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id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formative_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formative_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Formative years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formative_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rebellion of the Alpujarras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_War_of_Cyprus_and_Battle_of_Lepanto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_War_of_Cyprus_and_Battle_of_Lepanto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>The War of Cyprus and Battle of Lepanto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_War_of_Cyprus_and_Battle_of_Lepanto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Low_Countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Low_Countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>The Low Countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Low_Countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationships_and_descendants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationships_and_descendants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationships and descendants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationships_and_descendants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">John of Austria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A" title="دون خوان النمساوي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دون خوان النمساوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Хуан Австрийски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хуан Австрийски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_de_Austria" title="Don Juan de Austria – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Don Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_d%27%C3%80ustria_i_Blomberg" title="Joan d'Àustria i Blomberg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joan d'Àustria i Blomberg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_de_Austria" title="Don Juan de Austria – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Don Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AC%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Δον Χουάν της Αυστρίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δον Χουάν της Αυστρίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johano_de_A%C5%ADstrio_(Hispanio)" title="Johano de Aŭstrio (Hispanio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Johano de Aŭstrio (Hispanio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Austriakoa" title="Joan Austriakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joan Austriakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="جان اتریشی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان اتریشی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_d%27Autriche" title="Juan d'Autriche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Juan d'Autriche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xo%C3%A1n_de_Austria" title="Xoán de Austria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xoán de Austria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%98_%EC%9A%98" title="오스트리아의 욘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트리아의 욘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_Austrijski" title="Don Juan Austrijski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Don Juan Austrijski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_de_Austria" title="Don Juan de Austria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Don Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_d%27Austria" title="Giovanni d'Austria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giovanni d'Austria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ხუან ავსტრიელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ხუან ავსტრიელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iohannes_Austriacus" title="Iohannes Austriacus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iohannes Austriacus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_d%27Aostria" title="Zane d'Aostria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Zane d'Aostria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_de_Austria" title="Don Juan de Austria – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Don Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%89" title="دون خوان النمساوى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دون خوان النمساوى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_van_Oostenrijk" title="Juan van Oostenrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Juan van Oostenrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%87%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2" title="ドン・フアン・デ・アウストリア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドン・フアン・デ・アウストリア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Juan_de_Austria" title="Don Juan de Austria – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Don Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_%C3%81ustria" title="João de Áustria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="João de Áustria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_de_Austria" title="Ioan de Austria – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ioan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хуан Австрийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хуан Австрийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Avstrijski" title="Juan Avstrijski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Juan Avstrijski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Хуан од Аустрије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хуан од Аустрије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="จอห์นแห่งออสเตรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอห์นแห่งออสเตรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_de_Austria" title="Juan de Austria – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Juan de Austria" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хуан Австрійський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хуан Австрійський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_van_Oostnryk" title="Juan van Oostnryk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Juan van Oostnryk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spanish military leader (1547–1578)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Don John of Austria" redirects here. For the opera by Isaac Nathan, see <a href="/wiki/Don_John_of_Austria_(opera)" title="Don John of Austria (opera)">Don John of Austria (opera)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named John of Austria, see <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="John of Austria (disambiguation)">John of Austria (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">John of Austria</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG/220px-Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG/330px-Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG/440px-Don_Juan_d%27Austria_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="2953" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><i>Don Juan de Austria</i>, oil in canvas of 2nd half of the 16th century, probably by <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pantoja_de_la_Cruz" title="Juan