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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religious history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_dynasties_(910–1509)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_dynasties_(910–1509)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Islamic dynasties (910–1509)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_dynasties_(910–1509)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Spanish period (1509–1708, 1732–1792)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beylikal_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beylikal_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Beylikal period (1708–1732, 1792–1831)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beylikal_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Oran_and_Mers_el-Kébir_(1790–1792)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Oran_and_Mers_el-Kébir_(1790–1792)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790–1792)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Oran_and_Mers_el-Kébir_(1790–1792)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_period_(1831–1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_period_(1831–1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>French period (1831–1962)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_period_(1831–1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_independence_(1962)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_independence_(1962)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Since independence (1962)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_independence_(1962)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earthquakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earthquakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Earthquakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earthquakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_districts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_districts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>City districts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-City_districts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle City districts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-City_districts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_districts_of_Oran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_districts_of_Oran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>List of districts of Oran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_districts_of_Oran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medina_Jedida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medina_Jedida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Medina Jedida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medina_Jedida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Hamri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Hamri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>El Hamri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Hamri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sidi_El_Houari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sidi_El_Houari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sidi El Houari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sidi_El_Houari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oranian_agglomeration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oranian_agglomeration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oranian agglomeration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oranian_agglomeration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oranian agglomeration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oranian_agglomeration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mers_El-Kébir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mers_El-Kébir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Mers El-Kébir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mers_El-Kébir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aïn_El-Turk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aïn_El-Turk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Aïn El-Turk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aïn_El-Turk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Es-Sénia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Es-Sénia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Es-Sénia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Es-Sénia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bir_El-Djir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bir_El-Djir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bir El-Djir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bir_El-Djir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misserghin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misserghin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Misserghin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misserghin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Representation_in_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Representation_in_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Representation in other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Representation_in_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Economy and infrastructure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy and infrastructure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attractions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attractions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1.1</span> <span>Attractions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attractions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Partner_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partner_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Partner cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partner_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_residents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_residents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notable residents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_residents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وهران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وهران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1n" title="Orán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99hran" title="Vəhran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəhran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="وهران، الجزاییر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وهران، الجزاییر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ওরান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওরান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Оран (град) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оран (град)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A0" title="Orà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Oran (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Oran (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وهران – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="وهران" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Οράν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οράν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1n" title="Orán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orano" title="Orano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1)" title="وهران (الجزایر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وهران (الجزایر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1n,_Alxeria" title="Orán, Alxeria – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orán, Alxeria" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%9E%91" title="오랑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오랑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Օրան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ओरान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ओरान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ওরান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ওরান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orano" title="Orano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אוראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ორანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranum" title="Oranum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oranum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C4%81na" title="Orāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranas" title="Oranas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oranas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A1n" title="Orán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وهران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وهران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahran" title="Wahran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wahran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_(stad_in_Algerije)" title="Oran (stad in Algerije) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oran (stad in Algerije)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="オラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="ВахӀрана – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ВахӀрана" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahron" title="Vahron – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vahron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਵਹਿਰਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਹਿਰਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وہران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="وہران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A3" title="Orã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran_(ora%C8%99)" title="Oran (oraș) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Oran (oraș)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وەھران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەھران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வாரான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாரான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehran" title="Wehran – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Wehran" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ออราน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออราน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahran" title="Vahran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vahran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Оран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="وہران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وہران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8B%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ۋەھران – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ۋەھران" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waradinne" title="Waradinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Waradinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran" title="Oran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Oran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B0" title="瓦赫兰 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦赫兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E8%98%AD_(%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8F%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E)" title="奧蘭 (阿爾及利亞) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧蘭 (阿爾及利亞)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%B5%AB%E8%98%AD" title="瓦赫蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦赫蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%A1%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵡⴰⵀⵔⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵡⴰⵀⵔⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q131818#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oran&params=35_41_49_N_0_37_59_W_region:DZ-31_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°37′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.69694°N 0.63306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.69694; -0.63306</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>This article is about the city in Algeria. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Oran_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Oran (disambiguation)">Oran (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Oiran" title="Oiran">Oiran</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ouran_High_School_Host_Club" title="Ouran High School Host Club">Ouran High School Host Club</a>.</span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Oran Province, Algeria</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Oran</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ar">وهران</div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Wahrān</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="border:1;;height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Oran's port" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg/268px-Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg/402px-Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg/536px-Oran_-_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="3515" /></a></span></div><div>Aerial view of Oran</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div style="border:1;;height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oran,_Mobilar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mobilar towers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oran%2C_Mobilar.jpg/93px-Oran%2C_Mobilar.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oran%2C_Mobilar.jpg/140px-Oran%2C_Mobilar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Oran%2C_Mobilar.jpg/186px-Oran%2C_Mobilar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="1524" /></a></span></div><div>Mobilar Towers</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div style="border:1;;height:114px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hotel de Ville of Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg/171px-Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg/257px-Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg/342px-Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4986" data-file-height="3342" /></a></span></div><div>Oran city hall</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:True_false_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sacred Heart Cathedral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/True_false_church.jpg/124px-True_false_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/True_false_church.jpg/186px-True_false_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/True_false_church.jpg/248px-True_false_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran" title="Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran">Sacred Heart Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div style="border:1;;height:93px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hassan Pasha Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg/140px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg/210px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg/280px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hassan Pasha Mosque">Hassan Pasha Mosque</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Church of Santa-Cruz" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg/132px-Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg/198px-Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg/264px-Fort_Santa_Cruz_Oran1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Santa_Cruz_(Oran)" title="Fort of Santa Cruz (Oran)">Fort of Santa Cruz (Oran)</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="border:1;;height:99px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Abdelhamid Ben Badis Mosque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg/132px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg/198px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg/264px-%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AC%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Abdelhamid_Ben_Badis_Mosque" title="Abdelhamid Ben Badis Mosque">Abdelhamid Ben Badis Mosque</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Oran"><img alt="Coat of arms of Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png/79px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png" decoding="async" width="79" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png/119px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png/159px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">al-Bāhia <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الباهية</span></span></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ_31_Oran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Oran"><img alt="Location of Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DZ_31_Oran.svg/250px-DZ_31_Oran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DZ_31_Oran.svg/375px-DZ_31_Oran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DZ_31_Oran.svg/500px-DZ_31_Oran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="825" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media 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div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oran