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id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Iconography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associations_with_other_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associations_with_other_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Associations with other deities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Associations_with_other_deities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Associations with other deities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Associations_with_other_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spouses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spouses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Spouses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spouses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Ancestors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Hurrian_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hurrian_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 In Hurrian tradition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hurrian_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Attendants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_equivalents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_equivalents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Foreign equivalents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_equivalents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Worship </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Worship subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theological_reforms_in_Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_Uruk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_reforms_in_Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_Uruk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Theological reforms in Achaemenid and Seleucid Uruk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theological_reforms_in_Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_Uruk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruk_in_late_Seleucid_and_Parthian_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruk_in_late_Seleucid_and_Parthian_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Uruk in late Seleucid and Parthian periods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruk_in_late_Seleucid_and_Parthian_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mythology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumerian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumerian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sumerian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumerian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sumerian_creation_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sumerian_creation_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Sumerian creation myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sumerian_creation_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inanna_myths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inanna_myths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Inanna myths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inanna_myths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akkadian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akkadian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Akkadian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akkadian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epic_of_Gilgamesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Epic of Gilgamesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epic_of_Gilgamesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adapa_myth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adapa_myth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Adapa myth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adapa_myth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erra_and_Išum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erra_and_Išum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Erra and Išum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erra_and_Išum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hurrian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hurrian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Hurrian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hurrian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_relevance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_relevance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later relevance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_relevance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anu</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoe" title="Anoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Anoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="أنو (أسطورة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنو (أسطورة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81" title="আনু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আনু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD" title="Ан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ану – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ану" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ану – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ану" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(bo%C5%BEstvo)" title="An (božstvo) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="An (božstvo)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(Gottheit)" title="An (Gottheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="An (Gottheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(jumal)" title="An (jumal) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="An (jumal)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Άνου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(mitologio)" title="Anu (mitologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Anu (mitologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%88" title="آنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(dieu)" title="An (dieu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="An (dieu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%88%84" title="아누 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아누" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(dewa)" title="Anu (dewa) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anu (dewa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(divinit%C3%A0)" title="An (divinità) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="An (divinità)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95" title="אנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(Mitologi)" title="Anu (Mitologi) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anu (Mitologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anos" title="Anos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/An" title="An – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="An" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(andriamanitra)" title="Anu (andriamanitra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Anu (andriamanitra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81" title="അനു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88_(%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="أنو (ميثولوجيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="أنو (ميثولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(dewa)" title="Anu (dewa) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anu (dewa)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(Babylon)" title="Anu (Babylon) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anu (Babylon)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C_(%E3%83%A1%E3%82%BD%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A2%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1)" title="アヌ (メソポタミア神話) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アヌ (メソポタミア神話)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(gud)" title="An (gud) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="An (gud)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ану – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ану" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3)" title="Ан (бог) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ан (бог)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu_(bog)" title="Anu (bog) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anu (bog)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_(jumala)" title="An (jumala) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="An (jumala)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu" title="Anu – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Anu" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Mesopotamian god of the sky; god of all gods</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Mesopotamian god. For the Irish goddess, see <a href="/wiki/Anu_(goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anu (goddess)">Anu (goddess)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Anu_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Anu (disambiguation)">Anu (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Anu 𒀭𒀀𒉡</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Sky_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Father">Sky Father</a>, King of the Gods</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail,_middle_part,_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk,_from_Sippar,_Iraq,_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Detail%2C_middle_part%2C_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg/220px-Detail%2C_middle_part%2C_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Detail%2C_middle_part%2C_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg/330px-Detail%2C_middle_part%2C_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Detail%2C_middle_part%2C_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg/440px-Detail%2C_middle_part%2C_Kudurru_of_Ritti-Marduk%2C_from_Sippar%2C_Iraq%2C_1125-1104_BCE._British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3592" data-file-height="2848" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Symbols of various deities, including Anu (rightmost, second row) on a <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurru</a> of Ritti-Marduk, from Sippar, Iraq, 1125–1104 BCE</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data">heaven</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">horned crown on a pedestal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number</th><td class="infobox-data">60</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belili" title="Belili">Belili</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urash">Urash</a> (equated with each other)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a> (in a single inscription)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998138-4">[4]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkur">Ishkur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Urash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a> (sometimes),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013238-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> (sometimes),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011152-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013405-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (sometimes) </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #228B22; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (disputed),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Uranus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elamite</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Hurrian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Heaven_(Hurrian_religion)#Mesopotamian_reception" title="Earth and Heaven (Hurrian religion)">Hamurnu</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007169-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Achaemenid</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841-5">[5]</a> (disputed)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018203-9">[9]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">This article contains <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">special characters</a>. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Special_characters" title="Help:Special characters">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a>.</div></div> </div> Anu (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: 𒀭𒀀𒉡 ANU, from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%92%80%AD#Sumerian" class="extiw" title="wikt:𒀭">𒀭</a> an "Sky", "Heaven") or Anum, originally An (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒀭 An),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">divine personification of the sky</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_gods" title="King of the gods">king of the gods</a>, and ancestor of many of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">deities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">ancient Mesopotamian religion</a>. He was regarded as a source of both divine and human kingship, and opens the enumerations of deities in many Mesopotamian texts. At the same time, his role was largely passive, and he was not commonly worshipped. It is sometimes proposed that the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple located in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> originally belonged to him, rather than <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, but while he is well attested as one of its divine inhabitants, there is no evidence that the main deity of the temple ever changed, and Inanna was already associated with it in the earliest sources. After it declined, a new theological system developed in the same city under <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> rule, resulting in Anu being redefined as an active deity. As a result he was actively worshipped by inhabitants of the city in the final centuries of the history of ancient Mesopotamia. Multiple traditions regarding the identity of Anu's spouse existed, though three of them—<a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urash">Urash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a>—were at various points in time equated with each other, and all three represented earth, similar to how he represented heaven. In a fourth tradition, more sparsely attested, his wife was the goddess <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a> instead. In addition to listing his spouses and children, god lists also often enumerated his various ancestors, such as <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alala</a>. A variant of one such family tree formed the basis of the <a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a>. Anu briefly appears in the Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, in which his daughter <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> (the Akkadian counterpart of Inanna) persuades him to give her the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a> so that she may send it to attack <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>. The incident results in the death of the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a> and a leg being thrown at Ishtar's head. In another myth, Anu summons the mortal hero <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a> before him for breaking the wing of the <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Winds_(Mesopotamian)" title="The Four Winds (Mesopotamian)">south wind</a>. Anu orders for Adapa to be given the food and water of immortality, which Adapa refuses, having been warned beforehand by <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a> that Anu will offer him the food and water of death. In the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion#Cycle_of_Kumarbi" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian myths</a> about Kumarbi, known chiefly from their <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> translations, Anu is a former ruler of the gods, who was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a>, who bit off his genitals and gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Weather_god" title="Weather god">weather god</a> <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a>. It is possible that this narrative was later the inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Castration" title="Castration">castration</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Ouranos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>. It has also been proposed that in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> Anu might have been identified with <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, though this remains uncertain. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character">Character</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Character">edit</a>]</div> Anu was a divine representation of the sky,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003115-11">[11]</a> as indicated by his name, which simply means "sky" in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang201115-12">[12]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, it was spelled as Anu, and was written either logographically (dAN) or syllabically (da-nu(m)).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> In Sumerian texts, unlike the names of other deities, his was never prefaced by the dingir sign, referred to as the "divine determinative" in modern literature, since it would result in unnecessary repetition, as the same sign was also read as an.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013407–408-13">[13]</a> In addition to referring to sky and heaven and to Anu, the same sign could also be read as dingir or ilu, the generic term "god" in, respectively, Sumerian and Akkadian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> As the number 60 was associated with him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013188-14">[14]</a> the corresponding numeral could represent his name,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> and in esoteric texts by extension also the other readings of the sign DINGIR.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992254-15">[15]</a> Anu was regarded as the supreme god,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-16">[16]</a> and the major god lists, such as <a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a>, place him on top of the pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018203-9">[9]</a> He could be described as the king of the gods,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013259-17">[17]</a> and was believed to be the source of all legitimate power, who bestowed the right to rule upon gods and kings alike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> The highest god in the pantheon was said to possess the anûtu or anuti (da-nu-ti), which means "heavenly power"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> or more literally Anuship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992160–161-18">[18]</a> In the Babylonian <a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a>, the gods praise Marduk, shouting "Your word is Anu!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> Although Anu was a very important deity, his nature was often ambiguous and ill-defined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-16">[16]</a> The number of myths focusing on him is small<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013209-19">[19]</a> and he was only rarely actively worshiped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider201158-20">[20]</a> His position has therefore been described as that of a "figurehead" and "otiose deity" by <a href="/wiki/Assyriologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyriologist">Assyriologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul-Alain_Beaulieu" title="Paul-Alain Beaulieu">Paul-Alain Beaulieu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199268-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_G._Lambert" title="Wilfred G. Lambert">Wilfred G. Lambert</a> characterized his position as head of the pantheon as "always somewhat nominal" and noted that "<a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> in practice wielded greater power" according to the Mesopotamians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013184-22">[22]</a> Beaulieu similarly states that functionally the active head god was Enlil and later <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, not Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199768-23">[23]</a> Evidence from Lagash indicates that at least in the Early Dynastic period, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Entemena" title="Entemena">Entemena</a>, it was Enlil, rather than Anu, who was the head of the pantheon of this city, though later offering lists provide evidence on the contrary, possibly indicating a change occurred during the reign of either the <a href="/wiki/Sargonic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargonic dynasty">Sargonic dynasty</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gudea" title="Gudea">Gudea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011187-24">[24]</a> Xianhua Wang points out that in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic period</a>, the rulers who mention Anu in the inscriptions and refer to him as lugal kur-kur, "king of the lands," seem to be connected with either <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> or <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, while elsewhere the same epithet designates Enlil instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011134–135-25">[25]</a> A text known from copies from <a href="/wiki/Shuruppak" title="Shuruppak">Shuruppak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a> only refers to Anu as the divine "king of Uruk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011136-26">[26]</a> In later inscriptions from the period of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_Empire" title="Old Babylonian Empire">Old Babylonian Empire</a>, Enlil could be mentioned both alongside Anu or on his own as the head of the pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013261-27">[27]</a> A trinity consisting of both of them and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a> is also attested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013181-28">[28]</a> Only in Uruk in the final centuries of the first millennium BCE a change occurred, and Anu was reinvented by theologians as an active god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199768-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astral_role">Astral role</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Astral role">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesopotamian astronomy">Mesopotamian astronomy</a>, the sky was divided into three zones, with the stars closest to the <a href="/wiki/Poles_of_astronomical_bodies" title="Poles of astronomical bodies">pole</a> belonging to Enlil and those close to the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> to <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Ea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013181-28">[28]</a> The stars located between these two zones were the domain of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013181-28">[28]</a> All three were referred to as the "Ways" of the respective deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199812-29">[29]</a> Astronomer John G. Rogers assumes that the boundaries of each Way were at 17°N and 17°S.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERogers199816-30">[30]</a> The division is best attested in the astronomical treatise <a href="/wiki/MUL.APIN" title="MUL.APIN">MUL.APIN</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013181-28">[28]</a> The date of its composition is unknown, though it is known that it is more recent than the Old Babylonian period, and the oldest reference to the tripartite division of the sky comes from a document from the thirteenth century BCE, a version of the so-called Prayer to the Gods of the Night, whose oldest copies do not mention this concept yet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013181-28">[28]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> Uruk, Anu's astral role was extended further, and in a text composed in year 71 of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid era</a> (216/215 BCE) he is described as responsible for the entire firmament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201861-31">[31]</a> Furthermore, two <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">circumpolar stars</a> started to be called the "Great Anu and Antu of Heaven," and received offerings as if they were deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201861-31">[31]</a> They typically appear alongside the other seven major celestial bodies which were known to Mesopotamian astronomers in the late first millennium BCE: the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">sun</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">moon</a>, and the planets Nebēru (<a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>), Dilbat (<a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a>), Šiḫṭu (<a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kajamanu" title="Kajamanu">Kayamānu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>), and Ṣalbatānu (<a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201866-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iconography">Iconography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography">edit</a>]</div> Anu almost never appears in Mesopotamian artwork and has no known recognizable anthropomorphic iconography.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-16">[16]</a> References to him holding typical symbols of divine kingship, such as a scepter and a ring-shaped object, are known from textual sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992428-33">[33]</a> A text from the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite period">Kassite period</a> explains that Anu's symbol was a horned crown on a pedestal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge19929-34">[34]</a> It is attested on some <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurru</a> (boundary stones),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge19929-34">[34]</a> where it is typically present in the upper half of the decoration, below the symbols of <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>, who were depicted on the very top of such monuments due to representing celestial bodies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidl198974–75-35">[35]</a> Anu was also depicted in the form of a horned crown in Neo-Assyrian reliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidl1989117-36">[36]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_R._George" title="Andrew R. George">Andrew R. George</a>, references to the "seat" of a deity known from various topographical texts from both Babylonia and Assyria likely also refer to a representation in the form of an emblem placed on a pedestal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge19929–10-37">[37]</a> It has been pointed out that Anu's symbolic depictions were identical to Enlil's.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidl198935-38">[38]</a> A similar symbol could also represent Assur in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian period">Neo-Assyrian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidl1989117-36">[36]</a> All three of these gods could be depicted in this form in the same reliefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeidl1989117-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Associations_with_other_deities">Associations with other deities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Associations with other deities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spouses">Spouses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spouses">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si,_from_Uruk,_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/220px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/330px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg/440px-Limestone_foundation_peg_of_Lugal-kisal-si%2C_from_Uruk%2C_Iraq._C._2380_BCE._Pergamon_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="5171" /></a><figcaption>A foundation figurine of king Lugal-kisalsi. The inscription mentions Nammu and Anu as wife and husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Lapérouse200365-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>, "earth," is well attested as Anu's spouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013407–408-13">[13]</a> Her name was commonly written without a divine determinative, and she was usually not regarded as a personified goddess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008324-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013407–408-13">[13]</a> Another of Anu's spouses was <a href="/wiki/Urash" class="mw-redirect" title="Urash">Urash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013408-41">[41]</a> According to Frans Wiggermann, she is his most commonly attested wife.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998138-4">[4]</a> She is well attested starting with the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Sargonic period</a> and continues to appear as a wife of Anu often until the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014402-42">[42]</a> A different, male, deity named <a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Urash</a> served as the tutelary god of <a href="/wiki/Dilbat" title="Dilbat">Dilbat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013311-43">[43]</a> Wiggermann proposes that while Ki, as generally agreed, represented earth as a cosmogonic element,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008324-40">[40]</a> Urash was a divine representation of <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1992282-44">[44]</a> He suggests translating her name as "<a href="/wiki/Tilth" title="Tilth">tilth</a>,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998138-4">[4]</a> though its etymology and meaning continue to be a matter of debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014402-42">[42]</a> A single Neo-Assyrian god list known from three copies appears to combine Ki and Urash into a single deity, dki-uraš.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013423–424-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014403-46">[46]</a> An early incorrect reading of this entry was dki-ib, which early Assyriologist <a href="/wiki/Daniel_David_Luckenbill" title="Daniel David Luckenbill">Daniel David Luckenbill</a> assumed to be a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> god <a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a>, an identification now regarded as impossible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014403-46">[46]</a> The goddess <a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a> is also attested as a wife of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201860-48">[48]</a> Her name is etymologically an Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Feminine_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminine form">feminine form</a> of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014403-46">[46]</a> The god list An = Anum equates her with Ki,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013421-49">[49]</a> while a lexical text from the Old Babylonian period – with Urash.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014403-46">[46]</a> There is evidence that like the latter, she could be considered a goddess associated with the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2008324-40">[40]</a> She is already attested in the third millennium BCE, possibly as early as in the Early Dynastic period in a god list from <a href="/wiki/Abu_Salabikh" title="Abu Salabikh">Abu Salabikh</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014403-46">[46]</a> though no references to her are known from Uruk from before the first millennium BCE, and even in the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian period</a> she only appears in a single letter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003310-50">[50]</a> However, she is attested as Anu's wife in documents from the Seleucid period from this city,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201861-31">[31]</a> and at that point in time became its lead goddess alongside her husband.