Pantoja de la Cruz">Juan Pantoja de la Cruz</a>, in the <span title="Spanish-language text"><span lang="es" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a></span></span>, Madrid</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" title="List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands">Governor of the Spanish Netherlands</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In office</th><td class="infobox-data">1576–1578</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga">Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Italy" class="mw-disambig" title="Spanish Italy">Spanish Italy</a><br />(<i>extraordinary position</i>)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In office</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1575</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office established</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office dissolved</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Philip II of Spain</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1547<br /><a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1 October 1578<span style="display:none">(1578-10-01)</span> (aged 31)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bouge" title="Bouge">Bouge</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1579<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial</a>, Spain</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="#Relationships_and_descendants">See detail</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Blomberg" title="Barbara Blomberg">Barbara Blomberg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signatur_Juan_de_Austria.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="John of Austria's signature"><img alt="John of Austria's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Signatur_Juan_de_Austria.PNG" decoding="async" width="125" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="67" /></a></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> (1571–1573)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Army" title="Spanish Army">Spanish Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1568–1578</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a><br />(Spanish Empire)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalissimo" title="Generalissimo">Generalissimo</a></i><br />(Holy League)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> galley fleet</li> <li>Army of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Granada</a></li> <li>Holy League forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>War against <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Second rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_G%C3%BC%C3%A9jar_(1569)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Güéjar (1569) (page does not exist)">Capture of Güéjar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Galera_(1569%E2%80%931570)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Galera (1569–1570) (page does not exist)">Siege of Galera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ser%C3%B3n_(1570)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Serón (1570) (page does not exist)">Battle of Serón</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_T%C3%ADjola_(1570)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Tíjola (1570) (page does not exist)">Capture of Tíjola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Padules_(1570)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Padules (1570) (page does not exist)">Battle of Padules</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Navarino_(1572)" title="Siege of Navarino (1572)">Siege of Navarino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1573)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1573)">Tunis expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Namur_(1577)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Namur (1577) (page does not exist)">Capture of Namur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Battle of Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Nivelles_(1578)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Nivelles (1578) (page does not exist)">Siege of Nivelles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Philippeville_(1578)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Philippeville (1578) (page does not exist)">Siege of Philippeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam" title="Battle of Rijmenam">Battle of Rijmenam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John of Austria</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Johann von Österreich</i>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Juan de Austria</i>; 24 February 1547 – 1 October 1578) was the <a href="/wiki/Illegitimate" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegitimate">illegitimate</a> son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Charles V met his son only once, recognizing him in a <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicil</a> to his will. John became a military leader in the service of his half-brother, <a href="/wiki/King_Philip_II_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King Philip II of Spain">King Philip II of Spain</a>, Charles V's heir, and was addressed to as a <a href="/wiki/Don_(honorific)" title="Don (honorific)">Don</a>. He is best known for his role as the admiral of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> fleet at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Lepanto (1571)">Battle of Lepanto</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Spanish_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Spanish Netherlands">Governor of the Spanish Netherlands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John of Austria was born in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, Upper Palatinate. His mother was <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Blomberg" title="Barbara Blomberg">Barbara Blomberg</a>, the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Burgher_(social_class)" title="Burgher (social class)">burgher</a>, and his father was <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, who had been widowed since 1539.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1554, he was taken to the castle of Luis de Quijada in <a href="/wiki/Villagarc%C3%ADa_de_Campos" title="Villagarcía de Campos">Villagarcía de Campos</a>, Valladolid. Magdalena de Ulloa, de Quijada's wife, took charge of his education, assisted by Latin teacher Guillén Prieto, chaplain García de Morales, and Juan Galarza, a squire.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles V wrote a <a href="/wiki/Codicil_(will)" title="Codicil (will)">codicil</a>, dated 6 June 1554, in which he recognized: "For since I was in Germany, after being widowed, I had a natural child of one unmarried woman, named Geronimo".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1558, Charles ordered de Quijada, de Ulloa, and John to relocate to the village of <a href="/wiki/Cuacos_de_Yuste" title="Cuacos de Yuste">Cuacos de Yuste</a>. Charles resided nearby at the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Yuste" title="Monastery of Yuste">Monastery of Yuste</a>, and until his own death in September of that year, he saw his son several times. In his last will of 1558, he officially recognized John as his son; he also arranged for John to enter the clergy and pursue an ecclesiastical career.