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id="toc-Origin_legends_and_early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_legends_and_early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin legends and early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_legends_and_early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Imperial China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engraving_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engraving_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Engraving types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engraving_types-sublist" 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id="toc-Government_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Government officials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name_(名印)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name_(名印)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Name (名印)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name_(名印)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_(閑印)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_(閑印)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Free (閑印)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_(閑印)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Studio_(齋印)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Studio_(齋印)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Studio (齋印)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Studio_(齋印)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_collectors'_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_collectors'_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Art collectors' seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_collectors'_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leisure_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Leisure seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seal_paste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seal_paste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Seal paste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seal_paste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_across_the_Sinosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_across_the_Sinosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Usage across the Sinosphere</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_across_the_Sinosphere-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage across the Sinosphere subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_across_the_Sinosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chinese_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Chinese usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Japanese usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jitsuin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jitsuin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Jitsuin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jitsuin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ginkō-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ginkō-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Ginkō-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ginkō-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitome-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitome-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Mitome-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitome-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gagō-in" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gagō-in"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.4</span> <span>Gagō-in</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gagō-in-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discouragement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discouragement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.5</span> <span>Discouragement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discouragement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Korean usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Personal_seals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_seals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3.1</span> <span>Personal seals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_seals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolian_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolian_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Mongolian usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolian_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singaporean_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singaporean_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Singaporean usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singaporean_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Vietnamese usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Seals in the Sinosphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%85_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ختم (شرق آسيا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ختم (شرق آسيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Інкан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegel_(Ostasien)" title="Siegel (Ostasien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Siegel (Ostasien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sellos_en_la_sinoesfera" title="Sellos en la sinoesfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sellos en la sinoesfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanko_(sigelo)" title="Hanko (sigelo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hanko (sigelo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sceau_(Extr%C3%AAme-Orient)" title="Sceau (Extrême-Orient) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sceau (Extrême-Orient)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инкан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Инкан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B6%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B7%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE)" title="တံဆိပ်တော် (အရှေ့အာရှ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တံဆိပ်တော် (အရှေ့အာရှ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zegel_(Oost-Azi%C3%AB)" title="Zegel (Oost-Azië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zegel (Oost-Azië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selo_(Leste_Asi%C3%A1tico)" title="Selo (Leste Asiático) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Selo (Leste Asiático)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Инкан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Инкан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C4%8Dat_(Isto%C4%8Dna_Azija)" title="Pečat (Istočna Azija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pečat (Istočna Azija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E)" title="圖章 (東亞) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="圖章 (東亞)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E)" title="印章 (東亞) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印章 (東亞)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3850202#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Seals+in+the+Sinosphere%22">"Seals in the Sinosphere"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Seals+in+the+Sinosphere%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Seals+in+the+Sinosphere%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Seals+in+the+Sinosphere%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Seals+in+the+Sinosphere%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Seal</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg/130px-Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ed/Xu_yin_Yongyu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="170" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">徐永裕印 Xú Yǒngyù yìn, rotating characters meaning "Seal of Xú Yǒngyù")</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">印鑑 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">or</span> 圖章 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 印章</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">印鉴 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 图章 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 印章</span></span></td></tr><tr><td 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Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">yan gaam <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> tòuh jēung <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> yan jēung</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jan3 gaam3 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> tou4 zoeng1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> jan3 zoeng1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">ìn-kàm <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> tô͘-chiong / tô͘-chiang <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> ìn-chiong / ìn-chiang</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">ấn triện <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> ấn chương <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> ấn tín<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">Chữ Hán</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">印篆 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 印章 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 印信</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">인감 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 도장 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 인장</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">印鑑 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 圖章 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 印章</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">ingam <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> dojang <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> injang</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Mongolian name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Cyrillic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian Cyrillic script">Mongolian Cyrillic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Тамга</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠲᠠᠮᠠᠭ᠎ᠠ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/SASM/GNC_romanization#Mongolian" title="SASM/GNC romanization">SASM/GNC</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Mongolian-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="mn-Latn">Tamag'a / Tamga</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">印鑑 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 印章 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> 判子</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">inkan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> inshō <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049405"><span class="noitalic">or</span> hanko</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a>, <b>seals</b> (<a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">stamps</a>) can be applied on objects to establish personal identification. They are commonly applied on items such as personal documents, office paperwork, contracts, and art. They are used similarly to <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signatures</a> in the West. Unlike in the West, where <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">wax seals</a> are common, Sinosphere seals are used with <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a>. </p><p>Of Chinese origin, the process soon spread beyond China and across East and Southeast Asia. Various countries in these regions currently use a mixture of seals and hand signatures, and, increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_signatures" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic signatures">electronic signatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chinese seals are typically made of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a>, sometimes of metals, wood, bamboo, plastic, or ivory, and are typically used with red ink or <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a> paste (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">朱砂</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhūshā</span></i>) [朱砂] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |p= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>. The word 印 ("yìn" in Mandarin, "in" in Japanese and Korean, "ấn" and "in" in Vietnamese) specifically refers to the imprint created by the seal, as well as appearing in combination with other morphemes in words related to any printing, as in the word "印刷", "printing", pronounced "yìnshuā" in Mandarin, "insatsu" in Japanese. In the western world, Asian seals were traditionally known by traders as <b>chop marks</b> or simply <b>chops</b>, a term adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a> <i>chapa</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <i>cap</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning stamp or <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber stamps">rubber stamps</a>. </p><p>In Japan, seals, referred to as <b>inkan</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%91%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:印鑑">印鑑</a></span></span>)</span> or <b>hanko</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:判子">判子</a></span></span>)</span>, have historically been used to identify individuals involved in government and trading from ancient times. The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japanese emperors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shogun" title="Shogun">shōguns</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> had their personal seals pressed onto <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edicts</a> and other public documents to show authenticity and authority. Even today, Japanese citizens' companies regularly use name seals for the signing of a contract and other important paperwork.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_legends_and_early_history">Origin legends and early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin legends and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout Chinese history, seals have played an important part and are known to have been used both by government authorities and private individuals for thousands of years.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest known examples of seals in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a> date to the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1046 BC</span>) and were discovered at archaeological sites at <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, how these ancient seals were used remains to be uncovered as it is only starting from the <a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn period</a> (771–476 BC) of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (1046–256 BC) that there is an increase in the quantity of Chinese seals paired together with textual references to them. Until the end of the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a> (476 BC–221 BC), all seals were only known as <i>xǐ</i> 璽 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xǐ</span></i>, regardless if they were used by government officials or in private use and regardless of any material used to make them.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202–220 AD), an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">origin myth</a> of the supposed first seal in Chinese history was recorded, this myth states that the first seal was given to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> by a yellow <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">dragon</a> which had a chart on its back.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another origin myth, the first seal was given to <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a> by a <i><a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">fenghuang</a></i> (a mythical bird) as he was sitting in a boat.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both of these origin legends, the gifting of the seal is a symbol that the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> was conferred to its recipient.