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id="toc-Molecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diatomic_(43)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diatomic_(43)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Diatomic (43) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diatomic_(43)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triatomic_(44)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triatomic_(44)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Triatomic (44) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triatomic_(44)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_atoms_(30)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_atoms_(30)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Four atoms (30) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_atoms_(30)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_atoms_(20)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_atoms_(20)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Five atoms (20) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_atoms_(20)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Six_atoms_(16)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Six_atoms_(16)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Six atoms (16) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Six_atoms_(16)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seven_atoms_(13)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seven_atoms_(13)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Seven atoms (13) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seven_atoms_(13)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eight_atoms_(14)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight_atoms_(14)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Eight atoms (14) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight_atoms_(14)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nine_atoms_(10)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nine_atoms_(10)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Nine atoms (10) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nine_atoms_(10)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ten_or_more_atoms_(23)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ten_or_more_atoms_(23)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Ten or more atoms (23) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ten_or_more_atoms_(23)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuterated_molecules_(22)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterated_molecules_(22)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Deuterated molecules (22) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuterated_molecules_(22)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconfirmed_(15)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconfirmed_(15)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Unconfirmed (15) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconfirmed_(15)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B5_%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A" title="قائمة جزيئات الأقراص حول النجمية والوسط بين النجمي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قائمة جزيئات الأقراص حول النجمية والوسط بين النجمي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Mol%C3%A9culas_detectadas_en_el_medio_interestelar" title="Anexo:Moléculas detectadas en el medio interestelar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Moléculas detectadas en el medio interestelar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فهرست مولکول‌های فضای بیرونی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فهرست مولکول‌های فضای بیرونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_d%27esp%C3%A8ces_chimiques_d%C3%A9tect%C3%A9es_dans_le_milieu_interstellaire_ou_circumstellaire" title="Liste d'espèces chimiques détectées dans le milieu interstellaire ou circumstellaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Liste d'espèces chimiques détectées dans le milieu interstellaire ou circumstellaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3il%C3%ADn_idir-r%C3%A9altach" title="Móilín idir-réaltach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Móilín idir-réaltach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Միջաստղային մոլեկուլներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջաստղային մոլեկուլներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daftar_molekul_antarbintang_dan_lingkar_bintang" title="Daftar molekul antarbintang dan lingkar bintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daftar molekul antarbintang dan lingkar bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecole_del_mezzo_interstellare" title="Molecole del mezzo interstellare – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molecole del mezzo interstellare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%93%D1%83%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Список на меѓуѕвездени и околуѕвездени молекули – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Список на меѓуѕвездени и околуѕвездени молекули" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%96%93%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" title="星間分子の一覧 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="星間分子の一覧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Межзвёздные молекулы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межзвёздные молекулы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Список міжзоряних і навколозоряних молекул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Список міжзоряних і навколозоряних молекул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danh_s%C3%A1ch_ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD_trong_m%C3%B4i_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_li%C3%AAn_sao" title="Danh sách phân tử trong môi trường liên sao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Danh sách phân tử trong môi trường liên sao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ssc2003-06g.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ssc2003-06g.jpg/330px-Ssc2003-06g.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ssc2003-06g.jpg/495px-Ssc2003-06g.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ssc2003-06g.jpg/660px-Ssc2003-06g.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Infrared spectrum of <a href="/wiki/HH_46/47" title="HH 46/47">HH 46/47</a> (image in inset), with <a href="/wiki/Vibrational_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrational band">vibrational bands</a> of several molecules labelled in colour</figcaption></figure> This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> that have been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">circumstellar envelopes</a>, grouped by the number of component <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">chemical formula</a> is listed for each detected compound, along with any ionized form that has also been observed. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotational_spectrum_example.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rotational_spectrum_example.png/290px-Rotational_spectrum_example.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Rotational_spectrum_example.png 1.5x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Idealised example of the rotational spectrum (bottom) produced by transitions between different rotational energy levels (top) of a simple <a href="/wiki/Linear_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear molecule">linear molecule</a>. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle B}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>B</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle B}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/47136aad860d145f75f3eed3022df827cee94d7a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle B}"> is the <a href="/wiki/Rotational_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational constant">rotational constant</a> of the molecule, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>J</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/359e4f407b49910e02c27c2f52e87a36cd74c053" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.471ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J}"> is the rotational <a href="/wiki/Quantum_number" title="Quantum number">quantum number</a>, <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J'}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>J</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J'}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c76d5f08e40c83bfc959e27a75dd387278214e9c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.211ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J'}"> is the upper level and <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J''}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mi>J</mi> <mo>″</mo> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle J''}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec133a827a3cecaf5299d1fcad5053868439056a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.663ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle J''}"> is the lower level.</figcaption></figure> The molecules listed below were detected through <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">astronomical spectroscopy</a>. Their spectral features arise because molecules either absorb or emit a <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> of light when they transition between two molecular <a href="/wiki/Energy_levels" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy levels">energy levels</a>. The energy (and thus the <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a>) of the photon matches the energy difference between the levels involved. