cations</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">Lithium hydroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">Potassium hydroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydroxide" title="Rubidium hydroxide">Rubidium hydroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">Caesium hydroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francium_hydroxide" title="Francium hydroxide">Francium hydroxide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_deuteroxide" title="Sodium deuteroxide">Sodium deuteroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium chloroxide</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=477162765&page2=Sodium+hydroxide">verify</a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <sup><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">N</span></sup> ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <p><b>Sodium hydroxide</b>, also known as <b>lye</b> and <b>caustic soda</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-msd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msd2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msd2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_compound" title="Inorganic compound">inorganic compound</a> with the formula <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH</span>. It is a white solid <a href="/wiki/Ionic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic compound">ionic compound</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cations</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span> and <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Anion" class="mw-redirect" title="Anion">anions</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span>. </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is a highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a> that decomposes <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> at ambient <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> and may cause severe <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical burns</a>. It is highly soluble in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, and readily absorbs <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>. It forms a series of <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">hydrates</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·<i>n</i>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monohydrate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·H<sub>2</sub>O</span> crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. The commercially available "sodium hydroxide" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> compound. </p><p>As one of the simplest hydroxides, sodium hydroxide is frequently used alongside neutral <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> and acidic <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is used in many industries: in the making of <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>, and as a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners#Alkaline_drain_openers" title="Chemical drain cleaners">drain cleaner</a>. Worldwide production in 2022 was approximately 83 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pure sodium hydroxide is a colorless crystalline solid that melts at 318 °C (604 °F) without decomposition and boils at 1,388 °C (2,530 °F). It is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a> <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Protank-2018_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protank-2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium hydroxide is insoluble in <a href="/wiki/Ether" title="Ether">ether</a> and other non-polar solvents. </p><p>Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">dissolution</a> of solid sodium hydroxide in water is a highly <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic reaction</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. As with other alkaline solutions, it feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponification</a> that occurs between <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH</span> and natural skin oils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Viscosity">Viscosity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Viscosity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Concentrated (50%) aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide have a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, 78 m<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a>·s, that is much greater than that of water (1.0 mPa·s) and near that of olive oil (85 mPa·s) at room temperature. The viscosity of aqueous <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH</span>, as with any liquid chemical, is inversely related to its temperature, i.e., its viscosity decreases as temperature increases, and vice versa. The viscosity of sodium hydroxide solutions plays a direct role in its application as well as its storage.<sup id="cite_ref-Protank-2018_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protank-2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hydrates">Hydrates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hydrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide can form several hydrates <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·<i>n</i>H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span>, which result in a complex solubility diagram that was described in detail by <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Umfreville_Pickering" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Umfreville Pickering">Spencer Umfreville Pickering</a> in 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The known hydrates and the approximate ranges of temperature and concentration (mass percent of NaOH) of their <a href="/wiki/Saturated_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated solution">saturated</a> water solutions are:<sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Heptahydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·7H<sub>2</sub>O</span>: from −28 °C (18.8%) to −24 °C (22.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pentahydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·5H<sub>2</sub>O</span>: from −24 °C (22.2%) to −17.7 °C (24.8%).<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tetrahydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·4H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, α form: from −17.7 °C (24.8%) to 5.4 °C (32.5%).<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mrawIII_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrawIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tetrahydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·4H<sub>2</sub>O</span>, β form: metastable.<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mrawIII_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrawIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trihemihydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·3.5H<sub>2</sub>O</span>: from 5.4 °C (32.5%) to 15.38 °C (38.8%) and then to 5.0 °C (45.7%).<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Trihydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·3H<sub>2</sub>O</span>: metastable.<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dihydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·2H<sub>2</sub>O</span>: from 5.0 °C (45.7%) to 12.3 °C (51%).<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Monohydrate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·H<sub>2</sub>O</span>: from 12.3 °C (51%) to 65.10 °C (69%) then to 62.63 °C (73.1%).<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-murch_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Early reports refer to hydrates with <i>n</i> = 0.5 or <i>n</i> = 2/3, but later careful investigations failed to confirm their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-murch_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only hydrates with stable melting points are <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·H<sub>2</sub>O</span> (65.10 °C) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·3.5H<sub>2</sub>O</span> (15.38 °C). The other hydrates, except the metastable ones <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·3H<sub>2</sub>O</span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·4H<sub>2</sub>O</span> (β) can be crystallized from solutions of the proper composition, as listed above. However, solutions of NaOH can be easily supercooled by many degrees, which allows the formation of hydrates (including the metastable ones) from solutions with different concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-murch_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, when a solution of NaOH and water with 1:2 mole ratio (52.6% NaOH by mass) is cooled, the monohydrate normally starts to crystallize (at about 22 °C) before the dihydrate. However, the solution can easily be supercooled down to −15 °C, at which point it may quickly crystallize as the dihydrate. When heated, the solid dihydrate might melt directly into a solution at 13.35 °C; however, once the temperature exceeds 12.58 °C it often decomposes into solid monohydrate and a liquid solution. Even the <i>n</i> = 3.5 hydrate is difficult to crystallize, because the solution supercools so much that other hydrates become more stable.<sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A hot water solution containing 73.1% (mass) of NaOH is a <a href="/wiki/Eutectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutectic">eutectic</a> that solidifies at about 62.63 °C as an intimate mix of anhydrous and monohydrate crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-brodale_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brodale-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-murch_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murch-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second stable eutectic composition is 45.4% (mass) of NaOH, that solidifies at about 4.9 °C into a mixture of crystals of the dihydrate and of the 3.5-hydrate.<sup id="cite_ref-siem_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-siem-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third stable eutectic has 18.4% (mass) of NaOH. It solidifies at about −28.7 °C as a mixture of water ice and the heptahydrate <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·7H<sub>2</sub>O</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-conde_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conde-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When solutions with less than 18.4% NaOH are cooled, water <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> crystallizes first, leaving the NaOH in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-pick_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pick-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The α form of the tetrahydrate has density 1.33 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. It melts congruously at 7.55 °C into a liquid with 35.7% NaOH and density 1.392 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, and therefore floats on it like ice on water. However, at about 4.9 °C it may instead melt incongruously into a mixture of solid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH·3.5H<sub>2</sub>O</span> and a liquid solution.<sup id="cite_ref-mrawIII_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrawIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The β form of the tetrahydrate is metastable, and often transforms spontaneously to the α form when cooled below −20 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-mrawIII_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrawIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once initiated, the exothermic transformation is complete in a few minutes, with a 6.5% increase in volume of the solid. The β form can be crystallized from supercooled solutions at −26 °C, and melts partially at −1.83 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-mrawIII_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mrawIII-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "sodium hydroxide" of commerce is often the monohydrate (density 1.829 g/cm<sup>3</sup>). Physical data in technical literature may refer to this form, rather than the anhydrous compound. