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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Whitening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whitening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Whitening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whitening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimicrobial_efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimicrobial_efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Antimicrobial efficacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimicrobial_efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_bleaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_bleaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of bleaches</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_bleaches-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of bleaches subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_bleaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chlorine-based_bleaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chlorine-based_bleaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chlorine-based bleaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chlorine-based_bleaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peroxide-based_bleaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peroxide-based_bleaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peroxide-based bleaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peroxide-based_bleaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_bleaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_bleaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Reducing bleaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_bleaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photographic_bleach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photographic_bleach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Photographic bleach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photographic_bleach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Environmental impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disinfection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disinfection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Disinfection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disinfection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Color-safe_bleach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color-safe_bleach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Color-safe bleach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color-safe_bleach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Health hazards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health hazards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-False_claims_as_a_cure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#False_claims_as_a_cure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>False claims as a cure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-False_claims_as_a_cure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bleach</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleikmiddel" title="Bleikmiddel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bleikmiddel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ماء جافيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماء جافيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leixiva" title="Leixiva – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leixiva" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%95" title="বিরঞ্জক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিরঞ্জক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жавель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жавель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleixiu" title="Lleixiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lleixiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Жавель шывĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Жавель шывĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klorkalk" title="Klorkalk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klorkalk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelwasser" title="Javelwasser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Javelwasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleegitamine" title="Pleegitamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pleegitamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Χλωρίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χλωρίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lej%C3%ADa" title="Lejía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lejía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hipoklorita_akvo" title="Hipoklorita akvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hipoklorita akvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixiba" title="Lixiba – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lixiba" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="آب ژاول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب ژاول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_de_Javel" title="Eau de Javel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau de Javel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAdar_tuartha" title="Púdar tuartha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Púdar tuartha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixivia" title="Lixivia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lixivia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C" title="표백제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표백제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Ժավելաջուր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժավելաջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="विरंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विरंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemutih" title="Pemutih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemutih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decolorante" title="Decolorante – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Decolorante" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אקונומיקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקונומיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83)" title="Ақтау (ағарту) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ақтау (ағарту)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baliklis" title="Baliklis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Baliklis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluntur" title="Peluntur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Peluntur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Цайруулагч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цайруулагч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="အရောင်ချွတ်ဆေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အရောင်ချွတ်ဆေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleekloog" title="Bleekloog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bleekloog" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%82%E7%99%BD%E5%89%A4" title="漂白剤 