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_electronic_transition" title="Molecular electronic transition">Molecular electronic transitions</a> occur when one of the molecule's <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> moves between <a href="/wiki/Molecular_orbitals" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular orbitals">molecular orbitals</a>, producing a <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">spectral line</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">optical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Near-infrared" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-infrared">near-infrared</a> parts of the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Alternatively, a <a href="/wiki/Vibrational_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrational transition">vibrational transition</a> transfers <a href="/wiki/Quantum" title="Quantum">quanta</a> of energy to (or from) vibrations of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_bonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular bonds">molecular bonds</a>, producing signatures in the mid- or far-<a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a>. Gas-phase molecules also have <a href="/wiki/Rotational_transition" title="Rotational transition">quantised rotational levels</a>, leading to transitions at <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> wavelengths.<a href="#cite_note-shu82-1">[1]</a> Sometimes a transition can involve more than one of these types of energy level e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ro-vibrational_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro-vibrational spectroscopy">ro-vibrational spectroscopy</a> changes both the rotational and vibrational energy level. Occasionally all three occur together, as in the Phillips band of C2 (<a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">diatomic carbon</a>), in which an electronic transition produces a line in the near-infrared, which is then split into several <a href="/wiki/Vibronic_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibronic band">vibronic bands</a> by a simultaneous change in vibrational level, which in turn are split again into <a href="/wiki/Rotational_spectroscopy" title="Rotational spectroscopy">rotational branches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The spectrum of a particular molecule is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Selection_rules" class="mw-redirect" title="Selection rules">selection rules</a> of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">quantum chemistry</a> and by its <a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">molecular symmetry</a>. Some molecules have simple spectra which are easy to identify, whilst others (even some small molecules) have extremely complex spectra with flux spread among many different lines, making them far harder to detect.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire_review-3">[3]</a> Interactions between the atomic nuclei and the electrons sometimes cause further <a href="/wiki/Hyperfine_structure" title="Hyperfine structure">hyperfine structure</a> of the spectral lines. If the molecule exists in multiple <a href="/wiki/Isotopologues" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopologues">isotopologues</a> (versions containing different atomic <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>), the spectrum is further complicated by <a href="/wiki/Isotope_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope shift">isotope shifts</a>. Detection of a new interstellar or circumstellar molecule requires identifying a suitable astronomical object where it is likely to be present, then observing it with a <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Spectrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectrograph">spectrograph</a> working at the required wavelength, <a href="/wiki/Spectral_resolution" title="Spectral resolution">spectral resolution</a> and sensitivity. The first molecule detected in the interstellar medium was the <a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">methylidyne radical</a> (CH•) in 1937, through its strong electronic transition at 4300 <a href="/wiki/Angstroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angstroms">angstroms</a> (in the optical).<a href="#cite_note-woon05-4">[4]</a> Advances in <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_instrumentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical instrumentation">astronomical instrumentation</a> have led to increasing numbers of new detections. From the 1950s onwards, <a href="/wiki/Radio_astronomy" title="Radio astronomy">radio astronomy</a> began to dominate new detections, with <a href="/wiki/Sub-mm_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sub-mm astronomy">sub-mm astronomy</a> also becoming important from the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire_review-3">[3]</a> The inventory of detected molecules is highly biased towards certain types which are easier to detect. For example, radio astronomy is most sensitive to small linear molecules with a high <a href="/wiki/Molecular_dipole" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular dipole">molecular dipole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire_review-3">[3]</a> The most common molecule in the Universe, H2 (<a href="/wiki/Molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular hydrogen">molecular hydrogen</a>), is completely invisible to radio telescopes because it has no dipole;<a href="#cite_note-mcguire_review-3">[3]</a> its electronic transitions are too energetic for optical telescopes, so detection of H2 required ultraviolet observations with a <a href="/wiki/Sounding_rocket" title="Sounding rocket">sounding rocket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj161-5">[5]</a> Vibrational lines are often not specific to an individual molecule, allowing only the general class to be identified. For example, the vibrational lines of <a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</a> (PAHs) were identified in 1984,<a href="#cite_note-leger_puget-6">[6]</a> showing the class of molecules is very common in space,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> but it took until 2021 to identify any specific PAHs through their rotational lines.<a href="#cite_note-mcguire_pah-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-burkhardt_indene-9">[9]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg/280px-CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg/420px-CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg/560px-CW_Leonis_-_HST_-_Heic2112a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3616" data-file-height="3213" /></a><figcaption>The carbon star <a href="/wiki/CW_Leonis" title="CW Leonis">CW Leonis</a>. The visible shells of circumstellar material were ejected by the central star over thousands of years.</figcaption></figure> One of the richest sources for detecting interstellar molecules is <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_B2" title="Sagittarius B2">Sagittarius B2</a> (Sgr B2), a <a href="/wiki/Giant_molecular_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant molecular cloud">giant molecular cloud</a> near the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a>. About half of the molecules listed below were first found in Sgr B2, and many of the others have been subsequently detected there.<a href="#cite_note-ajss60-10">[10]</a> A rich source of circumstellar molecules is <a href="/wiki/CW_Leonis" title="CW Leonis">CW Leonis</a> (also known as IRC +10216), a nearby <a href="/wiki/Carbon_star" title="Carbon star">carbon star</a>, where about 50 molecules have been identified.<a href="#cite_note-kaler2002-11">[11]</a> There is no clear boundary between interstellar and circumstellar media, so both are included in the tables below. The discipline of <a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">astrochemistry</a> includes understanding how these molecules form and explaining their abundances. The extremely low density of the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> is not conducive to the formation of molecules, making conventional <a href="/wiki/Gas-phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-phase">gas-phase</a> reactions between neutral species (atoms or molecules) inefficient. Many regions also have very low temperatures (typically 10 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a> inside a molecular cloud), further reducing the reaction rates, or high ultraviolet radiation fields, which destroy molecules through <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemistry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brown_pais95-12">[12]</a> Explaining the observed abundances of interstellar molecules requires calculating the balance between formation and destruction rates using <a href="/wiki/Gas-phase_ion_chemistry" title="Gas-phase ion chemistry">gas-phase ion chemistry</a> (often driven by <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>), <a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface chemistry">surface chemistry</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">cosmic dust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a> including <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstellar extinction">interstellar extinction</a>, and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction_network_theory" title="Chemical reaction network theory">reaction networks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pnas103d-13">[13]</a> The use of molecular lines to determine the physical properties of astronomical objects is known as <a href="/wiki/Molecular_astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular astrophysics">molecular astrophysics</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molecules">Molecules</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Molecules">edit</a>]</div> The following tables list molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium or circumstellar matter, grouped by the number of component <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>. Neutral molecules and their <a href="/wiki/Molecular_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular ions">molecular ions</a> are listed in separate columns; if there is no entry in the molecule column, only the ionized form has been detected. Designations (names of molecules) are those used in the scientific literature describing the detection; if none was given that field is left empty. Mass is listed in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">atomic mass units</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deuterated" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterated">Deuterated</a> molecules, which contain at least one <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> (2H) atom, have slightly different masses and are listed in a separate table. The total number of unique species, including distinct ionization states, is indicated in each section header. Most of the molecules detected so far are <a href="/wiki/Organic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic molecule">organic</a>. The only detected <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic molecule">inorganic molecule</a> with five or more atoms is SiH4.