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</a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foundation_and_early_history_under_the_Phoenicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_history_under_the_Phoenicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Foundation and early history under the Phoenicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_history_under_the_Phoenicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Part_of_the_Carthaginian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Part_of_the_Carthaginian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Part of the Carthaginian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Part_of_the_Carthaginian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_Rome's_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_Rome's_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Under Rome's rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_Rome's_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switching_hands_in_later_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switching_hands_in_later_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Switching hands in later antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switching_hands_in_later_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-1492" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1492"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Post-1492</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1492-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diocese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diocese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diocese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diocese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Main sights subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plazas_and_their_landmark_buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plazas_and_their_landmark_buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Plazas and their landmark buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plazas_and_their_landmark_buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plaza_de_Mina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_de_Mina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Plaza de Mina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_de_Mina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_de_San_Francisco_and_San_Francisco_Church_and_Convent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_de_San_Francisco_and_San_Francisco_Church_and_Convent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Plaza de San Francisco and San Francisco Church and Convent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_de_San_Francisco_and_San_Francisco_Church_and_Convent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_San_Antonio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_San_Antonio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Plaza San Antonio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_San_Antonio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_de_Candelaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_de_Candelaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Plaza de Candelaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_de_Candelaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_de_la_Catedral_and_the_Cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_de_la_Catedral_and_the_Cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Plaza de la Catedral and the Cathedral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_de_la_Catedral_and_the_Cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios_and_the_Old_Town_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios_and_the_Old_Town_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios_and_the_Old_Town_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_de_España_and_the_monument_to_the_constitution_of_1812" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_de_España_and_the_monument_to_the_constitution_of_1812"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_de_España_and_the_monument_to_the_constitution_of_1812-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plaza_Fragela_and_the_Gran_Teatro_Falla_(Falla_Grand_Theater)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plaza_Fragela_and_the_Gran_Teatro_Falla_(Falla_Grand_Theater)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.8</span> <span>Plaza Fragela and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theater)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plaza_Fragela_and_the_Gran_Teatro_Falla_(Falla_Grand_Theater)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Other sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tavira_tower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tavira_tower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Tavira tower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tavira_tower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admiral's_House" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admiral's_House"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Admiral's House</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admiral's_House-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_customs_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_customs_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Old customs house</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_customs_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palacio_de_Congresos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palacio_de_Congresos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Palacio de Congresos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palacio_de_Congresos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pylons_of_Cádiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pylons_of_Cádiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Pylons of Cádiz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pylons_of_Cádiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.6</span> <span>Roman theatre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carranza_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carranza_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.7</span> <span>Carranza Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carranza_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Pepa_Bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Pepa_Bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.8</span> <span>La Pepa Bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Pepa_Bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_walls_and_fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_walls_and_fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>City walls and fortifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_walls_and_fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people_born_in_Cádiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people_born_in_Cádiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people born in Cádiz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people_born_in_Cádiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Beaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carnival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carnival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Carnival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carnival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Population density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cádiz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 100 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%9D" title="ካዲዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካዲዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C3%B0es" title="Gaðes – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gaðes" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="قادس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قادس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Քատիս – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քատիս" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadis" title="Kadis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kadis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کادیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کادیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Кадыс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кадыс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Кадыс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Кадыс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кадис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кадис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadis" title="Cadis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(munisipyo)" title="Cádiz (munisipyo) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cádiz (munisipyo)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz" title="Cadiz – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Cadiz" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B8" title="Κάδιθ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάδιθ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Кадис ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Кадис ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadizo" title="Kadizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kadizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cai" title="Cai – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cai" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کادیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کادیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadix" title="Cadix – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cadix" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%94%94%EC%8A%A4" title="카디스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카디스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Կադիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կադիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(grad)" title="Cádiz (grad) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cádiz (grad)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кадис – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кадис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadice" title="Cadice – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cadice" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A1" title="קדיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קדיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კადისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კადისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadix_(Cadix)" title="Cadix (Cadix) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cadix (Cadix)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiz" title="Kadiz – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kadiz" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gades" title="Gades – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gades" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadisa" title="Kadisa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kadisa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadisas" title="Kadisas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kadisas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadis" title="Cadis – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cadis" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кадис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кадис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz" title="Cadiz – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Cadiz" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8" title="काडिस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काडिस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B0" title="كاديذ – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاديذ" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_(stad)" title="Cádiz (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cádiz (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9" title="カディス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カディス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadis" title="Cadis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadis" title="Kadis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kadis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="کادس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کادس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadyks" title="Kadyks – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kadyks" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1dis" title="Cádis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cádis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кадис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кадис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D" title="काडिज् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="काडिज्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadiz" title="Cadiz – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cadiz" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0dici" title="Càdici – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Càdici" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="کادیس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کادیس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Кадиз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кадиз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Кадис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кадис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B" title="กาดิซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาดิซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadis" title="Kadis – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Kadis" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81" title="Кадіс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кадіс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B3_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="قادس (شہر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قادس (شہر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89%D8%B2" title="كادىز – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كادىز" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0deze" title="Càdeze – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Càdeze" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cádiz" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%AF" title="加的斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="加的斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%AF" title="加的斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="加的斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%9A%84%E6%96%AF" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=C%C3%A1diz&params=36_32_06_N_06_17_51_W_region:ES_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°32′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°17′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.53500°N 6.29750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.53500; -6.29750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality in Andalusia, Spain</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Spanish city. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Cadiz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cadiz (disambiguation)">Cadiz (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gadira" redirects here. For the genus of moths, see <a href="/wiki/Gadira_(moth)" title="Gadira (moth)">Gadira (moth)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Municipality in Andalusia, Spain</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Cádiz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Spain" title="Municipalities of Spain">Municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadiz_aerea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cadiz_aerea.jpg/268px-Cadiz_aerea.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cadiz_aerea.jpg/402px-Cadiz_aerea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Cadiz_aerea.jpg/536px-Cadiz_aerea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="412" /></a></span></div><div>Aerial view of Cadiz</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Cadiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catedral_Cadiz.jpg/119px-Catedral_Cadiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catedral_Cadiz.jpg/179px-Catedral_Cadiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Catedral_Cadiz.jpg/238px-Catedral_Cadiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="771" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Cathedral" title="Cádiz Cathedral">Cádiz Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812,_C%C3%A1diz,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-08,_DD_80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG/145px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG" decoding="async" width="145" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG/218px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG/290px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7240" data-file-height="4502" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Constitution_of_1812" title="Monument to the Constitution of 1812">Monument to the Constitution of 1812</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz,_Spain_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz%2C_Spain_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/136px-Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz%2C_Spain_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz%2C_Spain_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/204px-Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz%2C_Spain_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz%2C_Spain_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/272px-Park_Genoves_-_Cadiz%2C_Spain_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1827" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Parque_Genov%C3%A9s" title="Parque Genovés">Parque Genovés</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcelcadiz2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carcelcadiz2.JPG/128px-Carcelcadiz2.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carcelcadiz2.JPG/192px-Carcelcadiz2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Carcelcadiz2.JPG/256px-Carcelcadiz2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1rcel_Real_(C%C3%A1diz)" title="Cárcel Real (Cádiz)">Cárcel Real</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cádiz"><img alt="Flag of Cádiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg/100px-Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg/150px-Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg/200px-Bandera_de_C%C3%A1diz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="1881" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_(oval).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Cádiz"><img alt="Coat of arms of Cádiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_%28oval%29.svg/78px-Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_%28oval%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="78" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_%28oval%29.svg/117px-Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_%28oval%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_%28oval%29.svg/156px-Escudo_de_C%C3%A1diz_%28oval%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="958" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 285px; height: 180px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="285" data-height="180" data-zoom="4" data-lat="39.5" data-lon="-3.7" data-overlays="["_99cf68a7742a6762de1b0cd0f64555b79482186b"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/4/39.5/-3.7/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,39.5,-3.7,285x180.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=C%C3%A1diz&revid=1273414666&groups=_99cf68a7742a6762de1b0cd0f64555b79482186b" width="285" height="180" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,4,39.5,-3.7,285x180@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=C%C3%A1diz&revid=1273414666&groups=_99cf68a7742a6762de1b0cd0f64555b79482186b 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Cádiz</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=C%C3%A1diz&params=36_32_06_N_06_17_51_W_region:ES_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°32′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°17′51″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.53500°N 6.29750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.53500; -6.29750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Spain</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Province of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>; traditionally claimed to be around 1100 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento_(Spain)" title="Ayuntamiento (Spain)">Ayuntamiento</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Ayuntamiento de Cádiz</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Garc%C3%ADa_(politician)" title="Bruno García (politician)">Bruno García</a> (<a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Spain)" title="People's Party (Spain)">PP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.10 km<sup>2</sup> (4.67 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 m (36 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2018)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">116,979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">9,700/km<sup>2</sup> (25,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Gaditano (m), Gaditana (f)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">UTC+02:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_postal_codes_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of postal codes in Spain">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">11001</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Spain" title="Telephone numbers in Spain">Dialing code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+34) 956</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadiz.es">www<wbr />.cadiz<wbr />.es</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Cádiz</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">kə-<span style="font-size:90%">DIZ</span></i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>-,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KAY</span>-diz, <span style="font-size:90%">KA(H)D</span>-iz</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Collins3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MerWeb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHD_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈkaðiθ]</a></span>) is a city in Spain and the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Province of Cádiz">Province of Cádiz</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">autonomous community</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a>. It is located in the southwest of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> separated from neighbouring <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_C%C3%A1diz" title="San Fernando, Cádiz">San Fernando</a> by a narrow isthmus. </p><p>Cádiz, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously inhabited cities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, was founded by the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> as a trading post.