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p>Charles's only surviving <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimate</a> son and heir, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, was then outside of Spain. Rumors had spread about John's paternity, which de Quijada denied, and he wrote to Charles asking for instructions. Charles replied with a note written by his personal secretary Eraso, in which he recommended to wait for Philip's return to Spain. <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna, Dowager Princess of Portugal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> during the absence of her brother Philip, asked to see the child. She met him in Valladolid in May 1559, coinciding with an <i><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">auto-da-fé</a></i> then taking place. </p><p>Philip II returned from <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> in 1559, aware of his father's will. Once he had settled in Valladolid, he summoned de Quijada to bring John to a hunt. The first meeting between Philip and John took place on 28 September in the Monastery of Santa María de La Santa Espina.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the king appeared, de Quijada told John to dismount as a sign of respect. When John did so, Philip asked him if he knew the identity of his father; he did not, so Philip explained that they had the same father and thus were brothers. Philip insisted that, although John was a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a>, he was not to be addressed as "Your Highness", the form reserved for royals and sovereign princes. </p><p>John was known as "Don Juan de Austria", and his manner of address was "Your Excellency", the title used for a <a href="/wiki/Grandee" title="Grandee">Spanish grandee</a>. He did not live in a palace, but maintained a separate household with de Quijada as the head. Philip allowed John to have the income allocated to him by Charles. In public ceremonies, John stood, walked, or rode ahead of the grandees, but behind the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formative_years">Formative years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formative years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg/220px-Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg/330px-Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg/440px-Jorge_de_la_R%C3%BAa_-_Portrait_of_Don_Juan_of_Austria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of Don Juan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Jooris_van_der_Straeten" title="Jooris van der Straeten">Jooris van der Straeten</a></figcaption></figure> <p>John completed his education at the University of Alcalá de Henares (now the <a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense University of Madrid</a>), where he attended with his two nephews: <a href="/wiki/Carlos,_Prince_of_Asturias" title="Carlos, Prince of Asturias">Prince Carlos</a>, son and heir of Philip II, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alessandro Farnese</a>, the son of Charles V's other acknowledged illegitimate child, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Parma" title="Margaret of Parma">Margaret of Austria, Duchess of Parma</a>. All three were taught by Honorato Hugo, the disciple of scholar <a href="/wiki/Juan_Luis_Vives" title="Juan Luis Vives">Juan Luis Vives</a>. While at the university, Carlos sustained a skull fracture, resulting in personality changes. </p><p>In 1562, the royal house assigned John 15,000 <a href="/wiki/Ducats" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducats">ducats</a>, the same amount allocated to his half-sister Joanna, Dowager Princess of Portugal, with whom John had a close relationship. </p><p>In 1565, Farnese left <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%A1_de_Henares" title="Alcalá de Henares">Alcalá de Henares</a> to reside in Brussels, where his mother governed the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>. He married <a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Portugal_(1538%E2%80%931577)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria of Portugal (1538–1577)">Maria of Portugal</a> while in Brussels.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John actively participated in court ceremonies, including at the baptisms of his nieces, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Micaela_of_Spain" title="Catalina Micaela of Spain">Catherine Michaela</a>. He was assigned to carry the infants to the <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">baptismal font</a>. </p><p>In 1565, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> attacked <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. To defend the island, a fleet was gathered at the port of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>. John asked Philip for permission to join the navy, but was denied; he then left the court and travelled to Barcelona, but was unable to reach the fleet in time. John continued his attempts to join the fleet of <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García Álvarez de Toledo y Osorio</a> until a letter from Philip caused him to give up.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Prince Carlos confided in John and told him of his plans to flee Spain and travel towards the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> from Italy. He needed John's help to acquire a <a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">galley</a> that would ferry him to Italy. In exchange for his assistance, the prince promised John control of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a>. John said that he would give Carlos an answer, and went to <a href="/wiki/El_Escorial" title="El Escorial">El Escorial</a> to report him to the king.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>John returned to the Mediterranean to take charge of the fleet. After meeting with his advisers in <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a> on 2 June 1568, he went out to sea to fight the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">corsairs</a> for a period of three months. He sailed to North Africa, landing at <a href="/wiki/Oran" title="Oran">Oran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rebellion of the Alpujarras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/220px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/330px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg/440px-John_of_Austria_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1415" /></a><figcaption><i>John of Austria in armour</i>, by Alonso Sánchez Coello, 1567</figcaption></figure> <p>A decree dated 1 January 1567 forced the <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Kingdom of Granada</a>, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Alpujarras" title="Alpujarras">Alpujarras</a> region, to abandon their customs, language, clothing, and religious practices. By the end of 1568, almost 200 towns revolted against the decree. </p><p>Philip deposed <a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1igo_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza_y_Mendoza" title="Iñigo López de Mendoza y Mendoza">Iñigo López de Mendoza, 