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003311-51">[51]</a> An inscription on a votive figurine of king <a href="/wiki/Lugal-kisalsi" title="Lugal-kisalsi">Lugal-kisalsi</a> (or Lugal-giparesi), who ruled over Uruk and Ur in the twenty-fourth century BCE, refers to <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a> as the wife of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Lapérouse200365-39">[39]</a> Julia Krul proposes that this was a traditional pairing in Early Dynastic Uruk,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810-52">[52]</a> but according to Frans Wiggermann no other direct references to Nammu as Anu's wife are known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998138-4">[4]</a> A possible exception is an Old Babylonian incantation which might refer to her as "pure one of An," but this attestation is uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998138-4">[4]</a> In older literature, an epithet of <a href="/wiki/Ashratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashratum">Ashratum</a> was often translated as "bride of An," but this is now considered to be a mistake.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007157-53">[53]</a> The Sumerian term used in it, é-gi4-a, equivalent of Akkadian kallatum, meant both "<a href="/wiki/Affinity_(law)" title="Affinity (law)">daughter-in-law</a>" and "bride," but the latter meaning relied on the social practice of fathers picking the brides of their sons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007157-53">[53]</a> As an epithet of goddesses, it denotes their status as a daughter-in-law of a specific deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggins2007157–158-54">[54]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a> was often called kallatum due to her position as the daughter-in-law of Sin and wife of his son <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013259-55">[55]</a> A goddess named Ninursala is described as Anu's dam-bànda, possibly to be translated as "concubine," in the god list An = Anum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998511-56">[56]</a> According to Antoine Cavigneaux and Manfred Krebernik, she is also attested in an Old Babylonian god list from <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECavigneauxKrebernik1998511-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> Many deities were regarded as Anu's descendants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018204-57">[57]</a> and he could be called "the father of the great gods."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013267-58">[58]</a> It has been argued that Anu's primary role in the Sumerian pantheon was as an ancestor figure,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199230-16">[16]</a> and that the term <a href="/wiki/Anunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Anunna">Anunna</a> (also Anunnaki, Anunna-anna), which referred to various Mesopotamian deities collectively,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003402-59">[59]</a> means "offspring of Anu"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlackGreen199234-60">[60]</a> and designates specific gods as particularly prominent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatz2003403-61">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishkur" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishkur">Ishkur</a> (Adad), the weather god, was consistently regarded as a son of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132-62">[62]</a> While some literary texts may refer to Enlil as his father instead, this view was less common and is no longer attested in any sources later than the <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian period">Old Babylonian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007132-62">[62]</a> The only source to directly name his mother places Urash in this role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2001168-63">[63]</a> Another god frequently regarded as Anu's son was <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013317-64">[64]</a> Nammu was the mother of Enki in the local tradition of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> and in the myth Enki and <a href="/wiki/Ninmah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninmah">Ninmah</a>, but a hymn from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan" title="Ishme-Dagan">Ishme-Dagan</a> confirms that a tradition in which his mother was Urash instead also existed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998138-4">[4]</a> In texts dedicated to Ishkur, he and Enki could be referred to as twins, but no analogous epithet can be found in compositions which focus on the latter god, according to Daniel Schwmer because due to his higher rank in the pantheon he would not benefit from being called the brother of a comparatively lower ranked deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2008133-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> could be called a son of Anu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013190-66">[66]</a> as already attested in an inscription of <a href="/wiki/Lugal-zage-si" title="Lugal-zage-si">Lugalzagesi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang20117-67">[67]</a> Xianhua Wang proposes that this development was meant to reconcile a northern tradition, in which the king of the gods was Enlil, with a southern one, where the same role was played by Anu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011136-26">[26]</a> though even in the south <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> seemingly belonged to this proposed Enlil tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011236–237-68">[68]</a> Another source which presents Enlil as Anu's son is the myth Enki and the World Order, which also specifies that he was the older brother of Enki.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013405-3">[3]</a> However, Enlil's parentage was variable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011152-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013405-3">[3]</a> The tradition in which his ancestors were the so-called <a href="/wiki/Enki-Ninki_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Enki-Ninki deities">Enki-Ninki deities</a> is now considered conventional by Assyriologists, though materials pertaining to it are difficult to interpret.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalf201930-69">[69]</a> Enki, the ancestor of Enlil, is not to be confused with the god Enki, as indicated by the different spelling of their names in <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-70">[70]</a> In yet another tradition, Enlil's father was <a href="/wiki/Lugaldukuga" title="Lugaldukuga">Lugaldukuga</a>, but the texts placing him in this role are relatively late.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007168-71">[71]</a> It is first attested in the god list <a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007169-8">[8]</a> most likely composed in the <a href="/wiki/Kassite_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Kassite period">Kassite period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge19936-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a> (Martu) was universally regarded as a son of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997103-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dietz-Otto_Edzard" title="Dietz-Otto Edzard">Dietz-Otto Edzard</a> argued that the fact he was not regarded as a son of Enlil instead might stem from his secondary role in Mesopotamian religion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997103-73">[73]</a> It is also possible that the comparisons between him and Ishkur contributed to the development of this genealogy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlein1997103-73">[73]</a> It has additionally been argued that a variant writing of Amurru's name, AN.dMARTU (AN.AN.MAR.TU<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu200531-74">[74]</a>) represents a conjoined deity consisting of Amurru and Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201370-75">[75]</a> However, according to Paul-Alain Beaulieu it most likely should simply be read as the Akkadian phrase dIl Amurrim, "the god of <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amurru</a>," as indicated by a Hurrian translation known from a bilingual text from <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, de-ni a-mu-ri-we, which has the same meaning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu200531-74">[74]</a> Texts from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a> identify the love goddess <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a> as a daughter of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830-76">[76]</a> This notion is also present in an inscription of <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003188-77">[77]</a> Paul-Alain Beaulieu speculates that Nanaya developed in the context of a local theological system in which Anu and Inanna were viewed as a couple, and that she was initially regarded as their daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003317-78">[78]</a> However, as noted by Olga Drewnowska-Rymarz, direct references to Nanaya as the daughter of Inanna are not common, and it is possible this epithet was not treated literally, but rather as an indication of closeness between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200830-76">[76]</a> Furthermore, Nanaya could also be regarded as a daughter of the male Urash, and was sometimes specifically called his firstborn daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrewnowska-Rymarz200831-79">[79]</a> In late sources, <a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a> could be called a daughter of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013238-1">[1]</a> However, as noted by Wilfred G. Lambert at least one text "seems to imply a desire not to have Anu as Nisaba's father,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1999155-80">[80]</a> and instead makes her the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Ir%E1%B8%ABan" title="Irḫan">Irḫan</a>, in this context identified with Ea and understood as a cosmic river, "father of the gods of the universe."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1999153–154-81">[81]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a> (Ishtar) could be regarded as the daughter of Anu and Antu, the view that she was a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Sumerian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanna (Sumerian deity)">Nanna</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003111-82">[82]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a> is agreed to be the most commonly attested tradition regarding her parentage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013230-83">[83]</a> While the "Standard Babylonian" version of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, an astronomical text and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hymn_to_the_Queen_of_Nippur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hymn to the Queen of Nippur (page does not exist)">Hymn to the Queen of Nippur</a> refer to her directly as Anu's daughter, according to Paul-Alain Beaulieu it is not impossible that these statements do not reflect parentage but merely indirect descent, with an implied genealogy in which Anu was the father of Enlil, grandfather of Nanna and great-grandfather of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003111-82">[82]</a> Furthermore, the hymn in mention also addresses her as a daughter of the moon god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018208-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a> was at least sometimes described as a son of Anu and Urash, and as a result the Old Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a> god list associates him with <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeterson2009103-85">[85]</a> He also could be referred to as Anu Rabu (AN.GAL), "the great Anu,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013238-1">[1]</a> but Wouter Henkelman proposes this epithet is instead a sign that a connection existed between him and the Elamite god <a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a>, whose name was written with the same combination of cuneiform signs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenkelman2017324-86">[86]</a> It is possible that in the late first millennium BCE attempts at <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretizing</a> Ishtaran and Anu were made during a period of cooperation between the theologians from Uruk, Nippur and <a href="/wiki/Der_(Sumer)" title="Der (Sumer)">Der</a>, but direct evidence is presently lacking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201890-87">[87]</a> Further deities attested as children of Anu include the medicine goddesses <a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a> (also directly identified as daughters of his wife Urash),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWestenholz2010382–383-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bau_(goddess)" title="Bau (goddess)">Bau</a> (who could be called his firstborn daughter),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201363-89">[89]</a> the weaver goddess <a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a> (in a single source),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992283-90">[90]</a> the messenger god <a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013284-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a> (in a hymn of <a href="/wiki/Shulgi" title="Shulgi">Shulgi</a>, which also mentions Urash as her mother),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014402-42">[42]</a> the fire god <a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a> (and through association with him also <a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul2018151-92">[92]</a> Šiḫṭu, the divine representation of the planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> (in Seleucid Uruk),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201881-93">[93]</a> and possibly the male <a href="/wiki/Urash_(god)" title="Urash (god)">Urash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013312-94">[94]</a> Whether Anu was the father of <a href="/wiki/Shara_(god)" title="Shara (god)">Shara</a> in the tradition of his cult center, <a href="/wiki/Umma" title="Umma">Umma</a>, cannot be determined with a certainty, as the most direct reference, the phrase aia DINGIR ù-TU-zu in a hymn, has two possible translations: "your father An who engendered you," or "your divine father who engendered you."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuber_Vulliet201132-95">[95]</a> Additionally, some references to Anu as the father of a specific deity might be metaphorical or indirect, as in the case of Nanna (typically a son of Enlil and <a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik1997364-96">[96]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjöberg197322–23-97">[97]</a> Anu could also be regarded as the father of various demons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013246-98">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a> was viewed his daughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013148-99">[99]</a> A group of seven, eight or nine <a href="/wiki/Asakku" class="mw-redirect" title="Asakku">Asakku</a> demons called "the sons of Anu" is also known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013210–211-100">[100]</a> In a text referred to as the Nippur Compendium by modern researchers, Latarak is identified both as an Asakku and as a son of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992157-101">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Erra" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Erra">Epic of Erra</a> describes the <a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a> as his creations, subsequently given to the eponymous god as weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1992366-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancestors">Ancestors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancestors">edit</a>]</div> The earliest texts do not discuss Anu's origin, and his preeminence is simply assumed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> In later traditions, his father was usually <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201814-103">[103]</a> whose spouse was <a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013422-104">[104]</a> Another tradition most likely regarded <a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belili" title="Belili">Belili</a> as his parents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013448-105">[105]</a> A larger group of his ancestors, arranged into multiple generations, is known from mythological and scholarly sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201860-48">[48]</a> Wilfred G. Lambert coined the term "Theogony of Anu" to refer to arrangements of these deities collectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-70">[70]</a> At least five versions are known from incantations, though in three out of five the first pair are Duri and Dari, and the last – Alala and Belili.