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<span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Child sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Child_sacrifice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Child sacrifice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Child_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archaeological_evidence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_evidence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Archaeological evidence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_evidence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Given_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Given_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Given name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Given_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> 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Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تانيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تانيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Таніт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таніт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تانيت – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تانيت" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%8B%88%ED%8A%B8" title="타니트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타니트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%AA" title="תנת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%83%88" title="タニト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タニト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Танит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Танит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tannit" title="Tannit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tannit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tanit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82" title="Таніт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таніт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="塔尼特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔尼特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Tanit</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">Goddess of civilized life</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg/220px-Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg/330px-Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg/440px-Carthago_-_350-250_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_M%C3%BCnchen_SMS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4655" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Carthagenian coin depicting the face of Tanit on the front and her symbols, the horse and the date palm tree in the back</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Thinnith, Tannit, Tinnit, Tinnith</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data">In the heavens with Baal Hammon</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Animals</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>, Lion, Dove</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Aegis" title="Aegis">Aegis</a>, spear, armor, chariot</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tree</th><td class="infobox-data">Olive tree, Dates tree</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">female</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data">North Africa: Carthage, Numidia, Libya</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Avatar birth</th><td class="infobox-data">Lake Tritonis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Atlas" title="Atlas">Atlas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triton_(mythology)" title="Triton (mythology)">Triton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data">Pallas</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data">Baal Hammon</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Canaanite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg/240px-Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg/360px-Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg/480px-Carthago_-_330-300_BC_-_silver_tetradrachm_-_head_of_horse_and_date_palm_-_head_of_Tanit_-_Berlin_MK_AM_18206038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2417" data-file-height="2417" /></a><figcaption>A Punic coin featuring Tanit, minted in Carthage between 330 and 300 BCE.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Tanit</b> or <b>Tinnit</b> (<a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>: 𐤕𐤍𐤕 <i>Tīnnīt</i><sup id="cite_ref-pronunciation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was a chief deity of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a>; she derives from a local Berber deity and the consort of <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Ammon is a local Libyan deity,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so is Tannit, which she represents the <a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">matriarchal</a> aspect of <a href="/wiki/Numidians" title="Numidians">Numidian</a> society,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whom the Egyptians identify as <a href="/wiki/Neith" title="Neith">Neith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> identify as <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the goddess of Wisdom, civilization and the crafts; she is the defender of towns and homes where she is worshipped. Ancient North Africans used to put her sign on tombstones and homes to ask for protection,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her main temples in <a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Thinissut" title="Sanctuary of Thinissut">Thinissut</a> (Bir Bouregba, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine, Algeria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lambaesis" title="Lambaesis">Lambaesis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batna_(city)" title="Batna (city)">Batna, Algeria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Theveste" title="Theveste">Theveste</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tebessa, Algeria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. She had a yearly festival in Antiquity<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which persists to this day in many parts of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> but was banned by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, who called it a pagan festival. </p><p>The names themselves, Baal Hammon and Tanit, have Berber linguistic structure. Many feminine and masculine names end with "t" and "n" in the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>. The variation of the name "Tanit" appears to may have originated in Carthage (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>), though it does not appear in local <a href="/wiki/Theophorous_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophorous name">theophorous names</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BleekerWidengren1988_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BleekerWidengren1988-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1955, the only attestations of the goddess's name were in <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic</a>, which is written without vowels as "TNT" Tanit or "TNNT" as Tannit and was arbitrarily vocalized as "Tanit". In 1955, Punic inscriptions transliterated in <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek characters</a> found at El-Hofra (near <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine, Algeria</a>) transliterated the name as <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θινιθ</span></span> (Thinith) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1248666159"><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Θεννειθ</span></span> (Thenneith). The inscriptions indicate that the name was likely pronounced as Tinnīt.