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So when Tang, the first ruler of the Shang dynasty, overthrows the last tyrannical ruler of the (possibly mythical) <a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia dynasty</a> (presumed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2070</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600 BC</span>), he seizes the royal seal from him to symbolically establish his power.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imperial China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg/220px-Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg/330px-Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg/440px-Chongzhen_Emperor_signature_and_seal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1150" /></a><figcaption>Personal seal and monogram (<i><a href="/wiki/Huaya" title="Huaya">huaya</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a> (1611-1644)</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Imperial_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial China">China's Imperial Period</a>, the term <i>xǐ</i> would gradually begin to become a designation exclusively reserved for the seals of the Emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Han dynasty, the Emperor of China only had 6 imperial seals, later during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) this number had grown to 8, during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644) this number would further grow to there now being over a dozen imperial seals, and by the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> (1644–1912), there were several dozen official imperial seals that were used by its Emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscriptions on these official imperial seals usually refer to either the Emperor receiving the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a> or to the Emperor being "the successor of Heaven".<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>The New Book of Tang</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/New_Book_of_Tang" title="New Book of Tang">Tangshu</a></i>), Empress <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zetian" title="Wu Zetian">Wu Zetian</a> issued a decree that changed the usage of the word <i>xǐ</i>, which was up until then used for imperial seals, to <i>Bǎo</i> <i>treasure</i> ( 寶 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Bǎo</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her reasoning behind this change was that she thought that the word <i>xǐ</i> sounded too much like death <i>Si</i> (死 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sǐ</span></i>) or rest <i>Xi</i> (息 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xī</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But when <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhongzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhongzong of Tang">Emperor Zhongzong</a> was resumed to the throne of the Tang dynasty in the year 705, he changed the name for imperial seals back to <i>xǐ</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsequent centuries both the terms <i>xǐ</i> and <i>bǎo</i> were alternated, depending on the period.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> the main imperial seal bore the inscription <i>Yu qian zhi bao</i> "Seal in front of the Emperor" (御前之寶 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yùqián zhī bǎo</span></i>) , written in folded seal script and was found on the edicts of the Yuan emperors that have been preserved in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of the second Yuan emperor, <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Temür Khan</a>, the Mongols claimed to have acquired the <i>Seal Transmitting the State</i> and used it as a sign of their legitimacy and it would continue to be used during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Yuan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Yuan dynasty">Northern Yuan dynasty</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the a new so-called <i>Seal Transmitting the State</i> emerged, this new seal wasn't the original one produced during the Qin dynasty, but a later made seal created during the reign of Northern Yuan khagan <a href="/wiki/Ligdan_Khan" title="Ligdan Khan">Ligdan Khan</a> during the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mongols at the time knew that the Yuan dynasty emperors had a Chinese seal known at the <i>Seal Transmitting the State</i> which they used to promote their legitimacy but weren't in possession of the real seal, so Ligdan Khan created a new "<i>Seal Transmitting the State</i>" modelled on the seals used by the Ming dynasty as a symbol of political legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Hong_Taiji" title="Hong Taiji">Hong Taiji</a> the <a href="/wiki/Jurchen_people" title="Jurchen people">Jurchen</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin dynasty</a> claimed to have acquired the <i>Seal Transmitting the State</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Chahars" title="Chahars">Chahar Mongols</a> and with this acquisition the Jurchens claimed to have also acquired the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_heaven" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate of heaven">mandate of heaven</a>, but the imperial seal used by the Jurchens to stamp all their imperial documents bore the inscription <i>Zhi gao zhi bao</i> "Seal of Edict" (制誥之寶 <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhì gào zhī bǎo</span></i>), which was written in a type of seal script used by the Ming dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing dynasty would continue to perpetuate this myth to legitimise their rule over China.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of seal that was used by the Chinese Emperors was a seal to indicate that a certain text or official document was written in the Emperor’s own handwriting as opposed to written by someone ordered to do so by the Emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of the Qing dynasty period <a href="/wiki/Qianlong" class="mw-redirect" title="Qianlong">Qianlong</a> Emperor, who was known for his literary ambitions, including his ability to write in well-renowned <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a>, had produced a large amount of texts which were affixed with the seal to indicate that they were his own writing.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the calligraphy of the Qianlong Emperor was carved into stone <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a>, the print of the seal was also copied onto the stone surface.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Engraving_types">Engraving types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Engraving types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg/200px-%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg/300px-%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg/400px-%E5%90%BE%E4%B8%98%E8%A1%8D%E7%AF%86%E5%88%BB%E4%BD%9C%E5%93%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>The seal works of Wu Qiuyan in Yuan dynasty</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Zhuwen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">朱文</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhūwén</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">shubun</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'red characters') seals imprint the Chinese characters in red ink, sometimes referred to as <i>yang</i> seals.</li> <li><i>Baiwen</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白文</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">báiwén</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Japanese pronunciation</a>: <span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn">hakubun</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'white characters') seals imprint the background in red, leaving white characters, sometimes referred to as <i>yin</i> seals.</li> <li><i>Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">朱白文相间印</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">朱白文相間印</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhūbáiwén xiāngjiàn yìn</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'red-white characters combined seal') seals use <i>zhuwen</i> and <i>baiwen</i> together</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_seal_(baiwen).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baiwen seal"><img alt="Baiwen seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chinese_seal_%28baiwen%29.png/115px-Chinese_seal_%28baiwen%29.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Chinese_seal_%28baiwen%29.png/173px-Chinese_seal_%28baiwen%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Chinese_seal_%28baiwen%29.png 2x" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baiwen seal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_seal_(Qing_Dynasty).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhuwen seal"><img alt="Zhuwen seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chinese_seal_%28Qing_Dynasty%29.png/120px-Chinese_seal_%28Qing_Dynasty%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chinese_seal_%28Qing_Dynasty%29.png/180px-Chinese_seal_%28Qing_Dynasty%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Chinese_seal_%28Qing_Dynasty%29.png/240px-Chinese_seal_%28Qing_Dynasty%29.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="454" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zhuwen seal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wangzhidengyin.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 4 with Zhuwen; 2 and 3 with Baiwen"><img alt="Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 4 with Zhuwen; 2 and 3 with Baiwen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Wangzhidengyin.gif" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="108" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zhubaiwen Xiangjianyin, quarterly: 1 and 4 with Zhuwen; 2 and 3 with Baiwen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_seal_(zhubai)_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side"><img alt="Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_seal_%28zhubai%29_2.png/116px-Chinese_seal_%28zhubai%29_2.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chinese_seal_%28zhubai%29_2.png/174px-Chinese_seal_%28zhubai%29_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Chinese_seal_%28zhubai%29_2.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zhuwen on right side, Baiwen on left side</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side"><img alt="Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png/120px-Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png/180px-Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png/240px-Hu_Zhengyan_Seal_2.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Baiwen on right side, Zhuwen on left side</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_authorities">Government authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_government">National government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: National government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg/130px-Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg/195px-Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg/260px-Inscription_on_Imperial_Seal_of_China_%22%E5%8F%97%E5%91%BD%E6%96%BC%E5%A4%A9_%E6%97%A2%E5%A3%BD%E6%B0%B8%E6%98%8C%22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a> from Imperial China (<span lang="zh-Hant">傳國璽</span>; <span lang="zh-Hans">传国玺</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chuánguóxǐ</span></i>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/130px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/195px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg/260px-Seal_of_Ming_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption>The Seal of the Emperor of the Great Ming (大明皇帝之寶; <i>Dàmíng huángdì zhī bǎo</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese emperors</a>, their families and officials used large seals known as <i>xǐ</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">璽</span></span>), later renamed <i>bǎo</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">寶</span></span>; 'treasure'), which corresponds to the great seals of Western countries. These were usually made of <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> (although hard wood or precious metal could also be used), and were originally square in shape. They were changed to a rectangular form during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, but reverted to square during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. </p><p>The most important of these seals was the <a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a>, which was created by the first Emperor of China, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>, and was seen as a legitimising device embodying or symbolising the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a>. The Heirloom Seal was passed down through several <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">dynasties</a>, but had been lost by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. This partly explains the Qing emperors' obsession with creating numerous imperial seals - for the emperors' official use alone the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> in Beijing has a collection of 25 seals - in order to reduce the significance of the Heirloom Seal. </p><p>The authority of the government was often tied to their possession of certain seals. For example, when the Later Jin khanate proclaimed the Qing Empire, they only did so after receiving the jade seal from the Mongols.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the Northern Yuan before them claimed their legitimacy through their national seals as well.<sup id="cite_ref-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The-Myth-of-the-Seal-Transmitting-the-State-in-the-Yuan-and-Qing-Dynasties-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These seals typically bore the titles of the offices, rather than the names of the owners. Different seals could be used for different purposes:<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> had a number of informal appreciation seals (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">乾隆御覽之寶</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Qiánlóng yùlǎn zhī bǎo</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'Seal(s) for [use during] the Qiánlóng emperor's inspection') used on select paintings in his collection. </p><p>The most popular style of script for government seals in the imperial eras of China (from the Song dynasty to Qing dynasty) was the <a href="/wiki/Nine-fold_seal_script" title="Nine-fold seal script">nine-fold seal script</a> (<span lang="zh">九疊文</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">jiǔdiéwén</span></i>), a highly stylised script which is unreadable to the untrained. </p><p>During its 143 years of existence, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Government of the Nguyễn dynasty">government of the Nguyễn dynasty</a> created more than 100 imperial seals.