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gitin2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitin2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, the Port in the Bay of Cádiz consolidated as the main harbour of mainland Spain, enjoying the virtual monopoly of trade with the Americas until 1778. It is also the site of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="University of Cádiz">University of Cádiz</a>. </p><p>Situated on a narrow slice of land surrounded by the sea‚ Cádiz is, in most respects, a typical Andalusian city with well-preserved historical landmarks. The older part of Cádiz, within the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Defensive_wall" title="Defensive wall">city walls</a>, is commonly referred to as the Old Town (Spanish: <i lang="es">Casco Antiguo</i>), and represents a large area of the total size of the city. It is characterized by the antiquity of its various quarters (<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">barrios</i></span>), among them <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">El Pópulo</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Viña</i></span>, and <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Santa María</i></span>, which present a marked contrast to the newer areas of town. While the Old City's street plan consists of narrow winding alleys connecting large plazas, newer areas of Cádiz typically have wide avenues and more modern buildings. The city is dotted with parks where <a href="/wiki/Exotic_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic plants">exotic plants</a> flourish, including giant trees supposedly brought to the Iberian Peninsula from the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. This includes the historic <a href="/wiki/Parque_Genov%C3%A9s" title="Parque Genovés">Parque Genovés</a>. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Toponymy"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology"></span><span class="anchor" id="Names"></span> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_and_etymology">Names and etymology<span class="anchor" id="Names_of_Cádiz"></span><span class="anchor" id="Etymology_of_Cádiz"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names and etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz)_Seville,_Spain_(49104522676)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%28Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%29_Seville%2C_Spain_%2849104522676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-%28Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%29_Seville%2C_Spain_%2849104522676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%28Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%29_Seville%2C_Spain_%2849104522676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-%28Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%29_Seville%2C_Spain_%2849104522676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%28Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%29_Seville%2C_Spain_%2849104522676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-%28Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%29_Seville%2C_Spain_%2849104522676%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>Satellite view of the Bay of Cádiz</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_C%C3%A1diz_in_different_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Cádiz in different languages">Names of Cádiz in different languages</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Numismatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Numismatic">Numismatic</a> inscriptions in the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician language</a> record that the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> knew the site as <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">a Gadir</i></span> or <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">Agadir</i></span> (Phoenician: <span lang="phn" dir="rtl">‬𐤀𐤂𐤃𐤓</span>, <span title="Phoenician-language text"><i lang="phn-Latn">ʾgdr</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.19113_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.19113-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning 'wall', 'compound', or (by <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>) 'stronghold'.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borrowed by the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber languages</a>, this became the <i><a href="/wiki/Agadir_(granary)" title="Agadir (granary)">agadir</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Central_Morocco_Tamazight" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Morocco Tamazight">Tamazight</a> for 'wall' and <a href="/wiki/Shilha_language" title="Shilha language">Shilha</a> for 'fortified granary') common in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> place names,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as that of the Moroccan city of <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carthaginians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginians">Carthaginians</a> continued to use this name and all subsequent names have derived from it. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> sources <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">hellenized</a> <i>Gadir</i> as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">tà Gádeira</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">τὰ Γάδειρα</span>), which is neuter plural. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic Greek</a>, transcribed it a little differently, as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">Gḗdeira</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γήδειρα</span></span>). Rarely, as in <a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Byzantium" title="Stephanus of Byzantium">Stephanus of Byzantium</a>'s notes on the writings of <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes" title="Eratosthenes">Eratosthenes</a>, is the name given in the feminine singular form as <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">hè Gadeíra</i></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἡ Γαδείρα</span></span>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the city was known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Gādēs</i></span> and its Roman colony as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Augusta Urbs Iulia Gaditana</i></span> ('The August City of <a href="/wiki/Julia_(gens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia (gens)">Julia</a> of Cádiz'). In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, the Latin name became <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">Qādis</i></span> (Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قادس</span>), from which the Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Cádiz</i></span> derives. The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">demonym</a> for people and things from Cádiz is <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">gaditano</i></span>. </p><p>The same root also gives the modern Italian <i>Càdice</i>, Catalan <i>Cadis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Portuguese <i>Cádis</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and French <i>Cadix</i>, the last also appearing in many English sources before the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Osbeck_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osbeck-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <i>Cales</i>, which usually refers to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> in France, is also used for Cádiz,<sup id="cite_ref-Osbeck_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osbeck-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in the context of the 1596 <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">Capture of Cádiz</a> by the British and Dutch, as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Percy_(bishop_of_Dromore)" title="Thomas Percy (bishop of Dromore)">Thomas Percy</a> notes in his introduction of the ballad "The Winning of Cales"<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (and it is also found in the sarcastic rhyme beginning "A gentleman of Wales, a knight of Cales"). </p><p>In English, the name <i>Cádiz</i>, traditionally spelt without the <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute accent</a> mark on the <i>a</i>, is pronounced variously. When the accent is on the second syllable, it is usually pronounced <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span> but, when the accent is on the first syllable, it may be pronounced as <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/47\/Cadiz_pronunciation.ogg\/Cadiz_pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Cadiz pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/47/Cadiz_pronunciation.ogg/Cadiz_pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadiz_pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Cadiz pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span></span>/</a></span></span>, and similar, typically in American English.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MerWeb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerWeb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHD_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHD-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Spanish, the accent is always, as according to the spelling, on the first syllable but, while the usual pronunciation in Spain is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈkaðiθ]</a></span>, the <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_Spanish" title="Andalusian Spanish">local dialect</a> says <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈkaðis]</a></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈkaði]</a></span> or even <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈka.i]</a></span> instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG/220px-MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG/330px-MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG/440px-MuseoArqueologicoCadiz-P1050192.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Phoenician sarcophagi (400–470 BC) found in Cádiz, thought to have been imported from the Phoenician homeland around <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> (now in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Museum of Cádiz">Museum of Cádiz</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Timeline of Cádiz">Timeline of Cádiz</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_history_under_the_Phoenicians">Foundation and early history under the Phoenicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation and early history under the Phoenicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded as <i>Gadir</i> or <i>Agadir</i> by <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cádiz is often regarded as the most ancient city still standing in Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-edad1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edad1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was an important trading hub founded to access different metals including gold, tin, and especially silver.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitin2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitin2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Phoenicians established a port in the 7th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, Cádiz's founding is dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1100 BC,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although no archaeological strata on the site can be dated earlier than the 9th century BC. One resolution for this discrepancy has been to assume that Gadir was merely a small seasonal trading post in its earliest days. </p><p>Ancient Gadir occupied two small islands—primarily a settlement, and Kotinoussa, hosting cemeteries and sanctuaries outside the urban area—situated near the mouth of River Guadalete.<sup id="cite_ref-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Presently, these islands are interconnected. While the ancient ruins of Gadir beneath modern Cádiz's historical center remain largely unexcavated, excavations have been carried out in the southern cemeteries. </p><p>By the 6th century BC, disturbances within Phoenicia itself, notably the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tyre_(586%E2%80%93573_BC)" title="Siege of Tyre (586–573 BC)">fall of Tyre</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Babylonians</a> (573 BC), led to the end of Phoenician control over southern Iberia. This vacuum was later filled by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">ancient Carthage</a>, which rose as a predominant power in the region during subsequent eras.<sup id="cite_ref-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016_147_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016_147-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Part_of_the_Carthaginian_Empire">Part of the Carthaginian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Part of the Carthaginian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The expeditions of <a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a> around Spain and France and of <a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno</a> around Western Africa began there. The Phoenician settlement traded with <a href="/wiki/Tartessos" title="Tartessos">Tartessos</a>, a city-state whose exact location remains unknown but is thought to have been somewhere near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalquivir River">Guadalquivir River</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hercules_Gaditanus" title="Temple of Hercules Gaditanus">Temple of Hercules Gaditanus</a></div> <p>One of the city's notable features during antiquity was the temple on the south end of its island dedicated to the Phoenician god <a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a>, who was conflated with <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> by the Greeks and Romans under the names "Tyrian Hercules" and "Hercules Gaditanus". It had an oracle and was famed for its wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-willsmith_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsmith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, Hercules was sometimes credited with founding <i>Gadeira</i> after performing his <a href="/wiki/Labors_of_Hercules" class="mw-redirect" title="Labors of Hercules">tenth labor</a>, the slaying of <a href="/wiki/Geryon" title="Geryon">Geryon</a>, a monster with three heads and torsos joined to a single pair of legs. (A <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumulus</a> near Gadeira was associated with Geryon's final resting-place.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Life of Apollonius of Tyana">Life of Apollonius of Tyana</a></i>, the "Heracleum" (i.e., the temple of Melqart) was still standing during the 1st century. Some historians, based in part on this source, believe that the columns of this temple were the origin of the myth of the "<a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">pillars of Hercules</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg/170px-Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg/255px-Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg/340px-Estatuillas_votivas_del_templo_de_H%C3%A9rcules_Gaditano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Votive statues of Melqart-Hercules from the Islote de Sancti Petri</figcaption></figure> <p>The city fell under the sway of <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a> during <a href="/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca" title="Hamilcar Barca">Hamilcar Barca</a>'s Iberian campaign after the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a>. Cádiz became a depot for <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>'s conquest of southern <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, and he sacrificed there to Hercules/Melqart before setting off on his famous journey in 218 BC to cross the Alps and invade Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the city fell to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Romans</a> under <a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus" title="Scipio Africanus">Scipio Africanus</a> in 206 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Rome's_rule"><span id="Under_Rome.27s_rule"></span>Under Rome's rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under Rome's rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>, the city flourished as a port and naval base known as <i>Gades</i>. <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> relates how Julius Caesar, when visiting Gades as a <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestor</a> (junior senator), saw a statue of Alexander the Great there and was saddened to think that he himself, though the same age, had still achieved nothing memorable.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadeiras314.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gadeiras314.svg/220px-Gadeiras314.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gadeiras314.svg/330px-Gadeiras314.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Gadeiras314.svg/440px-Gadeiras314.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>The Bay of Cádiz in antiquity featuring a notably different coastline.</figcaption></figure> <p>The people of Gades had an alliance with Rome and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> bestowed <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> on all its inhabitants in 49 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-willsmith_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsmith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s census, Cádiz was home to more than five hundred <i><a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equites</a></i> (members of the wealthy upper class), a concentration rivaled only by <a href="/wiki/Patavium" class="mw-redirect" title="Patavium">Patavium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> itself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the principal city of the <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Roman colony</a> of Augusta Urbs Julia Gaditana. An <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">aqueduct</a> provided fresh water to the town, the island's supply being poor, running across open sea for its last leg. However, Roman Gades was never very large. It consisted only of the northwest corner of the present island, and most of its wealthy citizens maintained estates outside of it on the <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_(C%C3%A1diz)" title="Castle of San Sebastián (Cádiz)">nearby island</a> or on the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-willsmith_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-willsmith-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lifestyle maintained on the estates led to the <a href="/wiki/Puellae_gaditanae" title="Puellae gaditanae">Gaditan dancing girls</a> (the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">puellae gaditanae</i></span>) becoming famous throughout the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it is not in fact the most westerly city in the Spanish peninsula, for the Romans Cádiz had that reputation. The poet <a href="/wiki/Juvenal" title="Juvenal">Juvenal</a> begins his famous tenth satire with the words: <i>Omnibus in terris quae sunt a Gadibus usque Auroram et Gangen</i> ('In all the lands which exist from Gades as far as Dawn and the Ganges ...').<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switching_hands_in_later_antiquity">Switching hands in later antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Switching hands in later antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Spain#The_collapse_of_Rome_and_barbarian_invasions" title="Military history of Spain">overthrow of Roman power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Hispania Baetica</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> in the AD 400s saw the destruction of the original city, of which few traces remain today. The site was later reconquered by Justinian in 551 as part of the Byzantine province of <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would remain Byzantine until <a href="/wiki/Leovigild" class="mw-redirect" title="Leovigild">Leovigild</a>'s reconquest in 572 returned it to the Visigothic Kingdom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> rule between 711 and 1262, the city was called <i>Qādis</i>, whence the modern <a href="/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs" title="Spanish naming customs">Spanish</a> name was derived. A famous Muslim legend developed concerning an "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Idol_of_Cadiz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idol of Cadiz (page does not exist)">idol</a>" (<i>sanam Qādis</i>) over 100 <a href="/wiki/Cubit" title="Cubit">cubits</a> tall on the outskirts of Cádiz whose magic blocked the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">strait of Gibraltar</a> with contrary winds and currents; its destruction by <a href="/wiki/Abd-al-Mumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-al-Mumin">Abd-al-Mumin</a> <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1145</span> supposedly permitted ships to sail through the strait once more. It also appeared (as <i>Salamcadis</i>) in the 12th-century <a href="/wiki/Turpin_(archbishop_of_Rheims)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turpin (archbishop of Rheims)">Pseudo-Turpin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Historia_Caroli_Magni" title="Historia Caroli Magni">history of Charlemagne</a>, where it was considered a statue of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and thought to warn the Muslims of Christian invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical sources are entirely silent on such a structure, but it has been conjectured that the origin of the legend was the ruins of a navigational aid constructed in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-atat_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atat-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd-al-Mumin (or Admiral Ali ibn-Isa ibn-Maymun) found that the idol was gilded bronze rather than pure gold, but coined what there was to help fund his revolt.