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="漂白剤" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybielacz" title="Wybielacz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybielacz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lix%C3%ADvia" title="Lixívia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lixívia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Жавелевая вода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жавелевая вода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicchina" title="Varicchina – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Varicchina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bleach" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belilo" title="Belilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%99%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Избељивач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Избељивач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkaisuaine" title="Valkaisuaine – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valkaisuaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blekmedel" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bleach_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bleach (disambiguation)">Bleach (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg/220px-Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg/330px-Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg/440px-Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clorox" title="Clorox">Clorox</a> brand bleach</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bleach</b> is the generic name for any chemical product that is used <a href="/wiki/Industrial_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial chemicals">industrially</a> or <a href="/wiki/Household_chemicals" title="Household chemicals">domestically</a> to remove color from (i.e. to whiten) fabric or fiber (in a process called bleaching) or to disinfect after cleaning. It often refers specifically to a dilute solution of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a>, also called "liquid bleach". </p><p>Many bleaches have broad-spectrum <a href="/wiki/Bactericidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactericidal">bactericidal</a> properties, making them useful for disinfecting and sterilizing. They are used in <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation" title="Swimming pool sanitation">swimming pool sanitation</a> to control bacteria, viruses, and algae and in many places where sterile conditions are required. They are also used in many industrial processes, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching of wood pulp</a>. Bleaches also have other minor uses, like removing <a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">mildew</a>, killing <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a>, and increasing the longevity of <a href="/wiki/Cut_flowers" title="Cut flowers">cut flowers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bleaches work by reacting with many colored organic compounds, such as natural pigments, and turning them into colorless ones. While most bleaches are <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a> (chemicals that can remove electrons from other molecules), some are <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing agents">reducing agents</a> (that donate electrons). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a>, a powerful oxidizer, is the active agent in many household bleaches. Since pure chlorine is a toxic corrosive gas, these products usually contain <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a>, which releases chlorine. "Bleaching powder" usually refers to a formulation containing <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Oxidizing bleaching agents that do not contain chlorine are usually based on <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate" title="Sodium percarbonate">sodium percarbonate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">sodium perborate</a>. These bleaches are called "non-chlorine bleach", "<a href="/wiki/Oxygen_bleach" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen bleach">oxygen bleach</a>", or "color-safe bleach".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reducing bleaches have niche uses, such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, which is used to bleach wool, either as gas or from solutions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">sodium dithionite</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-phil_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phil-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_borohydride" title="Sodium borohydride">sodium borohydride</a>. </p><p>Bleaches generally react with many other organic substances besides the intended colored pigments, so they can weaken or damage natural materials like fibers, cloth, and leather, and intentionally applied dyes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Indigo_dye" title="Indigo dye">indigo</a> of <a href="/wiki/Denim" title="Denim">denim</a>. For the same reason, ingestion of the products, breathing of the fumes, or contact with skin or eyes can cause bodily harm and damage health. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Old_method_of_Bleaching_Figure_20_Appleton_1884.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="3939" /></a><figcaption>Early method of bleaching cotton and linen goods on lawns, using a combination of exposure to direct sunlight and the application of water</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest form of bleaching involved spreading fabrics and cloth out in a <a href="/wiki/Bleachfield" title="Bleachfield">bleachfield</a> to be whitened by the action of the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cotton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century, there was a significant cloth bleaching industry in Western Europe, using alternating alkaline baths (generally <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a>) and acid baths (such as <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acid" title="Lactic acid">lactic acid</a> from sour milk, and later diluted <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>). The whole process lasted up to six months.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chlorine-based bleaches, which shortened that process from months to hours, were invented in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> in the late 18th century. Swedish chemist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> discovered chlorine in 1774,<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1785 Savoyard scientist <a href="/wiki/Claude_Berthollet" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Berthollet">Claude Berthollet</a> recognized that it could be used to bleach fabrics.