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crystal_structure">Crystal structure</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crystal structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NaOH and its monohydrate form orthorhombic crystals with the space groups Cmcm (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">oS8</a>) and Pbca (oP24), respectively. The monohydrate cell dimensions are a = 1.1825, b = 0.6213, c = 0.6069 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a>. The atoms are arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Hydrargillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrargillite">hydrargillite</a>-like layer structure, with each sodium atom surrounded by six oxygen atoms, three each from hydroxide ions and three from water molecules. The hydrogen atoms of the hydroxyls form strong bonds with oxygen atoms within each O layer. Adjacent O layers are held together by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a> between water molecules.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobs_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobs-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaction_with_acids">Reaction with acids</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reaction with acids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide reacts with protic acids to produce water and the corresponding salts. For example, when sodium hydroxide reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a> is formed: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O(l)</span></dd></dl> <p>In general, such <a href="/wiki/Neutralization_(chemistry)" title="Neutralization (chemistry)">neutralization</a> reactions are represented by one simple net ionic equation: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>(aq) + H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>(aq) → H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O(l)</span></dd></dl> <p>This type of reaction with a strong acid releases heat, and hence is <a href="/wiki/Exothermic_reaction" title="Exothermic reaction">exothermic</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_reaction" title="Acid–base reaction">acid–base reactions</a> can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">titrations</a>. However, sodium hydroxide is not used as a <a href="/wiki/Primary_standard" title="Primary standard">primary standard</a> because it is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> and absorbs <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> from air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaction_with_acidic_oxides">Reaction with acidic oxides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reaction with acidic oxides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide also reacts with <a href="/wiki/Acid_anhydride" title="Acid anhydride">acidic oxides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. Such reactions are often used to "<a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">scrub</a>" harmful acidic gases (like <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>S</span>) produced in the burning of coal and thus prevent their release into the atmosphere. For example, </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 NaOH + SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> → Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reaction_with_metals_and_oxides">Reaction with metals and oxides</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reaction with metals and oxides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass reacts slowly with aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions at ambient temperatures to form soluble <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicates</a>. Because of this, glass joints and <a href="/wiki/Stopcock" title="Stopcock">stopcocks</a> exposed to sodium hydroxide have a tendency to "freeze". <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_flask" title="Laboratory flask">Flasks</a> and glass-lined <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reactor" title="Chemical reactor">chemical reactors</a> are damaged by long exposure to hot sodium hydroxide, which also frosts the glass. Sodium hydroxide does not attack <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> at room temperature, since iron does not have <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a> properties (i.e., it only dissolves in acid, not base). Nevertheless, at high temperatures (e.g. above 500 °C), iron can react <a href="/wiki/Endothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothermic">endothermically</a> with sodium hydroxide to form <a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_oxide" title="Iron(III) oxide">iron(III) oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> metal, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the lower <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Enthalpy of formation">enthalpy of formation</a> of iron(III) oxide (−824.2 kJ/mol) compared to sodium hydroxide (−500 kJ/mol) and positive entropy change of the reaction, which implies spontaneity at high temperatures (<span class="nowrap">ΔST > ΔH</span>, <span class="nowrap">ΔG < 0</span>) and non-spontaneity at low temperatures (<span class="nowrap">ΔST < ΔH</span>, <span class="nowrap">ΔG > 0</span>). Consider the following reaction between molten sodium hydroxide and finely divided iron filings: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">4 Fe + 6 NaOH → 2 Fe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 6 Na + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>A few <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metals</a>, however, may react quite vigorously with sodium hydroxide under milder conditions. </p><p>In 1986, an aluminium <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">road tanker</a> in the UK was mistakenly used to transport 25% sodium hydroxide solution,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing pressurization of the contents and damage to tankers. The pressurization is due to the hydrogen gas which is produced in the reaction between sodium hydroxide and aluminium: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → 2 Na[Al(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>] + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precipitant">Precipitant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Precipitant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike sodium hydroxide, which is soluble, the hydroxides of most transition metals are insoluble, and therefore sodium hydroxide can be used to <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> transition metal hydroxides. The following colours are observed: </p> <ul><li>Copper - blue</li> <li>Iron(II) - green</li> <li>Iron(III) - yellow / brown</li></ul> <p>Zinc and lead salts dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide to give a clear solution of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>ZnO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>PbO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">Aluminium hydroxide</a> is used as a gelatinous <a href="/wiki/Flocculation#Flocculants" title="Flocculation">flocculant</a> to filter out particulate matter in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>. Aluminium hydroxide is prepared at the treatment plant from <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_sulfate" title="Aluminium sulfate">aluminium sulfate</a> by reacting it with sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 6 NaOH → 2 Al(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 3 Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 6 NaHCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → 2 Al(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 3 Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>SO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub> + 6 CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Saponification">Saponification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Saponification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide can be used for the base-driven <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis_of_esters" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolysis of esters">hydrolysis of esters</a> (also called <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponification</a>), <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_halide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl halide">alkyl halides</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Protank-2018_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protank-2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the limited solubility of sodium hydroxide in organic solvents means that the more <a href="/wiki/Soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble">soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> (KOH) is often preferred. Touching a sodium hydroxide solution with bare hands, while not recommended, produces a slippery feeling. This happens because oils on the skin such as <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">sebum</a> are converted to soap. Despite solubility in <a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol" title="Propylene glycol">propylene glycol</a> it is unlikely to replace water in saponification due to propylene glycol's primary reaction with fat before reaction between sodium hydroxide and fat. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Mass fraction of NaOH (wt%) </th> <th scope="col">4 </th> <th scope="col">10 </th> <th scope="col">20 </th> <th scope="col">30 </th> <th scope="col">40 </th> <th scope="col">50 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Molar concentration of NaOH (M) </th> <td>1.04 </td> <td>2.77 </td> <td>6.09 </td> <td>9.95 </td> <td>14.30 </td> <td>19.05 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Mass concentration of NaOH (g/L) </th> <td>41.7 </td> <td>110.9 </td> <td>243.8 </td> <td>398.3 </td> <td>572.0 </td> <td>762.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Density of solution (g/mL) </th> <td>1.043 </td> <td>1.109 </td> <td>1.219 </td> <td>1.328 </td> <td>1.430 </td> <td>1.524 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For historical information, see <a href="/wiki/Alkali_manufacture" title="Alkali manufacture">Alkali manufacture</a>.</div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is industrially produced, first as a 32% solution, and then evaporated to a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">Chlorine gas</a> is also produced in this process.