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1217, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/De_itinere_Frisonum" title="De itinere Frisonum">De itinere Frisonum</a></i> the city was raided by a group of <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a> crusaders en route to the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> who burned it and destroyed its congregational mosque.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moors were ousted by <a href="/wiki/Alphonso_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphonso X">Alphonso X</a> of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> in 1262. </p><p>Historically, there was a <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community living in Cádiz under Muslim rule.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1492">Post-1492</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-1492"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Exploration">Age of Exploration</a>, the city experienced a renaissance. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> sailed from Cádiz on his <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">second and fourth voyages</a> and the city later became the home port of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a>. Consequently, it became a major target of Spain's enemies. The 16th century saw a series of failed raids by <a href="/wiki/Barbary_corsairs" title="Barbary corsairs">Barbary corsairs</a>; the greater part of the old town was consumed in a major fire in 1569; and in April 1587 a <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_1587_expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Drake's 1587 expedition">raid</a> by the Englishman <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> occupied the harbor for three days, captured six ships, and destroyed 31 others (an event which became known in England as "the Singeing of the <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">King of Spain</a>'s Beard"). The attack delayed the sailing of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> by a year.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg/220px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg/330px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg/440px-Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n_014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2564" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption><i>Defense of Cádiz against the English</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n" title="Francisco de Zurbarán">Francisco de Zurbarán</a>, 1634 (Prado Museum, Madrid)</figcaption></figure> <p>The city suffered a still more serious <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">attack in 1596</a>, when it was captured by an Anglo-Dutch fleet, this time under the Earls <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">of Essex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Nottingham</a>. 32 Spanish ships were destroyed and the city was captured, looted and occupied for almost a month. Finally, when the royal authorities refused to pay a ransom demanded by the English for returning the city intact, they burned much of it before leaving with their booty. A third English raid was mounted against the city in 1625 by <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Wimbledon" title="Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon">Edward Cecil</a>, but the attempt was unsuccessful. During the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654)">Anglo-Spanish War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Robert_Blake" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Robert Blake">Admiral Robert Blake</a> blockaded Cádiz from 1655 to 1657. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1702)" title="Battle of Cádiz (1702)">1702 Battle of Cádiz</a>, the English attacked again under <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Rooke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Rooke">George Rooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Butler,_2nd_Duke_of_Ormonde" title="James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde">James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde</a>, but they were repelled after a costly siege. </p><p>In the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Sand_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bar">sand bars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a> forced the Spanish government to transfer its <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">American</a> trade from <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> to Cádiz, which now commanded better access to the Atlantic. Although the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">empire</a> itself was declining, Cádiz now experienced another golden age because of its new importance, and many of today's historic buildings in the Old City date from this era. It became one of Spain's greatest and most cosmopolitan cities and home to trading communities from many countries, chief among which were the French and Anglo-Irish.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irish Catholics were prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">penal laws</a> from owning land or entering a profession in Ireland, whereas in Spain they were as Catholics permitted to trade more freely than the English.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 October 1778, the right to trade with the Americas was expanded to most ports of mainland Spain, bringing the monopoly of trade hitherto enjoyed by the Port of the Bay of Cádiz to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Cádiz was <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_C%C3%A1diz_(1797)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockade of Cádiz (1797)">blockaded by the British</a> from 1797 until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Amiens">Peace of Amiens</a> in 1802 and again from 1803 until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> in 1808. In that war, it was one of the few Spanish cities to hold out against the invading French and their candidate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>. Cádiz then became the seat of Spain's military high command and <a href="/wiki/Cortes_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cortes of Cádiz">Cortes</a> (parliament) for the duration of the war. It was here that the liberal <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Spanish Constitution of 1812</a> was proclaimed. The citizens revolted in 1820 to secure a renewal of this constitution and the revolution spread successfully until <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> was imprisoned in Cádiz. <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of France">French forces</a> secured the release of Ferdinand in the 1823 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trocadero" title="Battle of Trocadero">Battle of Trocadero</a> and suppressed liberalism for a time. In 1868, Cádiz was once again the seat of a revolution, resulting in the eventual abdication and exile of Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabella II of Spain">Isabella II</a>. The Cortes of Cádiz decided to reinstate the monarchy under King <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Amadeo of Spain">Amadeo</a> just two years later. </p><p>In recent years<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, the city has undergone much reconstruction. Many monuments, cathedrals, and <a href="/wiki/Landmark" title="Landmark">landmarks</a> have been cleaned and restored. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diocese">Diocese</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diocese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_C%C3%A1diz_y_Ceuta" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta">Roman Catholic Diocese of Cádiz y Ceuta</a></div> <p>The diocese of Cádiz and <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Seville" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Seville</a>; that is, it is a diocese within the metropolitan see of Seville. It became a diocese in 1263 after its <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> (reconquest) from the Moors. By the <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">Concordat</a> of 1753, in which the Spanish crown also gained the rights to make appointments to church offices and to tax church lands, the Diocese of Cádiz was merged with the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Ceuta">Diocese of Ceuta</a>, a Spanish conclave on the northern coast of Africa, and the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">diocesan bishop</a> became, by virtue of his office, the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">apostolic administrator</a> of Ceuta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg/220px-Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg/330px-Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg/440px-Vistas_desde_la_Torre_de_Poniente_-_C%C3%A1diz_-_DSC_0023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>City skyline</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadiz_Spain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cadiz_Spain.jpg/220px-Cadiz_Spain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cadiz_Spain.jpg/330px-Cadiz_Spain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Cadiz_Spain.jpg/440px-Cadiz_Spain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>View of Cádiz, with Catedral de Cádiz, from Mirador El Vendaval</figcaption></figure> <p>Among the many landmarks of historical and scenic interest in Cádiz, a few stand out. The city can boast of an unusual cathedral of various <a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">architectural styles</a>, a theater, an old municipal building, an 18th-century watchtower, a vestige of the ancient city wall, an ancient Roman theater, and electrical pylons of an eye-catchingly modern design carrying cables across the Bay of Cádiz. The old town is characterized by narrow streets connecting squares (<i>plazas</i>), bordered by the sea and by the city walls. Most of the landmark buildings are situated in the plazas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plazas_and_their_landmark_buildings">Plazas and their landmark buildings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plazas and their landmark buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The old town of Cádiz is one of the most densely populated urban areas in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is packed with narrow streets. The old town benefits, though, from several striking plazas, which are enjoyed by citizens and tourists alike. These are the <i>Plaza de Mina</i>, <i>Plaza San Antonio</i>, <i>Plaza de Candelaria</i>, <i>Plaza de San Juan de Dios</i>, and <i>Plaza de España</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_de_Mina">Plaza de Mina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Plaza de Mina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in the heart of the old town, Plaza de Mina was developed in the first half of the 19th century. Previously, the land occupied by the plaza was the orchard of the convent of San Francisco. The plaza was converted into a plaza in 1838 by the architect Torcuato Benjumeda and (later) Juan Daura, with its trees being planted in 1861. It was then redeveloped again in 1897, and has remained virtually unchanged since that time. It is named after General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Espoz_y_Mina" title="Francisco Espoz y Mina">Francisco Espoz y Mina</a>, a hero of the war of independence. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a> y Matheu was born in Number 3 Plaza de Mina, where a plaque bears his name. The plaza also contains several statues, one of these is a bust of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Macpherson" title="José Macpherson">José Macpherson</a> (a pioneer in the development of <a href="/wiki/Petrography" title="Petrography">petrography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">tectonics</a>) who was born in number 12 Plaza de Mina in 1839. The <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Museum of Cádiz">Museum of Cádiz</a>, is to be found at number 5 Plaza de Mina, and contains many objects from Cádiz's 3000-year history as well as works by artists such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a>. The houses which face the plaza, many of which can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">neo-classical architecture</a> or built in the style of <a href="/wiki/Isabelline_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelline Gothic">Isabelline Gothic</a>, were originally occupied by the Cádiz <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. </p><p>The Plaza de la Catedral houses both the Cathedral and the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> church of <i>Santiago</i>, built in 1635. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_de_San_Francisco_and_San_Francisco_Church_and_Convent">Plaza de San Francisco and San Francisco Church and Convent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plaza de San Francisco and San Francisco Church and Convent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Antonio_church_263.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/San_Antonio_church_263.jpg/220px-San_Antonio_church_263.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/San_Antonio_church_263.jpg/330px-San_Antonio_church_263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/San_Antonio_church_263.jpg/440px-San_Antonio_church_263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>San Francisco church</figcaption></figure> <p>Located next to Plaza de Mina, this smaller square houses the San Francisco church and convent. Originally built in 1566, it was substantially renovated in the 17th century,<sup id="cite_ref-cadiz2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadiz2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when its cloisters were added.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, the Plaza de Mina formed the convent's orchard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_San_Antonio">Plaza San Antonio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Plaza San Antonio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua,_C%C3%A1diz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg/220px-Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg/330px-Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg/440px-Iglesia_de_San_Antonio_de_Padua%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3440" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Plaza de San Antonio and church</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century Plaza San Antonio was considered to be Cádiz's main square. The square is surrounded by a number of mansions built in <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">neo-classical architecture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Isabelline_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelline Gothic">Isabelline Gothic</a> style, once occupied by the Cádiz upper classes. San Antonio church, originally built in 1669, is also situated in the plaza. </p><p>The plaza was built in the 18th century, and on 19 March 1812 the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of 1812">Constitution of 1812</a> was proclaimed here, leading to the plaza to be named Plaza de la Constitución, and then later Plaza San Antonio, after the hermit San Antonio. </p><p>In 1954 the city's mayor proclaimed the location a historic site. All construction is prohibited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_de_Candelaria">Plaza de Candelaria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Plaza de Candelaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Plaza de Candelaria is named after the Candelaria convent, situated in the square until it was demolished in 1873 under the <a href="/wiki/First_Spanish_Republic" title="First Spanish Republic">First Spanish Republic</a>, when its grounds were redeveloped as a plaza. The plaza is notable for a statue in its centre of <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Castelar" title="Emilio Castelar">Emilio Castelar</a>, president of the first Spanish republic, who was born in a house facing the square. A plaque situated on another house, states that <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_O%27Higgins" title="Bernardo O'Higgins">Bernardo O'Higgins</a>, an Irish-Chilean adventurer and former dictator of Chile, also lived in the square. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_de_la_Catedral_and_the_Cathedral">Plaza de la Catedral and the Cathedral</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plaza de la Catedral and the Cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Cathedral" title="Cádiz Cathedral">Cádiz Cathedral</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-08,_DD_56.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_56.JPG/220px-Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_56.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_56.JPG/330px-Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_56.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_56.JPG/440px-Catedral_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_56.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6235" data-file-height="4499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Cathedral" title="Cádiz Cathedral">Cádiz Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>One of Cádiz's most famous landmarks is its cathedral. Unlike in many places, the Cathedral of Cádiz, known locally as the "New Cathedral," is officially the Cathedral de "Santa Cruz sobre el mar" or "Santa Cruz sobre las Aguas". It was not built on the site of the original Cathedral de Santa Cruz. The latter was completed in 1263 at the behest of Alfonso X, and burned in the Anglo-Dutch attack on the city in 1596.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reconstruction of the old cathedral started in the early 17th century, but when the city became more prosperous following the move of the <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></i> from Seville to Cádiz in 1717,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was felt that a grander cathedral was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-catedraldecadiz.com_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catedraldecadiz.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Work on the New Cathedral started in 1722 and was supervised by the architect <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Acero" title="Vicente Acero">Vicente Acero</a>, who had also built the <a href="/wiki/Granada_Cathedral" title="Granada Cathedral">Granada Cathedral</a>. Acero resigned from the project and was succeeded by several other architects. As a result, this largely Baroque-style cathedral was built over a period of 116 years, and, due to this drawn-out period of construction, the cathedral underwent several major changes to its original design. Though the cathedral was originally intended to be a baroque edifice with some <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">rococo</a> elements, it was completed in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical style</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-catedraldecadiz.com_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catedraldecadiz.com-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Chapel" title="Chapel">chapels</a> have many paintings and relics from the old cathedral in Cádiz and as well as from monasteries throughout Spain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios_and_the_Old_Town_Hall">Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Plaza de San Juan de Dios and the Old Town Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg/220px-Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg/330px-Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg/440px-Cadiz_Plaza_de_San_Juan_de_Dios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1882" /></a><figcaption>View of the Plaza de San Juan de Dios, featuring the façade of the Old Town Hall.