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berthollet also discovered <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">sodium hypochlorite</a>, which became the first commercial bleach, named <i>Eau de Javel</i> ("Javel water") after the borough of <a href="/wiki/Javel,_Paris" title="Javel, Paris">Javel</a>, near Paris, where it was produced. </p><p>Scottish chemist and industrialist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tennant" title="Charles Tennant">Charles Tennant</a> proposed in 1798 a solution of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a> as an alternative for Javel water, and patented bleaching powder (solid <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a>) in 1799.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1820, French chemist <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Germain_Labarraque" title="Antoine Germain Labarraque">Antoine Germain Labarraque</a> discovered the disinfecting and deodorizing ability of hypochlorites and was instrumental in popularizing their use for such purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work greatly improved medical practice, public health, and the sanitary conditions in hospitals, <a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">slaughterhouses</a>, and all industries dealing with animal products.<sup id="cite_ref-nbu_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbu-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Th%C3%A9nard" title="Louis Jacques Thénard">Louis Jacques Thénard</a> first produced <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> in 1818 by reacting <a href="/wiki/Barium_peroxide" title="Barium peroxide">barium peroxide</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hydrogen peroxide was first used for bleaching in 1882, but did not become commercially important until after 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">Sodium perborate</a> as a laundry bleach has been used in Europe since the early twentieth century, and became popular in North America in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whitening">Whitening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Whitening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colors of natural organic materials typically arise from organic <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Beta_carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carotene">beta carotene</a>. Chemical bleaches work in one of two ways: </p> <ul><li>An oxidizing bleach works by breaking the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> that make up the <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a>. This changes the molecule into a different substance that either does not contain a chromophore or contains a chromophore that does not absorb <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> but also of oxygen-anions which react through the initial <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophilic</a> attack.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A reducing bleach works by converting <a href="/wiki/Double_bond" title="Double bond">double bonds</a> in the chromophore into <a href="/wiki/Single_bond" title="Single bond">single bonds</a>. This eliminates the ability of the chromophore to absorb visible light. This is the mechanism of bleaches based on <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Sunlight acts as a bleach through a process leading to similar results: high-energy <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photons</a> of light, often in the <a href="/wiki/Violet_(color)" title="Violet (color)">violet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> range, can disrupt the bonds in the chromophore, rendering the resulting substance colorless. Extended exposure often leads to massive discoloration usually reducing the colors to a white and typically very faded blue.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimicrobial_efficacy">Antimicrobial efficacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antimicrobial efficacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The broad-spectrum effectiveness of most bleaches is due to their general chemical reactivity against organic compounds, rather than the selective inhibitory or toxic actions of <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. They irreversibly <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denature</a> or destroy many <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, including all <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prions</a>, making them extremely versatile disinfectants. </p><p>Hypochlorite bleaches in low concentration were also found to attack bacteria by interfering with <a href="/wiki/Heat_shock_protein" title="Heat shock protein">heat shock proteins</a> on their walls.<sup id="cite_ref-Winter_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winter-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2013 Home Hygiene and Health report,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using bleach, whether chlorine- or peroxide-based, significantly increases germicidal efficiency of laundry even at low temperatures (30-40 degrees Celsius), which makes it possible to eliminate viruses, bacteria, and fungi from a variety of clothing in a home setting.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_bleaches">Types of bleaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of bleaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most industrial and household bleaches belong to three broad classes: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine-based_bleach" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine-based bleach">Chlorine-based bleaches</a>, whose active agent is <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, usually from the decomposition of some chlorine compound like <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">chloramine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxide-based_bleach" title="Peroxide-based bleach">Peroxide-based bleaches</a>, whose active agent is <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, almost always from the decomposition of a <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a> compound like <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>.</li> <li>Sulfur dioxide-based bleaches, whose active agent is <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, possibly from the decomposition of some oxosulfur anion.