<sup id="cite_ref-pronunciation_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pronunciation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, many scholars and writings continue to use "Tanit". She was later worshipped in Roman Carthage in her <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a> form as <b>Dea Caelestis</b>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_Caelestis" class="mw-redirect" title="Juno Caelestis">Juno Caelestis</a>, or simply <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities#Caelestis" title="List of Roman deities">Caelestis</a>. </p><p>In modern-day <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian Arabic</a>, it is customary to invoke <span title="Tunisian Arabic-language text"><i lang="aeb-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Omek_Tannou" title="Omek Tannou">Omek Tannou</a></i></span> or <span title="Tunisian Arabic-language text"><i lang="aeb-Latn">Oumouk Tangou</i></span> ('Mother Tannou' or 'Mother Tangou', depending on the region), in years of drought to bring rain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Algerian, Tunisian and many other spoken forms of Arabic refer to "<span title="Tunisian Arabic-language text"><i lang="aeb-Latn">Baali</i></span> farming" to refer to non-irrigated agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Tanit was worshiped in Punic contexts in the Western Mediterranean, in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Gades</a> and many other places into Hellenistic times when Rome expanded into North Africa. long after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Carthage">fall of Carthage</a>, Tanit was still venerated in North Africa under the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name of: <i lang="la">Juno Caelestis</i>, for her identification with Juno by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg/220px-Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg/330px-Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg/440px-Bardo_National_Museum_tanit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Tanit with a lion's head, from the Bardo Museum in Tunisia</figcaption></figure><p>Tanit's worship had a massive local cult of origin in north Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> since in ancient Carthage, Tanit soon eclipsed the more established cult of Baal Hammon and, in the Carthaginian area at least, was frequently listed before him on the monuments<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the fifth century <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">BCE</a> onwards, Tanit's worship is associated with that of <a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baal Hammon</a>. She is given the <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">pene baal</i></span> ('face of Baal') and the title <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">rabat</i></span>, the female form of <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">rab</i></span> ('chief').<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, where the inscriptions and material remains are more plentiful, she was, as well as a consort of Baal Hammon, a heavenly <a href="/wiki/War_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="War goddess">goddess of war</a>, a "virginal" (unmarried) <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a> and nurse, and, less specifically, a <a href="/wiki/Fertility_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility goddess">symbol of fertility</a>, as are most female forms.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanit worship became popular in Carthage, especially after the separation between Carthage and Tyre in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(586%E2%80%93573_BC)#:~:text=The_siege_of_Tyre_is,by_Nebuchadnezzar_II_of_Babylon." title="Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC)">6th century BCE</a>, when the traditional Phoenician cults of Astarte and <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a> were displaced by the Punic worship of local North African deities Tanit and Baal Hammon.<sup id="cite_ref-Alca_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the major Greek goddesses were identified with Tanit by the syncretic <i><a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">interpretatio graeca</a></i>, which recognized as Greek deities in foreign guise the gods of most of the surrounding non-Hellene cultures as the Greek historians mention that Athena has ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libyan</a> origins in North Africa to Tanit herself as a goddess of strikingly similar aspects to <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> (Wisdom, War, Weaving..etc).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:02_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herodotus one of the most known Greek historians who traveled throughout the region wrote about her the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"It would seem that the robe and aegis of the images of Athena were copied by the Greeks from the Libyan women; for except that Libyan women dress in leather, and that the tassels of their goatskin cloaks are not snakes but thongs of hide, in everything else their equipment is the same. And in fact, the very name betrays that the attire of the statues of Pallas has come from Libya; for Libyan women wear the hairless tasselled “aegea” over their dress, colored with madder, and the Greeks have changed the name of these aegeae into their “aegides.” Furthermore, in my opinion the ceremonial chant. first originated in Libya: for the women of that country chant very tunefully. And it is from the Libyans that the Greeks have learned to drive four-horse chariots."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Herodotus, The histories, IV.189</cite></div></blockquote><p> A shrine excavated at <a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a> in southern Phoenicia revealed an inscription that has been speculated to have connection between the goddesses Tanit and <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iconographic portrayals of both deities later become similar thanks to the influence of Carthage's trade empire across the mediterranean West to East.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oros_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oros-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Euro_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relation between both deities has been proposed to be <a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">hypostatic</a> in nature, representing similar aspects of the goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-Alca_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Euro_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Carthage, Astarte another war goddess was worshipped alongside the goddess Tanit, the two deities are clearly not equal and one does not originate from the other. Although Tanit did not appear at Carthage before the 5th century BC, this shows her clear origins locally from North Africa. However it is well known that the Phoenician Astarte is a deity of wars of aggression, in direct contrast to Libyan Tanit which only goes to war in the defense of the civilization or the homeland where she is worshipped, called '<b>defender of homes and families'</b>, giving direction and help to those who seek wisdom.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanit_ibiza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanit_ibiza.jpg/220px-Tanit_ibiza.