</figcaption></figure> <p>Construction of this plaza began in the 15th century on lands reclaimed from the sea. With the demolition of the City walls in 1906 the plaza increased in size and a statue of the Cádiz politician Segismundo Moret was unveiled. Overlooking the plaza, the <i><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></i> is the <a href="/wiki/Town_hall" title="Town hall">town hall</a> of Cádiz's <i>Old City</i>. The structure, constructed on the bases and location of the previous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Consistorial_Houses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Consistorial Houses (page does not exist)">Consistorial Houses</a> (1699), was built in two stages. The first stage began in 1799 under the direction of architect <a href="/wiki/Torcuato_Benjumeda" title="Torcuato Benjumeda">Torcuato Benjumeda</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassical</a> style. The second stage was completed in 1861 under the direction of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garc%C3%ADa_del_Alamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="García del Alamo (page does not exist)">García del Alamo</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Isabelline_Gothic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabelline Gothic">Isabelline Gothic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Gótico Isabelino</i> or, simply, the <i>Isabelino</i>) style. Here, in 1936, the flag of <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusia</a> was hoisted for the first time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_de_España_and_the_monument_to_the_constitution_of_1812"><span id="Plaza_de_Espa.C3.B1a_and_the_monument_to_the_constitution_of_1812"></span>Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Plaza de España and the monument to the constitution of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/C%C3%A1diz" title="Special:EditPage/Cádiz">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812,_C%C3%A1diz,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-08,_DD_80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG/220px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG/330px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG/440px-Monumento_a_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7240" data-file-height="4502" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Constitution_of_1812" title="Monument to the Constitution of 1812">Monument to the Constitution of 1812</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Plaza de España is a large square close to the port. It is dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Constitution_of_1812" title="Monument to the Constitution of 1812">Monument to the Constitution of 1812</a>, which came into being as a consequence of the demolition of a portion of the old city wall. The plaza is an extension of the old <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazuela_del_Carb%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazuela del Carbón (page does not exist)">Plazuela del Carbón</a>. </p><p>The goal of this demolition was to create a grand new city square to mark the hundredth anniversary of the liberal constitution, which was proclaimed in this city in 1812, and provide a setting for a suitable memorial. The work is by the architect, <a href="/wiki/Modesto_Lopez_Otero" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesto Lopez Otero">Modesto Lopez Otero</a>, and of the sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Aniceto_Marinas" title="Aniceto Marinas">Aniceto Marinas</a>. The work began in 1912 and finished in 1929. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plaza_Fragela_and_the_Gran_Teatro_Falla_(Falla_Grand_Theater)"><span id="Plaza_Fragela_and_the_Gran_Teatro_Falla_.28Falla_Grand_Theater.29"></span>Plaza Fragela and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theater)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Plaza Fragela and the Gran Teatro Falla (Falla Grand Theater)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original <i><a href="/wiki/Gran_Teatro_Falla" title="Gran Teatro Falla">Gran Teatro</a></i> was constructed in 1871 by the architect García del Alamo, and was destroyed by a fire in August 1881. The current theater was built between 1884 and 1905 over the remains of the previous Gran Teatro. The architect was Adolfo Morales de los Rios, and the overseer of construction was Juan Cabrera de la Torre. The outside was covered in red <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and is of a <a href="/wiki/Neo_Mud%C3%A9jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Mudéjar">neo-Mudéjar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moorish_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Moorish Revival">Moorish revival</a> style. Following renovations in the 1920s, the theater was renamed the <i>Gran Teatro Falla</i>, in honor of composer <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a>, who is buried in the crypt of the cathedral. After a period of disrepair in the 1980s, the theater has since undergone extensive renovation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_de_las_Tortugas,_Cadiz_(Spain).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Plaza_de_las_Tortugas%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/220px-Plaza_de_las_Tortugas%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Plaza_de_las_Tortugas%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/330px-Plaza_de_las_Tortugas%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Plaza_de_las_Tortugas%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/440px-Plaza_de_las_Tortugas%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5280" data-file-height="2970" /></a><figcaption>Plaza de las Tortugas</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sights">Other sights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tavira_tower">Tavira tower</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tavira tower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 18th century, Cádiz had more than 160 towers from which local merchants could look out to sea to watch for arriving <a href="/wiki/Cargo_ship" title="Cargo ship">merchant ships</a> from the New World. These towers often formed part of the merchants' houses, but this particular tower was located on a high point in the city, 45 meters above sea level, and was chosen by the Navy as their official lookout in 1787 (after eliminating several other locations previously).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Torre Tavira</i>, was named for its original watchman, Don Antonio Tavira, a lieutenant in the Spanish Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is the tallest of the towers which still dot the Cádiz skyline. Since 1994 there is a <i><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">camera obscura</a></i>, a room that uses the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole camera</a> and a specially prepared <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">convex lens</a> to project panoramic views of the Old City onto a concave disc. There are also two exhibition rooms and a rooftop terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Admiral's_House"><span id="Admiral.27s_House"></span>Admiral's House</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Admiral's House"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Casa del Almirante</i> is a palatial house, adjacent to the Plaza San Martín in the Barrio del Pópulo, which was constructed in 1690 with the proceeds of the lucrative trade with the Americas. It was built by the family of the admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a>, the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fleet_of_the_Indies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fleet of the Indies (page does not exist)">Fleet of the Indies</a>, Don <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_de_Barrios&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego de Barrios (page does not exist)">Diego de Barrios</a>. The exterior is sheathed in exquisite red and white Genoan marble, prepared in the workshops of Andreoli, and mounted by the master, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Garc%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="García Narváez (page does not exist)">García Narváez</a>. The colonnaded portico, the grand staircase under the cupola, and the hall on the main floor are architectural features of great nobility and beauty. The shield of the Barrios family appears on the second-floor balcony. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_customs_house">Old customs house</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Old customs house"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Situated within the confines of the walls which protect the flank of the port of Cádiz are three identical adjacent buildings: the Customs House, the House of Hiring and the consulate. Of the three, the former had been erected first, built in a sober neo-classical style and of ample and balanced proportions. The works began in 1765 under the direction of Juan Caballero at a cost of 7,717,200 <a href="/wiki/Spanish_real" title="Spanish real">reales</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Palacio_de_Congresos">Palacio de Congresos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Palacio de Congresos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cádiz's refurbished tobacco factory offers international conference and trade-show facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-palaciocongresos-cadiz_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palaciocongresos-cadiz-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Home to the third annual MAST Conference and trade-show (12 to 14 November 2008). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pylons_of_Cádiz"><span id="Pylons_of_C.C3.A1diz"></span>Pylons of Cádiz</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Pylons of Cádiz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pylons_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Pylons of Cádiz">Pylons of Cádiz</a> are <a href="/wiki/Electricity_pylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity pylon">electricity pylons</a> of unusual design, one on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Bay of Cádiz">Bay of Cádiz</a>, used to support huge electric-power cables. The pylons are 158 meters (518 ft) high and designed for two <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">circuits</a>. The very unconventional construction consists of a narrow <a href="/wiki/Frustum" title="Frustum">frustum</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> framework with one crossbar at the top of each one for the insulators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roman_theatre">Roman theatre</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Roman theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Theatre_(C%C3%A1diz)" title="Roman Theatre (Cádiz)">Roman Theatre (Cádiz)</a></div> <p>The Roman theatre was discovered in 1980, in the El Pópulo district, after a fire had destroyed some old warehouses, revealing a layer of construction that was judged to be the foundations of some medieval buildings; the foundations of these buildings had been built, in turn, upon much more ancient stones, hand-hewn limestone of a Roman character. Systematic excavations have revealed a largely intact Roman theatre. </p><p>The theatre, constructed by order of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(minor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)">Lucius Cornelius Balbus (minor)</a> during the 1st century BC, is the second-largest Roman theatre in the world, surpassed only by the theatre of <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, in his <i>Epistulae ad Familiares</i> ('Letters to his friends'), wrote of its use by Balbus for personal propaganda. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Admiral's House"><img alt="Admiral's House" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg/120px-Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg/181px-Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg/241px-Admiral%27s_House_161.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Admiral's House</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_de_Congresos,_Cadiz_(Spain).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palacio de Congresos (Old tobacco factory)"><img alt="Palacio de Congresos (Old tobacco factory)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Palacio_de_Congresos%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/320px-Palacio_de_Congresos%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Palacio_de_Congresos%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/480px-Palacio_de_Congresos%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Palacio_de_Congresos%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/640px-Palacio_de_Congresos%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palacio de Congresos (Old tobacco factory)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz,_mayo_de_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pylons of Cádiz"><img alt="Pylons of Cádiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_mayo_de_2009.jpg/135px-Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_mayo_de_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_mayo_de_2009.jpg/202px-Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_mayo_de_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_mayo_de_2009.jpg/270px-Pilones_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_mayo_de_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pylons of Cádiz</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Roman theatre"><img alt="Roman theatre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG/135px-Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG/202px-Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG/270px-Teatro_Romano_de_C%C3%A1diz_-_Grader%C3%ADo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roman theatre</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carranza_Bridge">Carranza Bridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Carranza Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Le%C3%B3n_de_Carranza_Bridge" title="José León de Carranza Bridge">José León de Carranza Bridge</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="La_Pepa_Bridge">La Pepa Bridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: La Pepa Bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/La_Pepa_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="La Pepa Bridge">La Pepa Bridge</a>, officially "La Pepa" and also named the second bridge to Cádiz or new access to Cádiz. It opened 24 September 2015. It crosses the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Bay of Cádiz">Bay of Cádiz</a> linking Cádiz with <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Real" title="Puerto Real">Puerto Real</a> in mainland Spain. It is the longest bridge in Spain and the longest span cable-stayed in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution of 1812 Bridge, also known as La Pepa Bridge, is a new bridge across the Bay of Cádiz, linking Cádiz with the town of Puerto Real. </p><p>This is one of the highest bridges in Europe, with 5 kilometers in total length. It is the third access to the city, along with the San Fernando road and the Carranza bridge.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812,_C%C3%A1diz,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-08,_DD_21-24_HDR_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_21-24_HDR_%28cropped%29.JPG/660px-Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_21-24_HDR_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="660" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_21-24_HDR_%28cropped%29.JPG/990px-Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_21-24_HDR_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_21-24_HDR_%28cropped%29.JPG/1320px-Puente_de_la_Constituci%C3%B3n_de_1812%2C_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_21-24_HDR_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7580" data-file-height="3049" /></a><figcaption>La Pepa Bridge at night</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_walls_and_fortifications">City walls and fortifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: City walls and fortifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Las Puertas de Tierra</i> originated in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once consisting of several layers of walls, only one of these remain today. By the 20th century it was necessary to remodel the entrance to the Old City to accommodate modern traffic. Today, the two side-by-side arches cut into the wall serve as one of the primary entrances to the city. </p><p><i>El Arco de los Blancos</i> is the gate to the Populo district, built around 1300. It was the principal gate to the medieval town. The gate is named after the family of Felipe Blanco who built a chapel (now disappeared) above the gate. </p><p><i>El Arco de la Rosa</i> ("Rose Arch") is a gate carved into the medieval walls next to the cathedral. It is named after captain Gaspar de la Rosa, who lived in the city during the 18th century. The gate was renovated in 1973. </p><p>The <i>Baluarte de la Candelaria</i> (fortress or stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Candlemas</a>) is a military fortification. Taking advantage of a natural elevation of land, it was constructed in 1672 at the initiative of the governor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diego_Caballero_de_Illescas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diego Caballero de Illescas (page does not exist)">Diego Caballero de Illescas</a>. Protected by a seaward-facing wall that had previously served as a seawall, Candelaria's cannons were in a position to command the channels approaching the port of Cádiz. In more recent times, the edifice has served as a headquarters for the corps of <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineers</a> and as the home to the army's <a href="/wiki/Homing_pigeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Homing pigeons">homing pigeons</a>, birds used to carry written messages over hostile terrain. Thoroughly renovated, it is now used as a cultural venue. There has been some discussion of using it to house a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_museum" title="Maritime museum">maritime museum</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but, at present, it is designated for use as a permanent exposition space. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n_(C%C3%A1diz)" title="Castle of San Sebastián (Cádiz)">Castle of San Sebastián</a></i> is also a military fortification and is situated at the end of a road leading out from the Caleta beach. It was built in 1706. Today the castle remains unused, although its future uses remain much debated. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_of_Santa_Catalina_(C%C3%A1diz)" title="Castle of Santa Catalina (Cádiz)">Castle of Santa Catalina</a></i> is also a military fortification, and is situated at the end of the Caleta beach. It was built in 1598 following the English sacking of Cádiz two years earlier. Recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Ambigous, specific period of time is needed. (July 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> renovated, today it is used for exhibitions and concerts. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puertas_de_Tierra,_Cadiz_(Spain).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Las puertas de tierra"><img alt="Las puertas de tierra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Puertas_de_Tierra%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/320px-Puertas_de_Tierra%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Puertas_de_Tierra%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/480px-Puertas_de_Tierra%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Puertas_de_Tierra%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg/640px-Puertas_de_Tierra%2C_Cadiz_%28Spain%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Las puertas de tierra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arco de la Rosa"><img alt="Arco de la Rosa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg/121px-Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg/181px-Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg/242px-Arco-de-la-rosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1041" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arco de la Rosa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5,_C%C3%A1diz.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside view of Castillo de Santa Catalina"><img alt="Inside view of Castillo de Santa Catalina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg/135px-Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg/202px-Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg/270px-Castillo_de_Santa_Catalina_5%2C_C%C3%A1diz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside view of Castillo de Santa Catalina</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz,_Spanien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1699 plan of Cádiz."><img alt="Hand-drawn plan with a special focus on the street-grid and fortifications. In the seas surrounding the city there are ships." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz%2C_Spanien.jpg/248px-17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz%2C_Spanien.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz%2C_Spanien.jpg/372px-17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz%2C_Spanien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz%2C_Spanien.jpg/496px-17th_century_hand_drawn_map_of_Planta_De_Cadis._Cadiz%2C_Spanien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9360" data-file-height="6795" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1699 plan of Cádiz.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people_born_in_Cádiz"><span id="Notable_people_born_in_C.C3.A1diz"></span>Notable people born in Cádiz</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notable people born in Cádiz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_C%C3%A1diz" title="Category:People from Cádiz">People from Cádiz</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_del_Real_Alencaster" title="Joaquín del Real Alencaster">Joaquín del Real Alencaster</a> (1761-?), governor of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> between 1804 and 1807</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_Aznar" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Bautista Aznar">Juan Bautista Aznar</a> (1860–1933), Prime Minister of Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla" title="Manuel de Falla">Manuel de Falla</a> (1876-1946), composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josefa_D%C3%ADaz_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Josefa Díaz Fernández">Josefa Díaz Fernández</a> (1871-1918), flamenco dancer and singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chico_Flores" title="Chico Flores">Chico Flores</a> (born 1987), professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_(consul)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Balbus (consul)">Lucius Cornelius Balbus</a>, consul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Balbus_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger">Lucius Cornelius Balbus the Younger</a>, general</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Moderatus_Columella" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella">Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella</a>, Roman agronomic writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Mart%C3%ADnez_de_Pinillos_S%C3%A1enz" title="Miguel Martínez de Pinillos Sáenz">Miguel Martínez de Pinillos Sáenz</a> (1875-1953), ship-owner and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Meade" title="George Meade">George Meade</a>, Union general of The <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis" title="José Celestino Mutis">José Celestino Mutis</a> (1732-1808), botanist and mathematician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_Pi%C3%B1ero_Camacho" title="Esteban Piñero Camacho">Esteban Piñero Camacho</a> (born 1981), known as Basty, member of the Spanish band <a href="/wiki/D%27NASH" class="mw-redirect" title="D'NASH">D'NASH</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cádiz has a hot-summer <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a> <i>Csa</i>; <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: <i>Csal</i>) with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. The city has significant maritime influences due to its position on a narrow peninsula. Cádiz has the warmest winters in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and one of the warmest in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, with an average temperature of 12.9 °C (55.2 °F) in the coldest month.