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chlorine-based_bleaches">Chlorine-based bleaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chlorine-based bleaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chlorine-based bleaches are found in many household "bleach" products, as well as in specialized products for hospitals, public health, <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">water chlorination</a>, and industrial processes. </p><p>The grade of chlorine-based bleaches is often expressed as <a href="/wiki/Percent_active_chlorine" title="Percent active chlorine">percent active chlorine</a>. One gram of 100% active chlorine bleach has the same bleaching power as one gram of elemental <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. </p><p>The most common chlorine-based bleaches are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">NaClO</span>), usually as a 3–6% solution in water, usually called "liquid bleach" or just "bleach". Historically called "<a href="/wiki/Javel,_Paris" title="Javel, Paris">Javel</a> water" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">eau de Javel</i>). It is used in many households to whiten laundry, disinfect hard surfaces in kitchens and bathrooms, treat water for drinking, and <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool_sanitation" title="Swimming pool sanitation">keep swimming pools free of infectious agents</a>.</li> <li>Bleaching powder (formerly known as "chlorinated lime"), usually a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(ClO)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> (slaked lime, <span class="chemf nowrap">Ca(OH)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_chloride" title="Calcium chloride">calcium chloride</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">CaCl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>) in variable amounts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ullmann_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sold as a white powder or in tablets, it is used in many of the same applications as sodium hypochlorite but is more stable and contains more available chlorine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> gas (<span class="chemf nowrap">Cl<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>). It is used as a disinfectant in <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>, especially to make <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> and in large public <a href="/wiki/Swimming_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Swimming pools">swimming pools</a>. It was used extensively to <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleach wood pulp</a>, but this use has decreased significantly due to environmental concerns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_dioxide" title="Chlorine dioxide">Chlorine dioxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">ClO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>). This unstable gas is generated in situ or stored as dilute aqueous solutions. It finds large-scale applications for the <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching of wood pulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">beeswax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, and in a number of other industries.</li></ul> <p>Other examples of chlorine-based bleaches, used mostly as disinfectants, are <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">monochloramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halazone" title="Halazone">halazone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_dichloroisocyanurate" title="Sodium dichloroisocyanurate">sodium dichloroisocyanurate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO19th_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO19th-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (February 2020)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peroxide-based_bleaches">Peroxide-based bleaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peroxide-based bleaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peroxide-based_bleach" title="Peroxide-based bleach">Peroxide-based bleaches</a> are characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxide</a> chemical <a href="/wiki/Moiety_(chemistry)" title="Moiety (chemistry)">group</a>, namely two oxygen atoms connected by a <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">single bond</a>, (–O–O–). This bond is easily broken, giving rise to very reactive oxygen species, which are the active agents of this type of bleach. </p><p>The main products in this class are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>). It is used, for example, to bleach wood pulp and hair or to prepare other bleaching agents like perborates, percarbonates, peracids, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_percarbonate" title="Sodium percarbonate">Sodium percarbonate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span></span>), an <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adduct</a> of hydrogen peroxide and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_carbonate" title="Sodium carbonate">sodium carbonate</a> ("soda ash" or "washing soda", <span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>). Dissolved in water, it yields a solution of the two products, that combines the <a href="/wiki/Saponification" title="Saponification">degreasing</a> action of the carbonate with the bleaching action of the peroxide.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_perborate" title="Sodium perborate">Sodium perborate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">Na<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span>B<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">8</sub></span></span></span>). Dissolved in water it forms some hydrogen peroxide, but also the perborate anion (<span class="chemf nowrap">B(OOH)(OH)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) which can perform <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophilic</a> oxidation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peracetic_acid" title="Peracetic acid">Peracetic (peroxoacetic) acid</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>CC(O)OOH</span>). Generated in situ by some laundry detergents, and also marketed for use as industrial and agricultural disinfection and water treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-peracepa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peracepa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">Benzoyl peroxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">(C<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">6</sub></span></span>H<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">5</sub></span></span>COO)<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>). It is used in topical medications for <a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">acne</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO19th_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO19th-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to bleach <a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">flour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fao1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">O<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>). While not properly a peroxide, its mechanism of action is similar. It is used in the manufacture of paper products, especially <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">kraft paper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_persulfate" title="Potassium persulfate">Potassium persulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K<sub>2</sub></a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub></a>) and other persulfate salts. It, alongside ammonium and sodium persulfate, is common in hair-lightening products.