<a href="#cite_note-Klemperer2011-14">[14]</a> Molecules larger than that all have at least one carbon atom, with no N−N or O−O bonds.<a href="#cite_note-Klemperer2011-14">[14]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png/220px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png/330px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png/440px-Carbon-monoxide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a> is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-caps_ukent-15">[15]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diatomic_(43)">Diatomic (43)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diatomic (43)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">AlCl</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a><a href="#cite_note-aa183-16">[16]</a> </td> <td align="center">62.5</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">AlF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a><a href="#cite_note-apj433-17">[17]</a> </td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">AlO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium monoxide">Aluminium monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj694-18">[18]</a> </td> <td align="center">43</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a><a href="#cite_note-BarlowEtAl2013-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131213-20">[20]</a> </td> <td align="center">37<a href="#cite_note-21">[note 1]</a></td> <td align="center">ArH+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a><a href="#cite_note-souza1977-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj438l-23">[22]</a> </td> <td align="center">24</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluoromethylidyne" title="Fluoromethylidyne">Fluoromethylidynium</a> </td> <td align="center">31</td> <td align="center">CF+<a href="#cite_note-aaa454-24">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20161012-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj93-26">[25]</a> </td> <td align="center">13</td> <td align="center">CH+<a href="#cite_note-ptotrsol324-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj93-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa230-29">[28]</a> </td> <td align="center">26</td> <td align="center">CN+,<a href="#cite_note-dop03-30">[29]</a> CN−<a href="#cite_note-AgúndezEtAl2010-31">[30]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-LAT-20140308-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-SCI-20140306-33">[32]</a> </td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">CO+<a href="#cite_note-apjl419-34">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CP</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa230-29">[28]</a> </td> <td align="center">43</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">FeO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa409-36">[35]</a> </td> <td align="center">82</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a><a href="#cite_note-EG-20190417-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20190417-38">[37]</a> </td> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">HeH+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2</td> <td>Molecular <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a><a href="#cite_note-apj161-5">[5]</a> </td> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCl</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a><a href="#cite_note-apj295-39">[38]</a> </td> <td align="center">36.5</td> <td align="center">HCl+<a href="#cite_note-deluca2012-40">[39]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HF</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a><a href="#cite_note-apjl488-41">[40]</a> </td> <td align="center">20</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">OH+<a href="#cite_note-WyrowskiEtAl2009-42">[41]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">KCl</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a><a href="#cite_note-aa183-16">[16]</a> </td> <td align="center">75.5</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj376m-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-mnras260_2-44">[43]</a> </td> <td align="center">15</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">N2</td> <td>Molecular <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a><a href="#cite_note-spacedaily20040609-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nat429-46">[45]</a> </td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj359-47">[46]</a> </td> <td align="center">30</td> <td align="center">NO+<a href="#cite_note-dop03-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mononitrogen_monosulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Mononitrogen monosulfide">Nitrogen sulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NaCl</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a><a href="#cite_note-aa183-16">[16]</a> </td> <td align="center">58.5</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td>Magnesium monohydride cation </td> <td align="center">25.3</td> <td align="center">MgH+<a href="#cite_note-dop03-30">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">O2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular oxygen">Molecular oxygen</a><a href="#cite_note-omol-48">[47]</a> </td> <td align="center">32</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">PN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a><a href="#cite_note-tb_pn-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj321-50">[49]</a> </td> <td align="center">45</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">PO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj666-51">[50]</a> </td> <td align="center">47</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfur monohydride</a><a href="#cite_note-apj528-52">[51]</a> </td> <td align="center">33</td> <td align="center">SH+<a href="#cite_note-MentenEtAl2011-53">[52]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">48</td> <td align="center">SO+<a href="#cite_note-ptotrsol324-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Carborundum</a><a href="#cite_note-aass226-54">[53]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiN</td> <td>–<a href="#cite_note-turner1992-55">[54]</a> </td> <td align="center">42</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">60</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">TiO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-KaminskiEtAl2013-56">[55]</a> </td> <td align="center">63.9</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png/220px-Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png/330px-Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png/440px-Trihydrogen-cation-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Protonated_molecular_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonated molecular hydrogen">H+ 3</a> cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-pnas103oka-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature384-58">[57]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Triatomic_(44)">Triatomic (44)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Triatomic (44)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">AlNC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">53</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">AlOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyaluminium(I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyaluminium(I)">Aluminium hydroxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj712-59">[58]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a><a href="#cite_note-hinkle1988-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-maier2001-61">[60]</a> </td> <td align="center">36</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a> </td> <td align="center">25</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CCN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanomethylidyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanomethylidyne (page does not exist)">Cyanomethylidyne</a><a href="#cite_note-AndersonZiuris2014-62">[61]</a> </td> <td align="center">38</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apjl380-63">[62]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2S</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a><a href="#cite_note-alac26-64">[63]</a> </td> <td align="center">56</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2P</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-apj677h-65">[64]</a> </td> <td align="center">55</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CO2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-mnras252-66">[65]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CaNC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_isocyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium isocyanide">Calcium isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> </td> <td align="center">92</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">FeCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron(I)_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron(I) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-apjl733_2-68">[67]</a> </td> <td align="center">82</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Protonated molecular hydrogen</a> </td> <td align="center">3</td> <td align="center">H+ 3<a