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual sunshine hours of Cádiz are above 3,000h, being one of the sunniest cities in Europe. Although summer nights are tropical in nature, daytime temperatures are comparatively subdued compared to nearby inland areas such as <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez</a> and the very hot far inland areas in Andalucía. The average sea temperature is around 16 °C (61 °F) during the winter and around 22 °C (72 °F) during the summer.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Snowfall is unknown at least since 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cádiz<br /><a href="/wiki/Location_identifier#WMO_station_identifiers" title="Location identifier">WMO ID</a>: 08452; Climate ID: 5973; coordinates <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=C%C3%A1diz&params=36_29_59_N_06_15_28_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">36°29′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">06°15′28″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">36.49972°N 6.25778°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">36.49972; -6.25778</span></span></span></a></span></span>; elevation: 2 m (6 ft 7 in); 1991–2020 provisional normals, extremes 1955–present<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.5<br />(97.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(99.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.8<br />(100.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8<br />(69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.7<br />(89.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.9<br />(93.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4<br />(88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.1<br />(95.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF5F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.1<br />(61.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5<br />(77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(81.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2<br />(82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.1<br />(79.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.5<br />(74.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8205; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.6<br />(72.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5<br />(68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6<br />(49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFBC7A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.1<br />(57.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF8914; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.5<br />(70.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8409; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.3<br />(72.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB163; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.8<br />(60.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.1<br />(41.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2<br />(43.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1<br />(46.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5<br />(50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4<br />(66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(32.4) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDEBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.2<br />(48.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.0<br />(51.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6<br />(60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6<br />(54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.0<br />(46.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFEFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6<br />(40.3) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6<br />(2.35) </td> <td style="background: #AAFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.4<br />(2.02) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.0<br />(2.17) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.1<br />(1.66) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(1.17) </td> <td style="background: #F5FFF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9<br />(0.23) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2<br />(0.01) </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(0.07) </td> <td style="background: #D4FFD4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.6<br />(1.09) </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.2<br />(2.96) </td> <td style="background: #78FF78; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87.1<br />(3.43) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.6<br />(3.02) </td> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">512.1<br />(20.16) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 0.1 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #9090FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.97 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.33 </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.48 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.20 </td> <td style="background: #C5C5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.67 </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.14 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.31 </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.62 </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.41 </td> <td style="background: #9A9AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.11 </td> <td style="background: #8E8EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.79 </td> <td style="background: #8888FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.59 </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">69.62 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.7 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6 </td> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.7 </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.2 </td> <td style="background: #97FF97; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.3 </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.0 </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.4 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #8FFF8F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.6 </td> <td style="background: #8EFF8E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.9 </td> <td style="background: #8AFF8A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75.4 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">70.8 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFF5E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFAA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.4 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.7 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF67; color:#000000;" class="notheme">62.9 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF7D; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">68.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/State_Meteorological_Agency" title="State Meteorological Agency">State Meteorological Agency</a>/AEMET OpenData (Percent possible sunshine 1991-2013)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>/<a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">NCEI</a><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Cádiz, 1981-2010 normals </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.8<br />(65.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF942A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.9<br />(67.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3<br />(77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7<br />(81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9<br />(82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.3<br />(79.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.4<br />(74.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF962E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.6<br />(67.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA954; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.9<br />(62.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">21.6<br />(70.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8<br />(56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.5<br />(59.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.3<br />(73.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.9<br />(57.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7<br />(51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC993; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.3<br />(54.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.7<br />(56.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFAE5D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.2<br />(61.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8A16; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.4<br />(70.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0<br />(71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9225; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.3<br />(68.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3<br />(63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69<br />(2.7) </td> <td style="background: #A0FFA0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58<br />(2.3) </td> <td style="background: #CAFFCA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #D6FFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27<br />(1.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4FFF4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7<br />(0.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">trace </td> <td style="background: #FCFFFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.1) </td> <td style="background: #DAFFDA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24<br />(0.9) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #68FF68; color:#000000;" class="notheme">98<br />(3.9) </td> <td style="background: #75FF75; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92<br />(3.6) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">523<br />(20.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #A9A9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.4 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #B7B7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.2 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.1 </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">50.7 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #96FF96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #8DFF8D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #90FF90; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">72 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">197 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">307 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">331 </td> <td style="background: #FAFA29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">354 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">335 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">228 </td> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">187 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,024 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorolog%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencia Estatal de Meteorología">Agencia Estatal de Meteorología</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beaches">Beaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Beaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cádiz, situated on a peninsula, is home to many beaches. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg/220px-Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg/330px-Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg/440px-Catedral_of_Cadiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>View of the cathedral from Playa de la Santamaría</figcaption></figure> <p><i>La Playa de <a href="/wiki/La_Caleta,_Spain" title="La Caleta, Spain">la Caleta</a></i> is the most popular beach of Cádiz. It has always been in Carnival songs, due to its unequalled beauty and its proximity to the <i>Barrio de la Viña</i>. It is the beach of the Old City, situated between two castles, San Sebastian and Santa Catalina. It is around 400 meters (1,300 ft) long and 30 meters (98 ft) wide at <a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">low tide</a>. La Caleta and the boulevard show a lot of resemblance to parts of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Malec%C3%B3n,_Havana" title="Malecón, Havana">malecon</a>. Therefore, it served as the set for several of the Cuban scenes in the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond movie</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Another_Day" title="Die Another Day">Die Another Day</a></i>. </p><p><i>La Playa de la Victoria</i>, in the newer part of Cádiz, is the beach most visited by tourists and natives of Cádiz. It is about three km long, and it has an average width of 50 meters (160 ft) of sand. The moderate <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell</a> and the absence of rocks allow family bathing. It is separated from the city by an avenue; on the landward side of the avenue, there are many shops and restaurants. </p><p><i>La Playa de Santa María del Mar</i> or <i>Playita de las Mujeres</i> is a small beach in Cádiz, situated between La Playa de Victoria and La Playa de la Caleta. It features excellent views of the old district of Cádiz. </p><p>Other beaches are <i>Torregorda</i>, <i>Cortadura</i> and <i>El Chato</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish spoken in Cádiz reflects features of Western Andalusian and urban dialects. It is <i>seseante</i>, meaning there is no distinction between the sounds of "s" and "z," and the "s" is pronounced with the front part of the tongue (predorsal s).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198814_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198814-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key characteristics include: </p> <ul><li>Aspiration of /s/ at the end of syllables (e.g., los amigos becomes [loh amigo]).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Dropping /r/ at the end of syllables and aspirating /r/ when it comes before "n" or "l" (e.g., carne pronounced [kahne]).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>The /x/ sound (as in jamón) is usually pronounced as [h], a softer sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198840_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198840-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Intervocalic /d/ (e.g., cansado) is often omitted (e.g., cansao).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198851−60_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198851−60-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Occasionally, "l" is pronounced as "r" (rhotacism), though this is less common.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198842_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198842-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>These features make the Cádiz accent unique, showcasing a strong influence of regional and urban speech patterns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carnival">Carnival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Carnival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carnival_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Carnival of Cádiz">Carnival of Cádiz</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg/140px-CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg/210px-CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg/280px-CarnavalCadiz1926.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption>Poster advertising the 1926 Carnival of Cádiz</figcaption></figure> <p>The Carnival of Cádiz is one of the best known <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnivals</a> in the world. Throughout the year, carnival-related activities are almost constant in the city; there are always rehearsals, public demonstrations, and <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">contests</a> of various kinds. </p><p>The Carnival of Cádiz is famous for the satirical groups called <i><a href="/wiki/Chirigota" title="Chirigota">chirigotas</a></i>, who perform comical <a href="/wiki/Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">musical pieces</a>. Typically, a chirigota is composed of seven to twelve performers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_Jiménez201567_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_Jiménez201567-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who sing, act and improvise accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazoo" title="Kazoo">kazoos</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bass_drum" title="Bass drum">bass drum</a>, and a variety of noise-makers. Other than the chirigotas, there are many other groups of performers: choruses; ensembles called <i>comparsas</i>, who sing in <a href="/wiki/Close_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Close harmony">close harmony</a> much like the <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_quartets" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbershop quartets">barbershop quartets</a> of <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African-American culture</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Mariachi" title="Mariachi">mariachis</a> of Mexico; <i>cuartetos</i>, consisting of four (or sometimes three) performers alternating dramatic parodies and humorous songs; and <i>romanceros</i>, <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">storytellers</a> who recite tales in verse. These diverse spectacles turn the city into a colourful and popular open-air theatre for two entire weeks in February. </p><p>The <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Concurso Oficial de Agrupaciones Carnavalescas</i></span></i> (the official association of carnival groups) sponsors a contest in the <i>Gran Teatro Falla</i> (see above) each year where chirigotas and other performers compete for prizes. This is the climactic event of the Cádiz carnival. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg/220px-Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg/330px-Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg/440px-Tortillita_de_camarones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Tortillita de <a href="/wiki/Caridea" title="Caridea">camarones</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The gastronomy of Cádiz includes stews and sweets typical of the <i>comarca</i> and the city. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">Atún</a> encebollado</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Caballa</a> asada</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_mackerel" title="Atlantic mackerel">Caballa</a> con babetas</i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caz%C3%B3n_en_adobo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cazón en adobo (page does not exist)">Cazón en adobo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caz%C3%B3n_en_adobo" class="extiw" title="fr:Cazón en adobo">fr</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scyliorhinidae" title="Scyliorhinidae">Cazón</a> en amarillo</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Chocos</a> con papas</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garum" title="Garum">Garum</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huevas_ali%C3%B1%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huevas aliñás (page does not exist)">Huevas aliñás</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huevas_ali%C3%B1%C3%A1s" class="extiw" title="es:Huevas aliñás">es</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moray_eel" title="Moray eel">Morena</a> en <a href="/wiki/Adobo" title="Adobo">adobo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pan_de_C%C3%A1diz" title="Pan de Cádiz">Pan de Cádiz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Panizas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panizas (page does not exist)">Panizas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panizas" class="extiw" title="es:Panizas">es</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papas_ali%C3%B1%C3%A1s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papas aliñás (page does not exist)">Papas aliñás</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papas_ali%C3%B1%C3%A1s" class="extiw" title="es:Papas aliñás">es</a>]</span></i> (<i>patatas aliñadas</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pescado_en_sobreh%C3%BAsa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pescado en sobrehúsa (page does not exist)">Pescado en sobrehúsa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pesti%C3%B1os" title="Pestiños">Pestiños</a></i></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pi%C3%B1onate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piñonate (page does not exist)">Piñonate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B1onate" class="extiw" title="fr:Piñonate">fr</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piri%C3%B1aca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piriñaca (page does not exist)">Piriñaca</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piri%C3%B1aca" class="extiw" title="es:Piriñaca">es</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pole%C3%A1" title="Poleá">Poleá</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ropa_vieja" title="Ropa vieja">Ropa vieja</a></i></li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/Tocino_de_cielo" title="Tocino de cielo">Tocino de cielo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tortillitas_de_camarones" title="Tortillitas de camarones">Tortillitas de camarones</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a 2021 <a href="/wiki/Census" title="Census">census</a> estimate, the population of the city of Cádiz was 114,244 (the third-most-populated city of the province after <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, with 212,830 inhabitants, and <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> with 122,982). It is the only capital city in Spain that is not the most or second-most populated City on its province. Cádiz is the fifty-seventh-largest Spanish city.