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-70">[70]</a> A slightly different version is known from the god list An = Anum, though there are differences between individual copies as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013418–419-106">[106]</a> Lambert proposes that initially at least two different traditions existed, but they were later combined into a list patterned on those associated with Enlil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013420-107">[107]</a> At least in some cases, long lists of divine ancestors were meant to help avoid the implications of divine incest, which were hard to reconcile with strong incest taboos attested from various periods of Mesopotamian history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013389-108">[108]</a> Duri and Dari likely represented time understood as a primary force in creation, and their names are derived from an Akkadian phrase meaning "ever and ever."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-47">[47]</a> The pairing of Alala and Belili was most likely based entirely on both of their names being <a href="/wiki/Iteration" title="Iteration">iterative</a>, and elsewhere they occur in unrelated roles independently from each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013425-109">[109]</a> Further attested pairs of deities regarded as ancestors of Anu include Egur and Gara, whose character is unknown,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a>, derived from the name of a type of aquatic mythical creature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013424-47">[47]</a> two deities whose names were written logographically as dALAM possibly representing another of the known pairs or associated with the underworld,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013425–426-110">[110]</a> and Enurulla and Ninurulla, the "lord" and "lady" of the "primeval city," whose inclusion in Anu's family tree most likely reflected "the importance of the city in ancient Mesopotamian thought."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013426-111">[111]</a> The genealogy of gods presented in the <a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a> is a derivative of the lists of Anu's ancestors from earlier sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-70">[70]</a> The pairs listed in this composition are <a href="/wiki/Apsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsu">Apsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a>, Lahmu and Lahamu, and Anshar and Kishar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013417-70">[70]</a> The first of them is not attested in any earlier sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013238-1">[1]</a> The god list An = Anum refers to Nammu as the "mother who gave birth to Heaven and Earth," dama-tu-an-ki, but as noted by Frans Wiggermann, the terms an and ki were most likely understood collectively in this case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998137-112">[112]</a> A similar reference is known from an exorcism formula assumed to predate the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Babylonian_period" title="Middle Babylonian period">Middle Babylonian period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013432–433-113">[113]</a> There is no indication that this act of creation involved a second deity acting as Nammu's spouse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998137-112">[112]</a> She appears in a variant of Anu's genealogy in An = Anum, though as remarked by Lambert, she was "pushed out (...) into a kind of appendix."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013427-114">[114]</a> Due to the sparse attestations of Nammu it is assumed today that she "was not generally acknowledged outside Eridu."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013427-114">[114]</a> A single prayer to <a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a> might allude to a tradition in which Anu was a son of <a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013284-91">[91]</a> In another text, Anu and Enlil receive their positions from this deity, not necessarily peacefully.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013284-91">[91]</a> Due to his connection with various ancestral deities, Anu could be occasionally associated with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">underworld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201860–61-115">[115]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> explanatory text mentions Antu making funerary offerings for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013245-116">[116]</a> However, according to Julia Krul, it is impossible to tell how widespread the recognition of this aspect of his character was, and broad statements about Anu being outright identified with deities of the underworld in the theology of Seleucid Uruk should be generally avoided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201861-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Hurrian_tradition">In Hurrian tradition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In Hurrian tradition">edit</a>]</div> While it is often assumed that <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a> Alalu was the father of Anu, similar to his Mesopotamian counterpart Alala,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013448-105">[105]</a> and that Kumarbi was in turn viewed as Anu's son,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm2014346-117">[117]</a> it has also been argued that two separate lineages of gods appear in the prologue of the <a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a> myth, and therefore that Alalu and Anu should not be regarded as father and son in Hurrian sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalf2021155-118">[118]</a> Kumarbi is directly referred to as Alalu's "seed" in the Song of Kummarbi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2013155-119">[119]</a> He also addresses himself as "Alalu's son" in another myth belonging to the same cycle, Song of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAedammu" title="Ḫedammu">Ḫedammu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2013159-120">[120]</a> The order of deities in international treaties also supports the notion that Alalu and Kumarbi belong to the same line, but Anu does not.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolvani2008619-121">[121]</a> Hittitologist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Beckman" title="Gary Beckman">Gary Beckman</a> notes that the two lines were seemingly only united with the birth of the new generation of gods (<a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tashmishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmishu">Tashmishu</a> and others), a result of Kumarbi's castration of Anu,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201126-122">[122]</a> which resulted in a "burden," Anu's seed, being placed inside him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2013155-119">[119]</a> The process is poetically compared to production of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> and copper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachvarova2013155-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attendants">Attendants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attendants">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a>, the "archetypal vizier of the gods,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201394-123">[123]</a> was primarily associated with Inanna, but she could also be described as the sukkal (divine vizier, attendant deity) of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a496-124">[124]</a> The association between her and Anu is attested from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> onward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a496-124">[124]</a> Her role as a popular intercessory deity in <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian religion</a> was derived from her position as a servant of major deities, which resulted in the belief that she was capable of mediating with her masters, both with Inanna and with Anu, on behalf of human petitioners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a496–497-125">[125]</a> Another deity who could be placed in the same role was <a href="/wiki/Ilabrat" title="Ilabrat">Ilabrat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> In texts from the second millennium BCE, Ninshubur and Ilabrat coexisted<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201394-123">[123]</a> and in at least some cases Ninshubur's name, treated as masculine, was a logographic spelling of Ilabrat's, for example in <a href="/wiki/Mari,_Syria" title="Mari, Syria">Mari</a> in personal names.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiggermann1998a491-126">[126]</a> It has been proposed that the variance in Ninshubur's gender is related to syncretism with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201393-127">[127]</a> The goddess <a href="/wiki/Amasagnudi" title="Amasagnudi">Amasagnudi</a> could be regarded as Anu's sukkal too, as attested in a single Old Babylonian lexical text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199265-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kakka" title="Kakka">Kakka</a> is also attested in this role in a few cases,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinkeller1982290-129">[129]</a> though in the Enūma Eliš he is the sukkal of Anshar instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert201377-130">[130]</a> In later periods, other sukkals of Anu were eclipsed by Papsukkal, originally associated with the god <a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a>, whose rise was likely rooted simply in the presence of the word sukkal in his name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199264-131">[131]</a> In the context of the so-called "antiquarian theology" relying largely on god lists, which developed in <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> under <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> rule,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199257–59-132">[132]</a> he was fully identified with Ninshubur and thus became Anu's sukkal and one of the eighteen major deities of the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz2013132-133">[133]</a> He was not worshiped in this city earlier.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201875-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_equivalents">Foreign equivalents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Foreign equivalents">edit</a>]</div> According to a <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0urpu" title="Šurpu">Šurpu</a> commentary, Anu's <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> counterpart was <a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-7">[7]</a> However, according to the god list An = Anum, a god bearing the name Yabnu (dia-ab-na) was the "Enlil of Elam."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2006245-135">[135]</a> Wilfred G. Lambert concluded that Jabru and Yabnu should be considered two spellings of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-7">[7]</a> While Jabru is described as an Elamite god in Mesopotamian sources, no known <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> texts mention him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert1980229-7">[7]</a> In the god list Anšar = Anum, one of the names of Anu is Hamurnu, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian_language" title="Hurrian language">Hurrian</a> word referring to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2007169-8">[8]</a> However, while Hurrians did worship <a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Heaven_(Hurrian_religion)" title="Earth and Heaven (Hurrian religion)">earth and heaven</a>, they did not regard them as personified deities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198957-136">[136]</a> Furthermore, Anu appears under his own name in Hurrian mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelm198959-137">[137]</a> While Robert Monti argues that the Canaanites seem to have ascribed Anu's attributes to <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170-138">[138]</a> no equivalents of Anu were actually present in the pantheons of various <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">ancient Syrian</a> states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003302-139">[139]</a> Both the head of the hinterland pantheon, <a href="/wiki/Dagan_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagan (god)">Dagan</a>, and the head of the coastal pantheon, El, were regarded as analogous to Enlil, rather than Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeliu2003302-139">[139]</a> Monti additionally describes a god he refers to as "Shamem" as the most direct equivalent to Anu in the Canaanite pantheon and as a personification of the sky,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170-138">[138]</a> but this name was a title of the weather god <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baal</a> which developed into a separate deity, <a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200815–16-140">[140]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> texts indicate that he was viewed as an equivalent of Hadad, rather than Anu, further east.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer200816-141">[141]</a> It is sometimes proposed that in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> Anu was identified with the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, but most Assyriologists consider this possibility to be uncertain, one exception being <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Robson" title="Eleanor Robson">Eleanor Robson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841-5">[5]</a> Julia Krul points out authors who propose it do not clarify whether they mean if "the Seleucids made such an equation themselves (...), or that the Urukean priest-scholars convinced their new kings of the similarity between the two gods (...), or even that they genuinely believed that Anu and Zeus were the same."