href="#cite_note-pnas103oka-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-nature384-58">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2C</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj438h-69">[68]</a> </td> <td align="center">14</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a> </td> <td align="center">37.5</td> <td align="center">H2Cl+<a href="#cite_note-LisEtAl2010-70">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a><a href="#cite_note-es0970429-71">[70]</a> </td> <td align="center">18</td> <td align="center">H2O+<a href="#cite_note-OssenkopfEtAl-72">[71]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HO2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a><a href="#cite_note-PariseEtAl2012-73">[72]</a> </td> <td align="center">33</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2S</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">34</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj163-74">[73]</a> </td> <td align="center">27</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-schilke01-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj582-76">[75]</a> </td> <td align="center">27</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCO</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj303-77">[76]</a> </td> <td align="center">29</td> <td align="center">HCO+<a href="#cite_note-ptotrsol324-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj303-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj420-78">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCP</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Phosphaethyne</a><a href="#cite_note-apj662-79">[78]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCS</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a><a href="#cite_note-hcs_hsc-80">[79]</a> </td> <td align="center">45</td> <td align="center">HCS+<a href="#cite_note-ptotrsol324-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj420-78">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a><a href="#cite_note-apj420-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ptotrsol324-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj387-81">[80]</a> </td> <td align="center">29</td> <td align="center">HN+ 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a><a href="#cite_note-hollis91-82">[81]</a> </td> <td align="center">31</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a> </td> <td align="center">29</td> <td align="center">HOC+<a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HSC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Isothioformyl</a><a href="#cite_note-hcs_hsc-80">[79]</a> </td> <td align="center">45</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">KCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">65</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">MgCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">50</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">MgNC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">50</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amino" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino">Amino</a> radical<a href="#cite_note-apj416-83">[82]</a> </td> <td align="center">16</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">N2O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj436-84">[83]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NaCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">49</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NaOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a><a href="#cite_note-apjle262-85">[84]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">OCS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj245-86">[85]</a> </td> <td align="center">60</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">O3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a><a href="#cite_note-PhillipsKnapp1980-87">[86]</a> </td> <td align="center">48</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SO2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a> </td> <td align="center">64</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">c-SiC2</td> <td>c-<a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide#Production" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon dicarbide</a><a href="#cite_note-aass226-54">[53]</a> </td> <td align="center">52</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiCSi</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a><a href="#cite_note-CernicharoEtAl2015-89">[88]</a> </td> <td align="center">68</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiCN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa363-90">[89]</a> </td> <td align="center">54</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiNC</td> <td><a href="#cite_note-aaa426-91">[90]</a> </td> <td align="center">54</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">TiO2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-KaminskiEtAl2013-56">[55]</a> </td> <td align="center">79.9</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png/220px-Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png/330px-Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png/440px-Formaldehyde-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a> is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.<a href="#cite_note-prl61-92">[91]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_atoms_(30)">Four atoms (30)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Four atoms (30)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj535_2-93">[92]</a> </td> <td align="center">15</td> <td align="center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CH+3<a href="#cite_note-NAT-20230626-94">[93]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">l-C3H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a><a href="#cite_note-mnotrs16-95">[94]</a> </td> <td align="center">37</td> <td align="center">l-C3H+<a href="#cite_note-PetyEtAl2012-96">[95]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">c-C3H</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyclopropynylidyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyclopropynylidyne (page does not exist)">Cyclopropynylidyne</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa239-97">[96]</a> </td> <td align="center">37</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C3N</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a><a href="#cite_note-apj438b-98">[97]</a> </td> <td align="center">50</td> <td align="center">C3N−<a href="#cite_note-apj677t-99">[98]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C3O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a><a href="#cite_note-mnotrs16-95">[94]</a> </td> <td align="center">52</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C3S</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_sulfide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricarbon sulfide">Tricarbon sulfide</a><a href="#cite_note-alac26-64">[63]</a> </td> <td align="center">68</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydronium" title="Hydronium">Hydronium</a> </td> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center">H3O+<a href="#cite_note-apj380-100">[99]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2H2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-nat264-101">[100]</a> </td> <td align="center">26</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylene_group" title="Methylene group">Methylene</a> <a href="/wiki/Amidogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidogen">amidogen</a><a href="#cite_note-apj427-102">[101]</a> </td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">H2CN+<a href="#cite_note-ptotrsol324-27">[26]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2NC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aminocarbyne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aminocarbyne (page does not exist)">Aminocarbyne</a><a href="#cite_note-Cabezas2021-103">[102]</a> </td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2CO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a><a href="#cite_note-prl61-92">[91]</a> </td> <td align="center">30</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2CS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/1,3,5-Trithiane" title="1,3,5-Trithiane">Thioformaldehyde</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa244a-104">[103]</a> </td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCCN</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-aaa244b-105">[104]</a> </td> <td align="center">39</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCCO</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a><a href="#cite_note-AgundezEtAl2015-106">[105]</a> </td> <td align="center">41</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/HCNH%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HCNH+">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a> </td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/HCNH%2B" class="mw-redirect" title="HCNH+">HCNH+</a><a href="#cite_note-apj420-78">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonate">Protonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> </td> <td align="center">45</td> <td align="center">HOCO+<a href="#cite_note-apj334m-107">[106]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCNO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-apj690-108">[107]</a> </td> <td align="center">43</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HOCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Cyanic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-BrünkenEtAl2010-109">[108]</a> </td> <td align="center">43</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CNCN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanogen (page does not exist)">Isocyanogen</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> </td> <td align="center">52</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HOOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a><a href="#cite_note-BergmanEtAl2011-111">[110]</a> </td> <td align="center">34</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNCO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a> </td> <td align="center">43</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNCN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanomidyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanomidyl (page does not exist)">Cyanomidyl</a> radical<a href="#cite_note-rivilla2021-112">[111]</a> </td> <td align="center">41</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNCS</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-apj234f-113">[112]</a> </td> <td align="center">59</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a><a href="#cite_note-aa138-114">[113]</a> </td> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HSCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-apjl702-115">[114]</a> </td> <td align="center">59</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiC3</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a>  </td> <td align="center">64</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HMgNC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-CabezasEtAl2013-116">[115]</a>  </td> <td align="center">51.3</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNO2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">Nitrous acid</a><a href="#cite_note-hono-117">[116]</a> </td> <td align="center">47</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-3D-space-filling.