<sup id="cite_ref-Du_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Du-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid sodium hydroxide is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water. Solid sodium hydroxide is most commonly sold as flakes, <a href="/wiki/Prill" title="Prill">prills</a>, and cast blocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, world production was estimated at 83 million dry tonnes of sodium hydroxide, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, total world production was around 45 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>. North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes. In the United States, the major producer of sodium hydroxide is <a href="/wiki/Olin_Corporation" title="Olin Corporation">Olin</a>, which has annual production around 5.7 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> from sites at <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Texas" title="Freeport, Texas">Freeport, Texas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plaquemine,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemine, Louisiana">Plaquemine, Louisiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/St._Gabriel,_Louisiana" title="St. Gabriel, Louisiana">St. Gabriel, Louisiana</a>; <a href="/wiki/McIntosh,_Alabama" title="McIntosh, Alabama">McIntosh, Alabama</a>; <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_Tennessee" title="Charleston, Tennessee">Charleston, Tennessee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls, New York</a>; and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9cancour,_Quebec" title="Bécancour, Quebec">Bécancour, Canada</a>. Other major US producers include <a href="/wiki/Oxychem" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxychem">Oxychem</a>, <a href="/wiki/PPG_Industries" title="PPG Industries">Westlake</a>, Shintek, and <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Plastics_Group" title="Formosa Plastics Group">Formosa</a>. All of these companies use the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, sodium hydroxide was produced by treating <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> (slaked lime) in a <a href="/wiki/Salt_metathesis_reaction" title="Salt metathesis reaction">metathesis reaction</a> which takes advantage of the fact that sodium hydroxide is soluble, while calcium carbonate is not. This process was called causticizing.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(aq) + Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>CO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(s) → CaCO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>(s) + 2 NaOH(aq)</span></dd></dl> <p>The sodium carbonate for this reaction was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Leblanc_process" title="Leblanc process">Leblanc process</a> in the early 19th century, or the <a href="/wiki/Solvay_process" title="Solvay process">Solvay process</a> in the late 19th century. The conversion of sodium carbonate to sodium hydroxide was superseded entirely by the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>, which produces sodium hydroxide in a single process. </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is also produced by combining pure sodium metal with water. The byproducts are hydrogen gas and heat, often resulting in a flame. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 Na(s) + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(g)</span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction is commonly used for demonstrating the reactivity of alkali metals in academic environments; however, it is not used commercially aside from a reaction within the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process#Mercury_cell" title="Chloralkali process">mercury cell chloralkali process</a> where <a href="/wiki/Sodium_amalgam" title="Sodium amalgam">sodium amalgam</a> is reacted with water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydrodesulfurization" title="Hydrodesulfurization">Hydrodesulfurization</a></div><p>Sodium hydroxide is a popular strong <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a> used in industry. Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. In bulk, it is most often handled as an <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle. </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a> of a mixture, or to neutralize acids. For example, in the petroleum industry, sodium hydroxide is used as an additive in <a href="/wiki/Drilling_mud" class="mw-redirect" title="Drilling mud">drilling mud</a> to increase <a href="/wiki/Alkalinity" title="Alkalinity">alkalinity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bentonite" title="Bentonite">bentonite</a> mud systems, to increase the mud <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, and to neutralize any <a href="/wiki/Acid_gas" title="Acid gas">acid gas</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>) which may be encountered in the <a href="/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">geological formation</a> as drilling progresses. Another use is in <a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">salt spray testing</a> where pH needs to be regulated. Sodium hydroxide is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test. </p><p>Poor quality <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> can be treated with sodium hydroxide to remove <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfurous</a> impurities in a process known as <i>caustic washing</i>. Sodium hydroxide reacts with weak acids such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercaptans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercaptans">mercaptans</a> to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed. The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a> used the process and then <a href="/wiki/2006_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire_toxic_waste_dump" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Côte d'Ivoire toxic waste dump">dumped the waste in Ivory Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common uses of sodium hydroxide include: </p> <ul><li>for making soaps and detergents. Sodium hydroxide is used for hard bar soap, while <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> is used for liquid soaps.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium hydroxide is used more often than <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.</li> <li>as drain cleaners that convert pipe-clogging fats and grease into soap, which dissolves in water</li> <li>for making artificial textile fibres such as <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li>in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a>. Around 56% of sodium hydroxide produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry.</li> <li>in purifying <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite ore</a> from which <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> metal is extracted. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a>.</li> <li>de-greasing metals</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil refining</a></li> <li>making <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleaches</a></li> <li>in water treatment plants for pH regulation</li> <li>to treat bagels and pretzel dough, giving the distinctive shiny finish</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_pulping">Chemical pulping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemical pulping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp (paper)</a></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is also widely used in pulping of wood for making paper or regenerated fibers. Along with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">sodium sulfide</a>, sodium hydroxide is a key component of the white liquor solution used to separate <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">fibers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft process</a>. It also plays a key role in several later stages of the process of <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching the brown pulp</a> resulting from the pulping process. These stages include <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> delignification, <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidative</a> extraction, and simple extraction, all of which require a strong alkaline environment with a pH > 10.5 at the end of the stages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tissue_digestion">Tissue digestion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Tissue digestion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a similar fashion, sodium hydroxide is used to digest tissues, as in a process that was used with farm animals at one time. This process involved placing a carcass into a sealed chamber, then adding a mixture of sodium hydroxide and water (which breaks the chemical bonds that keep the flesh intact). This eventually turns the body into a liquid with a dark brown color,<sup id="cite_ref-Ayres_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayres-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-carcassdisposal_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carcassdisposal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the only solids that remain are bone hulls, which can be crushed between one's fingertips.<sup id="cite_ref-Roach_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roach-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is frequently used in the process of decomposing <a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">roadkill</a> dumped in landfills by animal disposal contractors.<sup id="cite_ref-carcassdisposal_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carcassdisposal-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its availability and low cost, it has been used by criminals to dispose of corpses. Italian <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> <a href="/wiki/Leonarda_Cianciulli" title="Leonarda Cianciulli">Leonarda Cianciulli</a> used this chemical to turn dead bodies into soap.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mexico, a man who worked for drug cartels admitted disposing of over 300 bodies with it.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is a dangerous chemical due to its ability to hydrolyze protein. If a dilute solution is spilled on the skin, burns may result if the area is not washed thoroughly and for several minutes with running water. Splashes in the eye can be more serious and can lead to blindness.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolving_amphoteric_metals_and_compounds">Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dissolving amphoteric metals and compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strong bases attack <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>. Sodium hydroxide reacts with aluminium and water to release hydrogen gas. The aluminium takes an oxygen atom from sodium hydroxide, which in turn takes an oxygen atom from water, and releases two hydrogen atoms. The reaction thus produces <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">sodium aluminate</a>. In this reaction, sodium hydroxide acts as an agent to make the solution alkaline, which aluminium can dissolve in. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 Al + 2</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaOH + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span> → 2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaAlO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span> + <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>Sodium aluminate is an inorganic chemical that is used as an effective source of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide">aluminium hydroxide</a> for many industrial and technical applications. Pure sodium aluminate (anhydrous) is a white crystalline solid having a formula variously given as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaAlO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>AlO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na[Al(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O·Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Al<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span>. Formation of sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) or hydrated sodium aluminate is given by:<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 Al + 2 NaOH + 6 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>O <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">→ 2 Na[Al(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>] + 3 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>This reaction can be useful in <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, removing anodizing, or converting a polished surface to a satin-like finish, but without further <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anodizing" title="Anodizing">anodizing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alodining" class="mw-redirect" title="Alodining">alodining</a> the surface may become degraded, either under normal use or in severe atmospheric conditions. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">Bayer process</a>, sodium hydroxide is used in the refining of alumina containing ores (<a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>) to produce alumina (<a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a>) which is the raw material used to produce aluminium via the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Hall-H%C3%A9roult_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall-Héroult process">Hall-Héroult process</a>. Since the alumina is <a href="/wiki/Amphoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphoteric">amphoteric</a>, it dissolves in the sodium hydroxide, leaving impurities less soluble at high <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxides" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron oxides">iron oxides</a> behind in the form of a highly alkaline <a href="/wiki/Red_mud" title="Red mud">red mud</a>. </p><p>Other amphoteric metals are zinc and lead which dissolve in concentrated sodium hydroxide solutions to give <a href="/wiki/Sodium_zincate" title="Sodium zincate">sodium zincate</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_plumbate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium plumbate (page does not exist)">sodium plumbate</a> respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Esterification_and_transesterification_reagent">Esterification and transesterification reagent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Esterification and transesterification reagent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (<a href="/wiki/Cold_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold process">cold process</a> soap, <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">saponification</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Morfit_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morfit-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was made in the nineteenth century for a hard surface rather than liquid product because it was easier to store and transport. </p><p>For the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a>, sodium hydroxide is used as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a> of methanol and triglycerides. This only works with <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> sodium hydroxide, because combined with water the fat would turn into <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, which would be tainted with <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>. NaOH is used more often than <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed. Due to production costs, NaOH, which is produced using common salt is cheaper than potassium hydroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skincare_ingredient">Skincare ingredient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Skincare ingredient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is an ingredient used in some <a href="/wiki/Skin_care" title="Skin care">skincare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">cosmetic</a> products, such as facial cleansers, creams, lotions, and makeup. It is typically used in low concentration as a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH balancer</a>, due its highly alkaline nature.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_preparation">Food preparation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Food preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling of <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa mass">cocoa</a> processing, <a href="/wiki/Caramel_coloring" class="mw-redirect" title="Caramel coloring">caramel coloring</a> production, <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> scalding, <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink" title="Soft drink">soft drink</a> processing, and thickening <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olives</a> are often soaked in sodium hydroxide for softening; <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzels</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Lye_roll" title="Lye roll">lye rolls</a> are glazed with a sodium hydroxide solution before baking to make them crisp. Owing to the difficulty in obtaining food grade sodium hydroxide in small quantities for home use, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> is often used in place of sodium hydroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-Hominy_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hominy-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known as <a href="/wiki/E_number" title="E number">E number</a> E524. </p><p>Specific foods processed with sodium hydroxide include: </p> <ul><li>German <a href="/wiki/Pretzel" title="Pretzel">pretzels</a> are poached in a boiling <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> solution or cold sodium hydroxide solution before baking, which contributes to their unique crust.</li> <li>Lye water is an essential ingredient in the crust of the traditional baked Chinese moon cakes.</li> <li>Most yellow coloured <a href="/wiki/Chinese_noodles" title="Chinese noodles">Chinese noodles</a> are made with lye water but are commonly mistaken for containing egg.</li> <li>One variety of <a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">zongzi</a> uses lye water to impart a sweet flavor.</li> <li>Sodium hydroxide causes gelling of egg whites in the production of <a href="/wiki/Century_egg" title="Century egg">century eggs</a>.</li> <li>Some methods of preparing olives involve subjecting them to a lye-based brine.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Filipino dessert (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">kakanin</i>) called <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Kutsinta" title="Kutsinta">kutsinta</a></i></span> uses a small quantity of lye water to help give the rice flour batter a jelly-like consistency. A similar process is also used in the kakanin known as <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Pitsi-pitsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitsi-pitsi">pitsi-pitsi</a></i></span> or <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">pichi-pichi</i></span> except that the mixture uses grated <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a> instead of rice flour.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> dish known as <a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">lutefisk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: <i lang="no">lutfisk</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'lye fish').</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagel" title="Bagel">Bagels</a> are often boiled in a lye solution before baking, contributing to their shiny crust.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hominy" title="Hominy">Hominy</a> is dried <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> (corn) kernels reconstituted by soaking in lye-water. These expand considerably in size and may be further processed by frying to make <a href="/wiki/Corn_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn nuts">corn nuts</a> or by drying and grinding to make <a href="/wiki/Grits" title="Grits">grits</a>. Hominy is used to create <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a>, a popular flour used in Mexican cuisine to make <a href="/wiki/Corn_tortillas" class="mw-redirect" title="Corn tortillas">corn tortillas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamales" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamales">tamales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nixtamal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixtamal">Nixtamal</a> is similar, but uses <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> instead of sodium hydroxide.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleaning_agent">Cleaning agent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cleaning agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">Cleaning agent</a></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrial <a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">cleaning agent</a> where it is often called "caustic". It is added to water, heated, and then used to clean process equipment, storage tanks, etc. It can dissolve <a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">grease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Oils">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>-based deposits. It is also used for cleaning waste discharge pipes under sinks and drains in domestic properties. <a href="/wiki/Surfactants" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfactants">Surfactants</a> can be added to the sodium hydroxide solution in order to stabilize dissolved substances and thus prevent redeposition. A sodium hydroxide soak solution is used as a powerful degreaser on <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> and glass bakeware. It is also a common ingredient in oven cleaners. </p><p>A common use of sodium hydroxide is in the production of <a href="/wiki/Parts_washer" title="Parts washer">parts washer</a> <a href="/wiki/Detergent" title="Detergent">detergents</a>. Parts washer detergents based on sodium hydroxide are some of the most aggressive parts washer cleaning chemicals. The sodium hydroxide-based detergents include surfactants, rust inhibitors and defoamers. A parts washer heats water and the detergent in a closed cabinet and then sprays the heated sodium hydroxide and hot water at pressure against dirty parts for degreasing applications. Sodium hydroxide used in this manner replaced many solvent-based systems in the early 1990s<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when <a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">trichloroethane</a> was outlawed by the <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Montreal Protocol</a>. Water and sodium hydroxide detergent-based parts washers are considered to be an environmental improvement over the solvent-based cleaning methods. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg/170px-NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg/255px-NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg/340px-NaOH_-_drain-cleaner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hardware_store" title="Hardware store">Hardware stores</a> grade sodium hydroxide to be used as a type of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners#Alkaline_drain_openers" title="Chemical drain cleaners">drain cleaner</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg/170px-Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg/255px-Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg/340px-Paint_stripping_with_caustic_soda.