3rd Marquis of Mondejar</a>, and appointed John the supreme commander of the royal forces. He chose <a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Requesens_y_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga" title="Luis de Requesens y Zúñiga">Luis de Requesens</a> to serve as one of John's advisers. </p><p>On 13 April 1569 John arrived in Granada, where he built his forces. Luis de Requesens and Álvaro de Bazán patrolled the coast with their galleys, limiting aid and reinforcements from Barbary. </p><p>The deportation policy aggravated the situation. John asked Philip for permission to go on the offensive. The king granted his request and John left Granada at the head of a large and well-supplied army. After clearing rebels from nearby Granada, he marched east through <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a>, where veteran troops from Italy joined him, increasing his number of troops to 12,000. </p><p>At the end of 1569 he managed to pacify <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A9jar_Sierra" title="Güéjar Sierra">Güéjar</a>, and in late January 1570 he laid siege to the stronghold of <a href="/wiki/Galera,_Granada" title="Galera, Granada">Galera</a>. The siege of Galera stalled, so John ordered a general assault, making use of artillery and strategically set mines. On 10 February 1570, he entered the village, and had it levelled to the ground with <a href="/wiki/Salting_the_earth" title="Salting the earth">salt ploughed into its soil</a>. Between 400 and 4,500 inhabitants were killed, and 2,000–4,500 more were sold into slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Pendrill_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pendrill-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When he marched on the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ser%C3%B3n" title="Serón">Serón</a>, John was shot in the head, and his foster father Luis de Quijada was wounded. De Quijada died of his injuries a week later, on 25 February, in <a href="/wiki/Caniles" title="Caniles">Caniles</a>. John took the town of <a href="/wiki/Terque" title="Terque">Terque</a>, which dominated the middle valley of the <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Almería River">Almería River</a>. </p><p>In May 1570, John negotiated a peace with El Habaquí. In the summer and fall of 1570, the last campaigns to subdue the rebels were carried out. In February 1571, Philip signed a decree expelling all Moriscos from the Kingdom of Granada. John's letters described their forced exile as the greatest "human misery" that can be portrayed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_War_of_Cyprus_and_Battle_of_Lepanto">The War of Cyprus and Battle of Lepanto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The War of Cyprus and Battle of Lepanto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/280px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/420px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg/560px-Battle_of_Lepanto_1571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1341" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Lepanto</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1570%E2%80%931573)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish–Venetian War (1570–1573)">War of Cyprus</a> became the focus of Spanish attention after <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> sent an envoy to urge Philip to join him and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1571)" title="Holy League (1571)">Holy League</a> against the Turks. Philip II agreed, and negotiations opened in Rome. Among Philip's terms was the appointment of John as commander-in-chief of the Holy League armada. He agreed that <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> should be protected, but also wished to recover control of <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, where the Turks had overthrown Philip's Muslim <a href="/wiki/Client_ruler" class="mw-redirect" title="Client ruler">client ruler</a>. Tunis posed an immediate threat to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, one of Philip's kingdoms. He also had in mind the eventual conquest of <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, whose corsairs posed a constant nuisance to Spain. Charles V had <a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">tried and failed to take it</a> in 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While John finished the pacification of Granada, negotiations continued in Rome. In the summer of 1570, Philip sailed for Cyprus under the pope's admiral <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio Colonna</a>. In charge of Philip's contingent was the Genoese <a href="/wiki/Gian_Andrea_Doria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gian Andrea Doria">Gian Andrea Doria</a>, a great-nephew of <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria" title="Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a>. On reaching the Turkish coast in September, Colonna and the Venetians wished to continue towards Cyprus while Doria argued that it was too late. Then, news arrived that <a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, the capital of Cyprus, had fallen, and only the port of <a href="/wiki/Famagusta" title="Famagusta">Famagusta</a> remained. Sickness hit the Venetian fleet and a consensus grew that it was best to return to port, which they did. Animosities between the Christian allies became more open while the Turks continued their siege of Famagusta.<sup id="cite_ref-Thubron_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thubron-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 122">: 122 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg/280px-Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg/420px-Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg/560px-Victors_of_Lepanto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption>The Victors of Lepanto (from left: Don Juan de Austria, <a href="/wiki/Marcantonio_Colonna" title="Marcantonio Colonna">Marcantonio Colonna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sebastiano_Venier" title="Sebastiano Venier">Sebastiano Venier</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Venetians repaired their galley fleet and readied six armed <a href="/wiki/Galleasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleasses">galleasses</a>. The pope hired twelve galleys from the Grand Duke of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. The dukes of <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a> also provided galleys, and Alexander Farnese sailed in one of them. When the League was formally signed in May, John was designated <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> and given instructions by Philip. He travelled with the Spanish squadron from Barcelona in July, and the Holy League armada set sail from <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> in mid-September.