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/220px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/330px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Methane-3D-space-filling.svg/440px-Methane-3D-space-filling.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a>, the primary component of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, has also been detected on <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comets</a> and in the atmosphere of several <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mnras347-118">[117]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_atoms_(20)">Five atoms (20)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Five atoms (20)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium ion</a> </td> <td align="center">18</td> <td align="center">NH+ 4<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a><a href="#cite_note-apj376l-121">[120]</a> </td> <td align="center">16</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a><a href="#cite_note-CernicharoEtAl2012-122">[121]</a> </td> <td align="center">31</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">c-C3H2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj552f-124">[123]</a> </td> <td align="center">38</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">l-H2C3</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a><a href="#cite_note-apj552f-124">[123]</a> </td> <td align="center">38</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2CCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a><a href="#cite_note-apj334i-125">[124]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2C2O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethenone" title="Ethenone">Ketene</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a> </td> <td align="center">42</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2CNH</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a><a href="#cite_note-apj479-126">[125]</a> </td> <td align="center">29</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HNCNH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a><a href="#cite_note-McGuireEtAl2012-127">[126]</a> </td> <td align="center">42</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonate">Protonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> </td> <td align="center">31</td> <td align="center">H2COH+<a href="#cite_note-apj471-128">[127]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C4H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a><a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a> </td> <td align="center">49</td> <td align="center">C4H−<a href="#cite_note-aaa61-129">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC3N</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj420-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj552l-130">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa81-131">[130]</a> </td> <td align="center">51</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCC-NC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-apj386-132">[131]</a> </td> <td align="center">51</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCOOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-1971ApJ...163L..41Z-133">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj552l-130">[129]</a> </td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NH2CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj201-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ligterink2020-135">[134]</a> </td> <td align="center">42</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NH2OH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">Hydroxylamine</a><a href="#cite_note-hydroxylamine-136">[135]</a> </td> <td align="center">37</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonate">Protonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">cyanogen</a> </td> <td align="center">53</td> <td align="center">NCCNH+<a href="#cite_note-aanda579-137">[136]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC(O)CN</td> <td>Cyanoformaldehyde<a href="#cite_note-apj675-138">[137]</a> </td> <td align="center">55</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a><a href="#cite_note-bernath89-139">[138]</a> </td> <td align="center">60</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiC4</td> <td>Silicon-carbide cluster<a href="#cite_note-aass226-54">[53]</a> </td> <td align="center">92</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">SiH4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a><a href="#cite_note-apj279-140">[139]</a> </td> <td align="center">32</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formamide-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Formamide-3D-vdW.png/220px-Formamide-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Formamide-3D-vdW.png/330px-Formamide-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Formamide-3D-vdW.png/440px-Formamide-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>In the ISM, <a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">formamide</a> (above) can combine with <a href="/wiki/Methylene_radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylene radical">methylene</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">acetamide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-apj643hl-141">[140]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Six_atoms_(16)">Six atoms (16)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Six atoms (16)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">c-H2C3O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a><a href="#cite_note-apj643hr-142">[141]</a> </td> <td align="center">54</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">E-HNCHCN</td> <td>E-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">Cyanomethanimine</a><a href="#cite_note-ZaleskiEtAl2013-143">[142]</a> </td> <td align="center">54</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2H4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a><a href="#cite_note-apj244-144">[143]</a> </td> <td align="center">28</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj632-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Alma_2015-146">[145]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3NC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj632-145">[144]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3OH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> </td> <td align="center">32</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3SH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a><a href="#cite_note-apj234l-148">[147]</a> </td> <td align="center">48</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">l-H2C4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-Cernicharo_546-149">[148]</a> </td> <td align="center">50</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonate">Protonated</a> <a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">cyanoacetylene</a> </td> <td align="center">52</td> <td align="center">HC3NH+<a href="#cite_note-apj420-78">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCONH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj643hl-141">[140]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HOCOOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbonic_acid" title="Carbonic acid">Carbonic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> </td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C5H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a><a href="#cite_note-alac26-64">[63]</a> </td> <td align="center">61</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C5N</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-GuelinEtAl98-151">[150]</a> </td> <td align="center">74</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC2CHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a><a href="#cite_note-apj335-152">[151]</a> </td> <td align="center">54</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC4N</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-Ziurys06-35">[34]</a>  </td> <td align="center">63</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH2CNH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C5S</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-Agundez+2014-153">[152]</a> </td> <td align="center">92</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png/220px-Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png/330px-Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png/440px-Acetaldehyde-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a> (above) and its <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethenol">vinyl alcohol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> have all been detected in interstellar space.