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841-5">[5]</a> No direct evidence of any of these possibilities is available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841–42-142">[142]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a>, a researcher of ancient Greek religion, direct literary parallels exist between Anu and the Zeus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295,_299–300-143">[143]</a> According to him, the scene from Tablet VI of the Epic of Gilgamesh in which Ishtar comes before Anu after being rejected by Gilgamesh and complains to her mother Antu, but is mildly rebuked by Anu, is directly paralleled by a scene from Book V of the <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005299–300-144">[144]</a> In this scene, <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>, who Burkert regards as the later Greek development of Ishtar, is wounded by the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Diomedes" title="Diomedes">Diomedes</a> while trying to save her son <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-145">[145]</a> She flees to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, where she cries to her mother <a href="/wiki/Dione_(mythology)" title="Dione (mythology)">Dione</a>, is mocked by her sister <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>, and is mildly rebuked by her father <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-145">[145]</a> Not only is the narrative parallel significant,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-145">[145]</a> but so is the fact that Dione's name is a feminization of Zeus's own, just as Antu is a feminine form of Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-145">[145]</a> Dione does not appear throughout the rest of the Iliad, in which Zeus's consort is instead the goddess <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-145">[145]</a> Burkert therefore concludes that Dione is clearly a <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calque</a> of Antu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005300-145">[145]</a> An equivalence between Anu and <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> has been proposed based on the assumption that non-Persian subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> might have viewed the latter simply as a sky god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Worship">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/290px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/435px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg/580px-Part_of_front_of_Inanna_temple_of_Kara_Indasch_from_Uruk_Vorderasiatisches_Museum_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2035" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>Part of the front of a Babylonian temple to Ishtar in Uruk, built <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1415 BCE, during the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassite Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1600—1155 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiveteau198116–17-146">[146]</a> It has been argued in the past that it was first dedicated to Anu, and only later to Inanna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> but this view is no longer regarded as plausible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201812-148">[148]</a> </figcaption></figure> Anu was chiefly associated with the city of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, where he was one of the major deities next to Inanna (Ishtar) and Nanaya, but before the end of the Neo-Babylonian period his cult had a narrower scope than theirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018196-149">[149]</a> It is often assumed that the so-called "White Temple," which dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_IV_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Uruk IV period">Uruk IV period</a> (3500–3100 BCE) was his original cult center, and it is even sometimes referred to as the "Anu <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a>" in modern literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul20189–10-150">[150]</a> However, there is no evidence that Anu was actually worshipped in this structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810-52">[52]</a> His presence in the oldest texts remains a matter of debate, as it is uncertain if the cuneiform sign <a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">DINGIR</a> present in them does not necessarily denote a specific god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810-52">[52]</a> Paul-Alain Beaulieu concludes that whether he appears in these sources is unprovable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003105-151">[151]</a> There is also no indication that <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a>, "House of Heaven" (Sumerian: e2-anna; Cuneiform: 𒂍𒀭 E2.AN<a href="#cite_note-153">[a]</a>), the main temple of Uruk in historical times, was originally the abode of Anu alone, as sometimes proposed in the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201812-148">[148]</a> It was already associated with Inanna in the fourth millennium BCE, and her role as the tutelary goddess of Uruk most likely dates at least to this period as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201812-148">[148]</a> Julia Krul proposes that even if Anu was already worshiped in the Uruk period, he likely had to share the Eanna temple with Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810-52">[52]</a> The oldest texts do not mention the Eanna yet, and it is not certain if a sanctuary most likely called "Ean" attested in them was a temple of Anu and if it corresponded to any later structure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003105-151">[151]</a> Through the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Sargonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Ur III</a> periods, Inanna was the main deity of the city, and Eanna was regarded as her temple first and foremost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003105-151">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bassetki" title="Bassetki">Bassetki</a> inscription of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a> in particular supports the view that Inanna was the goddess of Uruk and that she was perceived as more significant than Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003106-154">[153]</a> No references to Anu are known from inscriptions of the Ur III rulers mentioning the Eanna, even though he does appear in offering lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003106-154">[153]</a> However, royal inscriptions from the Old Babylonian period indicate that Anu was believed to dwell in the Eanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810-52">[52]</a> In the Old Babylonian version of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, Eanna is described only as the dwelling of Anu, but the later "Standard Babylonian" version associates it both with Ishtar and Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810-52">[52]</a> It has been proposed that similar to the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a> episode, the former tradition might simply indicate the existence of anti-Ishtar sentiment among compilers of this work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003108-155">[154]</a> Simultaneously Anu does not play any major role and Inanna is the sole owner of Eanna in the myths about <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a>, other legendary kings of Uruk commonly referenced in Mesopotamian literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003107-156">[155]</a> A mythological tradition in which the Eanna originally belonged to Anu, but was later usurped by Inanna is known from multiple literary compositions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201810–11-157">[156]</a> but it might have only been a founding myth explaining how the first temples were established.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201812-148">[148]</a> Starting in the Ur III period, Anu came to be seen as a member of a triad of foremost deities invoked in royal inscriptions, which also included <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018190-158">[157]</a> A seat, known as Barakiskilla ("dais, pure place") and a garden dedicated to him are mentioned in documents from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ur-Nammu" title="Ur-Nammu">Ur-Nammu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199372-159">[158]</a> Their location is uncertain, but Andrew R. George tentatively proposes <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199372-159">[158]</a> In the following <a href="/wiki/Isin-Larsa_period" title="Isin-Larsa period">Isin-Larsa period</a>, kings of <a href="/wiki/Isin" title="Isin">Isin</a> made no reference to Anu in their year formulas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003110-160">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rim-S%C3%AEn_I" title="Rim-Sîn I">Rim-Sîn I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Larsa" title="Larsa">Larsa</a> revived the tradition and invoked the traditional triad in them, possibly to show that he planned to control all of southern Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018190–191-161">[160]</a> It has been also suggested that one of his predecessors, <a href="/wiki/Gungunum" title="Gungunum">Gungunum</a>, invoked Anu, Enlil and <a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Sumerian_deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanna (Sumerian deity)">Nanna</a> as a similar trinity in his inscriptions to show he was in control of their major cult centers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018191-162">[161]</a> After conquering Rim-Sin I's kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> started to invoke Anu and Enlil, though not Ea, in his own formulas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018193-163">[162]</a> Similar evidence is not available from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Samsu-iluna" title="Samsu-iluna">Samsu-iluna</a>, who only invoked Anu and Enlil in a single inscription most likely pertaining to the reconquest of southern cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018194-164">[163]</a> Later kings of the same dynasty only infrequently mentioned the pair, most likely as a part of ceremonial formulas meant to tie their reigns to a longer tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018194–195-165">[164]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, Anu appears for the first time in an inscription of <a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a>, who described him as one of the gods who bestowed kingship upon him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> A temple of Adad which he built in <a href="/wiki/Assur" title="Assur">Assur</a> later came to be dedicated to both the weather god and Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993143-166">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007141-167">[166]</a> It was accompanied by a ziggurat, Emelamanna ("house of the radiance of heaven").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993123-168">[167]</a> Daniel Schwemer suggests that the pairing of those two gods was based on the common view that they were father and son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwemer2007141-167">[166]</a> No direct references to the worship of Anu are known from the part of the Old Babylonian period during which the cults of Uruk were temporarily relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> in the north of Babylonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201813-169">[168]</a> A possible exception is a deity or deities designated by the logogram AN.dINANNA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201813-169">[168]</a> However, it has also been proposed that it represents not Anu and Inanna as a pair, as commonly assumed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003109-170">[169]</a> but a specific manifestation of Inanna,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201813-169">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/Urkitum" class="mw-redirect" title="Urkitum">Urkitum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebernik2014a419-171">[170]</a> Presently there is no agreement regarding this problem in scholarship and which deity or deities it refers to remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsher-GreveWestenholz201391-172">[171]</a> In documents from the reign of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sealand_dynasty" title="First Sealand dynasty">First Sealand dynasty</a>, the dyad of Enlil and Ea (Enki) replaced the triad containing Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201867-173">[172]</a> The only god list known from the Sealand archives does not mention Anu at all, and simply begins with Enlil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018198–199-174">[173]</a> He is nonetheless attested in a few offering lists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin2018213-175">[174]</a> Furthermore, it is possible the name of the king Akurduana might be <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric</a> and should be translated as "raging flood of Anu," though this remains uncertain and the ordinary word "heaven" might be the correct translation of the sign AN in this case instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoivin201841-176">[175]</a> The so-called Babylonian Temple List most likely composed in the first millennium BCE mentions no temples of Anu, though with the exception of Larsa, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> the southernmost cities are generally poorly represented in it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199339-177">[176]</a> A single liturgical text indicates that a temple of Anu called Ekinamma possibly existed in <a href="/wiki/Kesh_(Sumer)" title="Kesh (Sumer)">Kesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993110-178">[177]</a> The hymn BRM IV 8 lists ten names of temples associated with him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge19938-179">[178]</a> including the Eanki<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199367-180">[179]</a> and the Egalankia, possibly located in Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge199387-181">[180]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian period</a>, Anu only had a small sanctuary in Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201815-182">[181]</a> He has been described as a comparatively minor deity in the religious practice of this period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201815-182">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2003330-183">[182]</a> While multiple Neo-Babylonian archives from Uruk have been excavated and published, so far research revealed only a small number of people bearing theophoric names invoking Anu before the reign of Nabonidus, with a total of five being mentioned in known documents according to the highest estimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018197–198-184">[183]</a> The most historically notable example is Anu-aḫu-iddin, who was the governor of Uruk during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nabopolassar" title="Nabopolassar">Nabopolassar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018197-185">[184]</a> The number of such names started to rise during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018198-186">[185]</a> Documents from the reign of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a> show further growth, though names invoking chiefly northern Babylonian deities, as well as Nanaya, Ishtar and <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> (from Larsa) remain numerous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018199-187">[186]</a> It has been proposed that the changed in favor of Anu accelerated during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018199-187">[186]</a> After a rebellion of the northern Babylonian cities against Persian rule in 484 BCE, this king seemingly reorganized the traditional structure of Mesopotamian clergy, and while Uruk did not rebel, it was not exempt from changes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201818-188">[187]</a> It has been proposed that the older priests, who were often connected to the northern cities and were predominantly involved in the cult of Ishtar, were replaced by a number of powerful local families dedicated to Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201818-188">[187]</a> Julia Krul suggests that their members likely planned to expand the scope of Anu's cult in the Neo-Babylonian period already, but were unable to do so due to the interests of the kings, who favored <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a> as the head of the pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201819-189">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theological_reforms_in_Achaemenid_and_Seleucid_Uruk">Theological reforms in Achaemenid and Seleucid Uruk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theological reforms in Achaemenid and Seleucid Uruk">edit</a>]</div> Xerxes' retaliation against the clergy of Uruk resulted in the collapse of Eanna