<sup id="cite_ref-Thubron_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thubron-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 133">: 133 </span></sup> </p><p>John found the Turkish fleet at <a href="/wiki/Nafpaktos" title="Nafpaktos">Lepanto</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Corinth" title="Gulf of Corinth">Gulf of Corinth</a>. After some debate amongst themselves, The Turks chose to fight. They had the larger fleet, nearly 300 vessels to John's 207 galleys and six galleasses. </p><p>On 7 October 1571, the Turkish fleet emerged into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Patras" title="Gulf of Patras">Gulf of Patras</a> and took battle formation. Bringing his fleet through the <a href="/wiki/Echinades" title="Echinades">Curzolaris islets</a>, John deployed his armada into a left wing under Venetian command, a right wing under Doria, a center under himself, and a rear guard under the <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" title="Álvaro de Bazán, Marquis of Santa Cruz">Marquis of Santa Cruz</a>. In all four formations were galleys from each of the participating states. Two galleasses each were assigned to the wings and center. The battle began around noon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messina,_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_(1572)_vincitore_di_lepanto,_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG/220px-Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG/330px-Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG/440px-Messina%2C_monumento_a_giovanni_d%27austria_%281572%29_vincitore_di_lepanto%2C_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_(Messina)" title="John of Austria (Messina)">John of Austria monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The gunfire from the galleasses disrupted the Turkish formations as they pressed to the attack, and the bigger and more numerous guns of the Christian allies did damage as the Turkish right and center closed to board. The allies won the fighting on the decks. Among the wounded was 24-year-old <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a>, future writer of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a></i>. Cervantes later wrote a description of the courage of the Christian combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-Thubron_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thubron-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150">: 150 </span></sup> </p><p>The Turkish left wing under <a href="/wiki/Uluj_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Uluj Ali">Uluj Ali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">governor general</a> of Algiers, tried to outmaneuver Doria's wing, drawing it away from the League center. When a gap appeared between Doria and the center, Uluj Ali turned and aimed at the gap, smashing three galleys of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Hospitaller" title="Knights Hospitaller">Knights of Malta</a> on John's right flank. John came around while the Marquis of Santa Cruz hit Uluj Ali with his rear guard. Uluj Ali and approximately half of his wing escaped. </p><p>At the end of the battle, the Turkish fleet was destroyed and thousands of Turkish soldiers were killed. The League had over 13,000 casualties and liberated over 10,000 Christian slaves.<sup id="cite_ref-Meyer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the evening, a storm broke and the League had to head for port, while sporadic Greek uprisings were suppressed by the Turks. </p><p>During and after the battle of Lepanto, John was addressed in letters and in person with "Highness" and "Prince", in contradiction to the initial protocol and address by Philip. There are no records to indicate if Philip gave Don John these honors.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Low_Countries">The Low Countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Low Countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg/220px-14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg/330px-14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg/440px-14-4007_Print_Baudartius_Arrival_Don_Juan_in_Brussels_1577_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Joyous_Entry" title="Joyous Entry">Joyous Entry</a> of John of Austria into <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, 1 May 1577. Print from 'The Wars of Nassau' by <a href="/wiki/Willem_Baudartius" title="Willem Baudartius">W. Baudartius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> 1616</figcaption></figure> <p>When Luis de Requesens died on 5 March 1576, the Council of State urged the king to appoint a new governor immediately, recommending that it be a member of the royal family. Philip appointed John as governor-general; John entered Brussels on 1 May 1577.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John captured the city of Namur on 24 July 1577. In January 1578 he defeated the Protestants in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Battle of Gembloux</a>. The defeat at Gembloux forced <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">Prince William of Orange</a>, the leader of the revolt, to leave Brussels. The victory of John also meant the end of the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brussels" title="Union of Brussels">Union of Brussels</a>, and hastened the disintegration of the unity of the rebel provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six months later John was defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam_(1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rijmenam (1578)">Rijmenam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two months after his defeat at Rijmenam, John of Austria contracted a fever and died on 1 October 1578, at the age of 31. To avoid his body being captured at sea by Spain's enemies, it was returned to Madrid overland in four saddle bags and reassembled once there. John was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Escorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Escorial">Escorial</a>, the only illegitimate Habsburg to be so honored.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat_of_arms">Coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_(1545-1578).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_%281545-1578%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_%281545-1578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_%281545-1578%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_%281545-1578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_%281545-1578%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_of_Austria_%281545-1578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1237" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of John of Austria</figcaption></figure><p>As John of Austria was the illegitimate son of Charles V, the partitions of the armories of <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Coat of arms of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">his father's coat of arms</a> were modified for his own. John's coat of arms consisted of a divided shield; on the dexter (left) side, the arms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">León</a> were placed in a cut and not quartered (repeated in four quarters), as usual; on the sinister (right) side were <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a> and Aragon-<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>; and on the divided <a href="/wiki/Inescutcheon" title="Inescutcheon">inescutcheon</a> (center) were <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">Duchy of Burgundy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coat of arms of John of Austria did not incorporate the blazons of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Granada_(Crown_of_Castile)" title="Kingdom of Granada (Crown of Castile)">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Tyrol" title="County of Tyrol">Tyrol</a> that appeared in the coat of arms of his father. Encircling the shield is the necklace of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Order of the Golden Fleece</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationships_and_descendants">Relationships and descendants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationships and descendants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following women are confirmed to have had a relationship with John of Austria:<sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Maria of Mendoza (1545 – 22 April 1570), lady-in-waiting of <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria,_Princess_of_Portugal" title="Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal">Joanna of Austria, Princess of Portugal</a> and daughter of Diego Hurtado of Mendoza, Prince of Melito and 1st Duke of Francavilla.