<sup id="cite_ref-VNBN-Seals_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VNBN-Seals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phan_Thanh_H%E1%BA%A3i_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phan Thanh Hải (historian) (page does not exist)">Phan Thanh Hải</a>, Director of the Huế Monuments Conservation Centre, at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> period the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_City_of_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Imperial City of Huế">Purple Forbidden City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Huế</a> contained a total of 93 jade and gold seals of which 2 seals were from the <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_lords" title="Nguyễn lords">Nguyễn lords</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-VNBN-Seals_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VNBN-Seals-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BTLSQGVN-Nguyễn-seal_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BTLSQGVN-Nguyễn-seal-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> in Taiwan has continued to use traditional square seals of up to about 13 centimetres, known by a variety of names depending on the user's hierarchy. Part of the inaugural ceremony for the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a> includes bestowing on them the <i>Seal of the Republic of China</i> and the <i>Seal of Honor</i>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China">Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a square bronze seal with side length of 9 centimetres. Its inscription reads "Seal of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China". Notably, the seal uses the relatively modern <a href="/wiki/Song_typeface" class="mw-redirect" title="Song typeface">Song typeface</a> rather than the more ancient <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal scripts</a>, and the seal is called a <i>yìn</i> (<span lang="zh">印</span>), not a <i>xǐ</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">璽</span></span>). Government seals in the People's Republic of China today are usually circular in shape, and have a five-pointed star in the centre of the circle. The name of the governmental institution is arranged around the star in a semicircle – a form also adopted by some <a href="/wiki/Company_chop" class="mw-redirect" title="Company chop">company chops</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The official seal of National Taiwan University in Taiwan (國立臺灣大學印; Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn)"><img alt="The official seal of National Taiwan University in Taiwan (國立臺灣大學印; Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg/120px-Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg/180px-Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg/240px-Official_text_seal_of_National_Taiwan_University.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The official seal of <a href="/wiki/National_Taiwan_University" title="National Taiwan University">National Taiwan University</a> in Taiwan (<span lang="zh-Hant">國立臺灣大學印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guólì Táiwān Dàxué yìn</span></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of the Republic of China (中華民國之璽; Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ)"><img alt="The Seal of the Republic of China (中華民國之璽; Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg/120px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg/180px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg/240px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seal of the Republic of China</a> (<span lang="zh-Hant">中華民國之璽</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá mīnguó zhī xǐ</span></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国中央人民政府之印; Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ zhī yìn)"><img alt="The Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China (中华人民共和国中央人民政府之印; Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ zhī yìn)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Government_of_the_People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China">Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China</a> (<span lang="zh-Hans">中华人民共和国中央人民政府之印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó Zhōngyāng Rénmín Zhèngfǔ zhī yìn</span></i>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_(1955%E2%80%931963).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the president of the First Republic of Vietnam under Ngô Đình Diệm (1955–1963). Notice that its inscription is completely written in Latin script without diacritics."><img alt="The seal of the president of the First Republic of Vietnam under Ngô Đình Diệm (1955–1963). Notice that its inscription is completely written in Latin script without diacritics." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam_%281955%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seal of the <a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">president</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="First Republic of Vietnam">First Republic of Vietnam</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a> (1955–1963). Notice that its inscription is completely written in <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> without diacritics. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_officials">Government officials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Government officials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Government bureaucrats would receive office seals that served as a status token of both their office and authority.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These government office seals tended to be small enough in size that they could be carried by the official on their belts.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike imperial seals and other seals of high office which were known as <i>xi</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">璽</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xǐ</span></i>); lower seals of rank and appointment were known as <i>yin</i> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">印</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yìn</span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout history different regulations existed for these office seals that would prescribe what materials should be used (copper-alloys or gold) and how their <a href="/wiki/Seal_knob" title="Seal knob">seal knobs</a> should be shaped (some with a handle in the shape of a turtle, some of a camel).<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han dynasty">Eastern Han dynasty</a> period government regulations stipulated that the ink used to affix official seals had their colours determined based in the rank of the official in question, with various colours such as green, purple, yellow, Etc.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout Chinese history the calligraphy used for government office seals changed in radical ways. By the Han dynasty period the inscriptions of office seals tended to become thicker and more angular.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> period the calligraphy had become more rounded and thinner than before, and later during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasties</a> periods the ''jiudie'' (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">九疊</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiǔ dié</span></i>) (nine-folded) script was the preferred type of calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Qing dynasty period, most government office seals were bilingual with the Chinese (Seal script) inscription on the right side of the seal and the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu script">Manchu script</a> inscription on its left.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many classes of personal seals. Private seals are naturally unregulated;<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore they show the largest variety in content, shape, size, material, and calligraphy of any type of seal.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seals with names, pen names, pseudonyms, etc on them were used as an early type of <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signature</a> by people in their private lives.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists would also sign their works and letters with their seals.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Chinese literati are known to usually use a number of different pen names in their works, so trying to identify a person's name from a specific seal can be a tricky business.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name_(名印)"><span id="Name_.28.E5.90.8D.E5.8D.B0.29"></span>Name (名印)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Name (名印)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Denotes the person's name. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="min-width: 130px;">Name </th> <th style="min-width: 100px;">Example text </th> <th>Example seal </th> <th>Use </th></tr> <tr> <td>Personal name seal<br />(<span lang="zh">姓名印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xingming Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>李小狼印,<br /> 李小狼 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg03a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="李小狼印"><img alt="李小狼印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealeg03a.png/80px-Sealeg03a.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealeg03a.png/120px-Sealeg03a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealeg03a.png/160px-Sealeg03a.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg01a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="李小狼"><img alt="李小狼" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sealeg01a.png/80px-Sealeg01a.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sealeg01a.png/120px-Sealeg01a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Sealeg01a.png/160px-Sealeg01a.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>State the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">personal name</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">family name</a> and <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>) of a person. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Style name seal<br />(<span lang="zh">表字印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Biaozi Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>字矗昊,<br /> 矗昊 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg04.png" class="mw-file-description" title="字矗昊"><img alt="字矗昊" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sealeg04.png/80px-Sealeg04.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sealeg04.png/120px-Sealeg04.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Sealeg04.png/160px-Sealeg04.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg05.png" class="mw-file-description" title="矗昊"><img alt="矗昊" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sealeg05.png/46px-Sealeg05.png" decoding="async" width="46" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sealeg05.png/69px-Sealeg05.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sealeg05.png/92px-Sealeg05.png 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>State the <a href="/wiki/Style_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Style name">style name</a> of a person. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subject concubine seal<br />(<span lang="zh">臣妾印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Chenqie Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>臣小明 (male),<br /> 妾美櫻 (female) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg07.png" class="mw-file-description" title="臣小明"><img alt="臣小明" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sealeg07.png/80px-Sealeg07.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sealeg07.png/120px-Sealeg07.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Sealeg07.png/160px-Sealeg07.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg08.png" class="mw-file-description" title="妾美櫻"><img alt="妾美櫻" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sealeg08.png/80px-Sealeg08.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sealeg08.png/120px-Sealeg08.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sealeg08.png/160px-Sealeg08.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Used in imperial times by imperial consorts or officials. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Simplified word seal<br />(<span lang="zh">書簡印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shujian Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>如佩信印 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg09.png" class="mw-file-description" title="如佩信印"><img alt="如佩信印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sealeg09.png/80px-Sealeg09.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sealeg09.png/120px-Sealeg09.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Sealeg09.png/160px-Sealeg09.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Used in letters, instead of writing well wishes by hand, the seal takes its place. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rotating character seal<br />(<span lang="zh">迴文印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huiwen Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>李小狼印,<br /> 徐永裕印 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg03.png" class="mw-file-description" title="李小狼印"><img alt="李小狼印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sealeg03.png/80px-Sealeg03.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sealeg03.png/120px-Sealeg03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sealeg03.png/160px-Sealeg03.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg11.png" class="mw-file-description" title="徐永裕印"><img alt="徐永裕印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sealeg11.png/80px-Sealeg11.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sealeg11.png/120px-Sealeg11.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sealeg11.png/160px-Sealeg11.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Same as the personal name seal, but characters are read in an anti-clockwise direction, rather than from the top-down, right-to-left. Sometimes used in writing (e.g. to sign a <a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">preface</a> of a book). </td></tr> <tr> <td>General/combined seal<br />(<span lang="zh">總印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zong Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>大英伯明皇龍正之章 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg10.png" class="mw-file-description" title="大英伯明皇龍正之章"><img alt="大英伯明皇龍正之章" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sealeg10.png/160px-Sealeg10.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sealeg10.png/240px-Sealeg10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sealeg10.png/320px-Sealeg10.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>States the personal name and the place name where he/she is from. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Government/official seal<br />(<span lang="zh">官印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guan Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>宜州管下羈縻都黎縣印 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guanyin_song1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="宜州管下羈縻都黎縣印"><img alt="宜州管下羈縻都黎縣印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Guanyin_song1.png/160px-Guanyin_song1.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Guanyin_song1.png/240px-Guanyin_song1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Guanyin_song1.png/320px-Guanyin_song1.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span> </td> <td>Seal of a department of the Government, or the leader of the department. </td></tr> <tr> <td>State seal (<span lang="zh">國璽</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guo Xi</span></i>), imperial seal (<span lang="zh">帝璽</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Di Xi</span></i>) </td> <td>大清帝國之璽,<br /> 文帝行璽 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="大清帝國之璽"><img alt="大清帝國之璽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/80px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/120px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg/160px-Seal_of_Qing_dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Nanyue_(Zhao_Mo).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="文帝行璽"><img alt="文帝行璽" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Seal_of_Nanyue_%28Zhao_Mo%29.svg/80px-Seal_of_Nanyue_%28Zhao_Mo%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Seal_of_Nanyue_%28Zhao_Mo%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_Nanyue_%28Zhao_Mo%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Seal_of_Nanyue_%28Zhao_Mo%29.svg/160px-Seal_of_Nanyue_%28Zhao_Mo%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="470" /></a></span> </td> <td>Seal of the realm or the monarch. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_(閑印)"><span id="Free_.28.E9.96.91.E5.8D.B0.29"></span>Free (閑印)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Free (閑印)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Can contain the person's personal philosophy or literary inclination. These can be any shape, ranging from ovals to dragon-shaped. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="min-width: 160px;">Name </th> <th style="min-width: 100px;">Example text </th> <th>Example seal </th> <th>Use </th></tr> <tr> <td>Portrait seal<br />(<span lang="zh">肖形印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Xiaoxing Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>(Image of deer) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg12.