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>Paint stripping with caustic soda</figcaption></figure> <p>Sodium hydroxide is used in the home as a type of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners#Alkaline_drain_openers" title="Chemical drain cleaners">drain openers</a> to unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. The alkali dissolves <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">greases</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Water_soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Water soluble">water soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Product_(chemistry)" title="Product (chemistry)">products</a>. It also <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis" title="Hydrolysis">hydrolyzes</a> <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a>, such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">hair</a>, which may block water pipes. These reactions are sped by the <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">heat generated</a> when sodium hydroxide and the other chemical components of the cleaner dissolve in water. Such <a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners#Alkaline_drain_openers" title="Chemical drain cleaners">alkaline drain cleaners</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners#Acidic_drain_openers" title="Chemical drain cleaners">acidic versions</a> are highly <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> and should be handled with great caution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relaxer">Relaxer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Relaxer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is used in some <a href="/wiki/Relaxer" title="Relaxer">relaxers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Straighten_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Straighten hair">straighten hair</a>. However, because of the high incidence and intensity of chemical burns, manufacturers of chemical relaxers use other alkaline chemicals in preparations available to consumers. Sodium hydroxide relaxers are still available, but they are used mostly by professionals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paint_stripper">Paint stripper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Paint stripper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A solution of sodium hydroxide in water was traditionally used as the most common paint stripper on wooden objects. Its use has become less common, because it can damage the wood surface, raising the grain and staining the colour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_treatment">Water treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Water treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is sometimes used during <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> to raise the pH of water supplies. Increased pH makes the water less corrosive to plumbing and reduces the amount of lead, copper and other toxic metals that can dissolve into drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Historical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide has been used for detection of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a>, with blood samples of such patients turning to a <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> color upon the addition of a few drops of sodium hydroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, carbon monoxide poisoning can be detected by <a href="/wiki/CO_oximetry" class="mw-redirect" title="CO oximetry">CO oximetry</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_cement_mixes,_mortars,_concrete,_grouts"><span id="In_cement_mixes.2C_mortars.2C_concrete.2C_grouts"></span>In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In cement mixes, mortars, concrete, grouts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide is used in some cement mix plasticisers. This helps homogenise cement mixes, preventing segregation of sands and cement, decreases the amount of water required in a mix and increases workability of the cement product, be it mortar, render or concrete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety">Safety</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png/220px-Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png/330px-Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png/440px-Sodium_hydroxide_burn.png 2x" data-file-width="1166" data-file-height="1466" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">Chemical burns</a> caused by sodium hydroxide solution photographed 44 hours after exposure.</figcaption></figure> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Corrosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Corrosive">corrosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkalis</a>, a few drops of sodium hydroxide solutions can readily decompose <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">lipids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">living tissues</a> via <a href="/wiki/Amide_hydrolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Amide hydrolysis">amide hydrolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ester_hydrolysis" title="Ester hydrolysis">ester hydrolysis</a>, which consequently cause <a href="/wiki/Chemical_burn" title="Chemical burn">chemical burns</a> and may induce permanent <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a> upon contact with eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-msd_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msd2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msd2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solid alkali can also express its corrosive nature if there is water, such as water vapor. Thus, <a href="/wiki/Protective_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Protective equipment">protective equipment</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Rubber_gloves" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber gloves">rubber gloves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safety_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety clothing">safety clothing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eye_protection" title="Eye protection">eye protection</a>, should always be used when handling this chemical or its solutions. The standard first aid measures for alkali spills on the skin is, as for other corrosives, irrigation with large quantities of water. Washing is continued for at least ten to fifteen minutes. </p><p>Moreover, <a href="/wiki/Solvation" title="Solvation">dissolution</a> of sodium hydroxide is highly <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>, and the resulting heat may cause heat burns or ignite flammables. It also produces heat when reacted with acids. </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is mildly corrosive to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, which can cause damage to <a href="/wiki/Glazing_(window)" title="Glazing (window)">glazing</a> or cause <a href="/wiki/Ground_glass_joint" title="Ground glass joint">ground glass joints</a> to bind.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium hydroxide is corrosive to several metals, like <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> which reacts with the alkali to produce flammable <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas on contact.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage">Storage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NaOH_beads.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NaOH_beads.jpg/220px-NaOH_beads.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NaOH_beads.jpg/330px-NaOH_beads.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NaOH_beads.jpg/440px-NaOH_beads.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Two industrial fiberglass barrels of caustic-soda</figcaption></figure><p>Careful storage is needed when handling sodium hydroxide for use, especially bulk volumes. Following proper NaOH storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard. </p><p>Sodium hydroxide is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">intermediate bulk containers</a> (medium volume containers) for cargo handling and transport, or within large stationary storage tanks with volumes up to 100,000 gallons for manufacturing or waste water plants with extensive NaOH use. Common materials that are compatible with sodium hydroxide and often utilized for NaOH storage include: polyethylene (<a href="/wiki/HDPE" class="mw-redirect" title="HDPE">HDPE</a>, usual, <a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">XLPE</a>, less common), <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">polyvinyl chloride</a> (PVC), <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiberglass reinforced plastic">fiberglass reinforced plastic</a> (FRP, with a resistant liner).<sup id="cite_ref-Protank-2018_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protank-2018-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sodium hydroxide must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_concentration" title="Equivalent concentration">normality</a> as it will absorb water and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hydroxide was first prepared by soap makers.<sup id="cite_ref-thorpe_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorpe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p45">: p45 </span></sup> A procedure for making sodium hydroxide appeared as part of a recipe for making soap in an Arab book of the late 13th century: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-mukhtara' fi funun min al-suna'</i></span> (Inventions from the Various Industrial Arts), which was compiled by al-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn 'Umar ibn 'Ali ibn Rasul (d. 1295), a king of Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recipe called for passing water repeatedly through a mixture of <i><a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">alkali</a></i> (Arabic: <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-qily</i></span>, where <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qily</i></span> is ash from <a href="/wiki/Glasswort" title="Glasswort">saltwort</a> plants, which are rich in sodium; hence <i>alkali</i> was impure <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and quicklime (<a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">calcium oxide</a>, CaO), whereby a solution of sodium hydroxide was obtained. European soap makers also followed this recipe. When in 1791 the French chemist and surgeon <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Leblanc" title="Nicolas Leblanc">Nicolas Leblanc</a> (1742–1806) patented a <a href="/wiki/Leblanc_process" title="Leblanc process">process for mass-producing sodium carbonate</a>, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium)<sup id="cite_ref-thorpe_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorpe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p36">: p36 </span></sup> was replaced by this artificial version.<sup id="cite_ref-thorpe_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorpe-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p46">: p46 </span></sup> However, by the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">electrolysis of sodium chloride</a> had become the primary method for producing sodium hydroxide.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">Acid and base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_8_Corrosive_Substances" class="mw-redirect" title="HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive Substances">HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cleaning_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cleaning agents">List of cleaning agents</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-msd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-msd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-msd_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228005947/http://www.certified-lye.com/MSDS-Lye.pdf">"Material Safety Datasheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>certified-lye.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www1.eere.energy.gov&rft.atitle=aluminium_water_hydrogen.pdf+%28application%2Fpdf+Object%29&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.eere.energy.gov%2Fhydrogenandfuelcells%2Fpdfs%2Faluminium_water_hydrogen.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+hydroxide" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thorpe-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorpe_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe, Thomas Edward, ed., <i>A Dictionary of Applied Chemistry</i> (London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1913), vol. 5, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7tI5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA36">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes5.html">History of Science and Technology in Islam: Description of Soap Making</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The English chemist and archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ernest_Stapleton" title="Henry Ernest Stapleton">Henry Ernest Stapleton</a> (1878–1962) presented evidence that the Persian alchemist and physician <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Zakariya_al-Razi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi">Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi</a> (c. 865–925) knew about sodium hydroxide. 