is located in Algeria"><img alt="Oran is located in Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Algeria_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1287" data-file-height="1279" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:10.757%;left:39.716%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oran"><img alt="Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Oran</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Algeria</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Algeria</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oran is located in Africa"><img alt="Oran is located in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/375px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Africa_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Africa_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1525" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:4.634%;left:32.369%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Oran"><img alt="Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Oran</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Oran (Africa)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Africa</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oran&params=35_41_49_N_0_37_59_W_region:DZ-31_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°41′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°37′59″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.69694°N 0.63306°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.69694; -0.63306</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Algeria" title="Districts of Algeria">District</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oran_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Oran District">Oran District</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Re-founded</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 944</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">Wali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">Massoud Djari</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,121 km<sup>2</sup> (819 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.9 m (3 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2008 for city proper, 2019 for metro area)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">City</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">937,544 <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,570,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wahrani</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">31000 - 31037</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilayaoran.dz/">www<wbr />.wilayaoran<wbr />.dz</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oran</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">وَهران</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Wahrān</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a major coastal city located in the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>. It is considered the second most important city of Algeria, after the capital, <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, because of its population and commercial, industrial and cultural importance. It is 432 km (268 mi) west-southwest from Algiers. The total population of the city was 803,329 in 2008,<sup id="cite_ref-citypop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-citypop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the metropolitan area has a population of approximately 1,500,000,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the second-largest city in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbary_lion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Barbary_lion.jpg/220px-Barbary_lion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Barbary_lion.jpg/330px-Barbary_lion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Barbary_lion.jpg/440px-Barbary_lion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="1776" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lion</a>, from which Oran takes its name, identified by its long <a href="/wiki/Mane_(lion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mane (lion)">mane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>Wahran</i> comes from the Berber expression <i>wa - iharan</i> (place of lions).<sup id="cite_ref-Kees_Versteegh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kees_Versteegh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A locally popular legend tells that in the period around AD 900, there were sightings of <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lions</a> in the area. The last two lions were killed on a mountain near Oran, and it became known as <i>la montagne des lions</i> ("The Mountain of Lions").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two giant lion statues stand in front of Oran's city hall, symbolizing the city. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, a small settlement called <i>Unica Colonia</i> existed in the area of the current Oran, but this settlement disappeared as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> was conquered by a succession of regional powers, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vandal_conquest_of_Roman_Africa" title="Vandal conquest of Roman Africa">435</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mauro-Roman_Kingdom" title="Mauro-Roman Kingdom">Mauro-Roman Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Arabs</a> around <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">the start of the 8th century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Present-day Oran was founded in 903 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azdadja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azdadja (page does not exist)">Azdadja</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azdadja" class="extiw" title="fr:Azdadja">fr</a>]</span> and Ajissa <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawa</a> confederation who lived in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-google.ca_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.ca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city enjoyed a period of prosperity under the <a href="/wiki/Almohad" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohad">Almohad</a> Caliph <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Mu%27min" title="Abd al-Mu'min">Abd al-Mu'min</a> for a lengthy period of time when he built thirty vessels to connect it with Andalusia.<sup id="cite_ref-google.ca_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google.ca-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It endured a long, prosperous reign under the zayyanid of Tlemcen and used its ports as a key outlet to Spain in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castilians</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cisneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cisneros">Cardinal Cisneros</a> in 1509, and Spanish sovereignty lasted until 1708 when the city was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Algerians" title="Algerians">Algerians</a> during the siege of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1707%E2%80%931708)" title="Siege of Oran (1707–1708)">Siege of Oran (1707–1708)</a>. Spain recaptured the city in 1732. However, its value as a trading post had decreased greatly, so during the reign of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a> the city was <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">recaptured</a> in 1790–1792 by a coalition of Algerian troops against Spain which resulted in victory for the bey of Oran despite the many attempts in 1563. The beylik lasted until 1831 when the city fell to the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">French</a>. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French rule</a> during the 19th and 20th centuries, Oran was the capital of a <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a></i> of the same name (number 92). In July 1940, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_French_Fleet_at_Mers-el-Kebir" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir">shelled French warships</a> in the port after they refused a British ultimatum to surrender; this action was taken to ensure the fleet would not fall into German hands, as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazis</a> had defeated France and occupied Paris. The action increased the hatred of the Vichy regime for <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> but convinced the world that the British would fight alone against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and its allies. The <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy government</a> held Oran during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> until its capture by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> in late 1942, during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>. </p><p>Also, during French rule, Jews were encouraged to modernize and take on jobs they had not before, including agriculture, while Muslims were forced out of the city and their ancestral fertile lands were confiscated and given to Colons.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews in the city were allowed to join the French Army starting October 24, 1870, while Muslims were forced to do <a href="/wiki/Military_service" title="Military service">military service</a>. Algerian Jews were granted citizenship while Algerian Muslims were not. Jews would soon be targeted after the war for not supporting the struggle for independence against France.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> of 1954–1962, Oran had one of the highest proportions of Europeans of any city in North Africa. In July 1962, after a ceasefire and accords with France, the <a href="/wiki/FLN_(Algeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="FLN (Algeria)">FLN</a> entered Oran and were shot at by Europeans. A mob attacked <a href="/wiki/Pied-noir" class="mw-redirect" title="Pied-noir">pied-noir</a> neighborhoods in response to the incident and during the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Oran_massacre_of_1962" title="Oran massacre of 1962">Oran massacre of 1962</a> at least 95 and as many as 365 were killed;<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many others are reported to have "disappeared."<sup id="cite_ref-lexpress_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexpress-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This triggered a larger exodus of Europeans to France, which was already underway. Shortly after the end of the war, most of the Europeans and <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Algerian Jews">Algerian Jews</a> living in Oran fled to France. In less than three months, Oran lost about half its population.<sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_history">Religious history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Religious history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_(ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran)_en_2011.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_%28ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran%29_en_2011.JPG/220px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_%28ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran%29_en_2011.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_%28ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran%29_en_2011.JPG/330px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_%28ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran%29_en_2011.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_%28ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran%29_en_2011.JPG/440px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_Abdallah_Ibn_Salam_%28ancienne_Synagogue_d%27Oran%29_en_2011.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_of_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Synagogue of Oran">Great Synagogue of Oran</a> was converted into a mosque in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>With its location as the closest port to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and its prominence on the Mediterranean, Jewish refugees first immigrated to Oran to flee persecution and conversion to Christianity in Spain in 1391. This refuge brought other religious refugees that included both Jews again and Muslims in both 1492 and 1502. On October 24, 1870, with French dominance, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian Jews</a> were given French citizenship with the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9mieux_Decree" title="Crémieux Decree">Crémieux Decree</a>. Later, despite a World War II sentiment that favored acceptance, Oran still had a history marked by intolerance. There was a decrease in the Jewish population as Muslims were the only group granted citizenship protection in 1963, one year after Algerian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_dynasties_(910–1509)"><span id="Islamic_dynasties_.28910.E2.80.931509.29"></span>Islamic dynasties (910–1509)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Islamic dynasties (910–1509)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Start year </th> <th>End year </th> <th>Event </th></tr> <tr> <td>910 </td> <td>1082 </td> <td>By 910 Oran became a perpetual object of conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyads</a> of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fatimid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid">Fatimids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1082 </td> <td>1145 </td> <td>Presence of <a href="/wiki/Almoravids" class="mw-redirect" title="Almoravids">Almoravids</a> in 1082. In 1145, <a href="/wiki/Tashfin_ibn_Ali" title="Tashfin ibn Ali">Tashfin ibn Ali</a> perished in the outskirts of Oran while trying to flee the besieging <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a> troops, who had already captured <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1145 </td> <td>1238 </td> <td>Presence of <a href="/wiki/Almohads" class="mw-redirect" title="Almohads">Almohads</a>. 1147 marked the beginning of a period of persecution of Oran's Jews. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1238 </td> <td>1509 </td> <td>Presence of the <a href="/wiki/Abdalwadid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdalwadid">Zianides</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>. The Oranians grew rich from protection by the Emir, the customs system (tariffs), trade with <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Repubbliche_Marinare" class="mw-redirect" title="Repubbliche Marinare">Italian Maritime Republics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>, with whom, in 1250, Oran signed a commercial treaty for 40 years. Toward the end of the 14th century, celebrated Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> wrote, "Oran is superior to all other cities by its trade. It's a paradise for the unhappy one. Those who arrive poor in its walls, will leave it again rich." The city excelled in the export of lead, wool, skins, fine burnous, carpets, haïks, cumin, nuts and galls. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)"><span id="Spanish_period_.281509.E2.80.931708.2C_1732.E2.80.931792.29"></span>Spanish period (1509–1708, 1732–1792)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Spanish period (1509–1708, 1732–1792)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg/220px-20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg/330px-20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg/440px-20160220_130546SANTA_CRUISE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santa_Cruz,_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Santa Cruz, Oran">Santa Cruz Fort, Oran</a>. <i>Santa Cruz</i> is <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "<a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">holy cross</a>".</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Spaniards, the Portuguese launched a failed expedition to capture the city in July 1501. Four years later, the Spanish took <a href="/wiki/Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" class="mw-redirect" title="Mers-el-Kébir">Mers-el-Kébir</a>, located just six kilometres (four miles) west of Oran. Thus began the first organized incursions against the city which, at the time, numbered 25,000 inhabitants and counted 6,000 <i>fueros</i>. Count <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Navarro,_Count_of_Oliveto" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Navarro, Count of Oliveto">Pedro Navarro</a>, on the orders of Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Cisneros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Cisneros">Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros</a>, finally <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1509)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1509)">captured the city</a> on May 17, 1509. The occupying forces <a href="/wiki/Book_Burning" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Burning">set fire to the books and archives</a> of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1554, the Turks had reached Algiers. The governor of Oran, <a href="/wiki/Count_Alcaudete" class="mw-redirect" title="Count Alcaudete">Count Alcaudete</a>, allied himself with Moroccan Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_ash-Sheikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed ash-Sheikh">Mohammed ash-Sheikh</a> against them. Nine years later, in 1563, <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a>, Marquis de Santa Cruz, built the <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santa_Cruz,_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Santa Cruz, Oran">fort of Santa-Cruz</a>, strategically placed at the top of a mountain, l'Aïdour, more than 300 m (1,000 ft) above the sea, directly to the west of the city. Pedro Garcerán de Borja, Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Montesa" title="Order of Montesa">Order of Montesa</a>, was captain of Oran when, on July 14, 1568, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a> (the illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I of Spain">Charles I</a> and paternal half-brother of King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a>), led a <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> of 33 galleys against the Algerians. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png/220px-The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png/330px-The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png/440px-The_Fortified_City_of_Oran_on_the_Barbary_Coast.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A two-part map showing the port of Oran in the 18th century, by German map publisher <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Seutter" title="Matthäus Seutter">Matthäus Seutter</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1669 the Spanish governor, the 6th <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Los_V%C3%A9lez" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Los Vélez">Marquess of Los Vélez</a>, expelled all the Jews who lived in Oran and <a href="/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Mers El Kébir">Mers El Kébir</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sending them to be resettled in either <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livorno</a>. </p><p>The Spanish rebuilt <a href="/wiki/Fort_Santa_Cruz,_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Santa Cruz, Oran">Santa Cruz Fort</a> to accommodate their city governors. "The fortifications of the place were composed of thick and continuous walls of over two and a half km in circumference, surmounted by strong towers spaced between them," with a central castle or <i><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">kasbah</a></i> where the Spanish governor had his headquarters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Under Spanish rule, the city continued to grow, requiring enlargement of the city walls. In spite of the improved fortifications, the city was the object of repeated attacks. Notable in this regard, Moroccan Sharif <a href="/wiki/Moulay_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulay Ismail">Moulay Ismail</a> tried to force his way past the defences in 1707, only to see his army decimated. In 1739, trade with the surroundings was forbidden for years due to the plague. In 1744, king <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> asked the governor Tomás du Rollet de la tour for dromedaries to replenish the stock at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Aranjuez" title="Royal Palace of Aranjuez">Royal Palace of Aranjuez</a>. However, the former <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a> of Oran had banned trade with the Spaniards and those dromedaries gradually sent to the king had been sold by thieving tribesmen. Most of the maintenance of the place was paid by the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_the_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull of the Crusade">bull of the Crusade</a>, a contribution of the Spanish Catholic church.<sup id="cite_ref-Gómez_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gómez-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beylikal_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)"><span id="Beylikal_period_.281708.E2.80.931732.2C_1792.E2.80.931831.29"></span>Beylikal period (1708–1732, 1792–1831)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Beylikal period (1708–1732, 1792–1831)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylik of Oran">Beylik of Oran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1707%E2%80%931708)" title="Siege of Oran (1707–1708)">Siege of Oran (1707–1708)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg/220px-Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg/330px-Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg/440px-Minaret_de_la_perle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>The Bey Othmane El Kebir Mosque (Minaret de la perle)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Spanish occupied the city until 1708, when the <a href="/wiki/Western_Beylik" title="Western Beylik">Bey of Mascara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Ben_Youssef" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustapha Ben Youssef">Mustapha Ben Youssef</a> (<i>Bouchelaghem</i>), vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Deylik_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Deylik of Algiers">Deylik of Algiers</a>, and who was an <a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Arabized Berber</a> from the Mascara region<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took advantage of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Spanish_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a> to <a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Oran_(1708)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapture of Oran (1708)">drive the Spanish out</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Terki_Hassaine_197–222_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terki_Hassaine_197–222-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1732, Spanish forces returned under <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carrillo_de_Albornoz,_1st_Duke_of_Montemar" title="José Carrillo de Albornoz, 1st Duke of Montemar">José Carrillo de Albornoz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">capturing the city from Bouchelaghem</a>. Spain maintained its hold over Oran for the next six decades.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the night after October 8, 1790, <a href="/wiki/1790_Oran_earthquake" title="1790 Oran earthquake">a violent earthquake</a> claimed more than 3,000 victims in less than seven minutes. <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a> saw no advantage in continuing the occupation of the city, which had become increasingly expensive and perilous. He initiated discussions with the <a href="/wiki/Dey_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey of Algiers">Dey of Algiers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Siege_of_Oran_and_Mers_el-Kébir_(1790–1792)"><span id="Siege_of_Oran_and_Mers_el-K.C3.A9bir_.281790.E2.80.931792.29"></span>Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790–1792)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Siege of Oran and Mers el-Kébir (1790–1792)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran (1790–1792)</a></div> <p>After another earthquake damaged the Spanish defences, the forces of the new Bey of Oran, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_el_Kebir" title="Mohammed el Kebir">Mohammed el Kebir</a> besieged the city. By the end of 1790, there was a clear Algerian advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish, not wanting to risk their troops, signed an agreement with the Algerians on 12 September in Algiers, and on 12 December in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, which recognized Algerian control over the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Terki_Hassaine_197–222_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terki_Hassaine_197–222-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By February all Spanish troops evacuated. The capital was moved there the same year. In 1792, the Bey settled a Jewish community there. In 1796, the <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Pasha_Mosque" title="Hassan Pasha Mosque">Pasha Mosque</a> (in honour of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hassan Pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a>) was built by the Bey with ransom money paid for the release of Spanish prisoners after Spain's final departure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_period_(1831–1962)"><span id="French_period_.281831.E2.80.931962.29"></span>French period (1831–1962)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: French period (1831–1962)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg/220px-Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg/330px-Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg/440px-Oran_from_steps_of_City_Hall_LCCN2004707262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Oran from steps of City Hall, 1894</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe,_1880.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe%2C_1880.jpg/220px-ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe%2C_1880.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe%2C_1880.jpg/330px-ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe%2C_1880.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe%2C_1880.jpg/440px-ORAN_-_La_ville_arabe%2C_1880.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fantasia_(performance)" title="Fantasia (performance)">Fantasia</a> in Oran, 1880</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg/220px-Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg/330px-Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg/440px-Hotel_Ville_de_Oran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4986" data-file-height="3342" /></a><figcaption>Oran's <a href="/wiki/City_hall" class="mw-redirect" title="City hall">city hall</a>, dating from the French period</figcaption></figure> <p>The town of 10,000 inhabitants was still in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> when a squadron under the command of captain Bourmand seized el-Kébir on December 14, 1830. The city was in a wretched state. On January 4, 1831, the French commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Charles-Marie_Denys_de_Damr%C3%A9mont" title="Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont">Damrémont</a> occupied Oran. In September 1831, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthez%C3%A8ne,_Baron_Berthez%C3%A8ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Berthezène, Baron Berthezène">General Berthezène</a> appointed Mr. Pujol as <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oran" title="List of mayors of Oran">mayor</a> of Oran; he had been captain of cavalry in retirement and was wounded in the right hand under the Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1832, leading a force of five thousand men, the young Emir <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jaza%27iri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri">Abd al-Qadir</a> attacked Oran. In April 1833, commander-in-chief, General Boyer, was replaced by the baron <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexis_Desmichels" title="Louis Alexis Desmichels">Louis Alexis Desmichels</a>. The city's defenders, under attack by Abd al Qadir, held their ground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many Europeans settled in Oran during the French period, and by the early 20th century they formed a majority of the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Oran was one of the landing points in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, the first American action in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Europe-North Africa theatre</a> in November 1942. The Task Force suffered some damage to its fleet, trying to land in shallow water, but the enemy ships were sunk or driven off, and Oran surrendered after heavy fire from British battleships.<sup id="cite_ref-R&C_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&C-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_independence_(1962)"><span id="Since_independence_.281962.29"></span>Since independence (1962)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Since independence (1962)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the exodus of <a href="/wiki/Pieds-Noirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieds-Noirs">Pieds-Noirs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran" title="Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran">Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran</a> was converted into a public library, <a href="/wiki/Aubert_Library_of_Oran" title="Aubert Library of Oran">Aubert Library of Oran</a>, in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, Oran is a major port and a commercial centre, and has three universities. The old quarter of Oran has a <a href="/wiki/Casbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Casbah">casbah</a> and an 18th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>. The modern section of Oran is referred to as La Ville Nouvelle and was built after 1831; this section contrasts with the older section, La Blanca.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oran features a <a href="/wiki/Hot_semi-arid_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hot semi-arid climate">hot semi-arid climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: <i>BSh</i>). Oran's climate does show influences of a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>; however, the combination of the city's relatively high average annual temperature and relatively low annual precipitation precludes it from falling under that climate category. Oran averages 326 mm (13 in) of precipitation annually, the bulk of which falls between November and May. Summers are the warmest times of the year, with average high temperatures in the warmest month (August) approaching 32 degrees Celsius. Winters are the coolest times of the year in Oran, with high temperatures in the coolest month (January) at around 17 degrees Celsius. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Oran (<a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella_Airport" title="Ahmed Ben Bella Airport">Ahmed Ben Bella Airport</a>) (1991–2020, extremes 1886–present<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4<br />(83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.6<br />(97.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9<br />(100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0A00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.0<br />(104.0) </td> <td style="background: #F50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">42.2<br />(108.0) </td> <td style="background: #BC0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">46.3<br />(115.3) </td> <td style="background: #EA0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.0<br />(109.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">41.1<br />(106.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF0700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.4<br />(104.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0<br />(91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8<br />(87.4) </td> <td style="background: #BC0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">46.3<br />(115.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0<br />(62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9327; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.1<br />(68.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0<br />(77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.5<br />(83.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.5<br />(88.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4<br />(90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.4<br />(84.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.0<br />(78.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9<br />(69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA246; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.9<br />(64.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.1<br />(75.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC59; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.5<br />(61.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5<br />(67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.0<br />(73.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.9<br />(78.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.7<br />(80.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.8<br />(74.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4<br />(59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4<br />(54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.4<br />(65.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4<br />(41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5<br />(43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD3A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8<br />(51.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0<br />(57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0<br />(69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F40; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.3<br />(64.