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lucky Deer"><img alt="Lucky Deer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sealeg12.png/80px-Sealeg12.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sealeg12.png/120px-Sealeg12.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sealeg12.png/160px-Sealeg12.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Has images with no words to express the user's character. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lucky sayings seal<br />(<span lang="zh">吉語印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiyu Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>日就富貴 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg14.png" class="mw-file-description" title="日就富貴"><img alt="日就富貴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sealeg14.png/100px-Sealeg14.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sealeg14.png/150px-Sealeg14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Sealeg14.png/200px-Sealeg14.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Has lucky sayings and proverbs. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exceeding seal of the Yellow God<br />(<span lang="zh">黃神越章</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huangshen Yuezhang</span></i>) </td> <td>黃神越章天帝神之印 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg13a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="黃神越章天帝神之印"><img alt="黃神越章天帝神之印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealeg13a.png/120px-Sealeg13a.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealeg13a.png/180px-Sealeg13a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sealeg13a.png/240px-Sealeg13a.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td>Used in ancient times as a protective charm on letters to shield the recipient from wild beasts or demons; now used mainly as a well-wishing convention on letters to people who travel abroad as well as a protective charm for the letter to be delivered safely to the recipient. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sealing stamp<br />(<span lang="zh">封泥</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Feng Ni</span></i>) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>N/A </td> <td>Used to seal letters or packages, often after the sealing tag/strip has been stuck on the flap. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Studio_(齋印)"><span id="Studio_.28.E9.BD.8B.E5.8D.B0.29"></span>Studio (齋印)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Studio (齋印)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carry the name of the person's private studio (<span lang="zh">書齋</span>), which most literati in <a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">ancient China</a> had, although probably in lesser forms. These are usually rectangular in shape. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="min-width: 160px;">Name </th> <th style="min-width: 130px;">Example text </th> <th>Example seal </th> <th>Use </th></tr> <tr> <td>Studio/study seal<br /><br />(<span lang="zh">齋館印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhaiguan Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>雅目齋,<br /><br /> 蘭雪堂 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg15a.png" class="mw-file-description" title="雅目齋"><img alt="雅目齋" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sealeg15a.png/80px-Sealeg15a.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sealeg15a.png/120px-Sealeg15a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Sealeg15a.png/160px-Sealeg15a.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanxuetang2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="蘭雪堂"><img alt="蘭雪堂" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lanxuetang2.png/80px-Lanxuetang2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lanxuetang2.png/120px-Lanxuetang2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Lanxuetang2.png/160px-Lanxuetang2.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td>States the name of the studio or body. This includes society and company seals. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alias seal<br /><br />(<span lang="zh">別號印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Biehao Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>白石道人,<br /><br /> 白雲峰主 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg16.png" class="mw-file-description" title="白石道人"><img alt="白石道人" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sealeg16.png/80px-Sealeg16.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sealeg16.png/120px-Sealeg16.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Sealeg16.png/160px-Sealeg16.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DingJing2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="白雲峰主"><img alt="白雲峰主" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/DingJing2.png/80px-DingJing2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/DingJing2.png/120px-DingJing2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/DingJing2.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="148" /></a></span> </td> <td>States aliases of the user, including artistic names, painting names and pen names. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Storage seal<br /><br />(<span lang="zh">收藏印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shoucang Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>松雨彗齋圖書印,<br /><br /> 儀徵張錫組珍藏書画 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg17.png" class="mw-file-description" title="松雨彗齋圖書印"><img alt="松雨彗齋圖書印" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sealeg17.png/90px-Sealeg17.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sealeg17.png/135px-Sealeg17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sealeg17.png/180px-Sealeg17.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_seal_(WuRangzhi).png" class="mw-file-description" title="儀徵張錫組珍藏書画"><img alt="儀徵張錫組珍藏書画" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chinese_seal_%28WuRangzhi%29.png/100px-Chinese_seal_%28WuRangzhi%29.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chinese_seal_%28WuRangzhi%29.png/150px-Chinese_seal_%28WuRangzhi%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chinese_seal_%28WuRangzhi%29.png/200px-Chinese_seal_%28WuRangzhi%29.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="495" /></a></span> </td> <td>Used on books or paintings that are kept by the user. This includes appreciation seals used on paintings and books that the owner admires. Serves a similar function to <a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">bookplates</a> in the west. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poetry seal<br /><br />(<span lang="zh">詞句印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Ciju Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>買魚沽酒答春晴,<br /><br /> 問梅消息 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Poem_of_chenji.png" class="mw-file-description" title="買魚沽酒答春晴"><img alt="買魚沽酒答春晴" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poem_of_chenji.png/90px-Poem_of_chenji.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poem_of_chenji.png/135px-Poem_of_chenji.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Poem_of_chenji.png/180px-Poem_of_chenji.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="問梅消息"><img alt="問梅消息" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png/80px-Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png/120px-Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png/160px-Chen_HongShou_Seal_1.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td>Inscribed with a poem or proverb, used on paintings and suchlike. May be large or small, depending on length of inscription. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Signature Seal<br /><br />(<span lang="zh">花押印</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Huaya Yin</span></i>) </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg20.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shape of seal like Pipa"><img alt="Shape of seal like Pipa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sealeg20.png/40px-Sealeg20.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sealeg20.png/60px-Sealeg20.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Sealeg20.png/80px-Sealeg20.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="830" /></a></span>　<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sealeg19.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Shape of seal like fish"><img alt="Shape of seal like fish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sealeg19.png/35px-Sealeg19.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sealeg19.png/53px-Sealeg19.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sealeg19.png/70px-Sealeg19.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="850" /></a></span> </td> <td>A person's stylised signature. Often small, sometimes with images, the design can be varied in style. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_collectors'_seals"><span id="Art_collectors.27_seals"></span>Art collectors' seals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Art collectors' seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Imperial China it was considered to be customary for collectors and connoisseurs of art to affix the print of their seals on the surface of a scroll of painting or calligraphy.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artists themselves often used their own seals on artworks, such as on works of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese paintings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Online-Museum-Chinese-Seals-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collector seals were chiefly used for the function of authenticating different pieces of art.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus a collector seal identified to be of a famous art collector or connoisseur would become an integral part of an artwork itself and could substantially raise its monetary value on the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">art market</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus in the course of several centuries, some Chinese paintings have become covered by a number of different seals of their different owners during the course of their existence.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Emperors of China also had their own imperial seals to appraise and appreciate art.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, many famous paintings from the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> tend to have the imperial seals for art appraisal and appreciation of generations of subsequent emperors on them.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leisure_seals">Leisure seals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leisure seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many types of private seal not categorised above are usually categorised under the umbrella term "leisure seals".<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription on leisure seals is usually a short text which is either a quote from a famous writing or just some saying that the owner of the seal thought is important.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical inscriptions on leisure seals include "Respect fate", "Attain wisdom", "Respect", "Use loyalty and humanity in your affairs", among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese leisure seals are comparable to <a href="/wiki/Signature_block" title="Signature block">Signature blocks</a> with a quote at the end of an e-mail or internet messages where the author append some sort of proverb or saying that they consider valuable at the end.<sup id="cite_ref-China-Culture-January-2008_5-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-China-Culture-January-2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seal_paste">Seal paste</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Seal paste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG/220px-Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG/330px-Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG/440px-Chinese_seal_and_paste.JPG 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="662" /></a><figcaption>Chinese seal and red seal paste.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two types of seal paste (to make the impression) depending on what base material they are made of. The standard colour is <a href="/wiki/Vermilion" title="Vermilion">vermilion</a> red (or lighter or darker shades of red) but other colours can be used such as black, navy, etc. for specific purposes. </p> <ul><li>Silk: The red paste is made from finely pulverized <a href="/wiki/Cinnabar" title="Cinnabar">cinnabar</a>, mixed with <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a> and silk strands. The silk strands bind the mixture together to form a very thick substance. It has a very oily appearance and tends to be a bright red in colour.</li> <li>Plant: The red paste is made from finely pulverized cinnabar, mixed with castor oil and <a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">moxa punk</a>. Because the base is a plant one that has been pulverised, the texture is very loose due to the fact that it does not bind. The appearance is sponge like and not oily.</li></ul> <p>Plant-based paste tends to dry more quickly than silk-based pastes because the plant extract does not hold onto the oil as tightly as silk. Depending on the paper used, plant pastes can dry in 10 to 15 minutes. The more absorbent the paper is, the faster it dries as the paper absorbs most of the oil. Also, plant pastes tend to smudge more easily than silk pastes due to the loose binding agent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_Paste_Box_(Yinnihe)_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_Paste_Box_%28Yinnihe%29_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/170px-Seal_Paste_Box_%28Yinnihe%29_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_Paste_Box_%28Yinnihe%29_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/255px-Seal_Paste_Box_%28Yinnihe%29_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_Paste_Box_%28Yinnihe%29_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg/340px-Seal_Paste_Box_%28Yinnihe%29_with_Litchi_Stems_LACMA_M.87.205a-b_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1812" /></a><figcaption>Yinnihe (seal paste box), Ming dynasty.</figcaption></figure> <p>The paste is kept covered after it has been used, in its original container (be it plastic or ceramic). It is kept in an environment away from direct sunlight and away from intense heat to prevent it from drying out. The paste for silk based pastes need to be stirred with a spatula every month or so to avoid the oil sinking down and drying out the paste as well as to prepare it for use. A good paste would produce a clear impression in one go; if the impression is not clear requiring further impressions then it indicates that the paste is either too dry or the cinnabar has been depleted. </p><p>When the seal is pressed onto the printing surface, the procedure differs according to plant or silk based paste. For silk based paste, the user applies pressure, often with a specially made soft, flat surface beneath the paper. For plant based paste, the user simply applies light pressure. As lifting the seal vertically away from its imprint may rip or damage paper, the seal is usually lifted off one side at a time, as if bent off from the page. After this, the image may be blotted with a piece of paper to make it dry faster, although this may smudge it. Usually there needs to be a pile of soft felt or paper under the paper to be imprinted for a clear seal impression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_across_the_Sinosphere">Usage across the Sinosphere</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Usage across the Sinosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_usage">Chinese usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Chinese usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg/300px-East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg/450px-East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg/600px-East_Asian_calligraphy_scheme_02-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of Chinese seal, seal paste, and technique to use them.