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanit_ibiza.jpg/330px-Tanit_ibiza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tanit_ibiza.jpg/440px-Tanit_ibiza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1117" /></a><figcaption>Bust of a female figure that has been sometimes hypothesized to represent Tanit, or probably <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found in the Carthaginian <a href="/wiki/Necropolis_of_Puig_des_Molins" class="mw-redirect" title="Necropolis of Puig des Molins">necropolis of Puig des Molins</a>, dated 4th century BC, housed in the Museum of Puig des Molins in Ibiza, Spain</figcaption></figure><p>Carthagenians spread the cult of Tanit-Astarte to the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> with the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Gadir" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadir">Gadir</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>) and other colonies, where the goddess might have been also assimilated to native deities. Her worship was still active after the Roman conquest, when she was integrated with the Roman goddess <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> (along with elements from <a href="/wiki/Diana_(mythology)" title="Diana (mythology)">Diana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>) in a goddess named <i>Dea Caelestis</i>, the same way Baal Hammon was assimilated to <a href="/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)" title="Saturn (mythology)">Saturn</a>. Dea Caelestis retained Punic traits until the end of <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> in the fourth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Alca_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Euro_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, long after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Carthage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Carthage">fall of Carthage</a>, Tanit was still venerated in North Africa under the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name of: <i lang="la">Juno Caelestis</i>, for her identification with Juno.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Juno_Caelestis,_Carthage" title="Temple of Juno Caelestis, Carthage">temple of Juno Caelestis</a>, dedicated to the City Protector Goddess Juno Caelestis, which was the Roman name for Tanit, was one of the biggest building monuments of Roman Carthage, and became a holy site for pilgrims from all North Africa and Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-jsmh_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsmh-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tophet_Carthage.2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tophet_Carthage.2.jpg/220px-Tophet_Carthage.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Tophet_Carthage.2.jpg/330px-Tophet_Carthage.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Tophet_Carthage.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">Stele</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_Tanit" title="Sign of Tanit">Tanit's symbol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>'s Tophet, including a crescent moon over the figure</figcaption></figure> <p>Her symbol (the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_Tanit" title="Sign of Tanit">sign of Tanit</a>), found on many ancient stone carvings, the symbol of Tannit, is a triangle representing the human body, surmounted by a circle representing the head, and separated by a horizontal line which represents the hands. Later, the trapezium was frequently replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">isosceles triangle</a>. The symbol is interpreted by Danish professor of Semitic <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philology</a> F. O. Hvidberg-Hansen as a woman raising her hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Hvid_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hvid-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also represented by the <a href="/wiki/Crescent" title="Crescent">crescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> symbol.<sup id="cite_ref-Alca_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tanit is often depicted <a href="/wiki/Naked" class="mw-redirect" title="Naked">naked</a>, as a symbol of sexuality,<sup id="cite_ref-Euro_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and riding a <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> or having a lion's head herself, showing her warrior quality.<sup id="cite_ref-Euro_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hvid_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hvid-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is also depicted winged, possibly under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian art">Egyptian artwork</a> of <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. Her associated animal and plants are the lion, the <a href="/wiki/Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Dove">dove</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm tree</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rose" title="Rose">rose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alca_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alca-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another motif assimilates her to <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a>, portraying Tanit as a woman riding a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a> that would represent another deity, possibly <a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Euro_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Child_sacrifice">Child sacrifice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Child sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tophet#Carthage_and_the_western_Mediterranean" title="Tophet">Tophet § Carthage and the western Mediterranean</a></div> <p>The origins of Tanit are to be found in the pantheon of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>, especially in the Ugaritic goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> (Hvidberg-Hansen 1982). There is significant, albeit disputed, evidence, both archaeological and within ancient written sources, pointing towards <a href="/wiki/Child_sacrifice" title="Child sacrifice">child sacrifice</a> forming part of the worship of Tanit and Baal Hammon.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some archaeologists theorized that infant sacrifices have occurred. Lawrence E. Stager, who directed the excavations of the <a href="/wiki/Carthage_tophet" title="Carthage tophet">Carthage Tophet</a> in the 1970s, believes that infant sacrifice was practiced there. Paolo Xella of the National Research Council in Rome summarized the textual, epigraphical, and archaeological evidence for Carthaginian infant sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeological_evidence">Archaeological evidence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeological evidence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG/220px-Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG/330px-Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG/440px-Tunisise_Carthage_Tophet_Salambo_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Stelae in the Tophet of Salammbó covered by a vault built in the Roman period</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tophet" title="Tophet">Tophet</a></i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> term from the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, used to refer to a site near Jerusalem at which <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> who strayed from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> by practicing Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> were said to sacrifice children. It is now used as a general term for all such sites with cremated human and animal remains. The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> does