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFDAB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8<br />(49.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.9<br />(26.8) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.3<br />(29.7) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5<br />(52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0<br />(50.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.2<br />(34.2) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0<br />(33.8) </td> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.0<br />(28.4) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−3.3<br />(26.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.3<br />(1.82) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.7<br />(1.64) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.6<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #C8FFC8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(1.41) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.1<br />(0.91) </td> <td style="background: #F9FFF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.5<br />(0.14) </td> <td style="background: #FDFFFD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8<br />(0.03) </td> <td style="background: #FBFFFB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(0.09) </td> <td style="background: #E4FFE4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.4<br />(0.69) </td> <td style="background: #CBFFCB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.4<br />(1.35) </td> <td style="background: #9BFF9B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">64.6<br />(2.54) </td> <td style="background: #B7FFB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.9<br />(1.89) </td> <td style="background: #D2FFD2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">355.4<br />(13.99) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days <span style="font-size:90%;" class="nowrap">(≥ 1.0 mm)</span> </th> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.3 </td> <td style="background: #B3B3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #C1C1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.2 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.6 </td> <td style="background: #C8C8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #B8B8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.7 </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">45.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000F6; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">69 </td> <td style="background: #0000F9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000E6; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D6D600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.1 </td> <td style="background: #DCDC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">200.5 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">238.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">— </td> <td style="background: #EFEF0D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">303.8 </td> <td style="background: #F6F61E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">323.8 </td> <td style="background: #F7F71F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">337.0 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">319.9 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">260.7 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">237.7 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">194.3 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">184.2 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">— </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity 1949–1967, records 1941–1970),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meteo Climat (records)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Earthquakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Algeria" title="List of earthquakes in Algeria">List of earthquakes in Algeria</a></div> <p>As Oran is located in Northern Algeria, it faces the threat of earthquakes that can cause damage. However, the last major earthquake was in 1790; 3,000 people died as a result. Many of the existing older buildings in the city have been reinforced, and newer construction is designed to withstand earthquakes. While the city dates back to the 900s, the oldest remaining buildings are from the French period in the 1800s making it easier to reinforce these buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oran" title="List of mayors of Oran">List of mayors of Oran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_districts">City districts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City districts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Quarters_of_Oran" title="Quarters of Oran">Quarters of Oran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_districts_of_Oran">List of districts of Oran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of districts of Oran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quartiers-oran-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Quartiers-oran-fr.svg/220px-Quartiers-oran-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Quartiers-oran-fr.svg/330px-Quartiers-oran-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Quartiers-oran-fr.svg/440px-Quartiers-oran-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Neighborhoods and districts of Oran, old map</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2019, Oran have 18 communal délégations (ex. districts) and 83 quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Arabic name and names of the districts of Oran (old division) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Arabic name </th> <th>Name </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">1 <span style="background-color: #fdd2ab;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">الحمري </td> <td align="right">El Hamri </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">2 <span style="background-color: #b8ba05;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">حي الإمام الهواري </td> <td align="right">Hai Imam El-Houari </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">3 <span style="background-color: #ffafaf;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">السعادة </td> <td align="right">Es-Saada </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">4 <span style="background-color: #cb9f0a;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">المقري </td> <td align="right">Al-Maqarri </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">5 <span style="background-color: #ffafaf;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">الحمري </td> <td align="right">El-Hamri </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">6 <span style="background-color: #fcfdab;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">البدر </td> <td align="right">El-Badr </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">7 <span style="background-color: #fad89b;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">الصديقية </td> <td align="right">Es-Seddikia </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">8 <span style="background-color: #ffafaf;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">المنزه </td> <td align="right">El-Menzeh </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">9 <span style="background-color: #c16b1e;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">الأمير </td> <td align="right">El-Emir </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">10 <span style="background-color: #ffafaf;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">العثمانية </td> <td align="right">El-Othmania </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">11 <span style="background-color: #ba3f05;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">بوعمامة </td> <td align="right">Bouamama </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">12 <span style="background-color: #ba3f05;color:black;">  </span> </td> <td align="right">محي الدين </td> <td align="right">Muhieddine </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medina_Jedida">Medina Jedida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medina Jedida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina_Jedida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina Jedida (page does not exist)">Medina Jedida</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dina_Jdida" class="extiw" title="fr:Médina Jdida">fr</a>]</span> or, <i>new city</i> in English, is a large historical and popular district. It was one of the Muslim quarters during the French colonial period. In this district, there is one of the biggest markets in the country, called Le Marché de Medina Jedida (Medina Jedida Market). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Hamri">El Hamri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: El Hamri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg/220px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg/330px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg/440px-Mosqu%C3%A9e_du_Pacha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Mosque of Hassan Basha</figcaption></figure> <p>El Hamri is a large and popular district in the center of Oran, known under French rule as Lamur. The football club <a href="/wiki/MC_Oran" title="MC Oran">Mouloudia d'Oran</a> is found there. </p><p><b>Neighborhood streets</b> </p> <ul><li>Avenue of Lamur</li> <li>Street Captain-Rahou</li> <li>Sebbalet Ayada</li> <li>Place The Sahara</li> <li>Gahwat Ettoubi</li> <li>Street Staoueli</li> <li>Street Djemaa Gazouna</li> <li>Street Bougandoura</li> <li>Street Belhadri Smain</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sidi_El_Houari">Sidi El Houari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sidi El Houari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historical district <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sidi_El_Houari,_Oran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sidi El Houari, Oran (page does not exist)">Sidi El Houari</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari" class="extiw" title="es:Sidi El Houari">es</a>]</span> is a suburb in the north of the d'Oran city. The Saint-Louis college is there, as well as the old mosque of the Pasha dating from the 17th century. In this district the skin of Saint-Patron of the city in the name of "<a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari" title="Sidi El Houari">Sidi El Houari</a>" rests. Other tourist curiosities: one ancient prefecture of the data base Stalingrad, the Spanish vestiges dating from the 16th century, and especially the Palate of the Bey d'Oran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oranian_agglomeration">Oranian agglomeration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Oranian agglomeration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg/220px-Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg/330px-Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg/440px-Fort_Mers_el-Kebir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Fort Mers el-Kebir</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/220px-Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/330px-Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/440px-Plage_en_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Madagh Beach (West of Oran)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg/220px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg/330px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg/440px-Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Great Library (ex. <a href="/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale_du_Sacr%C3%A9-C%C5%93ur_d%27Oran" title="Cathédrale du Sacré-Cœur d'Oran">Cathédrale Sacré-Cœur d'Oran</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Oranian metropolis comprises several <a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">communes</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ_31_Oran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DZ_31_Oran.svg/400px-DZ_31_Oran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DZ_31_Oran.svg/600px-DZ_31_Oran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DZ_31_Oran.svg/800px-DZ_31_Oran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mers_El-Kébir"><span id="Mers_El-K.C3.A9bir"></span>Mers El-Kébir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Mers El-Kébir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Mers El Kébir">Mers El Kébir</a> ("The Great Port") is a municipality northwest of Oran, about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>seven kilometres (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) from the city centre. As its name indicates, it is a major port and has an important naval base, home to the Algerian Navy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aïn_El-Turk"><span id="A.C3.AFn_El-Turk"></span>Aïn El-Turk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Aïn El-Turk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk" title="Aïn El Turk">Aïn El Turk</a> ("Fountain of the Turks") is also northwest of Oran, at a distance of 15 km (9 mi). It is a seaside town which includes several hotels and other tourist attractions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Es-Sénia"><span id="Es-S.C3.A9nia"></span>Es-Sénia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Es-Sénia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Es_S%C3%A9nia" title="Es Sénia">Es Sénia</a>, located in the south of Oran, is home to industrial parks, several university institutes (Oran-Es-Sénia University, Institut of Communication, ENPO "National Polytechnic School of Oran", CRASC "Research center in social sciences" etc.) and the international airport. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo,_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo%2C_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/220px-Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo%2C_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo%2C_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/330px-Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo%2C_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo%2C_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg/440px-Vue_d%27Oran_depuis_le_sommet_du_Murdjajo%2C_Alg%C3%A9rie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption>View of part of Oran from the Summit of Murdjajo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bir_El-Djir">Bir El-Djir</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bir El-Djir"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bir_El_Djir" title="Bir El Djir">Bir El Djir</a> is a commune that represents the suburbs of Oran (apart from the districts). It is the future beating heart of the Oranian agglomeration. It has several buildings which are the seats of institutions as the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a>'s downstream activity, the hospital <i>Établissement Hospitalo-universitaire</i> "November 1st, 1954", the convention center (Palais des Congrès), University of sciences and technology (conceived by the Japanese architect <a href="/wiki/Kenz%C5%8D_Tange" title="Kenzō Tange">Kenzō Tange</a>), the Institute of medical sciences, the Court of Justice and the <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_of_Research_in_Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology" title="National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology">National Centre of Research in Social and Cultural Anthropology</a>. There is as well a sports complex with an Olympic stadium of 50000 places created for the <a href="/wiki/2022_Mediterranean_Games" title="2022 Mediterranean Games">2022 Mediterranean Games</a>. </p><p>Bir El Djir is an urban extension east of Oran, 8 km (5 mi) from the city center, with a population of 118,000 inhabitants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misserghin">Misserghin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Misserghin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Misserghin" title="Misserghin">Misserghin</a> is a small city located to the southwest of Oran. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1208px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of sea front at Oran, Algeria"><img alt="Mediterranean side – Oran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg/1200px-Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg" decoding="async" width="1200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg/1800px-Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg/2400px-Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7199" data-file-height="1074" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Oran_-_Front_de_mer.jpg" title="File:Oran - Front de mer.