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg/220px-A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg/330px-A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg/440px-A_East_Asian_Seal_used_to_belong_to_a_merchant_in_the_1930s_and_40s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>An East Asian seal which used to belong to a Chinese merchant in the 1930s and 40s</figcaption></figure> <p>Many people in China possess a personal name seal. Artists, scholars, collectors and intellectuals may possess a full set of name seals, leisure seals, and studio seals. A well-made seal made from <a href="/wiki/Semi-precious_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-precious stone">semi-precious stones</a> can cost between 400 and 4000 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> (about 60 to 600 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollars" class="mw-redirect" title="United States dollars">United States dollars</a> in 2021). </p><p>Seals are still used for official purposes in a number of contexts. When collecting parcels or registered post, the name seal serves as an identification, akin to a signature. In banks, traditionally the method of identification was also by a seal. Seals remain the customary form of identification on <a href="/wiki/Cheque" title="Cheque">cheques</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. Today, personal identification is often by a hand signature accompanied by a seal imprint. Seals can serve as identification with signatures because they are more difficult to forge than a signature, and only the owner has access to his own seal. </p><p>Seals are also often used on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a> works and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_painting" title="Chinese painting">Chinese paintings</a>, usually imprinted in such works in the order (from top to bottom) of name seal, leisure seal(s), then studio seal. Owners or collectors of paintings or books will often add their own studio seals to pieces they have collected. This practice is an act of appreciation towards the work. Some artworks have had not only seals but inscriptions of the owner on them; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> had as many as 20 different seals for use with inscriptions on paintings he collected. Provided that it is tastefully done (for example, not obscuring the body of the painting, appropriate inscription, fine calligraphy, etc.), this practice does not devalue the painting but could possibly enhance it by giving it further provenance, especially if it is a seal of a famous or celebrated individual who possessed the work at some point. </p><p>Seals are usually <a href="/wiki/Seal_carving" title="Seal carving">carved</a> by specialist seal carvers, or by the users themselves. Specialist carvers carve the user's name into the stone in one of the standard scripts and styles described above, usually for a fee. Some people carve their own seals using soapstone and fine knives, which are widely available; this is cheaper than paying a professional for expertise, craft and material. Results vary, but individuals can carve perfectly legitimate seals for themselves. </p><p>As a novelty souvenir, seal carvers also ply tourist business at <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> and tourist destinations in China. They often carve on-the-spot or translations of foreign names on inexpensive <a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">soapstone</a>, sometimes featuring Roman characters. </p><p>Determining which side of the seal should face up may be done in a number of ways: if there is a carving on top, the front should face the user; if there is an inscription on the side, it should face to the left of the user; if there is a dot on the side, it should face away from the user. </p><p>Once seals are used, as much paste as possible is wiped from the printing surface and off the edges with a suitable material. The seals are kept in a constant environment, especially seals made of sandalwood or black ox horn. Tall thin seals are best kept on their sides, to prevent them from wobbling and falling down. More important seals, such as authority and society seals, are encased or wrapped in a golden silk cloth for protection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, seals have fallen out of general use, as signatures are often required. In the past, seals were used by businesses on documents related to transactions. Seals have also been used in lieu of a signature for the city's illiterate population.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lisa Lim of the <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i> stated in 2016 that often Hong Kongers are asked to use the word "stamp" instead of chop in formal writing so non-Hong Kongers may understand.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_usage">Japanese usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japanese usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium-stamps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Titanium-stamps.jpg/220px-Titanium-stamps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Titanium-stamps.jpg/330px-Titanium-stamps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Titanium-stamps.jpg/440px-Titanium-stamps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> seals made in Japan: a square seal for corporations (left), a seal for bank accounts (bottom right), and a general use seal (top right).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inkan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Inkan.JPG/180px-Inkan.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Inkan.JPG/270px-Inkan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Inkan.JPG/360px-Inkan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1652" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption>Ready-made inkan with the name "Kawamura" (河村).</figcaption></figure> <p>In Japan, seals in general are referred to as <i><b>inkan</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%91%91" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:印鑑">印鑑</a></span></span>)</span> or <i><b>hanko</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E5%AD%90" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:判子">判子</a></span></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Inkan</i> is the most comprehensive term; <i>hanko</i> tends to refer to seals used on less important documents. </p><p>The first evidence of writing in Japan is a <i>hanko</i> dating from AD 57, made of solid gold given to the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Nakoku" title="Nakoku">Nakoku</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Guangwu_of_Han" title="Emperor Guangwu of Han">Emperor Guangwu of Han</a>, called <a href="/wiki/King_of_Na_gold_seal" title="King of Na gold seal">King of Na gold seal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, only the Emperor and his most trusted <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> held <i>hanko</i>, as they were a symbol of the Emperor's authority. <a href="/wiki/Daimy%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimyō">Noble people</a> began using their own personal <i>hanko</i> after 750 AD, and <a href="/wiki/Samurai" title="Samurai">samurai</a> began using them at some time during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan#Feudal_Japan_(1185-1603)" title="History of Japan">Feudal Period</a>. Samurai were permitted exclusive use of red ink. Chinese style seals were also utilized by the <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%ABky%C5%AB_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryūkyū Kingdom">Ryūkyū Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After modernization began in 1870, <i>hanko</i> came into general use throughout Japanese society. </p><p>Government offices and corporations usually have <i>inkan</i> specific to their bureau or company and follow the general rules outlined for <i>jitsuin</i> with the following exceptions. In size, they are comparatively large, measuring 2 to 4 inches (5.1 to 10.2 cm) across. Their handles are often ornately carved with friezes of mythical beasts or hand-carved <i>hakubun</i> inscriptions that might be quotes from literature, names and dates, or original poetry. The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal of Japan</a> is an example; weighing over 3.55 kg and measuring 9.09 cm it is used for official purposes by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor</a>. </p><p>Some seals have been carved with square tunnels from handle to underside, so that a person can slide their <i>inkan</i> into the hollow, thus signing a document with both their name and the business's (or bureau's) name. These seals are usually stored in <i>jitsuin</i>-style boxes under high security except at official ceremonies, at which they are displayed on ornate stands or in their boxes. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The King of Na gold seal"><img alt="The King of Na gold seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg/120px-King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg/180px-King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg/240px-King_of_Na_gold_seal_imprint.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/King_of_Na_gold_seal" title="King of Na gold seal">King of Na gold seal</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Seal of the Ryūkyū Kingdom."><img alt="Royal Seal of the Ryūkyū Kingdom." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg/116px-Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg/174px-Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg/232px-Seal_of_the_Ryukyu_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Seal of the Ryūkyū Kingdom.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyomei_kokuji.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The State Seal of Japan"><img alt="The State Seal of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gyomei_kokuji.svg/120px-Gyomei_kokuji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gyomei_kokuji.svg/180px-Gyomei_kokuji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Gyomei_kokuji.svg/240px-Gyomei_kokuji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal of Japan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyoji.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Privy Seal of Japan"><img alt="The Privy Seal of Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gyoji.svg/120px-Gyoji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gyoji.svg/180px-Gyoji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Gyoji.svg/240px-Gyoji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="202" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal of Japan</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>For personal use, there are at least four kinds of seals. In order from most to least formal/official, they are <b>jitsuin</b>, <b>ginkō-in</b>, <b>mitome-in</b>, and <b>gagō-in</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jitsuin">Jitsuin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Jitsuin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_(1915_by_Elstner_Hilton).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg/220px-Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg/330px-Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg/440px-Ivory_carver_of_seal_of_Japan_%281915_by_Elstner_Hilton%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption>Man carving an ivory seal. Japan, 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>jitsuin</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%9F%E5%8D%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:実印">実印</a></span></span>)</span> is an officially registered seal. A registered seal is needed to conduct business and other important or legally binding events. A <i>jitsuin</i> is used when purchasing a vehicle, marrying, or purchasing land, for example. </p><p>The size, shape, material, decoration, and lettering style of <i>jitsuin</i> are closely regulated by law. For example, in Hiroshima, a <i>jitsuin</i> is expected to be roughly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to 1 inch (1.3 to 2.5 cm), usually square or (rarely) rectangular but never round, irregular, or oval. It must contain the individual's full family and given name, without abbreviation. The lettering must be red with a white background (<i>shubun</i>), with roughly equal width lines used throughout the name. The font must be one of several based on ancient historical lettering styles found in metal, woodcarving, and so on. Ancient forms of ideographs are commonplace. A red perimeter must entirely surround the name, and there should be no other decoration on the underside (working surface) of the seal. The top and sides (handle) of the seal may be decorated in any fashion from completely undecorated to historical animal motifs, dates, names, and inscriptions. </p><p>Throughout Japan, rules governing <i>jitsuin</i> design are very stringent and each design is unique, so the vast majority of people entrust the creation of their <i>jitsuin</i> to a professional, paying upward of US$20 and more often closer to US$100, and using it for decades. People desirous of opening a new chapter in their lives—say, following a divorce, death of a spouse, a long streak of bad luck, or a change in career—will often have a new <i>jitsuin</i> made. </p><p>The material is usually a high quality hard stone or, far less frequently, deerhorn, soapstone, or jade. It is sometimes carved by machine. When carved by hand, an <i>intō</i> ("seal-engraving blade"), a mirror, and a small specialized wooden vice are used. An <i>intō</i> is a flat-bladed pencil-sized chisel, usually round or octagonal in cross-section and sometimes wrapped in string to give a better grip. The <i>intō</i> is held vertically in one hand, with the point projecting from the carver's fist on the side opposite the thumb. New, modern <i>intō</i> range in price from less than US$1 to US$100. </p><p>The <i>jitsuin</i> are kept in secure places such as bank vaults. or hidden in a home. They are usually stored in thumb-sized rectangular boxes made of cardboard covered with embroidered green fabric outside and red silk or red velvet inside, held closed by a white plastic or deerhorn splinter tied to the lid and passed through a fabric loop attached to the lower half of the box. Because of the superficial resemblance to coffins, they are often called "coffins" in Japanese by enthusiasts and <i>hanko</i> boutiques. The paste is usually stored separately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ginkō-in"><span id="Gink.C5.8D-in"></span>Ginkō-in</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ginkō-in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ginko-in.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ginko-in.png/220px-Ginko-in.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Ginko-in.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>A foreigner's <i>ginkō-in</i> displayed in a savings passbook. Note the boundary limiting its size to 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm (0.39 in × 0.59 in) and extreme freedom in design.