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanganate" title="Permanganate">Permanganate</a> salts such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a> (KMnO<sub>4</sub>).</li></ul> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, other oxidizing products like <a href="/wiki/Bromate" title="Bromate">bromates</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Flour_bleaching_agent" title="Flour bleaching agent">flour bleaching</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Maturing agent">maturing agents</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_bleaches">Reducing bleaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reducing bleaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sodium_dithionite" title="Sodium dithionite">Sodium dithionite</a> (also known as sodium hydrosulfite) is one of the most important reductive bleaching agents. It is a white crystalline powder with a weak <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfurous</a> odor. It can be obtained by reacting <a href="/wiki/Sodium_bisulfite" title="Sodium bisulfite">sodium bisulfite</a> with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>. </p> <dl><dd>2 NaHSO<sub>3</sub> + Zn → Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + Zn(OH)<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>It is used as such in some industrial dyeing processes to eliminate excess dye, residual oxide, and unintended pigments and for <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp#Bleaching_mechanical_pulps" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching wood pulp</a>. </p><p>Reaction of sodium dithionite with <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Rongalite" title="Rongalite">Rongalite</a>. </p> <dl><dd>Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> + 2 CH<sub>2</sub>O + H<sub>2</sub>O → NaHOCH<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub> + NaHOCH<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>2</sub></dd></dl> <p>Thus is used in bleaching <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">leather</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">clay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photographic_bleach">Photographic bleach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Photographic bleach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Negative_film_processing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negative film processing (page does not exist)">negative film processing</a>, silver halide grains are associated with couplers which, on development, produce metallic silver and a colored image. The silver is 'bleached' to a soluble form in a solution of ferric EDTA, which is then dissolved in 'fix', a solution of sodium or ammonium thiosulfate. The procedure is the same for paper processing except that the EDTA and thiosulfate are mixed in 'bleachfix'. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">reversal processing</a>, residual <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> in the emulsion after the first development is reduced to a soluble silver salt using a chemical bleach, most commonly <a href="/wiki/EDTA" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTA">EDTA</a>. A conventional fixer then dissolves the reduced silver but leaves the unexposed silver halide intact. This unexposed halide is then exposed to light or chemically treated so that a second development produces a positive image. In color and <a href="/wiki/Chromogenic_photography" title="Chromogenic photography">chromogenic</a> film, this also generates a dye image in proportion to the silver. </p><p>Photographic bleaches are also used in black-and-white photography to selectively reduce silver to reduce silver density in negatives or prints. In such cases, the bleach composition is typically an acid solution of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Environmental impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Risk Assessment Report (RAR) conducted by the European Union on sodium hypochlorite conducted under Regulation EEC 793/93 concluded that this substance is safe for the environment in all its current, normal uses.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to its high reactivity and instability. The disappearance of hypochlorite is practically immediate in the natural aquatic environment, reaching in a short time concentration as low as 10<sup>−22</sup> μg/L or less in all emission scenarios. In addition, it was found that while volatile chlorine species may be relevant in some indoor scenarios, they have a negligible impact in open environmental conditions. Further, the role of hypochlorite pollution is assumed as negligible in soils. </p><p>Industrial bleaching agents can be sources of concern. For example, the use of elemental chlorine in the <a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">bleaching of wood pulp</a> produces <a href="/wiki/Organochlorine" class="mw-redirect" title="Organochlorine">organochlorines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">persistent organic pollutants</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">dioxins</a>. According to an industry group, the use of chlorine dioxide in these processes has reduced the dioxin generation to under-detectable levels.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the respiratory risk from chlorine and highly toxic chlorinated byproducts still exists. </p><p>A European study conducted in 2008 indicated that sodium hypochlorite and organic chemicals (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fragrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fragrance">fragrances</a>) contained in several household cleaning products can react to generate chlorinated <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> (VOCs).