as the center of Uruk's religious life and economy, and made the creation of a new system centered on the worship of Anu and his spouse of <a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a>, rather than Ishtar and Nanaya, possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201819-189">[188]</a> The details of its early development are not well understood, as Mesopotamian texts from the later years of Achaemenid rule pertaining to temple administration and other religious affairs are scarce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201819-189">[188]</a> The city as a whole did not decline, and it served various administrative and military purposes, as attested for example in documents from the reign of Darius II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201819-189">[188]</a> It has even been described as the biggest and most prosperous city in Mesopotamia in the final centuries of the first millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul20181-190">[189]</a> It is assumed that Anu's ascent to the top of the official pantheon was complete by the year 420 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018191-191">[190]</a> In theophoric names, he already predominates in economic documents from the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018191-191">[190]</a> In sources from the following <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> period, the cult of Anu appears to be flourishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201819-189">[188]</a> A new temple, dedicated jointly to him and Antu, the Bīt Rēš (head temple)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993137-192">[191]</a> was constructed at some point and became the new center of the city s religious life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018191-191">[190]</a> Oldest dated attestation of this structure comes from a text which was apparently originally compiled during "the reign of Seleukos and Antiochos," presumably either <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a> (292/1 – 281/0 BCE) or of Antiochus I and his son Seleucus (280/79 – 267/6 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201832-193">[192]</a> The Bīt Rēš complex also included a new ziggurat, the Ešarra (Sumerian: "house of the universe"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge1993145-194">[193]</a> the biggest such structure known from Mesopotamia and second biggest overall after the Elamite complex at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201829-195">[194]</a> Its name was likely borrowed from a similar structure in Nippur dedicated to Enlil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199769–70-196">[195]</a> Multiple explanations have been proposed for the elevation of Anu, though they must remain speculative due to lack of direct evidence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018203-9">[9]</a> It has been argued that it was modeled on the position of <a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> in religion of the Achaemenids,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul2018261–262-197">[196]</a> but Paul-Alain Beaulieu points out that since first signs of it are already visible under <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus" title="Nabonidus">Nabonidus</a>, it is implausible that it was patterned on <a href="/wiki/Persian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian religion">Persian religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018203-9">[9]</a> At the same time, he considers it possible that Achaemenid administration encouraged the worship of Anu, viewing it as a way to limit the influence of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> and its elites on inhabitants of other Mesopotamian cities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018205-198">[197]</a> Similar connection has been proposed in the case of Anu and <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201861-31">[31]</a> but also remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201841–42-142">[142]</a> Beaulieu instead proposes that Anu's rise was in part inspired by a network of syncretism associations between him, <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a>, who was also worshiped in Uruk, and the Assyrian head god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, who in Assyria could be identified with the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199768-23">[23]</a> However, Julia Krul points out there is no certainty that Anshar was actually understood as Ashur in Uruk, let alone that he was regarded as a form of Anu by local clergy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201815-182">[181]</a> Beaulieu himself admits that most of the evidence which might support his theory might instead simply indicate that both the elevation of Assur and Anu relied on similar preexisting models, such as the theology centered on Enlil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199769-199">[198]</a> Since during the Neo-Babylonian period Uruk was forced to accept the theology of Babylon, it is also possible that the elevation of Anu was seen as a manifestation of local identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018203-9">[9]</a> At the same time, it is not impossible that the new centralized Anu cult was patterned on the Babylonian theology and even a number of festivals and rituals of Anu might have been patterned after those of Marduk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu2018204–205-200">[199]</a> Instances of rewriting compositions dedicated to Marduk or Enlil to suit the new Anu cult are known too.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199768–69-201">[200]</a> A resource commonly employed by the theologians and antiquarians working on the elevation of Anu were god lists, such as An = Anum, which provided the evidence needed to justify both this change and other examples of restructuring the city pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeaulieu199268-21">[21]</a> Most likely the growing interest in astronomy and astrology among the clergy also played a role.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201820-202">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruk_in_late_Seleucid_and_Parthian_periods">Uruk in late Seleucid and Parthian periods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Uruk in late Seleucid and Parthian periods">edit</a>]</div> While it is assumed that religious activity in Uruk continued through the late Seleucid and early <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> periods, a large part of the Bīt Rēš complex was eventually destroyed by a fire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201877-203">[202]</a> It was rebuilt as a fortress, and while a small temple was built next to it in the Parthian period, most likely Mesopotamian deities were no longer worshipped there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201877-203">[202]</a> According to a Greek inscription dated to 111 CE, the deity worshipped in Uruk in the early first millennium was apparently otherwise unknown <a href="/wiki/Gareus" title="Gareus">Gareus</a>, whose temple was built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Vologases_I_of_Parthia" title="Vologases I of Parthia">Vologases I of Parthia</a> in a foreign style resembling <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">Roman buildings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201877–78-204">[203]</a> The final cuneiform text from the site is an astronomical tablet dated to 79 or 80 CE, possibly the last cuneiform text written in antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201878-205">[204]</a> It is assumed that the last remnants of the local religion and culture of Uruk disappeared by the time of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> conquest of Mesopotamia, even though the worship of individual deities might have outlasted cuneiform writing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrul201878-205">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mythology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sumerian">Sumerian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sumerian">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sumerian_creation_myths">Sumerian creation myths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sumerian creation myths">edit</a>]</div> The main source of information about Sumerian creation mythology is the prologue to the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh,_Enkidu,_and_the_Netherworld" title="Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld">Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld</a>,<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196130–33-207">[206]</a> which briefly describes the process of creation: at first, there is only <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a>, the primeval sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196137–40-208">[207]</a> Then, Nammu gives birth to An (the Sumerian name for Anu), the sky, and <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>, the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196137–40-208">[207]</a> An and Ki mate with each other, causing Ki to give birth to <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, the god of the wind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196137–40-208">[207]</a> Enlil separates An from Ki and carries off the earth as his domain, while An carries off the sky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer196137–41-209">[208]</a> In Sumerian, the designation "An" was used interchangeably with "the heavens" so that in some cases it is doubtful whether, under the term, the god An or the heavens is being denoted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine20004-210">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeemingPage1996109-211">[210]</a> In Sumerian cosmogony, heaven was envisioned as a series of three domes covering the flat earth;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998180-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> Each of these domes of heaven was believed to be made of a different precious stone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENemet-Nejat1998180-212">[211]</a> An was believed to be the highest and outermost of these domes, which was thought to be made of reddish stone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inanna_myths">Inanna myths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Inanna myths">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih,_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum,_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/220px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/330px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG/440px-Tablet_describing_goddess_Inanna%27s_battle_with_the_mountain_Ebih%2C_Sumerian_-_Oriental_Institute_Museum%2C_University_of_Chicago_-_DSC07117.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="4571" /></a><figcaption>The original Sumerian clay tablet of Inanna and Ebiḫ, which is currently housed in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Oriental_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Oriental Institute">Oriental Institute</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> Inanna and <a href="/wiki/Ebi%E1%B8%AB" title="Ebiḫ">Ebiḫ</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> otherwise known as Goddess of the Fearsome Divine Powers, is a 184-line poem written in Sumerian by the Akkadian poet <a href="/wiki/Enheduanna" title="Enheduanna">Enheduanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-214">[213]</a> It describes An's granddaughter Inanna's confrontation with Mount Ebiḫ, a mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Zagros" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagros">Zagros</a> mountain range.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-214">[213]</a> An briefly appears in a scene from the poem in which Inanna petitions him to allow her to destroy Mount Ebiḫ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-214">[213]</a> An warns Inanna not to attack the mountain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-214">[213]</a> but she ignores his warning and proceeds to attack and destroy Mount Ebiḫ regardless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarahashi2004111-214">[213]</a> The poem Inanna Takes Command of Heaven is an extremely fragmentary, but important, account of Inanna's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Eanna" title="Eanna">Eanna</a> temple in Uruk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> It begins with a conversation between Inanna and her brother <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a> in which Inanna laments that the Eanna temple is not within their domain and resolves to claim it as her own.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> The text becomes increasingly fragmentary at this point in the narrative,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> but appears to describe her difficult passage through a marshland to reach the temple, while a fisherman instructs her on which route is best to take.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> Ultimately, Inanna reaches An, who is shocked by her arrogance, but nevertheless concedes that she has succeeded and that the temple is now her domain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> The text ends with a hymn expounding Inanna's greatness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> This myth may represent an eclipse in the authority of the priests of An in Uruk and a transfer of power to the priests of Inanna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris1991261–278-147">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akkadian">Akkadian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Akkadian">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O.1054_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/O.1054_color.jpg/220px-O.1054_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/O.1054_color.jpg/330px-O.1054_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/O.1054_color.jpg/440px-O.1054_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2172" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption>Ancient Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta</a> relief showing <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> slaying the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Heaven" title="Bull of Heaven">Bull of Heaven</a>, which Anu gives to his daughter Ishtar in Tablet IV of the <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a> after Gilgamesh spurns her amorous advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980–82-215">[214]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epic_of_Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Epic of Gilgamesh">edit</a>]</div> In a scene from the Akkadian <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a>, written in the late second millennium BC, Anu's daughter <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Semitic">East Semitic</a> equivalent to Inanna, attempts to seduce the hero <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">[215]</a> When Gilgamesh spurns her advances,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">[215]</a> Ishtar angrily goes to heaven and tells Anu that Gilgamesh has insulted her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">[215]</a> Anu asks her why she is complaining to him instead of confronting Gilgamesh herself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">[215]</a> Ishtar demands that Anu give her the <a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Bull of Heaven</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">[215]</a> and swears that if he does not give it to her, she will break down the gates of the <a href="/wiki/Irkalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Irkalla">Underworld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zombie#Modern_archetype_evolution" title="Zombie">raise the dead to eat the living</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">[215]</a> Anu gives Ishtar the Bull of Heaven, and Ishtar sends it to attack Gilgamesh and his friend <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198981–82-217">[216]</a> A scene from the <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> <a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Aqhat" class="mw-redirect" title="Epic of Aqhat">Epic of Aqhat</a> in which the warrior goddess <a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a> confronts the head god <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a> to demand permission to kill the eponymous hero after being rebuked by him when she asked for his bow has been compared to this section of the Epic of Gilgamesh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt1999244-218">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adapa_myth">Adapa myth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adapa myth">edit</a>]</div> In the myth of Adapa, which is first attested during the Kassite Period, Anu notices that the <a href="/wiki/South_wind" title="South wind">south wind</a> does not blow towards the land for seven days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-219">[218]</a> He asks his <a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">sukkal</a> Ilabrat the reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-219">[218]</a> Ilabrat replies that is because <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>, the priest of Ea (the East Semitic equivalent of Enki) in <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, has broken the south wind's wing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-219">[218]</a> Anu demands that Adapa be summoned before him,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-219">[218]</a> but, before Adapa sets out, Ea warns him not to eat any of the food or drink any of the water the gods offer him, because the food and water are poisoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065–66-220">[219]</a> Adapa arrives before Anu and tells him that the reason he broke the south wind's wing was because he had been fishing for Ea and the south wind had caused a storm, which had sunk his boat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-221">[220]</a> Anu's doorkeepers <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a> speak out in favor of Adapa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-221">[220]</a> This placates Anu's fury and he orders that, instead of the food and water of death, Adapa should be given the food and water of immortality as a reward.