not specify that the Israelite victims were buried, only burned, although the "place of burning" was probably adjacent to the place of burial. We have no idea how the Phoenicians themselves referred to the places of burning or burial, or to the practice itself. </p><p>Several apparent tophets have been identified, chiefly a large one in <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, dubbed the Tophet of Salammbó, after the neighbourhood where it was unearthed in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil in the Tophet of Salammbó was found to be full of olive wood charcoal, probably from the sacrificial pyres. It was the location of the temple of the goddess Tanit and the <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a>. Animal remains, mostly sheep and goats, found inside some of the Tophet urns, strongly suggest that this was not a burial ground for children who died prematurely. The animals were sacrificed to the gods, presumably in place of children (one surviving inscription refers to the animal as "a substitute"). It is conjectured that the children unlucky enough not to have substitutes were also sacrificed and then buried in the Tophet. The remains include the bodies of both very young children and small animals, and those who argue in favor of child sacrifice have argued that if the animals were sacrificed then so too were the children.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area covered by the Tophet in Carthage was probably over an acre and a half by the fourth century BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager19803_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager19803-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with nine different levels of burials. About 20,000 urns were deposited between 400 BCE and 200 BCE,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager19803_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager19803-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the practice continuing until the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian era">Christian era</a>. The urns contained the charred bones of newborns and in some cases the bones of fetuses and two-year-olds. These double remains have been interpreted to mean that in the cases of stillborn babies, the parents would sacrifice their youngest child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager19806_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager19806-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A detailed breakdown of the age of the buried children includes pre-natal individuals – that is, still births. It is also argued that the age distribution of remains at this site is consistent with the burial of children who died of natural causes, shortly before or after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-plosone.org_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sergio Ribichini has argued that the Tophet was "a child necropolis designed to receive the remains of infants who had died prematurely of sickness or other natural causes, and who for this reason were "offered" to specific deities and buried in a place different from the one reserved for the ordinary dead". He adds that this was probably part of "an effort to ensure the benevolent protection of the same deities for the survivors."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibichini1988141_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERibichini1988141-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this analysis is disputed; Patricia Smith and colleagues from the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew University">Hebrew University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> show from the teeth and skeletal analysis at the Carthage Tophet that infant ages at death (about two months) do not correlate with the expected ages of natural mortality (perinatal).<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>'s historical novel <i><a href="/wiki/Salammb%C3%B4" title="Salammbô">Salammbô</a></i> (1862), the title character is a priestess of Tanit. Mâtho, the chief male protagonist, a Libyan mercenary rebel at war with Carthage, breaks into the goddess's temple and steals her veil.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Kate_Elliott_(writer)" title="Kate Elliott (writer)">Kate Elliott</a>'s <i>Spiritwalker</i> trilogy, a romanticised version of Tanit is one of many deities commonly worshiped in a polytheistic Europa. The narrator, Catherine, frequently appeals to "Blessed Tanit, Protector of Women", and the goddess occasionally appears to her. </p><p><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> refers to Tanit in his account of the <a href="/wiki/Punic_Wars" title="Punic Wars">Punic Wars</a>, "War of the Gods and Demons" (a chapter of his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Everlasting_Man" title="The Everlasting Man">The Everlasting Man</a></i>). Describing the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural shock">cultural shock</a> of foreign armies invading Italy when <a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps" title="Hannibal's crossing of the Alps">Hannibal crossed the Alps</a>, Chesterton wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Moloch" title="Moloch">Moloch</a> upon the mountain of the Latins, looking with his appalling face across the plain; it was <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> who trampled the vineyards with his feet of stone; it was the voice of Tanit the invisible, behind her trailing veils, whispering of the love that is more horrible than hate.</p></blockquote> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Assassin" title="The Blind Assassin">The Blind Assassin</a></i> there is an <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraph</a> on a Carthaginian funerary urn that reads: "I swam, the sea was boundless, I saw no shore. / Tanit was merciless, my prayers were answered. / O you who drown in love, remember me." </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/John_Maddox_Roberts" title="John Maddox Roberts">John Maddox Roberts</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Hannibal%27s_Children" title="Hannibal's Children">Hannibal's Children</a></i>, in which the Carthaginians won the <a href="/wiki/Second_Punic_War" title="Second Punic War">Second Punic War</a>, one of the characters is Princess Zarabel, leader of the cult of Tanit. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>'s 1956 <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Past" title="The Dead Past">The Dead Past</a>" tells of Arnold Potterley, a professor of ancient history, who is obsessed with exonerating the Carthaginians of child sacrifice and tries to gain access to the <a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">chronoscope</a>, a device which allows direct observation of past events. Eventually, Potterley's obsession with the Carthaginian past has far-reaching effects on the society of the present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Given_name">Given name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Given name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tanith_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tanith (disambiguation)">Tanith</a></div> <p>In modern times the name, often with the spelling <b>Tanith</b>, has been used as a female <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, both for real people and in fiction. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:150%;white-space:normal;">Deities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Religion" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAalabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫalabatu">Ḫalabatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saggar_(god)" title="Saggar (god)">Saggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Hayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutena_and_Hutellura" title="Hutena and Hutellura">Hutena and Hutellura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Kušuḫ">Kušuḫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelluri" title="Lelluri">Lelluri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> dynastic deities (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir#In_Syria_and_Anatolia" title="Pinikir">Pirengir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arruma" title="Šarruma">Šarruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imige" title="Šimige">Šimige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuwala">Šuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takitu" title="Takitu">Takitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilla_(deity)" title="Tilla (deity)">Tilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Levantine<br />(<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Beliefs" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad/Ishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An/Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asarluhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manungal" title="Manungal">Manungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umugan" title="Šumugan">Šumugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baal Hammon is the combination of the Libyan god Ammon and the Phoenician god Baal, this combination forms a stronger deity. The combination of the two deities was courtesy from the Carthagenian refugees when the King of the Massyles allowed them to settle in North Africa, so they adopted local custom of worship of Ammon and Tannit the local deities as a sign of appreciation to the locals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus. 4.189: "It would seem that the robe and aegis of the images of Athena were copied by the Greeks from the Libyan women; for except that Libyan women dress in leather, and that the tassels of their goatskin cloaks are not snakes but thongs of hide, in everything else their equipment is the same. And in fact, the very name betrays that the attire of the statues of Pallas has come from Libya; for Libyan women wear the hairless tasselled “aegea” over their dress, colored with madder, and the Greeks have changed the name of these aegeae into their “aegides.” Furthermore, in my opinion the ceremonial chant2 first originated in Libya: for the women of that country chant very tunefully. And it is from the Libyans that the Greeks have learned to drive four-horse chariots."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus.IV.180:"They celebrate a yearly festival of Athena, where their maidens are separated into two bands and fight each other with stones and sticks, thus (they say) honoring in the way of their ancestors that native goddess whom we call Athena. Maidens who die of their wounds are called false virgins. Before the girls are set fighting, the whole people choose the fairest maid, and arm her with a Corinthian helmet and Greek panoply, to be then mounted on a chariot and drawn all along the lake shore."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus.IV.180:"They celebrate a yearly festival of Athena, where their maidens are separated into two bands and fight each other with stones and sticks, thus (they say) honoring in the way of their ancestors that native goddess whom we call Athena. Maidens who die of their wounds are called false virgins. Before the girls are set fighting, the whole people choose the fairest maid, and arm her with a Corinthian helmet and Greek panoply, to be then mounted on a chariot and drawn all along the lake shore."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus. 4.189: "It would seem that the robe and aegis of the images of Athena were copied by the Greeks from the Libyan women; for except that Libyan women dress in leather, and that the tassels of their goatskin cloaks are not snakes but thongs of hide, in everything else their equipment is the same. And in fact, the very name betrays that the attire of the statues of Pallas has come from Libya; for Libyan women wear the hairless tasselled “aegea” over their dress, colored with madder, and the Greeks have changed the name of these aegeae into their “aegides.” Furthermore, in my opinion the ceremonial chant2 first originated in Libya: for the women of that country chant very tunefully. And it is from the Libyans that the Greeks have learned to drive four-horse chariots."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus.IV.180:"They celebrate a yearly festival of Athena, where their maidens are separated into two bands and fight each other with stones and sticks, thus (they say) honoring in the way of their ancestors that native goddess whom we call Athena. Maidens who die of their wounds are called false virgins. Before the girls are set fighting, the whole people choose the fairest maid, and arm her with a Corinthian helmet and Greek panoply, to be then mounted on a chariot and drawn all along the lake shore."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perhaps here archeologists note since the deities have similar aspects when it comes to War, it was only natural of ancient people in the Eastern mediterranean after Carthagenian ships started to disembark back into their ancient homelands for trade, canaanites to adopt the same symbol of Tanit used in North Africa.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Clifford1990" class="citation journal cs1">Richard J. Clifford (August 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357208?seq=8">"Phoenician Religion"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i> (279): 62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357208">10.2307/1357208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Phoenician+Religion&rft.issue=279&rft.pages=62&rft.date=1990-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357208&rft.au=Richard+J.+Clifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357208%3Fseq%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamps1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps, G. (1989-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1211">"Athéna"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (7): 1011–1013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1211">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Ath%C3%A9na&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1011-1013&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1211&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pronunciation-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pronunciation_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pronunciation_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich1957" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Friedrich, Johannes (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43369103">"Punische Studien"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft</i>. 107 (n.F. 32) (2): 282-298: p. 283, 285–286. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43369103">43369103</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+der+Deutschen+Morgenl%C3%A4ndischen+Gesellschaft&rft.atitle=Punische+Studien&rft.volume=107+%28n.F.+32%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=282-298%3A+p.+283%2C+285-286&rft.date=1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43369103%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43369103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span> (JStor)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamps1986" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps, G. (1986-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2477?lang=en#:~:text=L'Ammon%20libyen%20de%20Siouah,ador%C3%A9%20sous%20sa%20forme%20animale.">"Ammon"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (4): 596–599. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2477">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Ammon&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=596-599&rft.date=1986-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2477&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2477%3Flang%3Den%23%3A~%3Atext%3DL%27Ammon%2520libyen%2520de%2520Siouah%2Cador%25C3%25A9%2520sous%2520sa%2520forme%2520animale.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles2011" class="citation book cs1">Miles, Richard (2011). <i>Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization</i>. Penguin. p. 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage+Must+Be+Destroyed%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Ancient+Civilization&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The standard survey is: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHvidberg-Hansen1982" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hvidberg-Hansen, F. O. (1982). <i>La déesse TNT: Une Etude sur la réligion canaanéo-punique</i> (in French). Copenhagen: Gad.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+d%C3%A9esse+TNT%3A+Une+Etude+sur+la+r%C3%A9ligion+canaan%C3%A9o-punique&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Gad&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hvidberg-Hansen&rft.aufirst=F.+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span>. An extensive critical review by G. W. Ahlström appeared in <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i> <b>45</b>(4), October 1986, pp. 311–314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivius" class="citation web cs1">Livius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Ammon_(Deity)/">"Ammon (Deity)"</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ammon+%28Deity%29&rft.au=Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FAmmon_%28Deity%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamps1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps, G. 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(2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1697">"Haouanet"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (22): 3361–3387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1697">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1697</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Haouanet&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3361-3387&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1697&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Longerstay%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Glay1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Glay, M. (1992-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1896">"Caelistis"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (11): 1696–1698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1896">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Caelistis&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1696-1698&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1896&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Le+Glay&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertrandy1994" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bertrandy, S. (1994-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/2289">"Cirta"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (13): 1964–1977. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2289">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.2289</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>. <q>Durant la période d'indépendance de la monarchie numide, Cirta a abrité un sanctuaire très important consacré au culte de Ba'al Hammon et de sa parèdre Tanit</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Cirta&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=1964-1977&rft.date=1994-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.2289&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Bertrandy&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F2289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsLongerstay2000" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps, G.; Longerstay, M. (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1697">"Haouanet"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (22): 3361–3387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1697">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1697</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Haouanet&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=3361-3387&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1697&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Longerstay%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Glay1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Le Glay, M. (1992-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1896">"Caelistis"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (11): 1696–1698. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1896">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1896</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Caelistis&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1696-1698&rft.date=1992-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1896&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Le+Glay&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BleekerWidengren1988-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BleekerWidengren1988_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleekerWidengren1988" class="citation book cs1">Bleeker, Claas Jouco; Widengren, Geo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rR9sLae9dEoC&pg=PA209"><i>Historia Religionum, Volume 1: Religions of the Past</i></a>. Brill. pp. 209 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08928-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08928-4"><bdi>90-04-08928-4</bdi></a>. <q>At Carthage the great goddess is called Tinnit (formerly read Tanit).... It would seem that Tinnit is the specific Carthaginian form of Astarte, but strangely enough there are no theophorous names containing the element Tinnit, while there are a few with Astarte. The name seems to have originated in Carthage....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Religionum%2C+Volume+1%3A+Religions+of+the+Past&rft.pages=209+%27%27ff.%27%27&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=90-04-08928-4&rft.aulast=Bleeker&rft.aufirst=Claas+Jouco&rft.au=Widengren%2C+Geo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrR9sLae9dEoC%26pg%3DPA209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezgui1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rezgui, Sadok (1989). <i>Les chants tunisiens</i> (in French). Tunis: Maison tunisienne de l'édition.