<sup id="cite_ref-odabasi-2008est_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odabasi-2008est-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These chlorinated compounds are emitted during cleaning applications, some of which are toxic and probable human <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>. The study showed that indoor air concentrations significantly increase (8–52 times for <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a> and 1–1170 times for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_tetrachloride" title="Carbon tetrachloride">carbon tetrachloride</a>, respectively, above baseline quantities in the household) during the use of bleach-containing products. The increase in chlorinated volatile organic compound concentrations was the lowest for plain bleach and the highest for the products in the form of "thick liquid and <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a>". </p><p>The significant increases observed in indoor air concentrations of several chlorinated VOCs (especially carbon tetrachloride and chloroform) indicate that bleach use may be a source that could be important in terms of inhalation exposure to these compounds. While the authors suggested that using these cleaning products may significantly increase the cancer risk,<sup id="cite_ref-odabasi-2008est_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odabasi-2008est-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this conclusion appears to be hypothetical: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>The highest level cited for a concentration of carbon tetrachloride (seemingly of highest concern) is 459 micrograms per cubic meter, translating to 0.073 ppm (part per million), or 73 ppb (part per billion). The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a>-allowable time-weighted average concentration over eight hours is 10 ppm,<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_CCl4_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_CCl4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> almost 140 times higher;</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">OSHA</a> highest allowable peak concentration (5-minute exposure for five minutes in 4 hours) is 200 ppm,<sup id="cite_ref-OSHA_CCl4_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OSHA_CCl4-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> twice as high as the reported highest peak level (from the <a href="/wiki/Headspace_technology" title="Headspace technology">headspace</a> of a bottle of a sample of bleach plus detergent).</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disinfection">Disinfection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Disinfection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium hypochlorite solution, 3–6%, (common household bleach) is typically diluted for safe use when disinfecting surfaces and when used to treat drinking water.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A weak solution of 2% household bleach in warm water is typical for sanitizing smooth surfaces before the brewing of beer or wine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>US government regulations (21 CFR 178 Subpart C) allow food processing equipment and food contact surfaces to be sanitized with solutions containing bleach, provided that the solution is allowed to drain adequately before contact with food and that the solutions do not exceed 200 parts per million (ppm) available chlorine (for example, one tablespoon of typical household bleach containing 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, per gallon of water). </p><p>A 1-in-47 dilution of household bleach with water (1 part bleach to 47 parts water: e.g. one teaspoon of bleach in a cup of water, or 21 ml per litre, or <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214402035">.mw-parser-output .sfrac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .sfrac.tion,.mw-parser-output .sfrac .tion{display:inline-block;vertical-align:-0.5em;font-size:85%;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .num{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.0em 0.1em;border-bottom:1px solid}.mw-parser-output .sfrac .den{display:block;line-height:1em;margin:0.1em 0.1em}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="sfrac">⁠<span class="tion"><span class="num">1</span><span class="sr-only">/</span><span class="den">3</span></span>⁠</span> cup of bleach in a gallon of water) is effective against many <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> in homes.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even "scientific-grade", commercially produced disinfection solutions such as Virocidin-X usually have sodium hypochlorite as their sole <b>active</b> ingredient, though they also contain <a href="/wiki/Surfactants" class="mw-redirect" title="Surfactants">surfactants</a> (to prevent beading) and fragrances (to conceal the bleach smell).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorous_acid#Mode_of_disinfectant_action" title="Hypochlorous acid">hypochlorous acid</a> for a discussion of the mechanism for disinfectant action. </p><p>An oral rinse with a 0.05% dilute solution of household bleach is shown to treat <a href="/wiki/Gingivitis" title="Gingivitis">gingivitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color-safe_bleach">Color-safe bleach</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Color-safe bleach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Color-safe bleach is a solution with hydrogen peroxide as the active ingredient (for stain removal) rather than sodium hypochlorite or chlorine.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also has chemicals<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2024)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> in it that help brighten colors.<sup id="cite_ref-clorox.com_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clorox.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though hydrogen peroxide is used for sterilization purposes and water treatment, its ability to disinfect laundry is limited because the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in laundry products is lower than what is used in other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-clorox.com_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clorox.com-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_hazards">Health hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Health hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The safety of bleaches depends on the compounds present, and their concentration.<sup id="cite_ref-slaughter_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaughter-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally speaking, the ingestion of bleaches will cause damage to the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, possibly leading to death. On contact with the skin or eyes, it causes irritation, drying, and potentially burns. Inhalation of bleach fumes can cause mild irritation of the upper airways.<sup id="cite_ref-slaughter_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-slaughter-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a> should always be used when using bleach. </p><p>Bleach should never be mixed with <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a> or other acids, as this will create highly toxic <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine gas</a>, which can cause severe burns internally and externally.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Missouri_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missouri-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berkley_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkley-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GH_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixing bleach with <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> similarly produces <a href="/wiki/Chloramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloramine">chloramine</a> gas, which can burn the lungs.