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ginkō-in</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">銀行印</span></span>)</span> is used specifically for banking; <i>ginkō</i> means "bank". A person's savings account passbook contains an original impression of the <i>ginkō-in</i> alongside a bank employee's seal. Rules for the size and design vary somewhat from bank to bank; generally, they contain a Japanese person's full name. A Westerner may be permitted to use a full family name with or without an abbreviated given name, such as "Smith", "Bill Smith", "W Smith" or "Wm Smith" in place of "William Smith". The lettering can be red or white, in any font, and with artistic decoration. </p><p>Since mass-produced <i>ginkō-in</i> offer no security, most people either have them custom-made by professionals or make their own by hand. They were traditionally made of wood or stone; more recently of <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a>, plastic or metal, and carried in a variety of thumb-shape and -size cases resembling cloth purses or plastic pencil cases. They are usually hidden carefully in the owner's home. </p><p>Banks always provide stamp pads or ink paste, and dry cleaning tissues. The banks also provide small plastic scrubbing surfaces similar to small patches of red artificial grass. These are attached to counters and used to scrub the accumulated ink paste from the working surface of customers' seals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mitome-in">Mitome-in</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mitome-in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanko_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hanko_2.jpg/220px-Hanko_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hanko_2.jpg/330px-Hanko_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Hanko_2.jpg/440px-Hanko_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Off-the-shelf <i>Hanko</i> (<i>sanmonban</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mitome-in</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E5%8D%B0" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:認印">認印</a></span></span>)</span> is a moderately formal seal typically used for signing for postal deliveries, signing utility bill payments, signing internal company memos, confirming receipt of internal company mail, and other low-security everyday functions. </p><p><i>Mitome-in</i> are commonly stored in low-security, high-utility places such as office desk drawers and in the anteroom (<i>genkan</i>) of a residence. </p><p>A <i>mitome-in'</i>s form is governed by fewer customs than <i>jitsuin</i> and <i>ginkō-in</i>. However, <i>mitome-in</i> adhere to a handful of strongly observed customs. The size is the attribute most strongly governed by social custom. It is usually not more than 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in size. A man's is usually slightly larger than a woman's, and a junior employee's is always smaller than his bosses' and his senior co-workers', in keeping with office social hierarchy. The <i>mitome-in</i> always has the person's family name and usually does not have the person's given name (<i>shita no namae</i>). <i>Mitome-ins</i> are often round or oval, but square ones are not uncommon, and rectangular ones are not unheard-of; irregular shapes are not used. They can produce red lettering on a blank field (<i>shubun</i>) or the opposite (<i>hakubun</i>). Borderlines around their edges are optional. </p><p>Plastic <i>mitome-in</i> in popular Japanese names can be obtained from stationery stores for less than US$1, though ones made from inexpensive stone are also very popular. Inexpensive prefabricated seals are called <b>sanmonban</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%96%87%E5%88%A4" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:三文判">三文判</a></span></span>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Rubber_stamp" title="Rubber stamp">Rubber stamps</a> are unacceptable for business purposes. </p><p><i>Mitome-in</i> and lesser seals are usually stored in inexpensive plastic cases, sometimes with small supplies of red paste or a stamp pad included. </p><p>Most Japanese also have a less formal seal used to sign personal letters or initial changes in documents; this is referred to by the broadly generic term <i>hanko</i>. They often display only a single <a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">hiragana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a> ideograph, or <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> character carved in it. They are as often round or oval as they are square. They vary in size from 0.5-to-1.5-centimetre wide (0.20 to 0.59 in); women's tend to be small. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gagō-in"><span id="Gag.C5.8D-in"></span>Gagō-in</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Gagō-in"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inkan_gago-in_for_Mitsuko_old_kanji.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Inkan_gago-in_for_Mitsuko_old_kanji.gif" decoding="async" width="114" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="114" data-file-height="113" /></a><figcaption>A modern <i>gagō-in</i> spelling out "Mitsuko" (光子), a popular woman's name. Note the uniform line widths, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">archaic text style</a>, and right-to-left direction.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gagō-in</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">雅号印</span></span>)</span> are used by graphic artists to both decorate and sign their work. The practice goes back several hundred years. The signatures are frequently pen names or nicknames; the decorations are usually favorite slogans or other extremely short phrases. A <i>gago in</i> can be any size, design, or shape. Irregular naturally occurring outlines and handles, as though a river stone were cut in two, are commonplace. The material may be anything, though in modern times soft stone is the most common and metal is rare. </p><p>Traditionally, <i>inkan</i> and <i>hanko</i> are engraved on the end of a finger-length stick of stone, wood, bone, or ivory, with a diameter between 25 and 75 millimetres (0.98 and 2.95 in). Their carving is a form of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_calligraphy" title="Japanese calligraphy">calligraphic art</a>. Foreign names may be carved in <a href="/wiki/Romaji" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaji">rōmaji</a>, katakana, hiragana, or kanji. <i>Inkan</i> for standard Japanese names may be purchased prefabricated. </p><p>Almost every stationery store, discount store, large book store, and department store carries small do-it-yourself kits for making <i>hanko</i>. These include instructions, hiragana fonts written forward and in mirror-writing (as required on the working surface of a seal), a slim <i>in tou</i> chisel, two or three grades of sandpaper, slim marker pen (to draw the design on the stone), and one to three mottled, inexpensive, soft square green finger-size stones. </p><p>In modern Japan, most people have several <i>inkan</i>. </p><p>A certificate of authenticity is required for any <i>hanko</i> used in a significant business transaction. Registration and certification of an <i>inkan</i> may be obtained in a local municipal office (e.g., city hall). There, a person receives a "certificate of seal impression" known as <i>inkan tōroku shōmei-sho</i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E9%91%91%E7%99%BB%E9%8C%B2%E8%A8%BC%E6%98%8E%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:印鑑登録証明書">印鑑登録証明書</a></span></span>)</span>. </p><p>The increasing ease with which modern technology allows <i>hanko</i> fraud is beginning to cause some concern that the present system will not be able to survive. </p><p>Signatures are not used for most transactions, but in some cases, such as signing a cell phone contract, they may be used, sometimes in addition to a stamp from a <i>mitome-in</i>. For these transactions, a <i>jitsuin</i> is too official, while a <i>mitome-in</i> alone is insufficient, and thus signatures are used.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Discouragement">Discouragement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Discouragement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 2020, the Japanese government has been attempting to discourage the use of seals, because the practice requires generation of paper documents that interfere with <a href="/wiki/Records_management#Managing_digital_records" title="Records management">electronic record-keeping</a> and slow <a href="/wiki/Digital_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital communications">digital communications</a>. The delay has been most pressing in <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease reporting">infectious disease reporting</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>: officials found it took up to three days between a case of COVID-19 being discovered and it being reported to the public. <a href="/wiki/Japanese_prime_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese prime minister">Japanese prime minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoshihide_Suga" title="Yoshihide Suga">Yoshihide Suga</a> had set the digitalization of the bureaucracy and ultimately of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese society">Japan's entire society</a> as a key priority. He aimed to establish a new digital agency to put the idea into practice.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ministries were urged to end <i>hanko</i> requirements for 785 types of procedure, 96% of the total, including tax documents. Most business people favoured discontinuing <i>hanko</i>, but half considered that it would be difficult to do so. Politicians also opposed discontinuing their regional hand-carved <i>hanko</i>—a "symbol of Japan".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_usage">Korean usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Korean usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg/220px-Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg/330px-Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg/440px-Korean_-_Seal_with_Lion_-_Walters_543028_-_Mark_A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>Bronze Korean seal, dated between 935 and 1392</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seal</a> was first introduced to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> in approximately 2nd century BC. The remaining oldest record of its usage in Korea is that kings of <a href="/wiki/Buyeo_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyeo (state)">Buyeo</a> used a royal seal (<i>oksae</i>; <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">옥새</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">玉璽</span></span>) which bore the inscription of <b>Seal of the King of Ye</b> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">예왕지인</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">濊王之印</span></span>). The use of seals became popular during the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> period. </p><p>In the case of <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">State</a> Seals in <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchic</a> Korea, there were two types in use: <i>Gugin</i> (국인, 國印) which was conferred by the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a> to Korean kings, with the intent of keeping relations between two countries as brothers (<i><a href="/wiki/Sadae" title="Sadae">Sadae</a></i>). This was used only in communications with China and for the coronation of kings. Others, generally called <i>eobo</i> (어보, 御寶) or <i>eosae</i> (어새, 御璽), are used in foreign communications with countries other than China, and for domestic uses. Seals were also used by government officials in documents. These types of seals were called <i>gwanin</i> (관인, 官印) and it was supervised by specialist officials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> With the declaration of establishment of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> in 1948, its government created a new State Seal, <i>guksae</i> (국새, 國璽) and it is used in promulgation of constitution, designation of cabinet members and ambassadors, conference of <a href="/wiki/Order_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (decoration)">national orders</a> and important diplomatic documents. </p><p>Seals are still commonly used in South Korea. Most Koreans have personal seals, and every government agency and commercial corporation has its own seals to use in public documents. While <a href="/wiki/Signature" title="Signature">signing</a> is also accepted, many Koreans think it is more formal to use seals in public documents. In 2008, the Constitutional Court of South Korea upheld a Supreme court judgement that a signed handwritten <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a> without a registered seal was invalid.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Korean seals are made of wood, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">ivory</a> for more value. State Seals were generally made of gold or high-quality jade. There are rare cases of <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> or steel seals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_seals">Personal seals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Personal seals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal seals (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">도장</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">dojang</i></span>) in Korea can be classified by their legal status. <i><b>Ingam</b></i> (인감, 印鑑) or <i><b>sirin</b></i> (실인, 實印), meaning <b>registered seal</b>, is a seal which has been registered by a local office, attested by a "certificate of seal registration", (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">인감증명서</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">印鑑證明書</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">ingam-jungmyeong-seo</i></span>) a document required for most significant business transactions and civil services. </p><p>The legal system of registered seals was introduced by the Japanese colonial government in 1914. While it was scheduled to be completely replaced by an electronic certification system in 2013 in order to counter fraud, as of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> <i>ingam</i> still remains an official means of verification for binding legal agreement and identification.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government passed the 'Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature (본인서명사실 확인 등에 관한 법률)' in 2012, which gives registered handwritten signatures the same legal effect as <i>ingam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While <i>ingam</i> is used on important business, other <i>dojangs</i> are used for everyday purposes, such as less-significant official transactions. Thus most Koreans have more than two seals. </p><p>In traditional arts, as in China and Japan, an artist of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">paintings</a> would use seals (generally leisure seals and studio seals) to identify their work. These types of seals were called <i>Nakkwan</i> (낙관, 落款). As seal-carving was also considered a form of art, many artists carved their own seals. Seals of Joseon-period calligraphist and natural historian Kim Jung-hee (aka Wandang or Chusa) are considered to be antiques. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Il_Sung_Seal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of Kim Il Sung, published in his autobiography With the Century"><img alt="The Seal of Kim Il Sung, published in his autobiography With the Century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Kim_Il_Sung_Seal.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Seal of <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, published in his autobiography <i><a href="/wiki/With_the_Century" title="With the Century">With the Century</a></i></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the People's Committee of North Korea"><img alt="The seal of the People's Committee of North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_People%27s_Committee_for_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="285" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seal of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">People's Committee of North Korea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of the Republic of Korea"><img alt="The Seal of the Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Korea.svg/120px-Seal_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Seal_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Korea.svg/240px-Seal_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Seal_of_South_Korea" title="Seal of South Korea">Seal of the Republic of Korea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_(1949%E2%80%931962).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first Seal of the Republic of Korea (1949–1962)"><img alt="The first Seal of the Republic of Korea (1949–1962)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931962%29.svg/119px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931962%29.svg/178px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931962%29.svg/237px-Seal_of_the_Republic_of_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931962%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first Seal of the Republic of Korea (1949–1962)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Seal of the President of South Korea"><img alt="The Seal of the President of South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Seal of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_(Hanja).