<a href="#cite_note-rnao011001-154">[153]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_atoms_(13)">Seven atoms (13)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seven atoms (13)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">c-C2H4O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-boaas29-155">[154]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3C2H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Methylacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619f-28">[27]</a> </td> <td align="center">40</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H3CNH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a><a href="#cite_note-apj198-156">[155]</a> </td> <td align="center">31</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH2CHCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj632-145">[144]</a> </td> <td align="center">53</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCCCHNH</td> <td>Propargylimine<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> </td> <td align="center">53</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2CHCOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a><a href="#cite_note-rnao011001-154">[153]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C6H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-alac26-64">[63]</a> </td> <td align="center">73</td> <td align="center">C6H−<a href="#cite_note-apj552f-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj652-158">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC4CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa81-131">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj632-145">[144]</a> </td> <td align="center">75</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC4NC</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanodiacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanodiacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanodiacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-hc4nc-159">[158]</a> </td> <td align="center">75</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC5O</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-hc5o-160">[159]</a> </td> <td align="center">77</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a><a href="#cite_note-boaas29-155">[154]</a> </td> <td align="center">44</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3NCO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a><a href="#cite_note-apj812-161">[160]</a> </td> <td align="center">57</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HOCH2CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a><a href="#cite_note-glyconitrile-162">[161]</a> </td> <td align="center">57</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png/220px-Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png/330px-Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png/440px-Acetic-acid-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>The radio signature of <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, a compound found in <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a>, was confirmed in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-acetic_acid-163">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight_atoms_(14)">Eight atoms (14)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Eight atoms (14)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H3CC2CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-aj637-164">[163]</a> </td> <td align="center">65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC3H2CN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propargyl_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propargyl cyanide (page does not exist)">Propargyl cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-propargyl_cyanide-165">[164]</a> </td> <td align="center">65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2COHCHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a><a href="#cite_note-hollis2000-166">[165]</a> </td> <td align="center">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">(CHOH)2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Enediol">1,2-ethenediol</a><a href="#cite_note-ethenediol-167">[166]</a> </td> <td align="center">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HCOOCH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj552l-130">[129]</a> </td> <td align="center">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3COOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-acetic_acid-163">[162]</a> </td> <td align="center">60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">H2C6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a><a href="#cite_note-Cernicharo_546-149">[148]</a> </td> <td align="center">74 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH2CHCHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Propenal</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a> </td> <td align="center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH2CCHCN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-aj637-164">[163]</a> </td> <td align="center">65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CHNH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a><a href="#cite_note-LoomisEtAl13-168">[167]</a> </td> <td align="center">43 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C2H3NH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vinylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinylamine">Vinylamine</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeng2021-169">[168]</a> </td> <td align="center">43 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C7H</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl</a> radical<a href="#cite_note-aaa317-170">[169]</a> </td> <td align="center">85 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">NH2CH2CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa482-171">[170]</a> </td> <td align="center">56 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">(NH2)2CO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a><a href="#cite_note-RemijanEtAl2014-172">[171]</a> </td> <td align="center">60 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nine_atoms_(10)">Nine atoms (10)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nine atoms (10)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3C4H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-aj643-173">[172]</a> </td> <td align="center">64</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3OCH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a><a href="#cite_note-apj191-174">[173]</a> </td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CH2CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj632-145">[144]</a> </td> <td align="center">55</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CONH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj643hl-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ligterink2020-135">[134]</a> </td> <td align="center">59</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CH2OH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a><a href="#cite_note-apj196-175">[174]</a> </td> <td align="center">46</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">C8H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa309-176">[175]</a> </td> <td align="center">97</td> <td align="center">C8H−<a href="#cite_note-apj664b-177">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj664r-178">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">HC7N</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanotriacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-aa138-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-bell_483-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj219-180">[179]</a> </td> <td align="center">99</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CHCH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">Propylene (propene)</a><a href="#cite_note-apj665-181">[180]</a> </td> <td align="center">42</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3CH2SH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_mercaptan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl mercaptan">Ethyl mercaptan</a><a href="#cite_note-KolesnikovaEtAl2014-182">[181]</a> </td> <td align="center">62</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">CH3NHCHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/N-methylformamide" class="mw-redirect" title="N-methylformamide">N-methylformamide</a><a href="#cite_note-Ligterink2020-135">[134]</a> </td> <td align="center"></td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diacetylene, HCCCCH" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png/220px-Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png/330px-Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png/440px-Diacetylene-3D-vdW-B.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="804" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Methyldiacetylene, HCCCCCH3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png/220px-Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png/330px-Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png/440px-Methyldiacetylene-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1444" data-file-height="784" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cyanotetraacetylene, HCCCCCCCCCN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png/220px-Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png/330px-Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png/440px-Cyanooctatetrayne-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="2710" data-file-height="910" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A number of <a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">polyyne</a>-derived chemicals are among the heaviest molecules found in the interstellar medium.