<sup id="cite_ref-Washington_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Washington-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Missouri_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missouri-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GH_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GH-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixing bleach with <a href="/wiki/Rubbing_alcohol" title="Rubbing alcohol">rubbing alcohol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">acetone</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while mixing with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a> results in an <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a> and potentially explosive chemical reaction that releases <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="False_claims_as_a_cure">False claims as a cure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: False claims as a cure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Recentism plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Recentism" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/40px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/60px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Ambox_clock_yellow.svg/80px-Ambox_clock_yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>appears to be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Recentism" title="Wikipedia:Recentism">slanted towards recent events</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please try to keep recent events in historical perspective and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit">add more content</a> related to non-recent events.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a> (MMS), also promoted as "Master Mineral Solution" or "Chlorine Dioxide Solution" or CDS,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to evade restrictions by online retail platforms, is a bleach solution that has been fraudulently promoted as a cure-all since 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its main active ingredient is <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chlorite" title="Sodium chlorite">sodium chlorite</a>, which is "activated" with citric acid to form chlorine dioxide. In an attempt to evade health regulations, its inventor, Jim Humble, a former <a href="/wiki/Scientologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientologist">Scientologist</a>, founded the <i>Genesis II Church of Health and Healing</i>, which considers MMS as its sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">Calcium hypochlorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_sterilizing_fluid" title="Milton sterilizing fluid">Milton sterilizing fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_whitening" title="Tooth whitening">Tooth whitening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Washing soda">Washing soda</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rd.com/home/cleaning-organizing/12-smart-ways-to-use-bleach/">"12 Smart Ways to Use Bleach - Reader's Digest"</a>. 9 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+Smart+Ways+to+Use+Bleach+-+Reader%27s+Digest&rft.date=2010-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rd.com%2Fhome%2Fcleaning-organizing%2F12-smart-ways-to-use-bleach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencing.com/oxygen-bleach-vs-chlorine-bleach-6571838.html">"Oxygen Bleach Vs. Chlorine Bleach"</a>. <i>Sciencing</i>. 24 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sciencing&rft.atitle=Oxygen+Bleach+Vs.+Chlorine+Bleach&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencing.com%2Foxygen-bleach-vs-chlorine-bleach-6571838.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phil-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phil_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2008" class="citation journal cs1">Phillips, H. (2008). "The Bleaching of Wool with Sulphur Dioxide and with Solutions of Sulphites". <i>Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colorists</i>. <b>54</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">503–</span>512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-4408.1938.tb01992.x">10.1111/j.1478-4408.1938.tb01992.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Dyers+and+Colorists&rft.atitle=The+Bleaching+of+Wool+with+Sulphur+Dioxide+and+with+Solutions+of+Sulphites&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E503-%3C%2Fspan%3E512&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-4408.1938.tb01992.x&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyc-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyc_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bleaching"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bleaching">"Bleaching" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bleaching&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspin1981" class="citation book cs1">Aspin, Chris (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/24"><i>The Cotton Industry</i></a>. Shire Publications. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cottonindustry0000aspi/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85263-545-2"><bdi>978-0-85263-545-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-85263-545-2&rft.aulast=Aspin&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcottonindustry0000aspi%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scott-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scott_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, James, transl. (1828). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pD0XAQAAMAAJ">On the disinfecting properties of Labarraque's preparations of chlorine</a></i> Published by S. Highley.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbu-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbu_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nouvellebiograph28hoef#page/n173/mode/1up">Labarraque, Antoine-Germain</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_biographie_g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nouvelle biographie générale">Nouvelle biographie générale</a></i>, volume 28 (1859), columns 323-324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._J._Thénard1818" class="citation journal cs1">L. J. Thénard (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306">"Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_de_chimie_et_de_physique" title="Annales de chimie et de physique">Annales de chimie et de physique</a></i>. 2nd Series. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">306–</span>312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+chimie+et+de+physique&rft.atitle=Observations+sur+des+nouvelles+combinaisons+entre+l%27oxig%C3%A8ne+et+divers+acides&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E306-%3C%2Fspan%3E312&rft.date=1818&rft.au=L.+J.