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had one daughter:<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Maria Ana of Austria (November 1569, Villagarcía de Campos, Madrid – 27 November 1629, Las Huelgas, Burgos), who later became <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_la_Real_de_Las_Huelgas" title="Abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas">Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas</a> since 1611.</li></ul></li> <li>Diana Falangola (born 1556), daughter of Scipione Falangola, Lord of Fagnano.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had a daughter: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Austria_(1573-1630)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna of Austria (1573-1630)">Juana of Austria</a> (11 September 1573, Naples – 7 February 1630, Militello),<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who married at Palermo on 20 April 1603 <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Branciforte" title="Francesco Branciforte">Francesco Branciforte</a>, 2nd Prince of <a href="/wiki/Pietraperzia" title="Pietraperzia">Pietraperzia</a>. They had five daughters:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Margherita Branciforte d'Austria (11 January 1605, Naples – 24 January 1659, Rome), Princess of <a href="/wiki/Butera,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Butera, Italy">Butera</a>; married Federico Colonna, 5th Duke of Tagliacozzo, with whom she had one son: <ul><li>Antonio Colonna, Prince of Pietraperzia (1619–1623)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Flavia Branciforte d'Austria (3 June 1606, Naples – 24 May 1608, Naples)</li> <li>Caterina Branciforte d'Austria (4 May 1609, Naples – 6 June 1613, Naples)</li> <li>Elisabetta Branciforte d'Austria (9 December 1611, Naples – 7 August 1615, Naples)</li> <li>Anna Branciforte d'Austria (6 July 1615, Naples – 1 September 1615, Naples)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Zenobia Saratosia (born ca. 1540), daughter of Vincenzo Saratosia and Violante Garofano.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had one son: <ul><li>Unnamed (born and died in 1574); reportedly died at childbirth, although it was rumoured that Philip II had a hand in his death.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Anne of Toledo, with whom he had no known children.<sup id="cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petrie_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Escorial_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Escorial_012.jpg/220px-Escorial_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Escorial_012.jpg/330px-Escorial_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Escorial_012.jpg/440px-Escorial_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of John of Austria by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Galeotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Galeotti">Giuseppe Galeotti</a> (according to a design by Ponzano) in the fifth chamber of the Pantheon in the Monastery of <a href="/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_El_Escorial" title="San Lorenzo de El Escorial">San Lorenzo de El Escorial</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Emanuel_van_Meteren_Historie_ppn_051504510_MG_8721_jan_van_oostenryck.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3688" data-file-height="5600" /></a><figcaption>Engraving of John of Austria</figcaption></figure><p>A <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria_(Messina)" title="John of Austria (Messina)">monument to John of Austria</a> was erected in <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> at the initiative of the local senate in 1572, to honor the victor of Lepanto. The statue survived the devastating <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 earthquake</a>; however, it was moved to another location in the city. </p><p>A copy of the statue of John in Messina was erected in his birthplace of Regensburg in 1978, the fourth centenary of his death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A "Don John" is a villain in <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>'s 1599 play <i><a href="/wiki/Much_Ado_About_Nothing" title="Much Ado About Nothing">Much Ado About Nothing</a></i>. He is listed in the <i><a href="/wiki/Dramatis_personae" title="Dramatis personae">dramatis personae</a></i> as "illegitimate brother to Don Pedro", Prince of Aragon.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Don John of Austria's life inspired the 1835 play <i>Don Juan d'Autriche</i> by <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Delavigne" title="Casimir Delavigne">Casimir Delavigne</a>, which served in turn as a source for two operas, <i><a href="/wiki/Don_John_of_Austria_(opera)" title="Don John of Austria (opera)">Don John of Austria</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Nathan" title="Isaac Nathan">Isaac Nathan</a> in 1847 and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Giovanni_d%27Austria_(opera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Giovanni d'Austria (opera) (page does not exist)">Don Giovanni d'Austria</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Marchetti" title="Filippo Marchetti">Filippo Marchetti</a> in 1879.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a> in 1911 published a poem, <i><a href="/wiki/Lepanto_(poem)" title="Lepanto (poem)">Lepanto</a></i>, in which he dubbed Don John "the last knight of Europe".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The historical novel <i>A Knight of Spain</i> (1913) by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Bowen" title="Marjorie Bowen">Marjorie Bowen</a> depicts the relationship between Don John of Austria and his half-brother, Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The historical romance, <i>Spanish Lover</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Spearman" title="Frank H. Spearman">Frank H. Spearman</a> (Charles Scribner's Sons, 1930), has Don John as its central character.</li> <li>In 1956, <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Wohl" title="Louis de Wohl">Louis de Wohl</a> published <i>The Last Crusader: A Novel about Don Juan of Austria</i>, presenting Don John of Austria as one of history's most triumphant and inspiring heroes.