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Confidential risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, overweight and hyperlipaemia, might have a different impact in women than in men. Moreover, there are substantial clinical differences between male and female ischaemic heart disease, both as to presentation, as well as to diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. In addition to a discussion to the risk factors mentioned above, the cardioprotective actions of oestrogens will be reviewed.","publication_date":"1998,,","publication_name":"Maturitas","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"83341442"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [42758412]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div 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A possible role for hormone replacement therapy","attachmentId":45884122,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12860376/Prevention_of_cardiovascular_events_in_early_menopause_A_possible_role_for_hormone_replacement_therapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12860376/Prevention_of_cardiovascular_events_in_early_menopause_A_possible_role_for_hormone_replacement_therapy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="14829654" data-sort-order="default"><a 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href="https://www.academia.edu/69811938/Oestrogen_and_womens_heart_disease_ESPRIT_UK">Oestrogen and women's heart disease: ESPRIT-UK</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54402234" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipHannaford">Philip Hannaford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">QJM, 2000</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oestrogen and women's heart disease: ESPRIT-UK","attachmentId":79764193,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69811938/Oestrogen_and_womens_heart_disease_ESPRIT_UK","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/69811938/Oestrogen_and_womens_heart_disease_ESPRIT_UK"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="28886359" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28886359/Oestrogen_therapy_for_prevention_of_reinfarction_in_postmenopausal_women_a_randomised_placebo_controlled_trial">Oestrogen therapy for prevention of reinfarction in postmenopausal women: a randomised placebo controlled trial</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="54402234" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipHannaford">Philip Hannaford</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Lancet</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Results of observational studies suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) could reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), but those of randomised trials do not indicate a lower risk in women who use oestrogen plus progestagen. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether or not unopposed oestrogen reduces the risk of further cardiac events in postmenopausal women who survive a first myocardial infarction. The study was a randomised, blinded, placebo controlled, secondary prevention trial of postmenopausal women, age 50-69 years (n=1017) who had survived a first myocardial infarction. Individuals were recruited from 35 hospitals in England and Wales. Women received either one tablet of oestradiol valerate (2 mg; n=513) or placebo (n=504), daily for 2 years. Primary outcomes were reinfarction or cardiac death, and all-cause mortality. Analyses were by intention-to-treat. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/68165424/A_randomized_controlled_trial_of_low_dose_hormone_therapy_on_myocardial_ischemia_in_postmenopausal_women_with_no_obstructive_coronary_artery_disease_Results_from_the_National_Institutes_of_Health_National_Heart_Lung_and_Blood_Institute_sponsored_Womens_Ischemia_Syndrome_Evaluation_WISE_">A randomized controlled trial of low-dose hormone therapy on myocardial ischemia in postmenopausal women with no obstructive coronary artery disease: Results from the National Institutes of Health/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute–sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14550758" href="https://nih.academia.edu/GeorgeSopko">George Sopko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Heart Journal, 2010</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link 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progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3043637" href="https://wustl.academia.edu/GrahamColditz">Graham Colditz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">The New England journal of medicine, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin use and the risk of cardiovascular disease","attachmentId":50475546,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3085757/Postmenopausal_estrogen_and_progestin_use_and_the_risk_of_cardiovascular_disease","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free 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data-author-id="25169524" href="https://uoa.academia.edu/katerinasaltiki">katerina saltiki</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Maturitas, 2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Severity of cardiovascular disease in women: Relation with exposure to endogenous estrogen","attachmentId":47458425,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/10276278/Severity_of_cardiovascular_disease_in_women_Relation_with_exposure_to_endogenous_estrogen","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" 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ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Postmenopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cardiovascular Disease","attachmentId":87653972,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81700050/Postmenopausal_Hormone_Replacement_Therapy_and_Cardiovascular_Disease","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81700050/Postmenopausal_Hormone_Replacement_Therapy_and_Cardiovascular_Disease"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/53987896/The_action_of_ovarian_hormones_in_cardiovascular_disease">The action of ovarian hormones in cardiovascular disease</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88142064" href="https://uc-cl.academia.edu/GarethOwen">Gareth Owen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biological Research, 2003</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The action of ovarian hormones in cardiovascular disease","attachmentId":70568844,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53987896/The_action_of_ovarian_hormones_in_cardiovascular_disease","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span 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href="https://auth.academia.edu/DGoulis">Dimitrios Goulis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Current Vascular Pharmacology</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Menopause and its Cardiometabolic Consequences: Current Perspectives","attachmentId":78099188,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67186749/Menopause_and_its_Cardiometabolic_Consequences_Current_Perspectives","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67186749/Menopause_and_its_Cardiometabolic_Consequences_Current_Perspectives"><span 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2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Invited Commentary: Hormone Therapy and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Why Renew the Focus on the Early Years of Menopause?","attachmentId":112361646,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116153106/Invited_Commentary_Hormone_Therapy_and_Risk_of_Coronary_Heart_Disease_Why_Renew_the_Focus_on_the_Early_Years_of_Menopause","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116153106/Invited_Commentary_Hormone_Therapy_and_Risk_of_Coronary_Heart_Disease_Why_Renew_the_Focus_on_the_Early_Years_of_Menopause"><span 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Moriguchi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Congress Series, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hormone replacement therapy and atherosclerosis—postmenopausal women and HRT: the fallen myth of the cardiovascular protective effects of hormone replacement therapy","attachmentId":49537064,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29087104/Hormone_replacement_therapy_and_atherosclerosis_postmenopausal_women_and_HRT_the_fallen_myth_of_the_cardiovascular_protective_effects_of_hormone_replacement_therapy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58403059" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FerdinandRoelfsema">Ferdinand Roelfsema</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of the Endocrine Society, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Differential Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women","attachmentId":79470212,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/69334041/Differential_Effects_of_Estradiol_and_Progesterone_on_Cardiovascular_Risk_Factors_in_Postmenopausal_Women","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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