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, the city's population has steadily declined; it is the only municipality of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_C%C3%A1diz_(comarca)" title="Bay of Cádiz (comarca)">Bay of Cádiz</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Comarcas_of_Andalusia" title="Comarcas of Andalusia">comarca</a></i> composed of Cádiz, <a href="/wiki/Chiclana_de_la_Frontera" title="Chiclana de la Frontera">Chiclana</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">El Puerto de Santa María</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Real" title="Puerto Real">Puerto Real</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_C%C3%A1diz" title="San Fernando, Cádiz">San Fernando</a>), whose population has diminished. There are forecasts that Cádiz may become the fourth or fifth city in the province after losing more than 10,000 inhabitants from 2011 to 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1995 and 2006, it lost more than 14,000 residents, a decrease of 9%. </p><p>Among the causes of this loss of population is the peculiar geography of Cádiz; the city lies on a narrow spit of land hemmed in by the sea. Consequently, there is a pronounced shortage of land to be developed. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The city has very little vacant land, and a high proportion of its housing stock is relatively low in density. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (That is to say, many buildings are only two or three stories tall, and they are only able to house a relatively small number of people within their "footprint".) The older quarters of Cádiz are full of buildings that, because of their age and historical significance, are not eligible for <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="9" style="padding:0.25em">Historical population</th></tr><tr><th>Year</th><td style="text-align:center">1999</td><td style="text-align:center">2000</td><td style="text-align:center">2001</td><td style="text-align:center">2002</td><td style="text-align:center">2003</td><td style="text-align:center">2004</td><td style="text-align:center">2005</td><td style="text-align:center">2006</td></tr><tr><th><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">142,449</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">140,061</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">137,971</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">136,236</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">134,989</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">133,242</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">131,813</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">130,561</td></tr><tr><th><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">—    </td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−1.7%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−1.5%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−1.3%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−0.9%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−1.3%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−1.1%</td><td style="text-align:right;padding-right:2px">−0.9%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000)"><div class="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on <a class="external text" href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/charts/">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Chart" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Chart">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="9" style="border-top:2px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ine.es">INE (Spain)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two other physical factors tend to limit the city's population. It is impossible to increase the amount of land available for building by reclaiming land from the sea; a new national law governing coastal development thwarts this possibility. Also, because Cádiz is built on a <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">sandspit</a>, it is a costly proposition to sink foundations deep enough to support the <a href="/wiki/High-rise_building" class="mw-redirect" title="High-rise building">high-rise buildings</a> that would allow for a higher population density. As it stands, the city's <a href="/wiki/Skyline" title="Skyline">skyline</a> is not substantially different from in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. A 17th-century watchtower, the Tavira Tower, still commands a panoramic view of the city and the bay despite its relatively modest 45 meters (148 ft) height. (See below.) </p><p>Cádiz is the provincial capital with the highest <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">rate of unemployment</a> in Spain. This, too, tends to depress the population level. Young Gaditanos, those between 18 and 30 years of age, have been migrating to other places in Spain (<a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Castellón (province)">Castellón</a>, chiefly), as well as to other places in Europe and the Americas. The population younger than twenty years old is only 20.58% of the total, and the population older than sixty-five is 21.67%, making Cádiz one of the most aged cities in all of Spain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_density">Population density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Population density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The population distribution of the municipality is extremely uneven. In its inhabited areas, Cádiz is one of the most densely populated cities in Europe. The uninhabited Zona Franca industrial area, Bay of Cádiz Port Area, and Bay of Cádiz Natural Park occupy 63.63% of the municipal area. The entire city population lives in the remaining 4.4 square kilometers (1.7 sq mi), at an average density close to 30,000 inhabitants per square kilometer. The city is divided for statistical purposes into 10 divisions, the most densely populated one having 39,592 inhabitants per square kilometer, the least having 20,835. </p><p>The table below lists the area, population, and population density of the ten statistical divisions of Cádiz. Divisions 1 to 7, the "<i>stats divisions</i>", belong to the old town; 8, 9 and 10 correspond to the "new city". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Area, population, and density of the statistical divisions of Cádiz<sup id="cite_ref-cadiz_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cadiz-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Statistical division</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Area</b></td> <td align="center">0.32</td> <td align="center">0.20</td> <td align="center">0.28</td> <td align="center">0.15</td> <td align="center">0.13</td> <td align="center">0.17</td> <td align="center">0.20</td> <td align="center">1.09</td> <td align="center">0.83</td> <td align="center">1.03 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Population</b></td> <td align="center">6,794</td> <td align="center">6,315</td> <td align="center">6,989</td> <td align="center">5,752</td> <td align="center">5,147</td> <td align="center">4,637</td> <td align="center">4,167</td> <td align="center">29,936</td> <td align="center">28,487</td> <td align="center">32,157 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Density</b></td> <td align="center">21,231.25</td> <td align="center">31,575.00</td> <td align="center">24,960.71</td> <td align="center">38,346.67</td> <td align="center">39,592.31</td> <td align="center">27,276.47</td> <td align="center">20,835.00</td> <td align="center">27,464.22</td> <td align="center">34,321.69</td> <td align="center">31,220.39 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>Area is in km<sup>2</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> in inhabitants per square kilometer.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz,_Espa%C3%B1a,_2015-12-08,_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG/220px-Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG/330px-Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG/440px-Puerto_de_la_Bah%C3%ADa_de_C%C3%A1diz%2C_Espa%C3%B1a%2C_2015-12-08%2C_DD_25-27_HDR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="7299" data-file-height="5328" /></a><figcaption>View of the Port of Cádiz</figcaption></figure> <p>Cádiz is connected to European route <a href="/wiki/European_route_E05" class="mw-redirect" title="European route E05">E5</a> which connects it with Sevilla, Cordoba and Madrid to the North and <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a> to the South East, continuing as <a href="/wiki/European_route_E15" title="European route E15">E15</a> northbound along the Spanish Mediterranean coast. </p><p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Jerez_Airport" title="Jerez Airport">Jerez Airport</a>, which is approximately 40 km (25 mi) north of the city centre. The airport offers regular domestic flights to Madrid and Barcelona as well as scheduled and seasonal charter flights to the UK, Germany and other European destinations. <a href="/wiki/Cercan%C3%ADas_C%C3%A1diz" title="Cercanías Cádiz">Cercanías Cádiz</a> line C1 connects the airport to Cádiz main train station in 1hr.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_railway_station" title="Cádiz railway station">Cádiz railway station</a> is located just outside the old town. It offers suburban, regional and national services. The connection to the <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Seville_high-speed_rail_line" title="Madrid–Seville high-speed rail line">Madrid-Seville high-speed rail line</a> was finished in 2015 after 14 years of construction, which extends the high speed <a href="/wiki/Alvia" title="Alvia">Alvia</a> trains to the city. Local services make the outskirts and regional destinations accessible along the line to Jerez and Seville. It is also the terminal of the new <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Bay_tram-train" title="Cádiz Bay tram-train">Cádiz Bay tram-train</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Cadiz_Bay" title="Port of Cadiz Bay">The port</a> opposite the train station provides weekly ferry services to the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (2–3 days travel time)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as providing a stop for seasonal cruise ships.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Spain" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain">List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain</a></div> <p>Cádiz is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ambalema" title="Ambalema">Ambalema</a>, Colombia (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, France (1986)<sup id="cite_ref-Les_jumelages_de_Brest_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Les_jumelages_de_Brest-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>, Spain (2007)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla</a>, Western Sahara/Morocco (1992)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, Spain (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Guaduas" title="Guaduas">Guaduas</a>, Colombia (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba"><img alt="Cuba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba (1998)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Honda,_Tolima" title="Honda, Tolima">Honda</a>, Colombia (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3stoles" title="Móstoles">Móstoles</a>, Spain (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_de_Gran_Canaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Palmas de Gran Canaria">Las Palmas de Gran Canaria</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Cholula" title="San Pedro Cholula">San Pedro Cholula</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico"><img alt="Puerto Rico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/45px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a>, USA<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mariquita,_Tolima" title="Mariquita, Tolima">San Sebastián de Mariquita</a>, Colombia (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Spain<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>, Morocco<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Torrevieja" title="Torrevieja">Torrevieja</a>, Spain (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, Mexico<sup id="cite_ref-durio_78-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-durio-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_C%C3%A1diz_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Cádiz (disambiguation)">Battle of Cádiz (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_CF" title="Cádiz CF">Cádiz CF</a>, football team</li> <li><a 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title="List of municipalities in Cádiz">List of municipalities in Cádiz</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><i>Municipal Register of Spain 2018</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Statistics_Institute_(Spain)" title="National Statistics Institute (Spain)">National Statistics Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Municipal+Register+of+Spain+2018&rft.pub=National+Statistics+Institute&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collins3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cadiz">"Cádiz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1diz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fcadiz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MerWeb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MerWeb_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MerWeb_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/C%C3%A1diz">"Cádiz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1diz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FC%25C3%25A1diz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHD-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHD_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHD_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Cádiz" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=C%C3%A1diz">"Cádiz"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1diz&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DC%25C3%25A1diz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a></i> 3.5.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gitin2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gitin2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gitin2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGitin2002" class="citation book cs1">Gitin, Seymour (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I-YfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA156"><i>The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E. | A Collection of Articles Translated from Spanish</i></a>. Penn State Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">156–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-529-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-529-8"><bdi>978-1-57506-529-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians+in+Spain%3A+An+Archaeological+Review+of+the+Eighth-Sixth+Centuries+B.C.E.+%7C+A+Collection+of+Articles+Translated+from+Spanish&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E156-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-529-8&rft.aulast=Gitin&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI-YfEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.19113-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHead_&_al.19113_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHead_&_al.1911">Head & al. (1911)</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Phoenician and Punic Inscriptions", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwABAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA141">p. 141</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Accessed 24 July 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipiński2002" class="citation book cs1">Lipiński, Edward (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011031812/http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387"><i>Semitic Languages: Outline of a Comparative Grammar</i></a>. Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta. Vol. 80. Peeters Leeuven (published 2001). p. 575. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0815-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-0815-4"><bdi>978-90-429-0815-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peeters-leuven.be/boekoverz.asp?nr=6387">the original</a> on 11 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Semitic+Languages%3A+Outline+of+a+Comparative+Grammar&rft.series=Orientalia+Lovaniensia+Analecta&rft.pages=575&rft.pub=Peeters+Leeuven&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-429-0815-4&rft.aulast=Lipi%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peeters-leuven.be%2Fboekoverz.asp%3Fnr%3D6387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nomenclator-mundial.iec.cat/info.asp?id=1043">"Nomenclàtor mundial - Oficina d'Onomàstica - Secció Filològica - Institut d'Estudis Catalans"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomencl%C3%A0tor+mundial+-+Oficina+d%27Onom%C3%A0stica+-+Secci%C3%B3+Filol%C3%B2gica+-+Institut+d%27Estudis+Catalans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnomenclator-mundial.iec.cat%2Finfo.asp%3Fid%3D1043&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portaldalinguaportuguesa.org/index.php?action=toponyms&action=toponyms&act=list&letter=c">Dicionário de Gentílicos e Topónimos.</a></i> Portal da Língua Portuguesa. portaldalinguaportuguesa.org. 26 November 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osbeck-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osbeck_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osbeck_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsbeck1771" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Osbeck, Peter</a> (1771). <i>A Voyage to China and the East Indies</i>. Vol. 1. Translated by Forster, Johann Reinhold. London: Benjamin White. p. 13. <q>Cadiz, or <i>Cadix</i>, or, as the Engliſh ſometimes call it, <i>Cales</i> is the principal ſea-port in Spain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voyage+to+China+and+the+East+Indies&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Benjamin+White&rft.date=1771&rft.aulast=Osbeck&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exclassics.com/percy/perc93.htm">"The Winning of Cales."</a> at the Ex-Classics project website. "The subject of this ballad is the taking of the city of Cadiz (called by our sailors corruptly Cales)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. B. Freijeiro, R. Corzo Sánchez, Der neue anthropoide Sarkophag von Cadiz. In: Madrider Mitteilungen 22, 1981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spainisculture.com/en/obras_de_excelencia/museo_de_cadiz/sarcofagos_fenicios_antropoides_masculino_y_femenino.html">"Phoenician anthropoid sarcophagi, male (around 450-400 BC) and female (around 470 BC), Cadiz Museum, Cádiz, Cadiz"</a>. <i>Spain is culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spain+is+culture&rft.atitle=Phoenician+anthropoid+sarcophagi%2C+male+%28around+450-400+BC%29+and+female+%28around+470+BC%29%2C+Cadiz+Museum%2C+C%C3%A1diz%2C+Cadiz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spainisculture.com%2Fen%2Fobras_de_excelencia%2Fmuseo_de_cadiz%2Fsarcofagos_fenicios_antropoides_masculino_y_femenino.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._BierlingGitin2002" class="citation book cs1">R. Bierling, Marilyn; Gitin, Seymour (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VKISiDr6CnMC"><i>The Phoenicians in Spain : An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-sixth Centuries B.C.E. : a Collection of Articles Translated from Spanish</i></a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575060569" title="Special:BookSources/9781575060569"><bdi>9781575060569</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Phoenicians+in+Spain+%3A+An+Archaeological+Review+of+the+Eighth-sixth+Centuries+B.C.E.+%3A+a+Collection+of+Articles+Translated+from+Spanish&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781575060569&rft.aulast=R.+Bierling&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Gitin%2C+Seymour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVKISiDr6CnMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEugenia_Aubet_Semmler2022" class="citation book cs1">Eugenia Aubet Semmler, María (2022). "Tyre and its colonial expansion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOXgEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197654422" title="Special:BookSources/9780197654422"><bdi>9780197654422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tyre+and+its+colonial+expansion&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Phoenician+and+Punic+Mediterranean&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780197654422&rft.aulast=Eugenia+Aubet+Semmler&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOXgEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Martí-Aguilar2022" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar, Manuel (2022). "The Gadir-Tyre Axis". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GOXgEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Phoenician and Punic Mediterranean</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 619. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780197654422" title="Special:BookSources/9780197654422"><bdi>9780197654422</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Gadir-Tyre+Axis&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Phoenician+and+Punic+Mediterranean&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780197654422&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mart%C3%AD-Aguilar&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGOXgEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edad1-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-edad1_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Espinosa, Pedro</i> (2007). <b>EL PAIS</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cultura/Hallado/Cadiz/muro/3000/anos/elpepucul/20070930elpepicul_7/Tes">Hallado en Cádiz un muro de 3.000 años</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrensky1987" class="citation book cs1">Krensky, Stephen (1987). <i>Who Really Discovered America?