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+chants+tunisiens&rft.place=Tunis&rft.pub=Maison+tunisienne+de+l%27%C3%A9dition&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Rezgui&rft.aufirst=Sadok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ottavo contributo alla storia degli studi classici e del mondo antico Arnaldo Momigliano - 1987 p240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTate2008" class="citation book cs1">Tate, Karen (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredplacesgodd00tate"><i>Sacred Places of Goddess</i></a></span>. CCC Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredplacesgodd00tate/page/n137">137</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888729-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888729-11-5"><bdi>978-1-888729-11-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Places+of+Goddess&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=CCC+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-888729-11-5&rft.aulast=Tate&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredplacesgodd00tate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClermont-Ganneau1895" class="citation journal cs1">Clermont-Ganneau, Charles Simon (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/crai_0065-0536_1895_num_39_4_70598">"Tanit et Démeter"</a>. <i>Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 291–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fcrai.1895.70598">10.3406/crai.1895.70598</a>. <q>l'origine historique d'une déesse qualifiée de déesse mère (Amma ou Emm), est africaine qui, comme nous le montre l'épigraphie</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comptes+rendus+des+s%C3%A9ances+de+l%27Acad%C3%A9mie+des+Inscriptions+et+Belles-Lettres&rft.atitle=Tanit+et+D%C3%A9meter&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=291-292&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fcrai.1895.70598&rft.aulast=Clermont-Ganneau&rft.aufirst=Charles+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fcrai_0065-0536_1895_num_39_4_70598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tanit">"Tanit | Phoenician Goddess, Carthage, Moon Goddess | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Tanit+%7C+Phoenician+Goddess%2C+Carthage%2C+Moon+Goddess+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTanit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markoe 2000:130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Tanit | ancient deity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tanit"><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i></a> (online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tanit+%7C+ancient+deity&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTanit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alca-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alca_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alca_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alca_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alca_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alca_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Julio González Alcalde, <i>Simbología de la diosa Tanit en representaciones cerámicas ibéricas</i>, Quad. Preh. Arq. Cast. 18, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139207669.002">"Pausanias and His Description of Greece"</a>, <i>Pausanias and Other Greek Sketches</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–159, 2012-06-28, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781139207669.002">10.1017/cbo9781139207669.002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04751-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-04751-7"><bdi>978-1-108-04751-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pausanias+and+Other+Greek+Sketches&rft.atitle=Pausanias+and+His+Description+of+Greece&rft.pages=1-159&rft.date=2012-06-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139207669.002&rft.isbn=978-1-108-04751-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781139207669.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamps1989" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Camps, G. (1989-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1211">"Athéna"</a>. <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i> (in French) (7): 1011–1013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1211">10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.1211</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1015-7344">1015-7344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.atitle=Ath%C3%A9na&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1011-1013&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fencyclopedieberbere.1211&rft.issn=1015-7344&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fencyclopedieberbere%2F1211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPritchard1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_B._Pritchard" title="James B. Pritchard">Pritchard, James B.</a> (1978). <i>Recovering Sarepta, a Phoenician City</i>. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+Sarepta%2C+a+Phoenician+City&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Pritchard&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span>. The inscription reads <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">TNT TTRT</i></span>, and could identify Tanit as an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a> at Sarepta, for the <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">TNT</i></span> element does not appear in <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric names</a> in Punic contexts (Ahlström 1986 review, p 314).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oros-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oros_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Salinas de Frías, <i>El Afrodísion Óros de Viriato</i>, Acta Palaeohispanica XI. Palaeohispanica 13 (2013), pp. 257-271 I.S.S.N.: 1578-5386.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Euro-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Euro_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euro_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euro_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euro_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euro_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Euro_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Guadalupe López Monteagudo, María Pilar San Nicolás Pedraz, <i>Astarté-Europa en la península ibérica - Un ejemplo de interpretatio romana</i>, Complurum Extra, 6(I), 1996: 451-470</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2015/11/13/imagen-impostora-tanit-ibiza-30365878.html">https://www.diariodeibiza.es/ibiza/2015/11/13/imagen-impostora-tanit-ibiza-30365878.html</a> <i>El más famoso icono de la diosa púnica representa, probablemente, a la diosa griega Deméter</i> - <i>the most famous iconic representation of the punic goddess probably represents the Greek goddess Demeter</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsmh-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jsmh_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McHugh, J. S. (2015). The Emperor Commodus: God and Gladiator. (n.p.): Pen & Sword Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hvid-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hvid_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hvid_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzize" class="citation book cs1">Azize, Joseph. <i>The Phoenician Solar Theology</i>. p. 177.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenician+Solar+Theology&rft.pages=177&rft.aulast=Azize&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Markoe, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXellaQuinMelchiorrivan_Dommelen" class="citation journal cs1">Xella, Paolo; Quin, Josephine; Melchiorri, Valentina; <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_Dommelen" title="Peter van Dommelen">van Dommelen, Peter</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/087/ant0871199.htm">"Phoenician bones of contention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)">Antiquity</a></i>. <b>87</b> (338): 1199–1207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00049966">10.1017/s0003598x00049966</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166266000">166266000</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Phoenician+bones+of+contention&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=338&rft.pages=1199-1207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00049966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166266000%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Xella&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rft.au=Quin%2C+Josephine&rft.au=Melchiorri%2C+Valentina&rft.au=van+Dommelen%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F087%2Fant0871199.