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(1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228305/page/n73/mode/2up">"Alchemical equipment in the eleventh century, A.D."</a> <i>Memoirs of the Asiatic Society of Bengal</i>. <b>I</b> (4): 47–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+Asiatic+Society+of+Bengal&rft.atitle=Alchemical+equipment+in+the+eleventh+century%2C+A.D.&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=47-71&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Stapleton&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft.au=Azo%2C+R.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.228305%2Fpage%2Fn73%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+hydroxide" class="Z3988"></span> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228305/page/n79/mode/2up">footnote 5 on p. 53.</a> From p. 53: "5. Sodium carbonate. Qily is the ashes of certain plants, e.g. Salsola and Salicornia … , which grow near the sea, or in salty places … "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, Thomas F.; Bommaraju, Tilak V. and Hine, Fumio (2005) <i>Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology</i>, vol. 1. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Chapter 2: History of the Chlor-Alkali Industry, p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780306486241" title="Special:BookSources/9780306486241">9780306486241</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes,_William_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics"><i>CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</i></a> (92nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439855119" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439855119"><bdi>978-1439855119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=92nd&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1439855119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+hydroxide" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydroxide&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/sodium_hydroxide" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0360.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0360</a></li> <li>Euro Chlor-How is chlorine made? <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060923075635/http://www.eurochlor.org/makingchlorine">Chlorine Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0565.html">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/sodium-hydroxide/">CDC – Sodium Hydroxide – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090518141937/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/encycl/art-b01-brine.htm">Production by brine electrolysis</a></li> <li>Data sheets <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxy.com/globalassets/documents/chemicals/products/chlor-alkali/caustic.pdf">Technical charts (page 33—41)</a> for enthalpy, temperature and pressure</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404052444/http://www.sciencelab.com/msds.php?msdsId=9924999">Sodium Hydroxide MSDS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.certified-lye.com/MSDS-Lye.pdf">Certified Lye MSDS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228005947/http://www.certified-lye.com/MSDS-Lye.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120803005424/http://www.hillbrothers.com/msds/pdf/sodium-hydroxide-10-50-liq.pdf">Hill Brothers MSDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iq.usp.br/docente/gutz/Curtipot_.html">Titration of acids with sodium hydroxide; freeware for data analysis, simulation of curves and pH calculation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508191719/http://www.inclusive-science-engineering.com/inorganic-chemical-caustic-soda-production-process-description-and-flowsheet/">Caustic soda production in continuous causticising plant by lime soda process</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sodium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table 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compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sodium_compounds" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_compounds" title="Sodium compounds">Sodium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inorganic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">NaF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bifluoride" title="Sodium bifluoride">NaHF<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">NaCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">NaBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">NaI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_astatide" title="Sodium astatide">NaAt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ozonide" title="Sodium ozonide">NaO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_superoxide" title="Sodium superoxide">NaO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxide" title="Sodium oxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_peroxide" title="Sodium peroxide">Na<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NaOH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_deuteroxide" title="Sodium deuteroxide">NaOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfide" title="Sodium sulfide">Na<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydrosulfide" title="Sodium hydrosulfide">NaSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenide" title="Sodium selenide">Na<sub>2</sub>Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroselenide" title="Sodium hydroselenide">NaSeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_telluride" title="Sodium telluride">Na<sub>2</sub>Te</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_hydrogen_telluride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium hydrogen telluride (page does not exist)">NaHTe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_polonide" title="Sodium polonide">Na<sub>2</sub>Po</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitride" title="Sodium nitride">Na<sub>3</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">NaN<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_amide" title="Sodium amide">NaNH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_phosphide" title="Sodium phosphide">Na<sub>3</sub>P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenide" title="Sodium arsenide">Na<sub>3</sub>As</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxyhalides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">NaClO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorite" title="Sodium chlorite">NaClO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorate" title="Sodium chlorate">NaClO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perchlorate" title="Sodium perchlorate">NaClO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypobromite" title="Sodium hypobromite">NaBrO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromite" title="Sodium bromite">NaBrO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromate" title="Sodium bromate">NaBrO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perbromate" title="Sodium perbromate">NaBrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodate" title="Sodium iodate">NaIO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_periodate" title="Sodium periodate">NaIO<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxychalcogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfite" title="Sodium sulfite">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_sulfate" title="Sodium sulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfite" title="Sodium bisulfite">NaHSO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfate" title="Sodium bisulfate">NaHSO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiosulfate" title="Sodium thiosulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metabisulfite" title="Sodium metabisulfite">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionate" title="Sodium dithionate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pyrosulfate" title="Sodium pyrosulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_persulfate" title="Sodium persulfate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenite" title="Sodium selenite">Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_selenate" title="Sodium selenate">Na<sub>2</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_biselenite" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium biselenite">NaHSeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tellurite" title="Sodium tellurite">Na<sub>2</sub>TeO<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxypnictogenides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrite" title="Sodium nitrite">NaNO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">NaNO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hyponitrite" title="Sodium hyponitrite">Na<sub>2</sub>N<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypophosphite" title="Sodium hypophosphite">NaPO<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_phosphite" title="Disodium hydrogen phosphite">Na<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorophosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium fluorophosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>3</sub>F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithiophosphate" title="Sodium dithiophosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisodium_phosphate" title="Trisodium phosphate">Na<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_triphosphate" title="Sodium triphosphate">Na<sub>5</sub>P<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasodium_pyrophosphate" title="Tetrasodium pyrophosphate">Na<sub>4</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_pyrophosphate" title="Disodium pyrophosphate">Na<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenite" title="Sodium arsenite">Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_arsenate" title="Sodium arsenate">Na<sub>3</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_hydrogen_arsenate" title="Disodium hydrogen arsenate">Na<sub>2</sub>HAsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dihydrogen_arsenate" title="Sodium dihydrogen arsenate">NaH<sub>2</sub>AsO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_antimonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium antimonate">NaSbO<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium aluminium hydride">NaAlH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">NaAlO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroaluminate" title="Sodium hexafluoroaluminate">Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_alum" title="Sodium alum">NaAl(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloroaurate" title="Sodium tetrachloroaurate">NaAuCl<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroantimonate" title="Sodium hexafluoroantimonate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaSbF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluoroarsenate" title="Sodium hexafluoroarsenate"><span class="chemf nowrap">NaAsF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexafluorotitanate" title="Sodium hexafluorotitanate"><span class="chemf nowrap">Na<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>TiF<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">NaBH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanoborohydride" title="Sodium cyanoborohydride">NaBH<sub>3</sub>(CN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metaborate" title="Sodium metaborate">NaBO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_enneaborate" title="Disodium enneaborate">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_octaborate" title="Disodium octaborate">Na<sub>2</sub>B<sub>8</sub>O<sub>13</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bismuthate" title="Sodium bismuthate">NaBiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">NaCN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_fulminate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium fulminate (page does not exist)">NaCNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cobalt_oxide" title="Sodium cobalt oxide">NaCoO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bicarbonate" title="Sodium bicarbonate">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_perxenate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium perxenate (page does not exist)">Na<sub>4</sub>XeO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_xenate" title="Monosodium xenate">NaHXeO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_permanganate" title="Sodium permanganate">NaMnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanate" title="Sodium cyanate">NaOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perrhenate" title="Sodium perrhenate">NaReO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">NaSCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatechnetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium metatechnetate">NaTcO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_pertechnetate" title="Sodium pertechnetate">NaTcO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metavanadate" title="Sodium metavanadate">NaVO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxalate" title="Sodium oxalate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate" title="Sodium 1,3-dithiole-2-thione-4,5-dithiolate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>3</sub>S<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chromate" title="Sodium chromate">Na<sub>2</sub>CrO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dichromate" title="Sodium dichromate">Na<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_trichromate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium trichromate (page does not exist)">Na<sub>2</sub>Cr<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_germanate" title="Sodium germanate">Na<sub>2</sub>GeO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_helide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium helide">Na<sub>2</sub>He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disodium_tetracarbonylferrate" title="Disodium tetracarbonylferrate">Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe(CO)<sub>4</sub>]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_manganate" title="Sodium manganate">Na<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_molybdate" title="Sodium molybdate">Na<sub>2</sub>MoO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroiridate(III)" title="Sodium hexachloroiridate(III)">Na<sub>3</sub>IrCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Sodium hexachloroplatinate">Na<sub>2</sub>PtCl<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_uranate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium uranate">Na<sub>2</sub>O(UO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrathionate" title="Sodium tetrathionate">Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">Na<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_metatitanate" title="Sodium metatitanate">Na<sub>2</sub>TiO<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_diuranate" title="Sodium diuranate">Na<sub>2</sub>U<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tungstate" title="Sodium tungstate">Na<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_zincate" title="Sodium zincate">Na<sub>2</sub>Zn(OH)<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthovanadate" title="Sodium orthovanadate">Na<sub>3</sub>VO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_decavanadate" title="Sodium decavanadate">Na<sub>6</sub>V<sub>10</sub>O<sub>28</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrocyanide" title="Sodium ferrocyanide">Na<sub>4</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_ferricyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium ferricyanide (page does not exist)">Na<sub>3</sub>Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ferrioxalate" title="Sodium ferrioxalate">Na<sub>3</sub>Fe(C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_orthosilicate" title="Sodium orthosilicate">Na<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluorosilicate" title="Sodium fluorosilicate">Na<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hexanitritocobaltate(III)" title="Sodium hexanitritocobaltate(III)">Na<sub>3</sub>[Co(NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(trimethylsilyl)amide" title="Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide">NaNSi<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tetrachloropalladate" title="Sodium tetrachloropalladate">Na<sub>2</sub>PdCl<sub>4</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organosodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosodium">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_methoxide" title="Sodium methoxide">CH<sub>3</sub>ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_ethoxide" title="Sodium ethoxide">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>ONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_formate" title="Sodium formate">HCOONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_propionate" title="Sodium propionate">C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_butyrate" title="Sodium butyrate">C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_tartrate" title="Sodium tartrate">Na<sub>2</sub>C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bitartrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium bitartrate">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NaO<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_acetate" title="Sodium acetate">NaCH<sub>3</sub>COO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_benzoate" title="Sodium benzoate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_salicylate" title="Sodium salicylate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(OH)CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_laurate" title="Sodium laurate">NaC<sub>12</sub>H<sub>23</sub>O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_naphthalene" title="Sodium naphthalene">NaC<sub>10</sub>H<sub>8</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Na<sub>2</sub>[Fe[CN<sub>5</sub>]NO]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium_hydride" title="Sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminium hydride">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>16</sub>AlNaO<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_erythorbate" title="Sodium erythorbate">NaC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>7</sub>O<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monosodium_Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosodium Glutamate">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>NO<sub>4</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylsodium" title="Phenylsodium">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>5</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Butylsodium" title="N-Butylsodium">C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyclopentadienide" title="Sodium cyclopentadienide">NaC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Palmitate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Palmitate (page does not exist)">C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>31</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_Oleate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium Oleate (page does not exist)">C<sub>17</sub>H<sub>33</sub>COONa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_stearate" title="Sodium stearate">C<sub>18</sub>H<sub>35</sub>O<sub>2</sub>Na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">C<sub>164</sub>H<sub>256</sub>O<sub>68</sub>S<sub>2</sub>Na<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hydroxides" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;table-layout:fixed;"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydroxides" title="Template:Hydroxides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydroxides" title="Template talk:Hydroxides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroxides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydroxides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hydroxides" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">Hydroxides</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">HOH</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td>He </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydroxide" title="Lithium hydroxide">LiOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydroxide" title="Beryllium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Be(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">B(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthocarbonic_acid" title="Orthocarbonic acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">C(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azorous_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azorous acid (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">N(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">O(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">FOH</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NaOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mg(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydroxide" title="Aluminium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Al(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthosilicic_acid" title="Orthosilicic acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Si(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorous_acid" title="Phosphorous acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">P(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dihydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur dihydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">S(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid" title="Hypochlorous acid">ClOH</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">KOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium(III)_hydroxide" title="Scandium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sc(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ti(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(III)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(III) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ti(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanium(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ti(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">V(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(III)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(III) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">V(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chromium(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chromium(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_hydroxide" title="Chromium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cr(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_hydroxide" title="Manganese(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Mn(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydroxide" title="Iron(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iron(III)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydroxide" title="Cobalt(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Co(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel(II)_hydroxide" title="Nickel(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ni(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_hydroxide" title="Copper(I) hydroxide">CuOH</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_hydroxide" title="Copper(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydroxide" title="Zinc hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zn(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium(III)_hydroxide" title="Gallium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ga(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium(II)_hydroxide" title="Germanium(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ge(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenous_acid" title="Arsenous acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">As(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Se </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypobromous_acid" title="Hypobromous acid">BrOH</a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydroxide" title="Rubidium hydroxide">RbOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_hydroxide" title="Strontium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sr(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_hydroxide" title="Yttrium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Y(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Zirconium(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Zr(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Nb </td> <td>Mo </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium(IV)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Technetium(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Tc(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Ru </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium(III)_hydroxide" title="Rhodium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Rh(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver hydroxide">AgOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydroxide" title="Cadmium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cd(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium(III)_hydroxide" title="Indium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">In(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin(II)_hydroxide" title="Tin(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sn(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tin(IV)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sn(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antimonous_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antimonous acid (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sb(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Telluric_acid" title="Telluric acid"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Te(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hypoiodous_acid" title="Hypoiodous acid">IOH</a> </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydroxide" title="Caesium hydroxide">CsOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium_hydroxide" title="Barium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ba(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium(III)_hydroxide" title="Lutetium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Lu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Hf </td> <td>Ta </td> <td>W </td> <td>Re </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold(III)_hydroxide" title="Gold(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Au(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_hydroxide" title="Mercury(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Hg(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium(I)_hydroxide" title="Thallium(I) hydroxide">TlOH</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thallium(III)_hydroxide" title="Thallium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Tl(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_hydroxide" title="Lead(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lead(IV)_hydroxide" title="Lead(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pb(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_hydroxide" title="Bismuth hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Bi(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium_hydroxide" title="Francium hydroxide">FrOH</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_hydroxide" title="Radium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ra(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_hydroxide" title="Lanthanum hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">La(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium(III)_hydroxide" title="Cerium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ce(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cerium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Cerium(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ce(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium(III)_hydroxide" title="Praseodymium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pr(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_hydroxide" title="Neodymium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Nd(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium(III)_hydroxide" title="Promethium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Pm(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium(III)_hydroxide" title="Samarium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Sm(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium(II)_hydroxide" title="Europium(II) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Eu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Europium(III)_hydroxide" title="Europium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Eu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_hydroxide" title="Gadolinium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Gd(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium(III)_hydroxide" title="Terbium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Tb(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium(III)_hydroxide" title="Dysprosium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Dy(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium(III)_hydroxide" title="Holmium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ho(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium(III)_hydroxide" title="Erbium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Er(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium(III)_hydroxide" title="Thulium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Tm(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(III)_hydroxide" title="Ytterbium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Yb(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium(III)_hydroxide" title="Actinium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Ac(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium(IV)_hydroxide" title="Thorium(IV) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Th(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium(II)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium(II) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">U(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranium(III)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranium(III) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">U(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Uranyl_hydroxide" title="Uranyl hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">UO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium(III)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium(III) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Np(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium(IV)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium(IV) hydroxide (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Np(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neptunium(VII)_oxide-hydroxide" title="Neptunium(VII) oxide-hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NpO<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Pu </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium(III)_hydroxide" title="Americium(III) hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Am(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium hydroxide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cm(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span></a> </td> <td>Bk </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a></span> <br /><br /><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>H<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC<sub>4</sub>N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine<br />atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten<br />atoms<br />or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C<sub>60</sub>, C<sub>60</sub><sup>+</sup>, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C<sub>70</sub> fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a><br />molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N<sub>2</sub>D<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H<sub>2</sub>NCO<sup>+</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C<sub>5</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electrolysis" title="Template:Electrolysis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electrolysis" title="Template talk:Electrolysis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electrolysis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electrolysis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articles_related_to_electrolysis_/_Standard_electrode_potential" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">Standard electrode potential</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrolytic processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betts_electrolytic_process" title="Betts electrolytic process">Betts electrolytic process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_process" title="Castner process">Castner process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner%E2%80%93Kellner_process" title="Castner–Kellner process">Castner–Kellner process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">Chloralkali process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downs_cell" title="Downs cell">Downs cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_reduction_of_carbon_dioxide" title="Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide">Electrolysis of carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water" title="Electrolysis of water">Electrolysis of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrowinning" title="Electrowinning">Electrowinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Hall–Héroult process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hofmann_voltameter" title="Hofmann voltameter">Hofmann voltameter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbe_electrolysis" title="Kolbe electrolysis">Kolbe electrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoopes_process" title="Hoopes process">Hoopes process</a></li> <li>Dow process <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dow_process_(bromine)" title="Dow process (bromine)">Bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dow_process_(magnesium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow process (magnesium)">Magnesium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_fluorination" title="Electrochemical fluorination">Electrochemical fluorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wohlwill_process" title="Wohlwill process">Wohlwill process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials produced by electrolysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hall%E2%80%93H%C3%A9roult_process" title="Hall–Héroult process">Aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Bayer_process" title="Bayer process">(extraction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction#Electrorefining" title="Copper extraction">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrolysed_water" title="Electrolysed water">Electrolysed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_evolution_reaction" title="Hydrogen evolution reaction">Hydrogen evolution reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium metal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cracker" title="Gas cracker">Gas cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential_(data_page)" title="Standard electrode potential (data page)">Standard electrode potential (data page)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrology" title="Electrology">Electrology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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