</i>. Illustrated by Steve Sullivan. <a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic Inc.">Scholastic Inc.</a> p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-590-40854-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-590-40854-2"><bdi>0-590-40854-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Really+Discovered+America%3F&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Scholastic+Inc.&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-590-40854-2&rft.aulast=Krensky&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Velleius_Paterculus" title="Velleius Paterculus">Velleius Paterculus</a>, <i>Hist. Rom.</i> I.2.1-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérezLópez-Ruiz2016" class="citation book cs1">Pérez, Sebastián Celestino; López-Ruiz, Carolina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Va1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA140"><i>Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">140–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967274-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967274-5"><bdi>978-0-19-967274-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tartessos+and+the+Phoenicians+in+Iberia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E140-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967274-5&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n+Celestino&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Ruiz%2C+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Va1DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016_147-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PérezLópez-Ruiz2016_147_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérezLópez-Ruiz2016" class="citation book cs1">Pérez, Sebastián Celestino; López-Ruiz, Carolina (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Va1DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA147"><i>Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967274-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967274-5"><bdi>978-0-19-967274-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tartessos+and+the+Phoenicians+in+Iberia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967274-5&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Sebasti%C3%A1n+Celestino&rft.au=L%C3%B3pez-Ruiz%2C+Carolina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Va1DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-willsmith-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-willsmith_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willsmith_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-willsmith_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1854" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Smith, Philip (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_aAkFAAAAYAAJ/page/922/mode/2up">"Gades (-ium; also Gadis, and Gaddis)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">William Smith</a> (ed.). <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography</i>. (In two volumes). Vol. 1: ABACAENUM — HYTANIS. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. pp. <span class="nowrap">923–</span>925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gades+%28-ium%3B+also+Gadis%2C+and+Gaddis%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+geography&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=%28In+two+volumes%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E923-%3C%2Fspan%3E925&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co.&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_aAkFAAAAYAAJ%2Fpage%2F922%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Life of Apollonius of Tyana</a></i>, v. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the <i>Life of <a href="/wiki/Apollonius_of_Tyana" title="Apollonius of Tyana">Apollonius of Tyana</a></i>: " ... the pillars in the temple were made of gold and silver smelted together so as to be of one color, and they were over a cubit high, of square form, resembling anvils; and their capitals were inscribed with letters which were neither Egyptian nor Indian nor of any kind which he could decipher. But Apollonius, since the priests would tell him nothing, remarked: 'Heracles of Egypt does not permit me not to tell all I know. These pillars are ties between earth and ocean, and they were inscribed by Heracles in the house of the Fates, to prevent any discord arising between the elements, and to save their mutual affection for one another from violation.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy, 21.21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Livy (epitome) 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Suetonius, Divi Iuli, <i>Vita Divi Iuli</i> 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <i>Geography</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFear1991" class="citation journal cs1">Fear, A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C2%A1NIEVE+EN+CADIZ%21+%C2%BFCUANDO%3F&rft.au=Fernando+Soto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Focultismocadiz3000.blogspot.com%2F2013%2F12%2Fnieve-en-cadiz-cuando.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241113115453/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b">"Weather station data"</a>. <i>opendata.aemet.es</i> (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/4a2f221b">the original</a> on 13 November 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendata.aemet.es&rft.atitle=Weather+station+data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.aemet.es%2Fopendata%2Fsh%2F4a2f221b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=and&l=5973&datos=det&x=5973&m=13&v=todos">"Extreme values. Cádiz"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+values.+C%C3%A1diz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aemet.es%2Fen%2Fserviciosclimaticos%2Fdatosclimatologicos%2Fefemerides_extremos%2A%3Fw%3D0%26k%3Dand%26l%3D5973%26datos%3Ddet%26x%3D5973%26m%3D13%26v%3Dtodos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241213162620/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/714f6755">"Extremes"</a>. <i>opendata.aemet.es</i> (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/714f6755">the original</a> on 13 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendata.aemet.es&rft.atitle=Extremes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.aemet.es%2Fopendata%2Fsh%2F714f6755&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241213162436/https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/8b2b1137">"Normal"</a>. <i>opendata.aemet.es</i> (in Spanish). AEMET OpenData. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opendata.aemet.es/opendata/sh/8b2b1137">the original</a> on 13 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=opendata.aemet.es&rft.atitle=Normal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopendata.aemet.es%2Fopendata%2Fsh%2F8b2b1137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aemet.es/es/datos_abiertos/AEMET_OpenData">"AEMET OpeenData"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Estatal_de_Meteorologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia">Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AEMET+OpeenData&rft.pub=Agencia+Estatal+de+Meteorologia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aemet.es%2Fes%2Fdatos_abiertos%2FAEMET_OpenData&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329103401/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Spain/CSV/CADIZOBS_8452.csv">"Cadiz OBS Climate Normals 1991-2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Spain/CSV/CADIZOBS_8452.csv">the original</a> on 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cadiz+OBS+Climate+Normals+1991-2020&rft.pub=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-6-WMO-Normals-9120%2FSpain%2FCSV%2FCADIZOBS_8452.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329104736/https://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5973&k=undefined">"Standard climate values. Cádiz (1981-2010)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aemet.es/en/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=5973&k=undefined">the original</a> on 29 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+climate+values.+C%C3%A1diz+%281981-2010%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aemet.es%2Fen%2Fserviciosclimaticos%2Fdatosclimatologicos%2Fvaloresclimatologicos%3Fl%3D5973%26k%3Dundefined&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198814-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198814_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayán_Sotomayor1988">Payán Sotomayor 1988</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198836,_45,_47_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayán_Sotomayor1988">Payán Sotomayor 1988</a>, pp. 36, 45, 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198840-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198840_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayán_Sotomayor1988">Payán Sotomayor 1988</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198851−60-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198851−60_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayán_Sotomayor1988">Payán Sotomayor 1988</a>, pp. 51−60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198842-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPayán_Sotomayor198842_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPayán_Sotomayor1988">Payán Sotomayor 1988</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_Jiménez201567-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_Jiménez201567_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_Jiménez2015">Fernández Jiménez 2015</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.enterat.com/actualidad/ciudades-habitantes-espana-poblacion.php">"Ciudades con más habitantes España 2022 (ranking población)"</a>. <i>ENTERAT.COM</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ENTERAT.COM&rft.atitle=Ciudades+con+m%C3%A1s+habitantes+Espa%C3%B1a+2022+%28ranking+poblaci%C3%B3n%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.enterat.com%2Factualidad%2Fciudades-habitantes-espana-poblacion.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lavozdigital.es/cadiz/lvdi-cadiz-perdido-mas-10000-habitantes-ultima-decada-202112231414_noticia.html">"Cádiz ha perdido más de 10.000 habitantes en la última década"</a>. <i>lavozdigital</i>. 23 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lavozdigital&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1diz+ha+perdido+m%C3%A1s+de+10.000+habitantes+en+la+%C3%BAltima+d%C3%A9cada&rft.date=2021-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavozdigital.es%2Fcadiz%2Flvdi-cadiz-perdido-mas-10000-habitantes-ultima-decada-202112231414_noticia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cadiz-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cadiz_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116080844/http://www.cadiz.es/Category/Estad__237_stica/Datos_estadisticos/540">"Data provided by Cádiz Municipal Authority"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadiz.es/Category/Estad__237_stica/Datos_estadisticos/540">the original</a> on 16 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Data+provided+by+C%C3%A1diz+Municipal+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cadiz.es%2FCategory%2FEstad__237_stica%2FDatos_estadisticos%2F540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aena.es/en/jerez-airport/public-transport.html">"Public transport - Jerez Airport - Aena.es"</a>. <i>www.aena.es</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aena.es&rft.atitle=Public+transport+-+Jerez+Airport+-+Aena.es&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aena.es%2Fen%2Fjerez-airport%2Fpublic-transport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.directferries.co.uk/cadiz_ferry.htm">"Cadiz ferry, compare prices, times and book tickets"</a>. <i>www.directferries.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.directferries.co.uk&rft.atitle=Cadiz+ferry%2C+compare+prices%2C+times+and+book+tickets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.directferries.co.uk%2Fcadiz_ferry.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220052513/http://www.puertocadiz.com/opencms/PuertoCadiz/en/menu/puerto/darsenas/index.html">"Port of Cadiz Bay"</a>. <i>www.puertocadiz.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.puertocadiz.com/opencms/PuertoCadiz/en/menu/puerto/darsenas/index.html">the original</a> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.puertocadiz.com&rft.atitle=Port+of+Cadiz+Bay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.puertocadiz.com%2Fopencms%2FPuertoCadiz%2Fen%2Fmenu%2Fpuerto%2Fdarsenas%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-durio-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-durio_78-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurio2009" class="citation journal cs1">Durio, Pablo Manuel (19 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diariodecadiz.es/cadiz/Cadiz-familia-numerosa_0_297570545.html">"Cádiz tiene ya una familia más que numerosa"</a>. <i>Diario de Cádiz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diario+de+C%C3%A1diz&rft.atitle=C%C3%A1diz+tiene+ya+una+familia+m%C3%A1s+que+numerosa&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft.aulast=Durio&rft.aufirst=Pablo+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.diariodecadiz.es%2Fcadiz%2FCadiz-familia-numerosa_0_297570545.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Les_jumelages_de_Brest-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Les_jumelages_de_Brest_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090403081100/http://www.mairie-brest.fr/brest/jumelages.htm">"Les jumelages de Brest"</a>. Mairie-brest.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mairie-brest.fr/brest/jumelages.htm">the original</a> on 3 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+jumelages+de+Brest&rft.pub=Mairie-brest.fr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mairie-brest.fr%2Fbrest%2Fjumelages.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_C%C3%A1diz#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Cádiz">Bibliography of the history of Cádiz</a></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Cadiz" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Cadiz">Cadiz</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cadiz&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Jiménez2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fernández Jiménez, Estrella (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413033313/http://creatividadysociedad.com/articulos/24/3.%20Acercamiento%20a%20la%20creatividad%20de%20las%20chirigotas%20gaditanas.pdf">"Acercamiento a la creatividad de las chirigotas gaditanas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Creatividad y Sociedad</i> (24): <span class="nowrap">64–</span>88. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1578-214X">1578-214X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://creatividadysociedad.com/articulos/24/3.%20Acercamiento%20a%20la%20creatividad%20de%20las%20chirigotas%20gaditanas.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Creatividad+y+Sociedad&rft.atitle=Acercamiento+a+la+creatividad+de+las+chirigotas+gaditanas&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E88&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1578-214X&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Estrella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreatividadysociedad.com%2Farticulos%2F24%2F3.%2520Acercamiento%2520a%2520la%2520creatividad%2520de%2520las%2520chirigotas%2520gaditanas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead_&_al.1911" class="citation cs2">Head, Barclay; et al. (1911), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/hispania.html">"Hispania"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snible.org/coins/hn/index.html"><i>Historia Numorum</i></a> (2nd ed.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>5</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispania&rft.btitle=Historia+Numorum&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Barclay&rft.au=G.F.+Hill&rft.au=George+MacDonald&rft.au=W.+Wroth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsnible.org%2Fcoins%2Fhn%2Fhispania.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayán_Sotomayor1988" class="citation book cs1">Payán Sotomayor, Pedro Manuel (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tiendaeditorial.uca.es/es/catalogo-de-venta/2288-la-pronunciacion-del-espanol-en-cadiz.html"><i>La pronunciación del español en Cádiz</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="University of Cádiz">Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Cádiz</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-7786-955-3" title="Special:BookSources/84-7786-955-3"><bdi>84-7786-955-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+pronunciaci%C3%B3n+del+espa%C3%B1ol+en+C%C3%A1diz&rft.pub=Servicio+de+Publicaciones+de+la+Universidad+de+C%C3%A1diz&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=84-7786-955-3&rft.aulast=Pay%C3%A1n+Sotomayor&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftiendaeditorial.uca.es%2Fes%2Fcatalogo-de-venta%2F2288-la-pronunciacion-del-espanol-en-cadiz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC%C3%A1diz" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1diz&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" class="extiw" title="commons:Cádiz"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Cádiz</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/C%C3%A1diz#Q15682" class="extiw" title="voy:Cádiz">Cádiz</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadiz.es/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cadizturismo.com/">Cádiz Province Official Tourism Homepage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/C%C3%A1diz,+Spain/@36.5262829,-6.2762096,30938m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0xd0dd25724ec240f:0x40463fd8ca03b00!8m2!3d36.5270612!4d-6.2885962?hl=en">Google Earth view of Cádiz</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://merhav.nli.org.il/primo-explore/search?query=any,contains,cadiz%20map&tab=default_tab&search_scope=Local&sortby=lso01&vid=NLI&mfacet=rtype,include,Maps,1&mfacet=topic,include,C%C3%A1diz%20(Spain),1&mfacet=topic,include,Cadiz%20Bay%20(Spain),1&lang=iw_IL&offset=0&came_from=sort">Old maps of Cádiz</a>, Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Municipalities_in_C%C3%A1diz" title="Template:Municipalities in Cádiz"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Municipalities_in_C%C3%A1diz" title="Template talk:Municipalities in Cádiz"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities_in_C%C3%A1diz" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Municipalities in Cádiz"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_of_the_province_of_Cádiz44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Province of Cádiz">province of Cádiz</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_los_Gazules" title="Alcalá de los Gazules">Alcalá de los Gazules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_del_Valle" title="Alcalá del Valle">Alcalá del Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algar,_Andalusia" title="Algar, Andalusia">Algar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algodonales" title="Algodonales">Algodonales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcos_de_la_Frontera" title="Arcos de la Frontera">Arcos de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbate" title="Barbate">Barbate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benalup-Casas_Viejas" title="Benalup-Casas Viejas">Benalup-Casas Viejas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benaocaz" title="Benaocaz">Benaocaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornos" title="Bornos">Bornos</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castellar_de_la_Frontera" title="Castellar de la Frontera">Castellar de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiclana_de_la_Frontera" title="Chiclana de la Frontera">Chiclana de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipiona" title="Chipiona">Chipiona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conil_de_la_Frontera" title="Conil de la Frontera">Conil de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Bosque,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="El Bosque, Andalusia">El Bosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Gastor" title="El Gastor">El Gastor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">El Puerto de Santa María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espera" title="Espera">Espera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazalema" title="Grazalema">Grazalema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimena_de_la_Frontera" title="Jimena de la Frontera">Jimena de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_L%C3%ADnea_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="La Línea de la Concepción">La Línea de la Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Barrios" title="Los Barrios">Los Barrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina-Sidonia" title="Medina-Sidonia">Medina-Sidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olvera" title="Olvera">Olvera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paterna_de_Rivera" title="Paterna de Rivera">Paterna de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prado_del_Rey" title="Prado del Rey">Prado del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Real" title="Puerto Real">Puerto Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Serrano" title="Puerto Serrano">Puerto Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rota,_Andalusia" title="Rota, Andalusia">Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando,_C%C3%A1diz" title="San Fernando, Cádiz">San Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Valle" title="San José del Valle">San José del Valle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mart%C3%ADn_del_Tesorillo" title="San Martín del Tesorillo">San Martín del Tesorillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Roque,_C%C3%A1diz" class="mw-redirect" title="San Roque, Cádiz">San Roque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar de Barrameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setenil_de_las_Bodegas" title="Setenil de las Bodegas">Setenil de las Bodegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarifa" title="Tarifa">Tarifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torre_Alh%C3%A1quime" title="Torre Alháquime">Torre Alháquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebujena" title="Trebujena">Trebujena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubrique" title="Ubrique">Ubrique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vejer_de_la_Frontera" title="Vejer de la Frontera">Vejer de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villaluenga_del_Rosario" title="Villaluenga del Rosario">Villaluenga del Rosario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villamart%C3%ADn" title="Villamartín">Villamartín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahara_de_la_Sierra" title="Zahara de la Sierra">Zahara de la Sierra</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Cádiz"><img alt="Flag of Cádiz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg/50px-Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg/75px-Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg/100px-Flag_C%C3%A1diz_Province.