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panorama of sea front at Oran, Algeria</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Wahran" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Wahran">Port of Wahran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oran_train_station,_Boumlik_Messaili,_29-07-2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oran_train_station%2C_Boumlik_Messaili%2C_29-07-2008.jpg/220px-Oran_train_station%2C_Boumlik_Messaili%2C_29-07-2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oran_train_station%2C_Boumlik_Messaili%2C_29-07-2008.jpg/330px-Oran_train_station%2C_Boumlik_Messaili%2C_29-07-2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Oran_train_station%2C_Boumlik_Messaili%2C_29-07-2008.jpg/440px-Oran_train_station%2C_Boumlik_Messaili%2C_29-07-2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2590" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Railway station in Oran</figcaption></figure> <p>The city's public transportation is centered on the <a href="/wiki/Oran_Metro" title="Oran Metro">Oran Metro</a> covering coastal neighborhoods with the connecting <a href="/wiki/Oran_tramway" class="mw-redirect" title="Oran tramway">Oran tramway</a> covering suburbs not yet served by the metro. There is an extensive network of "clandestine" taxis in the city. A project started in 2008/9 and lasted approximately two to three years, to deliver the first line of the tramway in 2010. It should comprise 31 stations over a distance of 17.7 km (11 mi) going to Es-Sénia, in the South and Sidi Maarouf in the east side, while passing by the centre town The tramway should serve Haï Sabbah, University of Sciences and Technology (USTO), the Crossroads of the Three Private clinics, the Law courts, Dar El Baïda, the Plate-Saint Michel, the Place of the 1st November, Saint-Anthony, Boulanger, Saint-Hubert, the 3rd Ring road and finally The University of Es-Sénia. The <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella_Airport" title="Ahmed Ben Bella Airport">Ahmed Ben Bella Airport</a>, also known as Es-Senia Airport, serves both domestic and international flights, with frequent connections to the capital Algiers, served by the public airline company <a href="/wiki/Air_Alg%C3%A9rie" title="Air Algérie">Air Algerie</a>. The same company also has flights to many French cities (Marseille, Paris, Lyon, etc.) and other European and EMEA cities. The Es Senia Airport also serves passengers from most smaller towns in proximity to Oran (Sig, Mostaganem, Arzew, etc.). The airport building is a fairly limited construction and does not operate on a 24-h basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oran is represented in <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> by <a href="/wiki/MC_Oran" title="MC Oran">MC Oran</a>. </p><p>Oran held its first international marathon on November 10, 2005. The event, sponsored by Toyota of Algeria, attracted runners from Morocco, Libya, Spain, France and Kenya. The marathon served to publicize the health benefits of running and to provide a novel form of public entertainment for the city's residents. </p><p>The Championnat d'Afrique d'Athlétisme was scheduled to be held in Oran in June 2021. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2021_Mediterranean_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Mediterranean Games">XIX Mediterranean Games</a> was held in Oran in 2022. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg/220px-DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg/330px-DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg/440px-DiscoMaghrebOran_RomanDeckertJuliaJoerin01012017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>"Disco Maghreb" in Oran, 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The folk music <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> ("opinion" in Arabic), had its beginnings in Oran. This genre of music was formulated by shepherds in the 1930s through Arab and European influences. This music was surrounded by controversy due to women's key role in public performances of the music, as well as the hedonistic lyrics about love and alcohol. This led to strict governmental control in the area which led to arrests, injuries, and assassinations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many notable Raï musicians (including <a href="/wiki/Cheb_Hasni" title="Cheb Hasni">Cheb Hasni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaled_(musician)" title="Khaled (musician)">Cheb Khaled</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rachid_Taha" title="Rachid Taha">Rachid Taha</a>) hail from Oran. The violinist Akim el Sikameya was also born in Oran. One of Oran's most famous emigrants is <a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional Algerian lemon sorbet <a href="/wiki/Creponne" class="mw-redirect" title="Creponne">creponne</a> originated in Oran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Representation_in_other_media">Representation in other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Representation in other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Place_d%27armes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Place_d%27armes.jpg/220px-Place_d%27armes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Place_d%27armes.jpg/330px-Place_d%27armes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Place_d%27armes.jpg/440px-Place_d%27armes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1928" /></a><figcaption>Place 1er novembre (ex.Place d'Armes)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg/220px-Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg/330px-Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg/440px-Vue_sur_Oran_-_Chapelle_de_Santa-Cruz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fort_of_Santa_Cruz_(Oran)" title="Fort of Santa Cruz (Oran)">Chapelle Santa Cruz</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a>' 1939 essay <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Minotaur_(Camus)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Minotaur (Camus) (page does not exist)">The Minotaur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27%C3%89t%C3%A9_(Albert_Camus)" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Été (Albert Camus)">fr</a>]</span></i> describes life in Oran.</li> <li>Albert Camus' 1947 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_(novel)" title="The Plague (novel)">The Plague</a></i> presents a fictional tale of observations of a physician during the emergence and recession of bubonic plague in the 1940s in Oran.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_Gallardo_Espa%C3%B1ol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El Gallardo Español (page does not exist)">El Gallardo Español</a></i> (1615) by <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes" title="Miguel de Cervantes">Miguel de Cervantes</a> takes place in Oran. Other works from Cervantes mention the city, and during the first part of <i><a href="/wiki/Don_Quixote" title="Don Quixote">Don Quixote</a>,</i> the story of the captive takes place here.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_(film)" title="Casablanca (film)">Casablanca</a></i> (1942), the route for refugees fleeing to the Americas was <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, across the Mediterranean to Oran, then by train, auto or foot to <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. If they acquired an exit visa, they went on to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> from there.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bowles" title="Paul Bowles">Paul Bowles</a>' 1949 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sheltering_Sky" title="The Sheltering Sky">The Sheltering Sky</a></i> mainly takes place in Oran.</li> <li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Arturo_P%C3%A9rez-Reverte" title="Arturo Pérez-Reverte">Arturo Pérez-Reverte</a>'s Capitán Alatriste adventure novel, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corsarios_de_Levante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corsarios de Levante (page does not exist)">Corsarios de Levante</a></i> (Pirates of the Levant, 2006), takes place in early 17th-century Oran. The action of the book occurs a few years after the forced expulsion of the last <a href="/wiki/Moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Moriscos">Moriscos</a> (Spanish Christians of Muslim descent) from Valencia. Oran is featured as a sun-blasted North African military stronghold. Capitán Diego Alatriste finds Oran to be manned by an impoverished garrison of Spanish Christians, living alongside Muslims (some fiercely loyal to Spain), and Sephardic Jews, descendants of refugees from the 1492 expulsions from Spain.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Hornblower_(TV_series)" title="Hornblower (TV series)">Hornblower</a></i>, Lieutenant Hornblower is sent by Captain Pellew to Oran to obtain supplies, only to discover that the city was suffering from a <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> epidemic.</li> <li>The heroine of <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a>' novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Year_of_Wonders" title="Year of Wonders">Year of Wonders</a></i>, emigrates to Oran after leaving her home village that was quarantined in 1666 due to the plague.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joann_Sfar" title="Joann Sfar">Joann Sfar</a>'s graphic novel <i>The Rabbi's Cat 2</i> begins in Oran.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamel_Daoud" title="Kamel Daoud">Kamel Daoud</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meursault_Investigation" title="The Meursault Investigation">The Meursault Investigation</a></i> is set in a bar in Oran.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy_and_infrastructure">Economy and infrastructure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Economy and infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oran has become a major trading centre for the wider area, serving <a href="/wiki/Arzew" title="Arzew">Arzew</a>, the area's oil/gas port as well as Sonatrach, the country's biggest oil and gas company. <a href="/wiki/Sonelgaz" title="Sonelgaz">Sonelgaz</a> has built a new congress centre in Oran and in 2010 the 16th International Conference & Exhibition on <a href="/wiki/Liquefied_natural_gas" title="Liquefied natural gas">Liquefied Natural Gas</a> was held in the city of Oran, which attracted around 3,000 visitors and major companies from around the world. </p><p>To accommodate all visitors, new hotels are currently being constructed and floating hotels will be used in the future. With a growth in urbanization, water quality and management is being harmed in Oran; this change in water quality is affecting marine life and the state of beaches in this tourism driven city.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The city and region participates in the <a href="/wiki/R20_Regions_of_Climate_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="R20 Regions of Climate Action">R20 Regions of Climate Action</a>, with goals focused on reduced <a href="/wiki/Waste_valorization" title="Waste valorization">waste valorization</a> and energy efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oran has numerous hotels in all categories, from luxury to basic, as well as many restaurants offering Algerian specialities and other foods. Tourists will also find a variety of cinemas, arts centres, the regional theatre, an open-air theatre, the Museum, the historic city centre of Oran, the district of Sidi El Houari, the municipal gardens, Médina Djedida with its artisanal products, the cathedral, Djebel Murdjadjo, and nearby seaside resorts. <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Ben_Bella_Airport" title="Ahmed Ben Bella Airport">Ahmed Ben Bella Airport</a> is <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">11.9 km (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> mi) from the town centre. One can also reach Oran by ferries from the ports of <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8te" title="Sète">Sète</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, via the national company <a href="/wiki/Alg%C3%A9rie_Ferries" title="Algérie Ferries">Algérie Ferries</a>. The Great Mosque is another attraction for tourists. The Great Mosque was built in 1796 to celebrate the end of Spanish rule of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attractions">Attractions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Attractions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main museum in Oran is called <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zabana_National_Museum" title="Ahmed Zabana National Museum">Musée National Ahmend Zabana</a>. Although often overlooked by tourists, it includes a natural history exhibit in addition to art pieces like mosaics and portraits.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bey%27s_Palace" title="Bey's Palace">Bey's Palace</a> is another favorite spot for tourists, situated in Sidi al-Houari in the city center. It is an Ottoman era palace built of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic architecture</a>, consists of <a href="/wiki/Harem" title="Harem">harem</a>, guard towers and <a href="/wiki/Stucco" title="Stucco">stucco</a>-painted halls.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water">Water</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Algeria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Algeria">Water supply and sanitation in Algeria</a></div> <p>Water supply in Oran has historically been stressed because of the lack of consistent rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regional government invested in hydraulic projects in the 2010s to increase retention of water, and installing a desalination plant increased <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oran's region uses a mix of groundwater (11%), surface water (51%) and desalinization (38%).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wilaya_of_Oran" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilaya of Oran">wilaya of Oran</a> is also equipped with five desalination plants, including the unit of <a href="/wiki/Macta" title="Macta">Macta</a>, with a maximum daily capacity of 500,000 m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Africa#Algeria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Africa">List of twin towns and sister cities in Algeria</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oran is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with 21 cities:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alicante" title="Alicante">Alicante</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux_twinnings_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux_twinnings-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bordeaux_twinnings_2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeaux_twinnings_2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa<sup id="cite_ref-Durban_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durban-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Elche</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, England (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpur,_Bangladesh" title="Rangpur, Bangladesh">Rangpur</a>, Bangladesh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfax" title="Sfax">Sfax</a>, Tunisia (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa" title="Zarqa">Zarqa</a>, Jordan</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partner_cities">Partner cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Partner cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, Oran has partnerships and cooperation with one city: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, France (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-COOPÉRATIONS_ET_PARTENARIATS_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COOPÉRATIONS_ET_PARTENARIATS-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_residents">Notable residents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable residents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below the list of some of many notable personalities of Oran: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaddour_Bekhloufi" title="Kaddour Bekhloufi">Kaddour Bekhloufi</a> (1934–2019), played international football for <a href="/wiki/FLN_football_team" title="FLN football team">FLN football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miloud_Mourad_Benamara" title="Miloud Mourad Benamara">Miloud Mourad Benamara</a> (born 1977), actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Benguigui" title="Jean Benguigui">Jean Benguigui</a> 1944, French Actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_B%C3%A9nichou" title="Pierre Bénichou">Pierre Bénichou</a> (1938–2020), French journalist</li> <li>Sirat Boumediène (1947–1995), actor</li> <li>Hamou Boutlélis (1920–1957), nationalist militant for <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> (1913–1960), French philosopher, author, and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Chabat" title="Alain Chabat">Alain Chabat</a> (born 1958), French actor, director, screenwriter, producer and TV presenter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Daho" title="Étienne Daho">Étienne Daho</a> (born 1956), French singer</li> <li>Habib Draoua (1914–2008), co-founder of the ALN football team</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_El_Houari" title="Sidi El Houari">Sidi El Houari</a> (1350–1439), imam and patron saint of the city of Oran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Elkabbach" title="Jean-Pierre Elkabbach">Jean-Pierre Elkabbach</a> (born 1937), French journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_El_Mediouni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice El Mediouni">Maurice El Mediouni</a> (born 1928), pianist, composer and interpreter of Andalusian, Raï, Sephardic and Arab music</li> <li>Miloud El Mehadj (1909–2001), imam, writer and ulama</li> <li>Tayeb El Mehadj (1881–1969), imam and ulama</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kader_Firoud" title="Kader Firoud">Kader Firoud</a> (1919–2005), professional footballer and manager</li> <li>Henri Fouques-Duparc (1903–1976), French politician, deputy and mayor of Oran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miloud_Hadefi" title="Miloud Hadefi">Miloud Hadefi</a> (1949–1994), international footballer and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abderrahmane_Hadj-Salah" title="Abderrahmane Hadj-Salah">Abderrahmane Hadj-Salah</a> (1928–2017), linguist</li> <li>Caïda Halima (1859–1944), great personality and business woman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheb_Hasni" title="Cheb Hasni">Cheb Hasni</a> (1968–1994), Raï singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaoui_Houari" title="Blaoui Houari">Blaoui Houari</a> (1926–2017), singer-songwriter, composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaled (singer)">Khaled</a> (born 1960), prominent <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a> singer and multi-instrumentalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustapha_Moussa" title="Mustapha Moussa">Mustapha Moussa</a> (born 1962), former boxer, first Algerian Olympic medalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Mouyal" title="Armand Mouyal">Armand Mouyal</a> (1925–88), French world champion épée fencer</li> <li>Ahmed Saber (1937–1969), singer-songwriter, composer, conductor and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(designer)" title="Yves Saint Laurent (designer)">Yves Saint Laurent</a> (1936–2008), French fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Stambouli" title="Henri Stambouli">Henri Stambouli</a> (born 1961), former footballer and current manager</li> <li>Ahmed Wahby (1921–1993), singer-songwriter, composer and conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zabana" title="Ahmed Zabana">Ahmed Zabana</a> (1926–1956), nationalist militant who participated in the outbreak of the Algerian War</li> <li>Belkacem Zeddour Mohamed Brahim (1923–1954), nationalist activist for Algerian War</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/64px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Algeria" title="Portal:Algeria">Algeria portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebon" title="Cebon">Cebon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_enclaves_in_North_Africa_before_1830" title="European enclaves in North Africa before 1830">European enclaves in North Africa before 1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhaya" title="Dhaya">Dhaya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ̃/: nasal 'an' in 'vin blanc'">ɒ̃</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔʁɑ̃]</a></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Arabic:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[wah.raːn]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extremes are sourced from NOAA, Deutscher Wetterdienst, and Meteo Climat.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html">"Algeria: The provinces of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria as well as all cities of over 25,000 inhabitants"</a>. CITYPOPULATION. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140817143616/http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algeria%3A+The+provinces+of+the+People%27s+Democratic+Republic+of+Algeria+as+well+as+all+cities+of+over+25%2C000+inhabitants&rft.pub=CITYPOPULATION&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FAlgeria-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Oran" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Oran">"Oran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DOran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/oran">"Oran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415105405/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/oran">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Famp%2Fenglish%2Foran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Oran">"Oran"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190415103902/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Oran">Archived</a> 2019-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (US) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805221043/https://www.lexico.com/definition/oran">"Oran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Oran">the original</a> on 5 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oran&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FOran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Oran">"Oran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Oran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FOran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-citypop-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-citypop_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html">"The provinces of Algeria and all cities of over 25,000 inhabitants"</a>. <i>Citypopulation.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140817143616/http://www.citypopulation.de/Algeria-Cities.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=The+provinces+of+Algeria+and+all+cities+of+over+25%2C000+inhabitants&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FAlgeria-Cities.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMessahel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Messahel, Abdellah (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eps.revues.org/index2408.html">"Une périurbanisation officielle dans un site contraignant"</a>. <i>Espace Populations Sociétés. Space Populations Societies</i> (2008/1): 89–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Feps.2408">10.4000/eps.2408</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527225743/http://eps.revues.org/index2408.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espace+Populations+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s.+Space+Populations+Societies&rft.atitle=Une+p%C3%A9riurbanisation+officielle+dans+un+site+contraignant&rft.issue=2008%2F1&rft.pages=89-99&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Feps.2408&rft.aulast=Messahel&rft.aufirst=Abdellah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feps.revues.org%2Findex2408.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoran.com/city/about.asp">About Oran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080129140331/http://www.visitoran.com/city/about.asp">Archived</a> 2008-01-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—from the city's website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kees_Versteegh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kees_Versteegh_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKees_Versteegh2006" class="citation book cs1">Kees Versteegh (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics: (Q-Z)</i></a>. Brill. p. 511. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14476-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14476-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230729111928/https://books.google.com/books?id=OWQOAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arabic+Language+and+Linguistics%3A+%28Q-Z%29&rft.pages=511&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14476-7&rft.au=Kees+Versteegh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOWQOAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oran-dz.com/ville/histoire/">"L'histoire de la ville d'Oran"</a>. <i>Oran-dz.com</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223063105/http://www.oran-dz.com/ville/histoire/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oran-dz.com&rft.atitle=L%27histoire+de+la+ville+d%27Oran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oran-dz.com%2Fville%2Fhistoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyvänne2020" class="citation book cs1">Syvänne, Ilkka (19 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHD7DwAAQBAJ&dq=435+vandals+peace&pg=PA35"><i>Military History of Late Rome 425–457</i></a>. Pen and Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7217-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-7217-2"><bdi>978-1-4738-7217-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504002915/https://books.google.com/books?id=fHD7DwAAQBAJ&dq=435+vandals+peace&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+History+of+Late+Rome+425%E2%80%93457&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Military&rft.date=2020-09-19&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-7217-2&rft.aulast=Syv%C3%A4nne&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfHD7DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D435%2Bvandals%2Bpeace%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1997" class="citation book cs1">Wolfram, Herwig (November 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170">"Seven - The Vandals: A Unique Case"</a>. <i>The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples</i> (Paperback ed.). University of California Press. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24490-0"><bdi>978-0-520-24490-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012933/https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA170#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Seven+-+The+Vandals%3A+A+Unique+Case&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997-11&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24490-0&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7EwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1867" class="citation magazine cs1">Schwartz, Carl (1 March 1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n9_NAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Unica+Colonia%22+Roman+%22Oran%22&pg=PA76">"Mission Stations of the British Society"</a>. <i>The Scattered Nation and Jewish Christian</i>. London: Elliot Stock. p. 76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009034018/https://books.google.com/books?id=n9_NAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Unica+Colonia%22+Roman+%22Oran%22&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scattered+Nation+and+Jewish+Christian&rft.atitle=Mission+Stations+of+the+British+Society&rft.pages=76&rft.date=1867-03-01&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn9_NAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522Unica%2BColonia%2522%2BRoman%2B%2522Oran%2522%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google.ca-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google.ca_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google.ca_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=45exFa6wDIIC&dq=founder+of+oran+azdaja&pg=PA169"><i>Jewish Culture and Society in North Africa</i></a>. Indiana University Press. July 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00146-7"><bdi>978-0-253-00146-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419003813/https://books.google.com/books?id=45exFa6wDIIC&dq=founder+of+oran+azdaja&pg=PA169">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Culture+and+Society+in+North+Africa&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011-07&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00146-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D45exFa6wDIIC%26dq%3Dfounder%2Bof%2Boran%2Bazdaja%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&dq=zayyanid+oran&pg=PA289"><i>Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. Abc-Clio. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-919-5"><bdi>978-1-57607-919-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419003812/https://books.google.com/books?id=3SapTk5iGDkC&dq=zayyanid+oran&pg=PA289">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+Middle+East+and+North+Africa%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-919-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3SapTk5iGDkC%26dq%3Dzayyanid%2Boran%26pg%3DPA289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EB_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria">"Algeria - French Rule, Colonization, and Occupation in Algeria"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 12 August 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171117181437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Algeria+-+French+Rule%2C+Colonization%2C+and+Occupation+in+Algeria&rft.date=1998-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FAlgeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15167.html">"Oran"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113090003/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15167.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Oran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0015_0_15167.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benjamin Stora, <i>Algeria, 1830–2000: A Short History</i> (Cornell University Press, 2004) p105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexpress-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lexpress_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiolay2006" class="citation web cs1">Thiolay, Boris (13 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/la-verite-sur-les-massacres-d-oran_460144.html">"Algérie 1962: La vérité sur les massacres d'Oran"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Express_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Express (France)">L'Express</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120813004854/http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/la-verite-sur-les-massacres-d-oran_460144.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=L%27Express&rft.atitle=Alg%C3%A9rie+1962%3A+La+v%C3%A9rit%C3%A9+sur+les+massacres+d%27Oran&rft.date=2006-09-13&rft.aulast=Thiolay&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexpress.fr%2Factualite%2Fmonde%2Fla-verite-sur-les-massacres-d-oran_460144.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/oran-algeria">"The Jewish Community of Oran, Algeria | Beit Hatfutsot"</a>. <i>The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140237/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/oran-algeria">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Museum+of+the+Jewish+People+at+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Oran%2C+Algeria+%7C+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Foran-algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrzainqui,_TomasEsarte,_PelloGarcía_Manzanal,_AlbertoSagredo,_Iñaki2013" class="citation book cs1">Urzainqui, Tomas; Esarte, Pello; García Manzanal, Alberto; Sagredo, Iñaki; Sagredo, Iñaki; Sagredo, Iñaki; Del Castillo, Eneko; Monjo, Emilio; Ruiz de Pablos, Francisco; Guerra Viscarret, Pello; Lartiga, Halip; Lavin, Josu; Ercilla, Manuel (2013). <i>La Conquista de Navarra y la Reforma Europea</i>. Pamplona-Iruña: Pamiela. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7681-803-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7681-803-9"><bdi>978-84-7681-803-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Conquista+de+Navarra+y+la+Reforma+Europea&rft.place=Pamplona-Iru%C3%B1a&rft.pub=Pamiela&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-84-7681-803-9&rft.au=Urzainqui%2C+Tomas&rft.au=Esarte%2C+Pello&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Manzanal%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Sagredo%2C+I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Sagredo%2C+I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Sagredo%2C+I%C3%B1aki&rft.au=Del+Castillo%2C+Eneko&rft.au=Monjo%2C+Emilio&rft.au=Ruiz+de+Pablos%2C+Francisco&rft.au=Guerra+Viscarret%2C+Pello&rft.au=Lartiga%2C+Halip&rft.au=Lavin%2C+Josu&rft.au=Ercilla%2C+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Israel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan Israel (1994). "The Jews of Spanish Oran and Their Expulsion in 1669". <i>Mediterranean Historical Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 235–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09518969408569672">10.1080/09518969408569672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Jews+of+Spanish+Oran+and+Their+Expulsion+in+1669&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-255&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09518969408569672&rft.au=Jonathan+Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gómez-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gómez_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez-Centurión_Jiménez2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez-Centurión Jiménez, Carlos (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/79244/Exoticos_pero_utiles_los_camellos_reales.pdf;sequence=1">"Exóticos pero útiles: los camellos reales de Aranjuez durante el siglo XVIII"</a> [Exotic but Useful: The Royal Camels of Aranjuez during the 18th Century]. <i>Cuadernos Dieciochistas</i> (in European Spanish) (9): 155–180. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1576-7914">1576-7914</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012810/https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/79244/Exoticos_pero_utiles_los_camellos_reales.pdf;sequence=1">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cuadernos+Dieciochistas&rft.atitle=Ex%C3%B3ticos+pero+%C3%BAtiles%3A+los+camellos+reales+de+Aranjuez+durante+el+siglo+XVIII&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=155-180&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=1576-7914&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez-Centuri%C3%B3n+Jim%C3%A9nez&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgredos.usal.es%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10366%2F79244%2FExoticos_pero_utiles_los_camellos_reales.pdf%3Bsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://algerienetwork.com/blog/le-sepulcre-du-bey-bouchelaghem-16-1734-patrimoine-en-peril/">"Le sépulcre du Bey Bouchelaghem (16?? - 1734): PATRIMOINE EN PÉRIL"</a>. <i>Algerie network Blog</i> (in French). 10 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210409143232/https://algerienetwork.com/blog/le-sepulcre-du-bey-bouchelaghem-16-1734-patrimoine-en-peril/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Algerie+network+Blog&rft.atitle=Le+s%C3%A9pulcre+du+Bey+Bouchelaghem+%2816%3F%3F+-+1734%29%3A+PATRIMOINE+EN+P%C3%89RIL.&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falgerienetwork.com%2Fblog%2Fle-sepulcre-du-bey-bouchelaghem-16-1734-patrimoine-en-peril%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terki_Hassaine_197–222-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Terki_Hassaine_197–222_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Terki_Hassaine_197–222_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerki_Hassaine2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Terki Hassaine, Ismet (30 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/5625">"Oran au xviiie siècle: du désarroi à la clairvoyance politique de l'Espagne"</a>. <i>Insaniyat / إنسانيات. Revue algérienne d'anthropologie et de sciences sociales</i> (in French) (23–24): 197–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Finsaniyat.5625">10.4000/insaniyat.5625</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1111-2050">1111-2050</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210517042741/https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/5625">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Insaniyat+%2F+%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA.+Revue+alg%C3%A9rienne+d%27anthropologie+et+de+sciences+sociales&rft.atitle=Oran+au+xviiie+si%C3%A8cle%3A+du+d%C3%A9sarroi+%C3%A0+la+clairvoyance+politique+de+l%27Espagne&rft.issue=23%E2%80%9324&rft.pages=197-222&rft.date=2004-06-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Finsaniyat.5625&rft.issn=1111-2050&rft.aulast=Terki+Hassaine&rft.aufirst=Ismet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Finsaniyat%2F5625&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpalzaVilar1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Epalza, Miguel de; Vilar, Juan Bautista (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ocL9o0VrNyAC&q=Oran+1708+Bouchlaghem"><i>Planos y mapas hispánicos de Argelia: siglos XVI-XVII</i></a> (in French). Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7472-081-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7472-081-5"><bdi>978-84-7472-081-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012935/https://books.google.com/books?id=ocL9o0VrNyAC&q=Oran+1708+Bouchlaghem">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planos+y+mapas+hisp%C3%A1nicos+de+Argelia%3A+siglos+XVI-XVII&rft.pub=Instituto+Hispano-Arabe+de+Cultura&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-84-7472-081-5&rft.aulast=Epalza&rft.aufirst=Miguel+de&rft.au=Vilar%2C+Juan+Bautista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DocL9o0VrNyAC%26q%3DOran%2B1708%2BBouchlaghem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitour1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chitour, Chems-Eddine (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7TxyAAAAMAAJ&q=Oran+1732+Bouchlaghem"><i>Algérie: le passé revisité</i></a> (in French). Casbah Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9961-64-100-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9961-64-100-2"><bdi>978-9961-64-100-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240725012937/https://books.google.com/books?id=7TxyAAAAMAAJ&q=Oran+1732+Bouchlaghem">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+le+pass%C3%A9+revisit%C3%A9&rft.pub=Casbah+Editions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-9961-64-100-2&rft.aulast=Chitour&rft.aufirst=Chems-Eddine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7TxyAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DOran%2B1732%2BBouchlaghem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/n/Pages/1858_009_004.aspx">"Notice sur le Bey d'Oran, Mohammed el Kebir Revue africaine| Bulletin de la Société historique algérienne"</a>. <i>revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190909091937/http://revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr/n/Pages/1858_009_004.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr&rft.atitle=Notice+sur+le+Bey+d%27Oran%2C+Mohammed+el+Kebir+Revue+africaine%7C+Bulletin+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+historique+alg%C3%A9rienne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frevueafricaine.mmsh.univ-aix.fr%2Fn%2FPages%2F1858_009_004.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouraniHourani2022" class="citation book cs1">Hourani, Albert; Hourani, Albert Habib (2022). <i>A History of the Arab Peoples</i>. Harvard: Harvard University Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674010178" title="Special:BookSources/9780674010178"><bdi>9780674010178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Arab+Peoples&rft.place=Harvard&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780674010178&rft.aulast=Hourani&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Hourani%2C+Albert+Habib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook,_Bernard_A.2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Bernard A. (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo"><i>Europe since 1945: an encyclopedia</i></a></span>. New York: Garland. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaeuro01acoo/page/n461">398</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-4057-5"><bdi>0-8153-4057-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+since+1945%3A+an+encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=398&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8153-4057-5&rft.au=Cook%2C+Bernard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaeuro01acoo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProchaska2002" class="citation book cs1">Prochaska, David (2002). <i>Making Algeria French</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521531283" title="Special:BookSources/9780521531283"><bdi>9780521531283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Algeria+French&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521531283&rft.aulast=Prochaska&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R&C-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-R&C_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rohwer & Hummelchen 1992 p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109224206/http://www.visitoran.com/city/attractions.asp?id=cathedrale">"Cathédrale de Sacré Coeur"</a>. <i>Visit Oran</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoran.com/city/attractions.asp?id=cathedrale">the original</a> on 9 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Oran&rft.atitle=Cath%C3%A9drale+de+Sacr%C3%A9+Coeur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitoran.com%2Fcity%2Fattractions.asp%3Fid%3Dcathedrale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Oran">"Oran | Algeria"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114171914/https://www.britannica.com/place/Oran">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Oran+%7C+Algeria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FOran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/OranSennia_60490.csv">"Oran Sennia Climate Normals for 1991-2020"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009031344/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Algeria/CSV/OranSennia_60490.csv">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oran+Sennia+Climate+Normals+for+1991-2020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-1-WMO-Normals-9120%2FAlgeria%2FCSV%2FOranSennia_60490.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_604900_di.pdf">"Klimatafel von Oran - Es Senia (Flugh.) / Algerien"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Klimatafel+von+Oran+-+Es+Senia+%28Flugh.%29+%2F+Algerien&rft.pub=Deutscher+Wetterdienst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_604900_di.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-667.php">"Station Oran"</a>. <i>Meteo Climat</i> (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140901020201/http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/station-667.php">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Meteo+Climat&rft.atitle=Station+Oran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmeteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org%2Fstation-667.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenouciTaibiNedjarP.Y._Bard2012" class="citation conference cs1">Senouci, A.; Taibi, M. A.; Nedjar, D.; et al. 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Retrieved January 10, 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaba_Hamed2021" class="citation journal cs1">Baba Hamed, Samira (March 2021). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mairie+de+Bordeaux&rft.atitle=Bordeaux+%E2%80%93+Rayonnement+europ%C3%A9en+et+mondial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bordeaux.fr%2Fp63778%2Feurope%25C2%25A0et%25C2%25A0international&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordeaux_twinnings_2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bordeaux_twinnings_2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207152951/http://www.cncd.fr/frontoffice/bdd-recherche-resultat.asp?searchField=bordeaux&x=36&y=14">"Bordeaux-Atlas français de la coopération décentralisée et des autres actions extérieures"</a>. <i>Délégation pour l'Action Extérieure des Collectivités Territoriales (Ministère des Affaires étrangères)</i> (in French). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.durban.gov.za/durban/government/igr/idr/sister">the original</a> on 11 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eThekwini+Online%3A+The+Official+Site+of+the+City+of+Durban&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durban.gov.za%2Fdurban%2Fgovernment%2Figr%2Fidr%2Fsister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COOPÉRATIONS_ET_PARTENARIATS-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COOPÉRATIONS_ET_PARTENARIATS_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191010071537/https://www.strasbourg.eu/oran-algerie">"VILLE PARTENAIRE ET SOLIDAIRE"</a>. <i>Ville de Strasbourg</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strasbourg.eu/oran-algerie">the original</a> on 10 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ville+de+Strasbourg&rft.atitle=VILLE+PARTENAIRE+ET+SOLIDAIRE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strasbourg.eu%2Foran-algerie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOran" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Oran#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Oran">Bibliography of the history of Oran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oran&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Oran#Q131818" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Oran">Oran</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oran" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oran">Oran</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Oran" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Oran">Oran</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830045409/http://www.easyalgerie.com/">EasyOran</a>—<span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> The Oran electronic guide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoran.com">Visit Oran</a>—Voted in 2007 as "Oran's best website" by the ministry of culture and Panoramic Tours. Mostly dedicated to tourism. Features photo galleries, short films, news, city guides & information, hotel info & reservation forms, forum...</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lesouk-oran.org">Le Souk d'Oran</a>—Oran student's community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614161728/http://forum.visitoran.com/">Oran's Community FORUM</a>—The Community Discussion Forum for Oran and tourism.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622224658/http://www.ulivewhere.com/low/downloads/download-oran.html">Audio interview with Oran resident about life in Oran.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitoran.com/city">Oran MAPS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010065052/http://www.visitoran.com/city">Archived</a> 2018-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>—Detailed maps of the Oran Region and City.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oran-dz.com">Oran-dz</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Places_adjacent_to_Oran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Oran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Oran</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk" title="Aïn El Turk">Aïn El Turk</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Mers El Kébir">Mers El Kébir</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Bousfer" title="Bousfer">Bousfer</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Bya" title="Aïn Bya">Aïn Bya</a></i> • <i>Aïn Franin</i></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/Boutl%C3%A9lis" title="Boutlélis">Boutlélis</a></i></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Wahrān</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><i><a href="/wiki/Mers_El_Hadjadj" title="Mers El Hadjadj">Mers El Hadjadj</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Gdyel" title="Gdyel">Gdyel</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Bir_El_Djir" title="Bir El Djir">Bir El Djir</a></i></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Misserghin" title="Misserghin">Misserghin</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/El_Kerma" title="El Kerma">El Kerma</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Tafraoui" title="Tafraoui">Tafraoui</a></i> • <i><a href="/wiki/Es_S%C3%A9nia" title="Es Sénia">Es Sénia</a></i></td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Oued_Tl%C3%A9lat" title="Oued Tlélat">Oued Tlélat</a></i></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Oran,_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oran" title="Template:Oran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oran" title="Template talk:Oran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Oran,_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Algeria" title="Communes of Algeria">City</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structures_in_Oran" title="Category:Buildings and structures in Oran">Buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Oran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demographics of Oran (page does not exist)">Demographics</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oran#Démographie" class="extiw" title="fr:Oran">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#City_districts">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Government_of_Oran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Government of Oran (page does not exist)">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Oran" title="List of mayors of Oran">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Oran" title="Timeline of Oran">Timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Oran" title="Category:People from Oran">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Oran" title="Category:Sport in Oran">Sport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transportation">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png/45px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Oran.