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriand-PonsartCrogiez2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Briand-Ponsart, Claude; Crogiez, Sylvie (2002). <i>L'Afrique du nord antique et médievale: Mémoire, identité et imaginaire</i> (in French). Publications de l'Université de Rouen et du Havre. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87775-325-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-87775-325-5"><bdi>2-87775-325-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+du+nord+antique+et+m%C3%A9dievale%3A+M%C3%A9moire%2C+identit%C3%A9+et+imaginaire&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Publications+de+l%27Universit%C3%A9+de+Rouen+et+du+Havre&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=2-87775-325-5&rft.aulast=Briand-Ponsart&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.au=Crogiez%2C+Sylvie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plosone.org-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-plosone.org_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzHoughtonMacchiarelliBondioli2010" class="citation journal cs1">Schwartz, Jeffrey H.; Houghton, Frank; Macchiarelli, Roberto; Bondioli, Luca (17 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822869">"Skeletal Remains from Punic Carthage Do Not Support Systematic Sacrifice of Infants"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>5</b> (2). Public Library of Science: e9177. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010PLoSO...5.9177S">2010PLoSO...5.9177S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009177">10.1371/journal.pone.0009177</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2822869">2822869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20174667">20174667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Skeletal+Remains+from+Punic+Carthage+Do+Not+Support+Systematic+Sacrifice+of+Infants&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e9177&rft.date=2010-02-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2822869%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20174667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0009177&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010PLoSO...5.9177S&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+H.&rft.au=Houghton%2C+Frank&rft.au=Macchiarelli%2C+Roberto&rft.au=Bondioli%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2822869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager19803-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager19803_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager19803_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStager1980">Stager 1980</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager19806-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager19806_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStager1980">Stager 1980</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERibichini1988141-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERibichini1988141_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRibichini1988">Ribichini 1988</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithStagerGreeneAvishai" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Patricia; Stager, Lawrence E.; Greene, Joseph A.; Avishai, Gal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/087/ant0871191.htm">"Age estimations attest to infant sacrifice at the Carthage Tophet"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>87</b> (338): 1191–1199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00049954">10.1017/s0003598x00049954</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161040311">161040311</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Age+estimations+attest+to+infant+sacrifice+at+the+Carthage+Tophet&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=338&rft.pages=1191-1199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00049954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161040311%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Stager%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft.au=Greene%2C+Joseph+A.&rft.au=Avishai%2C+Gal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fant%2F087%2Fant0871191.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2002" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Laurence M. (2002). <i>Gustave Flaubert's "Madame Bovary": A Reference Guide</i>. Greenwood. p. xxxi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gustave+Flaubert%27s+%22Madame+Bovary%22%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=xxxi&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Markoe, Glenn E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=smPZ-ou74EwC"><i>Phoenicians</i></a>. "Peoples of the Past" series. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520226142" title="Special:BookSources/9780520226142"><bdi>9780520226142</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45096924">45096924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenicians&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=%22Peoples+of+the+Past%22+series&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45096924&rft.isbn=9780520226142&rft.aulast=Markoe&rft.aufirst=Glenn+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsmPZ-ou74EwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibichini1988" class="citation book cs1">Ribichini, Sergio (1988). "Beliefs and Religious Life". In S. Moscati (ed.). <i>The Phoenicians</i>. Mailand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beliefs+and+Religious+Life&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians&rft.pub=Mailand&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Ribichini&rft.aufirst=Sergio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStager1980" class="citation book cs1">Stager, Lawrence E. (1980). "The Rite of Child Sacrifice at Carthage". In John Griffiths Pedley (ed.). <i>New Light on Ancient Carthage: Papers of a Symposium</i>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472100033" title="Special:BookSources/9780472100033"><bdi>9780472100033</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rite+of+Child+Sacrifice+at+Carthage&rft.btitle=New+Light+on+Ancient+Carthage%3A+Papers+of+a+Symposium&rft.pages=1-11&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780472100033&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATanit" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="/w/index.php?title=Tanit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tanit" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tanit">Tanit</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018150541/http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/l/stela_with_images_of_tanit.aspx">Limestone stela with images of the goddess Tanit</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Semitic_and_Mesopotamian_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Template:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Semitic_and_Mesopotamian_religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> religion</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion"><b>Canaanite deities</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Berith" title="Baal Berith">Baʿal Berit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin/Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elohim#Canaanite_religion" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion"><b>Mesopotamian deities</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu/Apsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Mythology"><b>Mythology portal</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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