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_provinces_of_Spain57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitals_of_Provinces_in_Spain" title="Template:Capitals of Provinces in Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitals_of_Provinces_in_Spain" title="Template talk:Capitals of Provinces in Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals_of_Provinces_in_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitals of Provinces in Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_provinces_of_Spain57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Spain" title="Provinces of Spain">provinces</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albacete" title="Albacete">Albacete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81vila" title="Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badajoz" title="Badajoz">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ceres,_Spain" title="Cáceres, Spain">Cáceres</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castell%C3%B3n_de_la_Plana" title="Castellón de la Plana">Castellón de la Plana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girona" title="Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara,_Spain" title="Guadalajara, Spain">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Huelva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huesca" title="Huesca">Huesca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugo" title="Lugo">Lugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ourense" title="Ourense">Ourense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontevedra" title="Pontevedra">Pontevedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segovia" title="Segovia">Segovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soria" title="Soria">Soria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamora,_Spain" title="Zamora, Spain">Zamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Spain"><img alt="Flag of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/50px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/75px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/100px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Template talk:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician_cities_and_colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenician cities and colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;Phoenician_Hippos_ship_Phoenician_cities_and_colonies213" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenician Hippos ship"><img alt="Phoenician Hippos ship" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/20px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/30px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png/40px-Phoenician_Hippos_ship_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="525" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Phoenician_cities" title="List of Phoenician cities">Phoenician cities and colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Algeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Camarata_(Mauretania)" title="Camarata (Mauretania)">Camarata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartennae" title="Cartennae">Cartennae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9n%C3%A8s" title="Ténès">Tenes</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hippo_Regius" title="Hippo Regius">Hippo Regius</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Icosium" title="Icosium">Icosium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Igilgili" title="Igilgili">Igilgili</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Iol (Cherchell)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iomnium" title="Iomnium">Iomnium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tigzirt" title="Tigzirt">Tigzirt</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Djinet" title="Djinet">Kissi (Djinet)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Macomades" title="Macomades">Macomades</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Calama_(Numidia)" title="Calama (Numidia)">Malaca</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rachgoun" title="Rachgoun">Rachgoun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusazus" title="Rusazus">Rusazus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Azeffoun" title="Azeffoun">Azeffoun</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Rusguniae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamentfoust" title="Tamentfoust">Tamentfoust</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Rusicade (Skikda)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusippisir" title="Rusippisir">Rusippisir (Taksebt)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusubbicari" title="Rusubbicari">Rusubbicari</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemmouri" title="Zemmouri">Zemmouri</a> El Bahri)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dellys" title="Dellys">Rusuccuru (Dellys)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zara%C3%AF" title="Zaraï">Sarai</a> (<a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Oulmene" title="Aïn Oulmene">Aïn Oulmene</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thagora" title="Thagora">Thagora</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taoura" title="Taoura">Taoura</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Mauretania" class="mw-redirect" title="Tipasa in Mauretania">Tipasa in Mauretania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tipasa_in_Numidia" title="Tipasa in Numidia">Tipasa in Numidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Timici" title="Timici">Timici</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Cyprus" title="Dali, Cyprus">Dhali</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kition" title="Kition">Kition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larnaca" title="Larnaca">Larnaca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lapathus_(Cyprus)" title="Lapathus (Cyprus)">Lapathus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marion,_Cyprus" title="Marion, Cyprus">Marion</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Callista (Santorini)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paxi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paxi">Paxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Achziv" title="Achziv">Achzib</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Akka (Acre)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Dor" title="Tel Dor">Dora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Michal" title="Tel Michal">Michal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apollonia-Arsuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia-Arsuf">Reshef</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tel_Shikmona" title="Tel Shikmona">Shikmona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Strato's Tower (Caesarea)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Bithia,_Italy" title="Bithia, Italy">Bitan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chia_(Sardinia)" title="Chia (Sardinia)">Chia</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cefal%C3%B9" title="Cefalù">Cape Melqart (Cefalù)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drepana" title="Drepana">Drepanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trapani" title="Trapani">Trapani</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily)" title="Eryx (Sicily)">Eryx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erice" title="Erice">Erice</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soluntum" title="Soluntum">Kapara (Soluntum)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cagliari" title="History of Cagliari">Karaly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marsala" title="Marsala">Lilybaeum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Motya" title="Motya">Motya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neapolis,_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolis, Sardinia">Neapolis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nora,_Italy" title="Nora, Italy">Nora</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Olbia" title="Olbia">Olbia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinunte</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulci" title="Sulci">Sulci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sant%27Antioco" title="Sant'Antioco">Sant'Antioco</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tharros" title="Tharros">Tharros</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Ṣiṣ (Palermo)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Amioun" title="Amioun">Amia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Enfeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeh">Ampi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arqa" title="Arqa">Arqa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Athar (Tripoli)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Birut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Botrys (Teros)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Gebal (Byblos)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_el-Burak" title="Tell el-Burak">Ornithon (Tell el-Burak)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jieh" title="Jieh"> Porphyreon (Jieh)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sarepta" title="Sarepta">Sarepta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Sur (Tyre)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ushu" title="Ushu">Ushu (Palaetyrus)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Amad,_Lebanon" title="Umm al-Amad, Lebanon">Umm al-Amad</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Libya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoms,_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoms, Libya">Khoms</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oea" title="Oea">Oyat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sabratha" title="Sabratha">Tsabratan</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Maleth (<a href="/wiki/Cospicua" title="Cospicua">Cospicua</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Melite_(ancient_city)" title="Melite (ancient city)">Ann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mdina" title="Mdina">Mdina</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gozo" title="Gozo">Gaulos (Gozo)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C4%A7ajn_Qajjet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Għajn Qajjet (page does not exist)">Għajn Qajjet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mtarfa" title="Mtarfa">Mtarfa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ras_il-Wardija" title="Ras il-Wardija">Ras il-Wardija</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morocco</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Azemmour" title="Azemmour">Azama (Azemmour)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Arambys (Mogador)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caricus_Murus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caricus Murus (page does not exist)">Caricus Murus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ksar_es-Seghir" title="Ksar es-Seghir">Heq she Elisha (Ksar es-Seghir)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lixus_(ancient_city)" title="Lixus (ancient city)">Likush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Shalat (Chellah)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tamusida" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamusida">Tamusida</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tingis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingis">Tinga</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anfa" title="Anfa">Anfa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Volubilis" title="Volubilis">Volubilis</a> <sup><small>1</small></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">Mogador</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rusadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oualidia" title="Oualidia">Oualidia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iulia_Constantia_Zilil" title="Iulia Constantia Zilil">Zilil</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Gadir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chellah" title="Chellah">Sala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thymiaterium" title="Thymiaterium">Thymiaterium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Jadida" title="El Jadida">Rusibis</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Portim%C3%A3o" title="Portimão">Portus Hannibalis</a></dd> <dd>Portus Magonis (Portimão)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Olissipona (Lisbon)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Ossonoba (Faro)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Balsa_(Roman_town)" title="Balsa (Roman town)">Balsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tavira" title="Tavira">Tavira</a>)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Abdera,_Spain" title="Abdera, Spain">Abdera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adra,_Spain" title="Adra, Spain">Adra</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abyla" title="Abyla">Abyla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>)</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gadir (Cadiz)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guardamar_del_Segura" title="Guardamar del Segura">Herna</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sa_Caleta_Phoenician_Settlement" title="Sa Caleta Phoenician Settlement">Iboshim</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ibiza" title="Ibiza">Ibiza</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%B3n" title="Mahón">Mahón</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_M%C3%A1laga" title="History of Málaga">Malake</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Huelva" title="Huelva">Onoba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Carthage (Cartagena)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rusadir" title="Rusadir">Rushadir</a> (<a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Saguntum" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguntum">Saguntum</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sexi_(Phoenician_colony)" title="Sexi (Phoenician colony)">Sexi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Almunecar" class="mw-redirect" title="Almunecar">Almunecar</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADjola" title="Tíjola">Tagilit (Tíjola)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Los_Toscanos" title="Los Toscanos">Toscanos</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9lez-M%C3%A1laga" title="Vélez-Málaga">Velez</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peniscola" title="Peniscola">Tyreche</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arwad" title="Arwad">Arwad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amrit" title="Amrit">Marat (Amrit)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baniyas" title="Baniyas">Balanaea (Baniyas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Carne,_Phoenicia" title="Carne, Phoenicia">Carne</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paltus" title="Paltus">Paltus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Safita" title="Safita">Safita</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sukas" title="Tell Sukas">Shuksi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Kazel" title="Tell Kazel">Sumur</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tunisia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Kelibia" title="Kelibia">Aspis (Kelibia)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Regia" title="Bulla Regia">Bulla Regia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kerkouane" title="Kerkouane">Kerkouane</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Parva" title="Leptis Parva">Lepcis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monastir,_Tunisia" title="Monastir, Tunisia">Monastir</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maqom_Hadesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqom Hadesh">Maqom Hadesh (Ounga)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Meninx_(town)" title="Meninx (town)">Meninx</a> (<a href="/wiki/Djerba" title="Djerba">Djerba</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspe" title="Ruspe">Ruspe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ruspina" title="Ruspina">Ruspina</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">Sicca (El Kef)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tabarka" title="Tabarka">Tabarka</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thenae" title="Thenae">Tayinat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thyna" title="Thyna">Thyna</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thapsus" title="Thapsus">Thapsus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thysdrus" title="Thysdrus">Thysdrus</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Djem" title="El Djem">El Djem</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Utica,_Tunisia" title="Utica, Tunisia">Utica</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Myriandus" title="Myriandus">Myriandus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Finike" title="Finike">Phoenicus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahpanhes" title="Tahpanhes">Tahpanhes</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_the_Spanish_Costas55" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Costas" title="Template:Costas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Costas" title="Template talk:Costas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Costas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Costas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_the_Spanish_Costas55" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Spain" title="List of beaches in Spain">List of the Spanish Costas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costa_de_Almer%C3%ADa" title="Costa de Almería">Costa de Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_del_Azahar" title="Costa del Azahar">Costa del Azahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Blanca" title="Costa Blanca">Costa Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Brava" title="Costa Brava">Costa Brava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_C%C3%A1lida" title="Costa Cálida">Costa Cálida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Daurada" title="Costa Daurada">Costa Daurada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_de_la_Luz" title="Costa de la Luz">Costa de la Luz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_do_Marisco" title="Costa do Marisco">Costa do Marisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_da_Morte" title="Costa da Morte">Costa da Morte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_del_Sol" title="Costa del Sol">Costa del Sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Tropical">Costa Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_de_Valencia" title="Costa de Valencia">Costa de Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Costa_Verde_(Spain)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Costa Verde (Spain) (page does not exist)">Costa Verde (Spain)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Verde_(Espa%C3%B1a)" class="extiw" title="es:Costa Verde (España)">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADas_Altas" title="Rías Altas">Rías Altas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADas_Baixas" title="Rías Baixas">Rías Baixas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1865" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1865" 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133675177">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204632/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxvbC9PgrR3wqPdGCCwC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4086458-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79023298">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118625583">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118625583">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Cádiz (Španělsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134434&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX450589">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000701433&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554951005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/a6b9cdf0-e460-4ce1-ac2c-bb6dc75d4ceb">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027377628">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045206">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-786d8bd985-wgprt","timestamp":"20250214040759","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"C\u00e1diz","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A1diz","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15682","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q15682","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-05-21T03:47:50Z","dateModified":"2025-02-02T04:57:06Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/35\/Cadiz_aerea.jpg","headline":"municipality and capital city of the Province of C\u00e1diz, 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