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Former seal of the President of South Korea (Hanja)"><img alt="Former seal of the President of South Korea (Hanja)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_%28Hanja%29.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_%28Hanja%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_%28Hanja%29.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_%28Hanja%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_%28Hanja%29.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_President_of_South_Korea_%28Hanja%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former seal of the President of South Korea (<a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolian_usage">Mongolian usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mongolian usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Chinese-style seals are typically used in China, Japan, and Korea, they are occasionally used outside East Asia. For example, the rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongol</a> khanate established by <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>, used seals containing Chinese characters in their diplomatic letters, such as the letter from <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> to French King <a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a> and the letter from <a href="/wiki/Ghazan" title="Ghazan">Ghazan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a>. These seals were sent by the emperors of the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, a Mongol-ruled dynasty of China, especially by <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> and his successor <a href="/wiki/Tem%C3%BCr_Khan" title="Temür Khan">Emperor Chengzong</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Güyük Khan using the classical Mongolian script, as found in a letter sent to the Roman Pope Innocent IV in 1246"><img alt="Seal of Güyük Khan using the classical Mongolian script, as found in a letter sent to the Roman Pope Innocent IV in 1246" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg/180px-Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg/270px-Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg/360px-Guyuk_khan%27s_Stamp_1246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="434" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Khan" title="Güyük Khan">Güyük Khan</a> using the classical Mongolian script, as found in a letter sent to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">the Roman Pope Innocent IV</a> in 1246</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of Ilkhan Ghazan, reading "王府定國理民之寶" in archaic "nine-fold" Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people""><img alt="Seal of Ilkhan Ghazan, reading "王府定國理民之寶" in archaic "nine-fold" Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG/175px-GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG/262px-GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG/349px-GhazanSeal1302LetterToBonifaceVIII.JPG 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="902" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Seal of Ilkhan Ghazan, reading "王府定國理民之寶" in archaic "nine-fold" Chinese script, meaning "Seal certifying the authority of his Royal Highness to establish a country and govern its people"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the Bogd Khan of Mongolia"><img alt="The seal of the Bogd Khan of Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg/180px-Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg/270px-Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg/360px-Seal_of_Bogd_Khan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">seal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khan" title="Bogd Khan">Bogd Khan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The state seal of Mongolia"><img alt="The state seal of Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg/180px-State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg/270px-State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg/360px-State_seal_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="354" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/State_seal_of_Mongolia" title="State seal of Mongolia">state seal of Mongolia</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singaporean_usage">Singaporean usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Singaporean usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seal has been present in all <a href="/wiki/Singapore_dollar" title="Singapore dollar">Singapore dollar</a> banknotes since its first series, bearing the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a> (MAS) or the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Commissioners_of_Currency,_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore">Board of Commissioners of Currency, Singapore</a> (BCCS).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_usage">Vietnamese usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Vietnamese usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></div> <p>The seal is used to a lesser extent in Vietnam by authorised organisations and businesses, and also traditional Vietnamese artists. It was more common in Vietnam prior to <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French rule</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i" title="Abdication of Bảo Đại">abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty</a>, when signatures became the usual practice, although usually seen as having less authority in a corporate environment.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ (大南受天永命傳國璽), the National Seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty (1846–1945)"><img alt="Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ (大南受天永命傳國璽), the National Seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty (1846–1945)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/115px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png" decoding="async" width="115" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/172px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg/229px-Heirloom_seal_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Dynasty.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="677" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ</i> (大南受天永命傳國璽), the <a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">National Seal of the Nguyễn Dynasty</a> (1846–1945)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_(%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the Viện cơ mật with transliterations on the right to both the Traditional Chinese (regular) and Latin scripts"><img alt="The seal of the Viện cơ mật with transliterations on the right to both the Traditional Chinese (regular) and Latin scripts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_%28%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%29_01.jpg/120px-Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_%28%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_%28%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%29_01.jpg/180px-Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_%28%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_%28%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%29_01.jpg/240px-Sceau_du_Conseil_secret_-_C%C6%A1_M%E1%BA%ADt_Vi%E1%BB%87n_%28%E6%A9%9F%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="501" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seal of the <a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_c%C6%A1_m%E1%BA%ADt" title="Viện cơ mật">Viện cơ mật</a> with <a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterations</a> on the right to both the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Latin</a> scripts</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hồ Chí Minh ấn (胡志明印), the personal seal of the North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh appearing on his business card"><img alt="Hồ Chí Minh ấn (胡志明印), the personal seal of the North Vietnamese president Hồ Chí Minh appearing on his business card" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg/120px-Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg/180px-Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg/240px-Chairman_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh%27s_business_card_sent_as_a_diplomatic_document_to_Chairman_Mao_Zedong_-_%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="437" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hồ Chí Minh ấn (胡志明印), the personal seal of the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> president <a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hồ Chí Minh">Hồ Chí Minh</a> appearing on his <a href="/wiki/Business_card" title="Business card">business card</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of the Ministry of National Defence of the State of Vietnam with inscription of "國防縂長" (Quốc phòng tổng trưởng)"><img alt="Great Seal of the Ministry of National Defence of the State of Vietnam with inscription of "國防縂長" (Quốc phòng tổng trưởng)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_Minister_of_National_Defence_of_the_State_of_Viet-Nam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Great Seal of the Ministry of National Defence of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Vietnam" title="State of Vietnam">State of Vietnam</a> with inscription of "國防縂長" (<span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">Quốc phòng tổng trưởng</i></span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_(2021).png" class="mw-file-description" title="The seal of the Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam (2021)"><img alt="The seal of the Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam (2021)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_%282021%29.png/120px-H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_%282021%29.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_%282021%29.png/180px-H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_%282021%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_%282021%29.png/240px-H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Ph%C3%BAc_T%E1%BB%99c_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_seal_%282021%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="786" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The seal of the <i>Hội đồng Nguyễn Phúc tộc Việt Nam</i> (2021)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Qiuyan" title="Wu Qiuyan">Wu Qiuyan</a></li> <li>The Eight Masters of Xiling and <a href="/wiki/Xiling_Society_of_the_Seal_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiling Society of the Seal Art">Xiling Society of the Seal Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_seal_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash seal (China)">Cash seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaya" title="Huaya">Huaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaya#Japan" title="Huaya">Kaō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knob_carving" class="mw-redirect" title="Knob carving">Knob carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_carving" title="Side carving">Side carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seals in Vietnam have different names based on their function, namely Bảo (寶), Tỷ (璽), Ấn (印), Chương (章), Kim bảo tỷ (金寶璽), Quan phòng (關防), Đồ ký (圖記), Kiềm ký (鈐記), Tín ký (信記), Ấn Ký (印記), Trưởng ký (長記), and Ký (記).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050411211224/http://www.cic.com/press/eventdetail.asp?NewsId=126">"Nanjing Civic Bureau Signs Licensing Agreement With CIC China for Electronic Signature"</a>. <i>Communication Intelligence Corporation (CIC)</i>. 14 May 2001. 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China Online Museum (WelCOMe to the real COM!). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018210546/https://www.comuseum.com/culture/seals/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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VietNamNet Bridge – It is a great regret that none of more than 100 seals of the Nguyen emperors are in Hue City today"</a>. VietNam Breaking News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716131720/https://www.vietnambreakingnews.com/2016/02/no-royal-seal-left-in-hue-today/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Nguyễn Đình Chiến (24 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/1001/28564/bao-vat-quoc-gia-an-ngoc-djai-nam-thu-thien-vinh-menh-truyen-quoc-ty.html">"Bảo vật Quốc gia: Ấn ngọc Đại Nam thụ thiên vĩnh mệnh truyền quốc tỷ"</a> (in Vietnamese). <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Vietnamese_History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Vietnamese History">BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220716132322/http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/1001/28564/bao-vat-quoc-gia-an-ngoc-djai-nam-thu-thien-vinh-menh-truyen-quoc-ty.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%E1%BA%A3o+v%E1%BA%ADt+Qu%E1%BB%91c+gia%3A+%E1%BA%A4n+ng%E1%BB%8Dc+%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i+Nam+th%E1%BB%A5+thi%C3%AAn+v%C4%A9nh+m%E1%BB%87nh+truy%E1%BB%81n+qu%E1%BB%91c+t%E1%BB%B7.&rft.pub=B%E1%BA%A2O+T%C3%80NG+L%E1%BB%8ACH+S%E1%BB%AC+QU%E1%BB%90C+GIA+%28VIETNAM+NATIONAL+MUSEUM+OF+HISTORY%29&rft.date=2018-01-24&rft.au=TS.+Nguy%E1%BB%85n+%C4%90%C3%ACnh+Chi%E1%BA%BFn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaotanglichsu.vn%2Fvi%2FArticles%2F1001%2F28564%2Fbao-vat-quoc-gia-an-ngoc-djai-nam-thu-thien-vinh-menh-truyen-quoc-ty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.qq.com/a/20040226/000202.htm">"图文：毛主席亲手定印文--新中国的"开国之玺"_新闻_腾讯网"</a>. <i>qq.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181119094529/https://news.qq.com/a/20040226/000202.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-11-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qq.com&rft.atitle=%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%87%EF%BC%9A%E6%AF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E5%B8%AD%E4%BA%B2%E6%89%8B%E5%AE%9A%E5%8D%B0%E6%96%87--%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%84%22%E5%BC%80%E5%9B%BD%E4%B9%8B%E7%8E%BA%22_%E6%96%B0%E9%97%BB_%E8%85%BE%E8%AE%AF%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.qq.com%2Fa%2F20040226%2F000202.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheung2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cheung, Mao (26 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/text/2017/1126/128774.html">"追尋圖章街千古一絕"</a> [Seeking the historic craft of Seal Street]. <i><a href="/wiki/Ta_Kung_Pao" title="Ta Kung Pao">Ta Kung Pao</a></i> (in Chinese (Hong Kong)). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191231203059/http://www.takungpao.com.hk/culture/text/2017/1126/128774.html">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ta+Kung+Pao&rft.atitle=%E8%BF%BD%E5%B0%8B%E5%9C%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%A1%97%E5%8D%83%E5%8F%A4%E4%B8%80%E7%B5%95&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=Mao&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.takungpao.com.hk%2Fculture%2Ftext%2F2017%2F1126%2F128774.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2016" class="citation news cs1">Lim, Lisa (2016-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1996080/where-does-word-chop-come">"Where does the word 'chop' come from?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/South_China_Morning_Post" title="South China Morning Post">South China Morning Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220606220108/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1996080/where-does-word-chop-come">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Where+does+the+word+%27chop%27+come+from%3F&rft.date=2016-07-28&rft.aulast=Lim&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1996080%2Fwhere-does-word-chop-come&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html">"Gold Seal (Kin-in)"</a>. Fukuoka City Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170226175442/http://museum.city.fukuoka.jp/en/exhibition.