+Th%C3%A9nard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-N43AAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatjana_Topalović2007" class="citation book cs1">Tatjana Topalović (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/90597292/9/History-of-bleaching-with-hydrogen-peroxide"><i>Catalytic Bleaching of Cotton: Molecular and Macroscopic Aspects p 16</i></a>. Thesis, University of Twente, the Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-365-2454-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-365-2454-4"><bdi>978-90-365-2454-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Good+Housekeeping&rft.atitle=6+Cleaning+Products+You+Should+Never%2C+Ever+Mix&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Mcdonough%2C+Lauren+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goodhousekeeping.com%2Fhome%2Fcleaning%2Ftips%2Fa32773%2Fcleaning-products-never-mix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dph.georgia.gov/document/document/envhealthchemhazwhatnottomixeng1020pdf/download">"Dangerous Household Cleaning Combinations: WHAT NOT TO MIX"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Household+Cleaning+Combinations%3A+WHAT+NOT+TO+MIX&rft.pub=Georgia+Department+of+Public+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdph.georgia.gov%2Fdocument%2Fdocument%2Fenvhealthchemhazwhatnottomixeng1020pdf%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cen.acs.org/safety/consumer-safety/Accidental-mix-bleach-acid-kills/97/i45">"Accidental mix of bleach and acid kills Buffalo Wild Wings employee"</a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>. 13 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Accidental+mix+of+bleach+and+acid+kills+Buffalo+Wild+Wings+employee&rft.date=2019-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcen.acs.org%2Fsafety%2Fconsumer-safety%2FAccidental-mix-bleach-acid-kills%2F97%2Fi45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohShafi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Loh, John Ming Ren; Shafi, Humaira (24 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244351">"Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease presenting after consumption of 'Miracle Mineral Solution' (sodium chlorite)"</a>. <i>BMJ Case Reports</i>. <b>2014</b>: bcr2014205832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbcr-2014-205832">10.1136/bcr-2014-205832</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1757-790X">1757-790X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4244351">4244351</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25422331">25422331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Case+Reports&rft.atitle=Kikuchi-Fujimoto+disease+presenting+after+consumption+of+%27Miracle+Mineral+Solution%27+%28sodium+chlorite%29&rft.volume=2014&rft.pages=bcr2014205832&rft.date=2014-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4244351%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1757-790X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25422331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbcr-2014-205832&rft.aulast=Loh&rft.aufirst=John+Ming+Ren&rft.au=Shafi%2C+Humaira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4244351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2010" class="citation news cs1">Robbins, Martin (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/sep/15/miracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach">"The man who encourages the sick and dying to drink industrial bleach"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+man+who+encourages+the+sick+and+dying+to+drink+industrial+bleach&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2010%2Fsep%2F15%2Fmiracle-mineral-solutions-mms-bleach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013155515/https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threatening-side-effects-miracle-mineral">"FDA warns consumers about the dangerous and potentially life threatening side effects of Miracle Mineral Solution"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>. 12 August 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threatening-side-effects-miracle-mineral">the original</a> on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+warns+consumers+about+the+dangerous+and+potentially+life+threatening+side+effects+of+Miracle+Mineral+Solution&rft.pub=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnews-events%2Fpress-announcements%2Ffda-warns-consumers-about-dangerous-and-potentially-life-threatening-side-effects-miracle-mineral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuruvilla2019" class="citation news cs1">Kuruvilla, Carol (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/robert-baldwin-mms_n_5ce54e53e4b0d513447dab77">"New Jersey Pastor Has Been Passing Off Bleach As A 'Miracle Cure' In Uganda: Report"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=New+Jersey+Pastor+Has+Been+Passing+Off+Bleach+As+A+%27Miracle+Cure%27+In+Uganda%3A+Report&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Kuruvilla&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Frobert-baldwin-mms_n_5ce54e53e4b0d513447dab77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABleach" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bodkins, Bailey. <i>Bleach</i>. Philadelphia: Virginia Printing Press, 1995.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Trotman, E. R. <i>Textile Scouring and Bleaching</i>. London: Charles Griffin & Co., 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85264-067-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85264-067-6">0-85264-067-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bleach&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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<span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>48 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-b6l9t","wgBackendResponseTime":123,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.413","walltime":"1.638","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7203,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":204291,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13136,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":176612,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1480.251 1 -total"," 37.84% 560.178 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.35% 271.693 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1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Which\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.canary-6874d6598c-qhdkf","timestamp":"20250214040515","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bleach","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bleach","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11587","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11587","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-17T05:41:41Z","dateModified":"2025-01-22T19:49:24Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d3\/Clorox_Bleach_products.jpg","headline":"any chemical product used to remove color, whiten, or disinfect, often via oxidation"}</script> </body> </html>