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-221">[220]</a> Adapa, however, follows Ea's advice and refuses the meal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199066-221">[220]</a> The story of Adapa was beloved by scribes, who saw him as the founder of their trade<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders201738–39-222">[221]</a> and a vast plethora of copies and variations of the myth have been found across Mesopotamia, spanning the entire course of Mesopotamian history.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanders201738–65-223">[222]</a> The story of Adapa's appearance before Anu has been compared to the later Jewish story of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani200421–23-224">[223]</a> In the same way that Anu forces Adapa to return to earth after he refuses to eat the food of immortality, <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> in the biblical story drives Adam out of the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> to prevent him from eating the fruit from the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" title="Tree of life (biblical)">tree of life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani200422-225">[224]</a> Similarly, Adapa was seen as the prototype for all priests;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani200422-225">[224]</a> whereas Adam in the Book of Genesis is presented as the prototype of all mankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiverani200422-225">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Erra_and_Išum">Erra and Išum</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Erra and Išum">edit</a>]</div> In the epic poem Erra and Išum, which was written in Akkadian in the eighth century BC, Anu gives <a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a>, the god of destruction, the Sebettu, which are described as personified weapons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> Anu instructs Erra to use them to massacre humans when they become overpopulated and start making too much noise (Tablet I, 38ff).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephens2013-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hurrian">Hurrian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hurrian">edit</a>]</div> One of the myths belonging to the so-called "Kumarbi Cycle" features Anu among the deities involved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201126-122">[122]</a> While known chiefly from a <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a> translation, the myth belongs to a <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrian</a> cultural milieu, and is largely set in locations in Syria and Mesopotamia, rather than <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201125-226">[225]</a> It states that in the distant past, the "king in heaven" was <a href="/wiki/Alalu" title="Alalu">Alalu</a>, and Anu acted as his cupbearer, but does not explain the origin of either deity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201126–27-227">[226]</a> After nine years, Anu revolted against his superior, dethroned him and made him flee to the underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201127-228">[227]</a> However, after another nine years, his own cupbearer, Kumarbi, the "scion of Alalu," attacked him to seize kingship for himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201127-228">[227]</a> Anu attempted to flee to heaven, but Kumarbi <a href="/wiki/Emasculation" title="Emasculation">bites off Anu's genitals</a> and swallowed them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295-6">[6]</a> As a consequence of swallowing Anu's genitals, Kumarbi becomes impregnated with Anu's son <a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tar%E1%B8%ABunna" title="Tarḫunna">Tarḫunna</a> in the Hittite translation) and two other deities, <a href="/wiki/Tashmishu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashmishu">Tashmishu</a> and the river <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201128-229">[228]</a> Anu taunts him about this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201128-229">[228]</a> Teshub is subsequently born from Kumarbi's split skull in a manner compared by Beckman to the birth of <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> in Greek mythology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201129-230">[229]</a> and while the rest of the narrative is poorly preserved it is known that he evades Kumarbi's attempts at destroying him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201130-231">[230]</a> Wilfred G. Lambert proposed that a hitherto unknown Mesopotamian myth about a confrontation between Alala and Anu existed and inspired the Hurro-Hittite tradition regarding their conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013423-232">[231]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_relevance">Later relevance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Later relevance">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/440px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/660px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg/880px-The_Mutilation_of_Uranus_by_Saturn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1122" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>The Mutilation of Uranus by Saturn (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1560) by <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari" title="Giorgio Vasari">Giorgio Vasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cristofano_Gherardi" title="Cristofano Gherardi">Cristofano Gherardi</a>. The title uses the Latin names for <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Ouranos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos</a>, respectively.</figcaption></figure> A reference to a genealogy of deities similar to <a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a>, and by extension to Anu, is known from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Eudemus_of_Rhodes" title="Eudemus of Rhodes">Eudemus of Rhodes</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, whose work is only preserved as quotations given by <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonist</a> writer who lived in the sixth century CE: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Of the barbarians the Babylonians seem to pass over in silence the one first principle and allow for two: Tauthē and Apasōn. They make Apasōn the husband of Tauthē, whom they call "mother of the gods." Of these was born a single child, Mōymis, which is, I understand, the rational world, which descended from the two principles. From them another generation arose, Dachē and Dachos [emend: Lachē and Lachos], then a third one arose from the same pair, Kissarē and Assōros, of whom were born the three: Anos, Illinos [emend: Illilos] and Aos. From Aos and Daukē a son was born, Bēlos, whom they say is the demiurge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013422-104">[104]</a></blockquote> It is not known what source Eudemos relied on, though <a href="/wiki/Berossus" title="Berossus">Berossus</a> can be ruled out with certainty as it is implausible that the former lived long enough to read the works of the latter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013422-104">[104]</a> Furthermore, the inclusion of Enlil (Illilos) as an equal of Ea (Aos) and Anu (Anos) indicates that while similar to the Enūma Eliš, the source used was not identical to it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013422–423-233">[232]</a> A further difference in Eudemus' account is the fact that the origin of <a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a> (Mōymis) is clear, while the Babylonian work in mention does not directly explain it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013422–423-233">[232]</a> It has been argued series of divine <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a> described in the Kumarbi myth later became the basis for the Greek creation story described in the long poem <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a>, written by the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotian</a> poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> in the seventh century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295-6">[6]</a> However, Gary Beckman points out that it is not impossible that the two myths simply developed from similar motifs present in the ancient Mediterranean shared cultural milieu ("koine") and Hesiod did not necessarily directly depend on the Kumarbi tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeckman201125-226">[225]</a> In Hesiod's poem, the primeval sky-god <a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Ouranos</a> is overthrown and castrated by his son <a href="/wiki/Cronus" title="Cronus">Kronos</a> in much the same manner that Anu is overthrown and castrated by Kumarbi in the Hurrian story.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990168–170-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295-6">[6]</a> Kronos is then, in turn, overthrown by his own son <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295-6">[6]</a> In one <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic</a> myth, Kronos bites off Ouranos's genitals in exactly the same manner that Kumarbi does to Anu.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkert2005295-6">[6]</a> Nonetheless, Robert Mondi notes that Ouranos never held mythological significance to the Greeks comparable with Anu's significance to the Mesopotamians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990169–170-235">[234]</a> Instead, Mondi calls Ouranos "a pale reflection of Anu",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170-138">[138]</a> noting that "apart from the castration myth, he has very little significance as a cosmic personality at all and is not associated with kingship in any systematic way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170-138">[138]</a> In late antiquity, writers such as <a href="/wiki/Philo_of_Byblos" title="Philo of Byblos">Philo of Byblos</a> attempted to impose the dynastic succession framework of the Hittite and Hesiodic stories onto Canaanite mythology,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170–171-236">[235]</a> but these efforts are forced and contradict what most Canaanites seem to have actually believed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170–171-236">[235]</a> Most Canaanites seem to have regarded El and Baal as ruling concurrently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990171-237">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> é-an-na means "sanctuary" ("house" + "Heaven" ["An"] + genitive)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalloran2006-152">[152]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert2013238-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013238_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013238_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013238_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELambert2013238_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFLambert2013">Lambert 2013</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWang2011152-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2011152_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWang2011152_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWang2011">Wang 2011</a>, p. 152. </li> <li 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1814.htm">Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld</a>. <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Text_Corpus_of_Sumerian_Literature" title="Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature">ETCSL</a>. 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href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, pp. 80–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198980-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198980_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198980_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198980_216-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198980_216-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198980_216-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198980_216-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalley198981–82-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalley198981–82_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalley1989">Dalley 1989</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt1999244-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyatt1999244_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWyatt1999">Wyatt 1999</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcCall199065_219-1">b</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990168–170-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondi1990168–170_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondi1990">Mondi 1990</a>, pp. 168–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990169–170-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondi1990169–170_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondi1990">Mondi 1990</a>, pp. 169–170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170–171-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170–171_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondi1990170–171_236-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondi1990">Mondi 1990</a>, pp. 170–171. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMondi1990171-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMondi1990171_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMondi1990">Mondi 1990</a>, p. 171. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsher-GreveWestenholz2013" class="citation book cs1">Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/135436/1/Asher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf">Goddesses in Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources</a> (PDF). Academic Press Fribourg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7278-1738-0"><bdi>978-3-7278-1738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddesses+in+Context%3A+On+Divine+Powers%2C+Roles%2C+Relationships+and+Gender+in+Mesopotamian+Textual+and+Visual+Sources&rft.pub=Academic+Press+Fribourg&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-7278-1738-0&rft.aulast=Asher-Greve&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.&rft.au=Westenholz%2C+Joan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2Fid%2Feprint%2F135436%2F1%2FAsher-Greve_Westenholz_2013_Goddesses_in_Context.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachvarova2013" class="citation book cs1">Bachvarova, Mary R. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39143206">"The Hurro-Hittite Kumarbi Cycle"</a>. Gods, heroes, and monsters: a sourcebook of Greek, Roman, and Near Eastern myths. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064481-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-064481-9"><bdi>978-0-19-064481-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/967417697">967417697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hurro-Hittite+Kumarbi+Cycle&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+heroes%2C+and+monsters%3A+a+sourcebook+of+Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Near+Eastern+myths&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967417697&rft.isbn=978-0-19-064481-9&rft.aulast=Bachvarova&rft.aufirst=Mary+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39143206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu1992" class="citation journal cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1233691">"Antiquarian Theology in Seleucid Uruk"</a>. Acta Sumerologica. 14. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Sumerologica&rft.atitle=Antiquarian+Theology+in+Seleucid+Uruk&rft.volume=14&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1233691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu1997" class="citation journal cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1610817">"The Cult of AN.ŠÁR/Aššur in Babylonia After the Fall of the Assyrian Empire"</a>. State Archives of Assyria Bulletin. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1120-4699">1120-4699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+Archives+of+Assyria+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Cult+of+AN.%C5%A0%C3%81R%2FA%C5%A1%C5%A1ur+in+Babylonia+After+the+Fall+of+the+Assyrian+Empire&rft.volume=11&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1120-4699&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1610817&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2003" class="citation book cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003). The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13024-1"><bdi>978-90-04-13024-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51944564">51944564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pantheon+of+Uruk+during+the+neo-Babylonian+period&rft.place=Leiden+Boston&rft.pub=Brill+STYX&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51944564&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13024-1&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2005" class="citation book cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1233946">"The God Amurru as Emblem of Ethnic and Cultural Identity"</a>. In Soldt, Wilfred H. van; Kalvelagen, R.; Katz, Dina (eds.). Ethnicity in Ancient Mesopotamia. Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6258-313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6258-313-3"><bdi>978-90-6258-313-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60116687">60116687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+God+Amurru+as+Emblem+of+Ethnic+and+Cultural+Identity&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Nederlands+Instituut+voor+het+Nabije+Oosten&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60116687&rft.isbn=978-90-6258-313-3&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1233946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaulieu2018" class="citation book cs1">Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38312390">"Uruk Before and After Xerxes: The Onomastic and Institutional Rise of the God Anu"</a>. In Waerzeggers, Caroline; Seire, Maarja (eds.). Xerxes and Babylonia: the Cuneiform evidence. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3809-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-3809-0"><bdi>978-90-429-3809-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097184152">1097184152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uruk+Before+and+After+Xerxes%3A+The+Onomastic+and+Institutional+Rise+of+the+God+Anu&rft.btitle=Xerxes+and+Babylonia%3A+the+Cuneiform+evidence&rft.place=Leuven&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1097184152&rft.isbn=978-90-429-3809-0&rft.aulast=Beaulieu&rft.aufirst=Paul-Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38312390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckman2011" class="citation book cs1">Beckman, Gary (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/48247742">"Primordial Obstetrics. "The Song of Emergence" (CTH 344)"</a>. Hethitische Literatur: Überlieferungsprozesse, Textstrukturen, Ausdrucksformen und Nachwirken: Akten des Symposiums vom 18. bis 20. Februar 2010 in Bonn. Münster: Ugarit-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-063-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-063-0"><bdi>978-3-86835-063-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/768810899">768810899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Primordial+Obstetrics.+%22The+Song+of+Emergence%22+%28CTH+344%29&rft.btitle=Hethitische+Literatur%3A+%C3%9Cberlieferungsprozesse%2C+Textstrukturen%2C+Ausdrucksformen+und+Nachwirken%3A+Akten+des+Symposiums+vom+18.+bis+20.+Februar+2010+in+Bonn&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pub=Ugarit-Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F768810899&rft.isbn=978-3-86835-063-0&rft.aulast=Beckman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F48247742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary, The British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-1705-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7141-1705-6"><bdi>0-7141-1705-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-7141-1705-6&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoivin2018" class="citation book cs1">Boivin, Odette (2018). 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Warszawa: Agade. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-87111-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-87111-41-0"><bdi>978-83-87111-41-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263460607">263460607</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+goddess+Nan%C4%81ja&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Agade&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F263460607&rft.isbn=978-83-87111-41-0&rft.aulast=Drewnowska-Rymarz&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeliu2003" class="citation book cs1">Feliu, Lluís (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IN9_IRYKKUMC">The god Dagan in Bronze Age Syria</a>. 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University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-75130-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-75130-3"><bdi>0-292-75130-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamian+Myths&rft.place=Austin%2C+Texas&rft.series=The+Legendary+Past&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-292-75130-3&rft.aulast=McCall&rft.aufirst=Henrietta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpjyCCwZg5LAC%26q%3DAnu%2Bmyths%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2019" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, Christopher (2019). 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Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici. 50 (1): 617–624. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1126-6651">1126-6651</a>. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studi+micenei+ed+egeo-anatolici&rft.atitle=The+god+Eltara+and+the+Theogony&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=617-624&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1126-6651&rft.aulast=Polvani&rft.aufirst=Anna+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmea.isma.cnr.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F02%2FPolvani_The-god-Eltara-and-the-Theogony.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation cs2">Rogers, John H. 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Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86835-052-4"><bdi>978-3-86835-052-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712921671">712921671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+metamorphosis+of+Enlil+in+early+Mesopotamia&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712921671&rft.isbn=978-3-86835-052-4&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xianhua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F453890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestenholz2010" class="citation book cs1">Westenholz, Joan G. 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Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-717-9"><bdi>978-1-59333-717-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/171049273">171049273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+reassessment+of+Asherah%3A+with+further+considerations+of+the+goddess&rft.place=Piscataway%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F171049273&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-717-9&rft.aulast=Wiggins&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1307031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelm1989" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Gernot (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opus.bibliothek.uni-wuerzburg.de/frontdoor/index/index/searchtype/authorsearch/author/Gernot+Wilhelm/start/45/rows/10/docId/7301">The Hurrians</a>. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10988-9"><bdi>978-90-04-10988-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 5 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Aqhat&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ugaritic+Studies&rft.series=Handbook+of+Oriental+Studies&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10988-9&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Z2Jo01iq1YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVv.Aa.1951" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Vv.Aa. (1951), University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, vol. 11–12, University of California Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/977787419">977787419</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+of+California+Publications+in+Semitic+Philology&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F977787419&rft.au=Vv.Aa.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorry2016" class="citation cs2">Horry, Ruth (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201018185859/http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/enki/">"Enki/Ea (god)"</a>, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/enki/">the original</a> on 18 October 2020, retrieved 6 April 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.atitle=Enki%2FEa+%28god%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Horry&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Fenki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation cs2">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu">The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</a>, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45238-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45238-7"><bdi>0-226-45238-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-226-45238-7&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeick1998" class="citation cs2">Leick, Gwendolyn (1998) [1991], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CeEZD-9L5ogC&q=Anunnaki&pg=PA8">A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology</a>, New York City, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19811-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19811-9"><bdi>0-415-19811-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Mythology&rft.place=New+York+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-19811-9&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Gwendolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCeEZD-9L5ogC%26q%3DAnunnaki%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope1955" class="citation cs2">Pope, Marvin H. (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ns4UAAAAIAAJ&q=Anu+Ilu&pg=PA2">"El in the Ugaritic Texts"</a>, Supplements to Vetus Testamentum, 2, Leiden, The Netherlands: E. J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0083-5889">0083-5889</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Supplements+to+Vetus+Testamentum&rft.atitle=El+in+the+Ugaritic+Texts&rft.volume=2&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0083-5889&rft.aulast=Pope&rft.aufirst=Marvin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dns4UAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAnu%2BIlu%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2016" class="citation cs2">Stone, Adam (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/amgg/listofdeities/enlil/">"Enlil/Ellil (god)"</a>, Ancient Mesopotamian Gods and Goddesses, Open Richly Annotated Cuneiform Corpus, UK Higher Education Academy</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesopotamian+Gods+and+Goddesses&rft.atitle=Enlil%2FEllil+%28god%29&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foracc.iaas.upenn.edu%2Famgg%2Flistofdeities%2Fenlil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnu" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anu&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Anu" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Anu">Anu</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/anu" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/anu">anu</a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sumerian_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#AFC9BF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sumerian_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primordial beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/200px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/300px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/400px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid the Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimua" title="Azimua">Azimua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitu_(god)" title="Bitu (god)">Bitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C5%A1bi%C5%A1ag" title="Hušbišag">Hushbishag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninimma" title="Ninimma">Ninimma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimintabba" title="Nimintabba">Nimintabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherida">Sherida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugur_(god)" title="Ugur (god)">Ugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demons, spirits, and monsters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Gallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Huwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortal heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188536#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188536#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188536#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/173573279">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/281838599">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/810916/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118645412">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85005811">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17788285p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb17788285p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295576305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/160594057">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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