<sup id="cite_ref-deWohl_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deWohl-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 1990 historical novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_visita_en_el_tiempo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La visita en el tiempo (page does not exist)">La visita en el tiempo</a></i> by Venezuelan writer <a href="/wiki/Arturo_Uslar_Pietri" title="Arturo Uslar Pietri">Arturo Uslar Pietri</a> depicts Don Juan searching for his own identity, his journey from an orphaned childhood to his transformation into the (illegitimate) son of Emperor Charles V and the hero of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a>. The novel won the 1991 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos_Prize" title="Rómulo Gallegos Prize">Rómulo Gallegos Prize</a> novel prize.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/13446/juan-de-austria">Bartolomé Bennassar, <i>Juan de Austria</i></a> at website of Real Academia de la Historia <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSánchez2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sánchez, J.A.V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kl0PCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT249"><i>Carlos V: Emperador y hombre</i></a>. Clío crónicas de la historia (in Spanish). Editorial Edaf, S.L. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-414-3608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-414-3608-4"><bdi>978-84-414-3608-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlos+V%3A+Emperador+y+hombre&rft.series=Cl%C3%ADo+cr%C3%B3nicas+de+la+historia&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Editorial+Edaf%2C+S.L.&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-84-414-3608-4&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=J.A.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkl0PCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StirlingMaxwell-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StirlingMaxwell_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirling-Maxwell1883" class="citation book cs1">Stirling-Maxwell, William (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/cu31924088475946/cu31924088475946.pdf"><i>Don John of Austria, or Passages from the history of the sixteenth century, 1547-1578</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Longmans, Green, and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+John+of+Austria%2C+or+Passages+from+the+history+of+the+sixteenth+century%2C+1547-1578&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Stirling-Maxwell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fcu31924088475946%2Fcu31924088475946.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasantaespina.es/historia.asp?tipo=historia&IdTbl1=2"><i>La Santa Espina, un oasis en los Torozos. Nuestra Historia: El Pueblo</i></a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span> [retrieved 26 December 2016].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petrie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Petrie_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrie1967" class="citation book cs1">Petrie, Charles (1967). <i>Don John of Austria</i>. New York: Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Don+John+of+Austria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Petrie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pendrill-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pendrill_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPendrill2002" class="citation book cs1">Pendrill, Collin (2002). <i>Spain 1474-1700: The Triumphs and Tribulations of Empire</i>. Heinemann. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780435327330" title="Special:BookSources/9780435327330"><bdi>9780435327330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain+1474-1700%3A+The+Triumphs+and+Tribulations+of+Empire&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Heinemann&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780435327330&rft.aulast=Pendrill&rft.aufirst=Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carr_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2013" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Matthew (2013). <i>Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain</i>. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781595585240" title="Special:BookSources/9781595585240"><bdi>9781595585240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blood+and+Faith%3A+The+Purging+of+Muslim+Spain&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781595585240&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thubron-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thubron_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thubron_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thubron_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThubron1981" class="citation book cs1">Thubron, Collin (1981). <i>The Venetians</i>. Time-Life UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780705406338" title="Special:BookSources/9780705406338"><bdi>9780705406338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Venetians&rft.pub=Time-Life+UK&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9780705406338&rft.aulast=Thubron&rft.aufirst=Collin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Meyer_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Meyer, G.J. (2010). <i>The Tudors</i>. Random House Publishing Group. p. 489. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780440339144" title="Special:BookSources/9780440339144"><bdi>9780440339144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudors&rft.pages=489&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780440339144&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Eigen Brusselse rechters", <i>Brussel: Waar is de Tijd</i>, 6 (1999), p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracy, J.D. (2008). The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920911-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920911-8">978-0-19-920911-8</a>, pp. 140–141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRady2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martyn_Rady" title="Martyn Rady">Rady, Martyn</a> (2020). <i>The Habsburgs: To Rule the World</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-4450-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-4450-2"><bdi>978-1-5416-4450-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Habsburgs%3A+To+Rule+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5416-4450-2&rft.aulast=Rady&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino, Hugo: <i>El escudo</i>, p. 227, in: Menéndez Pidal y Navascués, Faustino; O'Donnell y Duque de Estrada, Hugo; Lolo, Begoña: <i>Símbolos de España</i> (in Spanish), Madrid: Centro de Estudios Políticos y Constitucionales, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-259-1074-9" title="Special:BookSources/84-259-1074-9">84-259-1074-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geneall.net/en/name/1171836/maria-ana-de-mendoza/"><i>María Ana de Mendoza</i> in: geneall.net</a> [retrieved 8 June 2016].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geneall.net/en/name/11686/diana-falangola/"><i>Diana Falangola</i> in: geneall.net</a> [retrieved 8 June 2016].