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gold+Seal+%28Kin-in%29&rft.pub=Fukuoka+City+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.city.fukuoka.jp%2Fen%2Fexhibition.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr, George. <i>Okinawa: History of an Island People</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiu2004" class="citation web cs1">Liu, Yin-Miao (August 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/15967/">"Visually sealed and digitally signed electronic documents : building on Asian tradition"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220329174041/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/15967/">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2021</span> – via eprints.qut.edu.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visually+sealed+and+digitally+signed+electronic+documents+%3A+building+on+Asian+tradition&rft.date=2004-08-07&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Yin-Miao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F15967%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuCaelliFooRussell2004" class="citation book cs1">Liu, Vicky; Caelli, William; Foo, Ernest; Russell, Selwyn (August 7, 2004). Estivill-Castro, V. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/2612/"><i>Computer Science 2004. Proceedings of the Twenty-Seventh Australasian Computer Science Conference (ACSC2004)</i></a>. Australian Computer Society. pp. 287–294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781920682057" title="Special:BookSources/9781920682057"><bdi>9781920682057</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212010220/http://eprints.qut.edu.au/2612/">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2021</span> – via eprints.qut.edu.au.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Science+2004.+Proceedings+of+the+Twenty-Seventh+Australasian+Computer+Science+Conference+%28ACSC2004%29&rft.pages=287-294&rft.pub=Australian+Computer+Society&rft.date=2004-08-07&rft.isbn=9781920682057&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Vicky&rft.au=Caelli%2C+William&rft.au=Foo%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Russell%2C+Selwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F2612%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Denyer, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japan-fax-paper-suga/2020/10/16/fc6fcdd8-06ef-11eb-8719-0df159d14794_story.html">Japan wants to shred its paper habit. Could it finally leave the fax behind?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210132711/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japan-fax-paper-suga/2020/10/16/fc6fcdd8-06ef-11eb-8719-0df159d14794_story.html">Archived</a> 2020-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Washington Post (17 October 2020)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCurry2021" class="citation news cs1">McCurry, Justin (6 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/07/japanese-fax-fans-rally-to-defence-of-much-maligned-machine">"Japanese fax fans rally to defence of much-maligned machine"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806164826/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/07/japanese-fax-fans-rally-to-defence-of-much-maligned-machine">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japanese+fax+fans+rally+to+defence+of+much-maligned+machine&rft.date=2021-08-06&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2021%2Fjul%2F07%2Fjapanese-fax-fans-rally-to-defence-of-much-maligned-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2008033173688">"One's Testament Needs Seal: Court"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dong-A_Ilbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong-A Ilbo">Dong-A Ilbo</a>. 31 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615235900/http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?biid=2008033173688">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One%27s+Testament+Needs+Seal%3A+Court&rft.pub=Dong-A+Ilbo&rft.date=2008-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.donga.com%2Fsrv%2Fservice.php3%3Fbiid%3D2008033173688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNa_Jeong-ju2009" class="citation web cs1">Na Jeong-ju (29 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_49299.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Ingam' to Disappear in 5 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Times">Korea Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201214113042/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_49299.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Ingam%27+to+Disappear+in+5+Years&rft.pub=Korea+Times&rft.date=2009-07-29&rft.au=Na+Jeong-ju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2009%2F07%2F113_49299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=48149&lang=ENG">"Act on Confirmation, etc. of Personal Signature"</a>. <i>Statutes of the Republic of Korea</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808171701/https://elaw.klri.re.kr/kor_service/lawView.do?hseq=48149&lang=ENG">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statutes+of+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft.atitle=Act+on+Confirmation%2C+etc.+of+Personal+Signature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felaw.klri.re.kr%2Fkor_service%2FlawView.do%3Fhseq%3D48149%26lang%3DENG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/circulation-currency/circulation-currency-notes">"Circulation Currency: Notes"</a>. <i>www.mas.gov.sg</i>. <a href="/wiki/Monetary_Authority_of_Singapore" title="Monetary Authority of Singapore">Monetary Authority of Singapore</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220923171350/https://www.mas.gov.sg/currency/circulation-currency/circulation-currency-notes">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mas.gov.sg&rft.atitle=Circulation+Currency%3A+Notes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mas.gov.sg%2Fcurrency%2Fcirculation-currency%2Fcirculation-currency-notes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mondaq.com/contracts-and-commercial-law/106934/vietnams-stamp-of-approval">"Vietnam's Stamp of Approval - Corporate/Commercial Law - Vietnam"</a>. <i>www.mondaq.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807214146/https://www.mondaq.com/contracts-and-commercial-law/106934/vietnams-stamp-of-approval">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mondaq.com&rft.atitle=Vietnam%27s+Stamp+of+Approval+-+Corporate%2FCommercial+Law+-+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mondaq.com%2Fcontracts-and-commercial-law%2F106934%2Fvietnams-stamp-of-approval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeals+in+the+Sinosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Kong Yunbai 孔雲白, <i>Zhuanke Rumen</i> 篆刻入門. Shanghai Book Publishings 上海書店印行: Shanghai, 1936.</li> <li>Qu Leilei, <i>Chinese Calligraphy</i>. Cico Books Ltd.: London, 2002.</li> <li>Wang Jia-nan; Cai Xiaoli and Young, Dawn; <i>The Complete Oriental Painting Course: A structured, practical guide to painting skills and techniques of China and the Far East</i>. Quarto Publishing plc. and Aurum Press: London, 1997.</li> <li>Wren, Christopher S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/10/travel/chinese-shops-a-signature-in-stone.html">Chinese Chops: A Signature in Stone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171128175503/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/10/travel/chinese-shops-a-signature-in-stone.html">Archived</a> 2017-11-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>New York Times.</i> 10 February 1985.</li> <li>Masterpieces of Japanese Prints: Ukiyo-e from the Victoria and Albert Museum by Rupert Faulkner, <a href="/wiki/Basil_William_Robinson" title="Basil William Robinson">Basil William Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Douglas_Lane" title="Richard Douglas Lane">Richard Lane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaonlinemuseum.com/carving-seals.php">Chinese Seals</a> at China Online Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csymbol.com/stamp/chinese_chop_art.html">The Art of Chinese Chop (Seal Carving)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.char4u.com/article_info.php?articles_id=8">History of Chinese Seal Carvings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-virtue.com/seals/index.htm">Art-Virtue.com History of Chinese seal making</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lehmanbrown.com/Newsletters/Insights/insights_newsletter_December2_2002.htm">A chop is necessary for approving decisions relating to the operations and management of a company in China.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arranke.blogspot.com/2008/01/introduction-to-chinese-seal-carving.html">Introduction to Chinese Seal Carving</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.qut.edu.au/2613/">Seal culture still remains in electronic commerce</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/hanko/">HANKO (Daniel Semo, 20 July 2021) - 99% Invisible, Episode #451</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" 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title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heraldic_traditions_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_heraldry" title="Nigerian heraldry">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_heraldry" title="South African heraldry">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_heraldry" title="Brazilian heraldry">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_heraldry" title="Mexican heraldry">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_heraldry" title="United States heraldry">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_(emblem)" title="Mon (emblem)">Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_heraldry" title="Albanian heraldry">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_heraldry" title="Austrian heraldry">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_heraldry" title="Belarusian heraldry">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_heraldry" title="Belgian heraldry">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian heraldry">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_heraldry" title="Croatian heraldry">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_heraldry" title="Czech heraldry">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_heraldry" title="Danish heraldry">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_heraldry" title="Finnish heraldry">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_heraldry" title="French heraldry">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_heraldry" title="Georgian heraldry">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_heraldry" title="German heraldry">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_heraldry" title="Greek heraldry">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_heraldry" title="Hungarian heraldry">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_heraldry" title="Icelandic heraldry">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_heraldry" title="Irish heraldry">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_heraldry" title="Liechtenstein heraldry">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_heraldry" title="Maltese heraldry">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monegasque_heraldry" title="Monegasque heraldry">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_heraldry" title="Dutch heraldry">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_heraldry" title="Norwegian heraldry">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_heraldry" title="Polish heraldry">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_heraldry" title="Portuguese heraldry">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian heraldry">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_heraldry" title="Russian heraldry">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_heraldry" title="Serbian heraldry">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_heraldry" title="Slovak heraldry">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_heraldry" title="Spanish heraldry">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_heraldry" title="Swedish heraldry">Sweden</a></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_heraldry" title="English heraldry">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_heraldry" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Irish heraldry">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_heraldry" title="Scottish heraldry">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_heraldry" title="Welsh heraldry">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_heraldry" title="Vatican heraldry">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_heraldry" title="Australian heraldry">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_heraldry" title="New Zealand heraldry">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Seals_in_the_Sinosphere" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seals_in_the_Sinosphere" title="Template:Seals in the Sinosphere"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seals_in_the_Sinosphere" title="Template talk:Seals in the Sinosphere"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seals_in_the_Sinosphere" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seals in the Sinosphere"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Seals_in_the_Sinosphere" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Seals in the Sinosphere</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babao_seal_paste" title="Babao seal paste">Babao seal paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknote_seal_(China)" title="Banknote seal (China)">Banknote seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heirloom_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Heirloom Seal of the Realm">Heirloom Seal of the Realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Seal of the People's Government of the People's Republic of China">People's Government of the People's Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiling_Seal_Art_Society" title="Xiling Seal Art Society">Xiling Seal Art Society</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n_(%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%8D%B0)_-_East_Asian_and_Vietnamese_seal_sample_(2021)_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n_%28%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%8D%B0%29_-_East_Asian_and_Vietnamese_seal_sample_%282021%29_01.png/75px-%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n_%28%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%8D%B0%29_-_East_Asian_and_Vietnamese_seal_sample_%282021%29_01.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_chi_%E1%BA%A5n_%28%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E4%B9%8B%E5%8D%B0%29_-_East_Asian_and_Vietnamese_seal_sample_%282021%29_01.png 1.5x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="99" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Na_gold_seal" title="King of Na gold seal">King of Na gold seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guksae" title="Guksae">Guksae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_South_Korea" title="Seal of South Korea">Seal of South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_the_Mongols" title="Imperial Seal of the Mongols">Imperial Seal of the Mongols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_seal_of_Mongolia" title="State seal of Mongolia">State seal of Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National seals of the Republic of China">National seals of Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seals_of_the_Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty">Seals of the Nguyễn dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seal_carving" title="Seal carving">Seal carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_carving" title="Side carving">Side carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_knob" title="Seal knob">Seal knob</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&oldid=1259315183">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seals_in_the_Sinosphere&oldid=1259315183</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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