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ten_or_more_atoms_(23)">Ten or more atoms (23)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ten or more atoms (23)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 2em;">Atoms</th> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation</th> <th style="width: 4em;">Mass</th> <th style="width: 8em;">Ions </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">(CH3)2CO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a><a href="#cite_note-aa130-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj578-183">[182]</a> </td> <td align="center">58</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">(CH2OH)2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a><a href="#cite_note-HollisEtAl2002-184">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hollis-185">[184]</a> </td> <td align="center">62</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">CH3CH2CHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propanal</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a> </td> <td align="center">58</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">CH3OCH2OH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methoxymethanol" title="Methoxymethanol">Methoxymethanol</a><a href="#cite_note-methoxymethanol-186">[185]</a> </td> <td align="center">62</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">CH3C5N</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methylcyanodiacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a> </td> <td align="center">89</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">CH3CHCH2O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Propylene_oxide" title="Propylene oxide">Propylene oxide</a><a href="#cite_note-science352-187">[186]</a> </td> <td align="center">58</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">NH2CH2CH2OH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">Ethanolamine</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> </td> <td align="center">61</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">HC8CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanotetraacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-bell_483-179">[178]</a> </td> <td align="center">123</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">C2H5OCHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a><a href="#cite_note-arxiv4694-189">[188]</a> </td> <td align="center">74</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">CH3COOCH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a><a href="#cite_note-TerceroEtAl2013-190">[189]</a> </td> <td align="center">74</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td align="center">CH3C6H</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-precursors-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-aj643-173">[172]</a> </td> <td align="center">88</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="center">C6H6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a><a href="#cite_note-Cernicharo_546-149">[148]</a> </td> <td align="center">78</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="center">C3H7CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">n-Propyl cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-arxiv4694-189">[188]</a> </td> <td align="center">69</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="center">(CH3)2CHCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Isopropyl cyanide">iso-Propyl cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> </td> <td align="center">69</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td align="center">CH3OCH2CH2OH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/2-methoxyethanol" class="mw-redirect" title="2-methoxyethanol">2-methoxyethanol</a><a href="#cite_note-fried2024-193">[192]</a> </td> <td align="center">76</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td align="center">C 6H 5CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a><a href="#cite_note-benzonitrile-194">[193]</a> </td> <td align="center">104</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td align="center">HC10CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanopentaacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-bell_483-179">[178]</a> </td> <td align="center">147</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17</td> <td align="center">C9H8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indene" title="Indene">Indene</a><a href="#cite_note-burkhardt_indene-9">[9]</a> </td> <td align="center">116</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center">C10H7CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanonaphthalene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanonaphthalene">1-cyanonaphthalene</a><a href="#cite_note-mcguire_pah-8">[8]</a> </td> <td align="center">153</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19</td> <td align="center">C10H7CN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanonaphthalene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanonaphthalene">2-cyanonaphthalene</a><a href="#cite_note-mcguire_pah-8">[8]</a> </td> <td align="center">153</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">60</td> <td align="center">C60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene (C60 fullerene)</a><a href="#cite_note-science20100722-195">[194]</a></td> <td align="center">720</td> <td align="center">C+ 60<a href="#cite_note-Foing1994-196">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-cam15-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berne2012-198">[197]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">70</td> <td align="center">C70</td> <td><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a><a href="#cite_note-science20100722-195">[194]</a></td> <td align="center">840</td> <td align="center">— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deuterated_molecules_(22)">Deuterated molecules (22)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Deuterated molecules (22)">edit</a>]</div> These molecules all contain one or more <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> atoms, a heavier <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Atoms</th> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td>HD</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa430-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-pass50-200">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>H2D+, HD+ 2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa430-199">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-pass50-200">[199]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>HDO, D2O</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a><a href="#cite_note-ajss70-201">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj659-202">[201]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>DCN</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj225-203">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>DCO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a><a href="#cite_note-apj225-203">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>DNC</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-apj225-203">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>N2D+</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-apj225-203">[202]</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td>NHD, ND2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amidogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Amidogen">Amidogen</a><a href="#cite_note-melosso2020-204">[203]</a>  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td>NH2D, NHD2, ND3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a><a href="#cite_note-pass50-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj571-205">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa403-206">[205]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td>HDCO, D2CO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a><a href="#cite_note-pass50-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj362-207">[206]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td>DNCO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a><a href="#cite_note-formamide-208">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td>NH3D+</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium ion</a><a href="#cite_note-CernicharoEtAl2013-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-DomenechEtAl2013-210">[209]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td>NH 2CDO; NHDCHO</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a><a href="#cite_note-formamide-208">[207]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td>CH2DCCH, CH3CCD</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylacetylene" class="mw-redirect" title="Methylacetylene">Methylacetylene</a><a href="#cite_note-aaa253-211">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj627-212">[211]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unconfirmed_(15)">Unconfirmed (15)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Unconfirmed (15)">edit</a>]</div> Evidence for the existence of the following molecules has been reported in the scientific literature, but the detections either are described as tentative by the authors, or have been challenged by other researchers. They await independent confirmation. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1253789634"> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <tbody><tr> <th>Atoms</th> <th style="width: 6em;">Molecule</th> <th style="width: 16em;">Designation </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td align="center">SiH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silylidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Silylidine">Silylidine</a><a href="#cite_note-schilke01-75">[74]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">PH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a><a href="#cite_note-AgúndezEtAl2008-213">[212]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">MgCCH</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_monoacetylide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium monoacetylide (page does not exist)">Magnesium monoacetylide</a><a href="#cite_note-Agundez+2014-153">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td align="center">NCCP</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyanophosphaethyne" title="Cyanophosphaethyne">Cyanophosphaethyne</a><a href="#cite_note-Agundez+2014-153">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td align="center">H2NCO+</td> <td>—<a href="#cite_note-GuptaEtAl2013-214">[213]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td align="center">SiH3CN</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silyl_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silyl cyanide (page does not exist)">Silyl cyanide</a><a href="#cite_note-Agundez+2014-153">[152]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">H2NCH2COOH</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a><a href="#cite_note-apj619s-215">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-apj593-216">[215]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td align="center">C2H5NH2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethylamine" title="Ethylamine">Ethylamine</a><a href="#cite_note-Zeng2021-169">[168]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="center">CO(CH2OH)2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a><a href="#cite_note-apjl624-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-apponi2006-218">[217]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td align="center">C2H5OCH3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Ethyl methyl ether</a><a href="#cite_note-FuchsEtAl2005-219">[218]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18</td> <td align="center">C 10H+ 8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene</a> cation<a href="#cite_note-apjl685-220">[219]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24</td> <td align="center">C24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a><a href="#cite_note-García-HernándezEtAl2011-221">[220]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">24</td> <td align="center">C14H10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a><a href="#cite_note-Battersby-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-arxiv1005.4388-223">[222]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">26</td> <td align="center">C16H10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a><a href="#cite_note-Battersby-222">[221]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">27</td> <td align="center">C11H12N2O2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">Tryptophan</a><a href="#cite_note-IglesiasGroth2023-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2023-225">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dhariwal2024-226">[225]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_molecules" title="Lists of molecules">Lists of molecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_astrophysics" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular astrophysics">Molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular spectroscopy">Molecular spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> On Earth, the dominant <a href="/wiki/Isotope_of_argon" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope of argon">isotope of argon</a> is 40Ar, so ArH+ would have a mass of 41 amu. 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(2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/526/3/4051/7310867">"Interstellar tryptophan revisited"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a>. 526 (3): 4051–4053. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023MNRAS.526.4051H">2023MNRAS.526.4051H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3058">10.1093/mnras/stad3058</a>. <q>there is no firm support for the tryptophan assignment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Interstellar+tryptophan+revisited&rft.volume=526&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4051-%3C%2Fspan%3E4053&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstad3058&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023MNRAS.526.4051H&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Reggie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F526%2F3%2F4051%2F7310867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhariwal2024-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Dhariwal2024_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhariwalSpeakZengRashidi2024" class="citation journal cs1">Dhariwal, Aditya; et al. (June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fad4d9a">"On the Origin of Infrared Bands Attributed to Tryptophan in Spitzer Observations of IC 348"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Astrophysical Journal Letters">The Astrophysical Journal Letters</a>. 968 (1): L9. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2405.16773">2405.16773</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024ApJ...968L...9D">2024ApJ...968L...9D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fad4d9a">10.3847/2041-8213/ad4d9a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <q>there is no compelling evidence for the tryptophan assignment</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&rft.atitle=On+the+Origin+of+Infrared+Bands+Attributed+to+Tryptophan+in+Spitzer+Observations+of+IC+348&rft.volume=968&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L9&rft.date=2024-06&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2405.16773&rft.issn=2041-8205&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fad4d9a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024ApJ...968L...9D&rft.aulast=Dhariwal&rft.aufirst=Aditya&rft.au=Speak%2C+Thomas+H.&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Linshan&rft.au=Rashidi%2C+Amirhossein&rft.au=Moore%2C+Brendan&rft.au=Bern%C3%A9%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Remijan%2C+Anthony+J.&rft.au=Schroetter%2C+Ilane&rft.au=McGuire%2C+Brett+A.&rft.au=Rivilla%2C+V%C3%ADctor+M.&rft.au=Belloche%2C+Arnaud&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+Jes+K.&rft.au=Djuricanin%2C+Pavle&rft.au=Momose%2C+Takamasa&rft.au=Cooke%2C+Ilsa+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3847%252F2041-8213%252Fad4d9a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoon2010" class="citation web cs1">Woon, David E. (October 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astrochymist.org/astrochymist_ism.html">"Interstellar and Circumstellar Molecules"</a>. Retrieved 2010-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interstellar+and+Circumstellar+Molecules&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Woon&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrochymist.org%2Fastrochymist_ism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdms.astro.uni-koeln.de/classic/molecules">"Molecules in Space"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A4t_zu_K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Universität zu Köln">Universität zu Köln</a>. April 2022. Retrieved 2022-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Molecules+in+Space&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A4t+zu+K%C3%B6ln&rft.date=2022-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdms.astro.uni-koeln.de%2Fclassic%2Fmolecules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDworkin2007" class="citation web cs1">Dworkin, Jason P. (February 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.gsfc.nasa.gov/691/cosmicice/interstellar.html">"Interstellar Molecules"</a>. NASA's Cosmic Ice Lab. Retrieved 2010-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interstellar+Molecules&rft.pub=NASA%27s+Cosmic+Ice+Lab&rft.date=2007-02-01&rft.aulast=Dworkin&rft.aufirst=Jason+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.gsfc.nasa.gov%2F691%2Fcosmicice%2Finterstellar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWootten2005" class="citation web cs1">Wootten, Al (November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cv.nrao.edu/~awootten/allmols.html">"The 129 reported interstellar and circumstellar molecules"</a>. National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2007-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+129+reported+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules&rft.pub=National+Radio+Astronomy+Observatory&rft.date=2005-11&rft.aulast=Wootten&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cv.nrao.edu%2F~awootten%2Fallmols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovas,_F._J.Dragoset,_R._A.2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lovas, F. J.; Dragoset, R. A. (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201185607/http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/micro/index.cfm">"NIST Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecular Microwave Transitions, 2002 Revision"</a>. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 33 (1): 177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JPCRD..33..177L">2004JPCRD..33..177L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1633275">10.1063/1.1633275</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/Micro/Html/contents.html">the original</a> on 2013-02-01. Retrieved 2007-02-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physical+and+Chemical+Reference+Data&rft.atitle=NIST+Recommended+Rest+Frequencies+for+Observed+Interstellar+Molecular+Microwave+Transitions%2C+2002+Revision&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=177&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1633275&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JPCRD..33..177L&rft.au=Lovas%2C+F.+J.&rft.au=Dragoset%2C+R.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.nist.gov%2FPhysRefData%2FMicro%2FHtml%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsCecchi-Pestellini2023" class="citation book cs1">Williams, David A.; Cecchi-Pestellini, Cesare (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=agqtEAAAQBAJ">Astrochemistry: Chemistry in Interstellar and Circumstellar Space</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83916-939-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83916-939-7"><bdi>978-1-83916-939-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astrochemistry%3A+Chemistry+in+Interstellar+and+Circumstellar+Space&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft.isbn=978-1-83916-939-7&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Cecchi-Pestellini%2C+Cesare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DagqtEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+interstellar+and+circumstellar+molecules" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space800" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_cyanide" title="Iron(II) cyanide">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#See_also">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a 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