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribalpages.com/family-tree/gondan">Branciforte in: tribalpages.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919055215/http://www.tribalpages.com/family-tree/gondan">Archived</a> 19 September 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [retrieved 8 June 2016].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geneall.net/en/name/17470/antonio-colonna-prince-of-pietrapersia/"><i>Antonio Colonna, prince of Pietrapersia</i> in: geneall.net</a> [retrieved 8 June 2016].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geneall.net/en/name/11796/zenobia-sarotosia/"><i>Zenobia Sarotosia</i> in: geneall.net</a> [retrieved 8 June 2016].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shakespeare, William. <i>Much Ado About Nothing</i>. Ed. Claire McEachern. London: Arden. 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2006" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Gloria (25 July 2006). <i>The Last Knight of Europe: The Life of Don John of Austria</i>. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4286-6206-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4286-6206-5"><bdi>1-4286-6206-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Knight+of+Europe%3A+The+Life+of+Don+John+of+Austria&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.isbn=1-4286-6206-5&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaye, James Ross. <i>Historical Fiction Chronologically and Historically Related</i>. Chicago: Snowden Publishing Company, 1920. (p.642)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deWohl-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deWohl_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Wohl1956" class="citation book cs1">de Wohl, Louis (1956). <i>The Last Crusader: A Novel about Don Juan of Austria</i>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586174149" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586174149"><bdi>978-1586174149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Crusader%3A+A+Novel+about+Don+Juan+of+Austria&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-1586174149&rft.aulast=de+Wohl&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturalia.com/premio-literario/rom/premio-romulo-gallegos">"Premio Internacional de Novela Rómulo Gallegos"</a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Premio+Internacional+de+Novela+R%C3%B3mulo+Gallegos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturalia.com%2Fpremio-literario%2From%2Fpremio-romulo-gallegos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Fernand Braudel</a>, <i>The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II</i>. 2 vols. New York, Harper, 1972, translated from <i>La Méditerranée et le monde méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II</i>, 2nd éd., Paris: 1966</li> <li>Capponi, Niccolò, <i>Victory of the West: The Great Christian-Muslim Clash at the Battle of Lepanto</i> (2006)</li> <li>Coloma, Luis, <i>The Story of Don John of Austria</i>, trans. Lady Moreton, New York: 1912. John Lane Company.</li> <li>Dennis, Amarie. <i>Don Juan of Austria</i>. Madrid, privately printed, 1966. A sensitive study of Don John, by an American long resident in Spain, it rests mainly on contemporary sources and has a lively treatment of Lepanto.</li> <li>Essen, Léon van der. <i>Alexandre Farnèse, Prince de Parme, Gouverneur Général des Pays-Bas</i> (1578–92), 5 vols., Brussels, 1933–35</li> <li>Guilmartin, J.F. <i>Gunpowder and Galleys</i> (revised edition, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Petrie_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Petrie (historian)">Petrie, Sir Charles</a>. <i>Don John of Austria</i>. London: 1967.</li> <li>Stirling-Maxwell, William. <i>Don John of Austria</i>. 2 vols. London: 1883.</li> <li>Törne, P. O. de, <i>Don Juan d'Autriche et les projets de conquête de l'Angleterre</i> (1928)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Austria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Don_Juan_de_Austria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Don Juan de Austria">Don Juan de Austria</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobility.org/2010/10/07/short-stories-on-honor-chivalry-and-the-world-of-nobility%E2%80%94no-14/">Chronicle of the battle of Lepanto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618155750/http://nobility.org/2010/10/07/short-stories-on-honor-chivalry-and-the-world-of-nobility%E2%80%94no-14/">Archived</a> 18 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Rev. Luis Coloma, SJ</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1881" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._W._Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. Ward">Ward, A. W.</a> (1881). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/John, Don"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/John,_Don">"John, Don" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 13 (9th ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John%2C+Don&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+of+Austria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_y_Requesens" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens">Luis de Zúñiga y Requesens</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands" title="List of governors of the Habsburg Netherlands">Governor of the Spanish Netherlands</a> </b><br />1576–1578 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Office established</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">Vicar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Italy" class="mw-disambig" title="Spanish Italy">Spanish Italy</a><br />(<i>temporarily created position</i>) </b><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1575 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>Office dissolved</i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q157107#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000117520385">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25397110">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/13265/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrRfMypMgyhbPyYXpyjmd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118713299">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50038831">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938118r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11938118r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01094468">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Juan : de Austria"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV115084">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an51934027">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0065675&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1724146">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07504790X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000205031">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=109975">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000033565">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmnpwr393t0g2">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810665260105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/58129">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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