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran Province</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Oran" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Oran">Wikimedia Commons</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Oran" title="Category:Oran">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Oran_Province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oran_Province" title="Template:Oran Province"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oran_Province" title="Template talk:Oran Province"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oran_Province" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oran Province"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Oran_Province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Oran_Province" title="Oran Province">Oran Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#City_districts">Oran District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oran</a></b></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DZ-31_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DZ-31_%282019%29.svg/200px-DZ-31_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DZ-31_%282019%29.svg/300px-DZ-31_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/DZ-31_%282019%29.svg/400px-DZ-31_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk_District" title="Aïn El Turk District">Aïn El Turk District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Turk" title="Aïn El Turk">Aïn El Turk</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Mers El Kébir">Mers El Kébir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bousfer" title="Bousfer">Bousfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_An%C3%A7or" title="El Ançor">El Ançor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arzew_District" title="Arzew District">Arzew District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Arzew" title="Arzew">Arzew</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Ben_Yebka" title="Sidi Ben Yebka">Sidi Ben Yebka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bethioua_District" title="Bethioua District">Bethioua District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bethioua" title="Bethioua">Bethioua</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mers_El_Hadjadj" title="Mers El Hadjadj">Mers El Hadjadj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Bya" title="Aïn Bya">Aïn Bya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Es_S%C3%A9nia_District" title="Es Sénia District">Es Sénia District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Es_S%C3%A9nia" title="Es Sénia">Es Sénia</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Kerma" title="El Kerma">El Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Chami" title="Sidi Chami">Sidi Chami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bir_El_Djir_District" title="Bir El Djir District">Bir El Djir District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bir_El_Djir" title="Bir El Djir">Bir El Djir</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassi_Bounif" title="Hassi Bounif">Hassi Bounif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassi_Ben_Okba" title="Hassi Ben Okba">Hassi Ben Okba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boutl%C3%A9lis_District" title="Boutlélis District">Boutlélis District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Boutl%C3%A9lis" title="Boutlélis">Boutlélis</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_El_Kerma" title="Aïn El Kerma">Aïn El Kerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misserghin" title="Misserghin">Misserghin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oued_Tl%C3%A9lat_District" title="Oued Tlélat District">Oued Tlélat District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Oued_Tl%C3%A9lat" title="Oued Tlélat">Oued Tlélat</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Braya" title="El Braya">El Braya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boufatis" title="Boufatis">Boufatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafraoui" title="Tafraoui">Tafraoui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gdyel_District" title="Gdyel District">Gdyel District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gdyel" title="Gdyel">Gdyel</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassi_Mefsoukh" title="Hassi Mefsoukh">Hassi Mefsoukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Freha" title="Ben Freha">Ben Freha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Provincial_seats_of_Algeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Template:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Template talk:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province_seats_of_Algeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province seats of Algeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Provincial_seats_of_Algeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Algeria" title="Provinces of Algeria">Provincial</a> seats of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrar,_Algeria" title="Adrar, Algeria">Adrar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Defla" title="Aïn Defla">Aïn Defla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_T%C3%A9mouchent" title="Aïn Témouchent">Aïn Témouchent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batna,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Batna, Algeria">Batna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char" title="Béchar">Béchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Biskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordj_Bou_Arr%C3%A9ridj" title="Bordj Bou Arréridj">Bordj Bou Arréridj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bou%C3%AFra" title="Bouïra">Bouïra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boumerd%C3%A8s" title="Boumerdès">Boumerdès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlef" title="Chlef">Chlef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djelfa" title="Djelfa">Djelfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Bayadh" title="El Bayadh">El Bayadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Oued" title="El Oued">El Oued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Taref" title="El Taref">El Taref</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharda%C3%AFa" title="Ghardaïa">Ghardaïa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelma" title="Guelma">Guelma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illizi" title="Illizi">Illizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijel" title="Jijel">Jijel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenchela" title="Khenchela">Khenchela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laghouat" title="Laghouat">Laghouat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascara,_Algeria" title="Mascara, Algeria">Mascara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9d%C3%A9a" title="Médéa">Médéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mila,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mila, Algeria">Mila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mostaganem" title="Mostaganem">Mostaganem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27Sila,_Algeria" title="M'Sila, Algeria">M'Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A2ma" title="Naâma">Naâma</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouargla" title="Ouargla">Ouargla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oum_El_Bouaghi" title="Oum El Bouaghi">Oum El Bouaghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relizane" title="Relizane">Relizane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%C3%AFda,_Algeria" title="Saïda, Algeria">Saida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9tif" title="Sétif">Sétif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidi_Bel_Abb%C3%A8s" title="Sidi Bel Abbès">Sidi Bel Abbès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skikda" title="Skikda">Skikda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souk_Ahras" title="Souk Ahras">Souk Ahras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanrasset" title="Tamanrasset">Tamanrasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9bessa" title="Tébessa">Tébessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiaret" title="Tiaret">Tiaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipasa" title="Tipasa">Tipasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissemsilt" title="Tissemsilt">Tissemsilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizi_Ouzou" title="Tizi Ouzou">Tizi Ouzou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Algeria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Algeria"><img alt="Flag of Algeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/80px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of Algeria</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Barbary_Corsairs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Template talk:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary_Corsairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Barbary Corsairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Barbary_Corsairs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Barbary_Corsairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary Corsairs">Barbary Corsairs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbary coast">Barbary coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Cherchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiya">Mahdiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ottoman_period_(1708–1732,_1792–1831)">Oran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Regency of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Regency of Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Commanders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Commanders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruj" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruj">Aruj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_al_Hurra" title="Sayyida al Hurra">Sayyida al Hurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurto%C4%9Flu_Muslihiddin_Reis" title="Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis">Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occhiali" title="Occhiali">Occhiali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Rais" title="Salah Rais">Salah Rais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murat_Reis_the_Elder" title="Murat Reis the Elder">Murat Reis the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemal_Reis" title="Kemal Reis">Kemal Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayd%C4%B1n_Reis" title="Aydın Reis">Aydın Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Pasha" title="Muhammad I Pasha">Muhammad I Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Corso" title="Hasan Corso">Hasan Corso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kurdogli" title="Muhammad Kurdogli">Muhammad Kurdogli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Agha" title="Hasan Agha">Hasan Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Pasha_(son_of_Barbarossa)" title="Hasan Pasha (son of Barbarossa)">Hasan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut_Mami" title="Arnaut Mami">Arnaut Mami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Veneziano" title="Hassan Veneziano">Hassan Veneziano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Reis" title="Sinan Reis">Sinan Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragut" title="Dragut">Dragut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Janszoon" title="Jan Janszoon">Jan Janszoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sal%C3%A9_Rovers" title="Salé Rovers">Salé Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_piracy" title="Anglo-Turkish piracy">Anglo-Turkish piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Reis_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Reis (pirate)">Sulayman Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el_Inglizi" title="Ahmed el Inglizi">Ahmed el Inglizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Bitchin" title="Ali Bitchin">Ali Bitchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zymen_Danseker" title="Zymen Danseker">Simon Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Ward" title="Jack Ward">Yusuf Reis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Karamanli" title="Ahmed Karamanli">Ahmed Karamanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Karamanli" title="Yusuf Karamanli">Yusuf Karamanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khodja" title="Ali Khodja">Ali Khodja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussein_Dey" title="Hussein Dey">Hussein Dey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Agha" title="Omar Agha">Omar Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Kharnadji" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohamed Kharnadji">Mohamed Kharnadji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haji_Ali_(Dey_of_Algiers)" title="Haji Ali (Dey of Algiers)">Haji Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mohammed_ben-Osman" title="Baba Mohammed ben-Osman">Baba Mohammed ben-Osman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Diplomacy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Ottoman_alliance" title="Franco-Ottoman alliance">Franco-Ottoman alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_alliance" title="Anglo-Moroccan alliance">Anglo-Moroccan alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan%E2%80%93American_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship">Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">US Treaty with Tripoli (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1797)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1797)">US Treaty with Tunis (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tripoli_(1805)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with Tripoli (1805)">US Treaty with Tripoli (1805)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Algiers_(1815)" title="Treaty with Algiers (1815)">US Treaty with Algiers (1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Tunis_(1824)" title="Treaty with Tunis (1824)">US Treaty with Tunis (1824)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_Morocco_(1836)" title="Treaty with Morocco (1836)">US Treaty with Morocco (1836)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Conflicts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_raid_on_the_Balearic_Islands_(1501)" title="Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands (1501)">Ottoman raid on the Balearic Islands</a> (1501)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Algiers_(1516)" title="Capture of Algiers (1516)">Capture of Algiers</a> (1516)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tlemcen_(1518)" title="Fall of Tlemcen (1518)">Fall of Tlemcen</a> (1518)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pianosa" title="Battle of Pianosa">Battle of Pianosa</a> (1519)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rhodes_(1522)" title="Siege of Rhodes (1522)">Siege of Rhodes</a> (1522)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Formentera_(1529)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Formentera (1529)">Battle of Formentera</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers_(1529)" title="Capture of Peñón of Algiers (1529)">Capture of Peñón of Algiers</a> (1529)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1534)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1534)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Conquest of Tunis</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Mah%C3%B3n" title="Sack of Mahón">Sack of Mahón</a> (1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corfu_(1537)" title="Siege of Corfu (1537)">Siege of Corfu</a> (1537)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1538)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Preveza (1538)">Battle of Preveza</a> (1538)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a> (1539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alboran" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alboran">Battle of Alboran</a> (1540)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nice_(1543)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Nice (1543)">Siege of Nice</a> (1543)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wintering_in_Toulon" title="Ottoman wintering in Toulon">Ottoman wintering in Toulon</a> (1543-1544)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mahdiye_(1550)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Mahdiye (1550)">Capture of Mahdiye</a> (1550)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Gozo_(1551)" title="Invasion of Gozo (1551)">Invasion of Gozo</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tripoli_(1551)" title="Siege of Tripoli (1551)">Siege of Tripoli</a> (1551)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponza_(1552)" title="Battle of Ponza (1552)">Battle of Ponza</a> (1552)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Corsica_(1553)" title="Invasion of Corsica (1553)">Invasion of Corsica</a> (1553)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bougie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Bougie">Capture of Bougie</a> (1555)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1556)" title="Siege of Oran (1556)">Siege of Oran</a> (1556)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Laban" title="Battle of Wadi al-Laban">Battle of Wadi al-Laban</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_to_Mostaganem_(1558)" title="Expedition to Mostaganem (1558)">Expedition to Mostaganem</a> (1558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Battle of Djerba</a> (1560)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Oran_and_Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir" title="Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir">Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir</a> (1563)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Great Siege of Malta</a> (1565)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_the_Alpujarras_(1568%E2%80%931571)" title="Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1568–1571)">Rebellion of the Alpujarras</a> (1568–71)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Battle of Lepanto</a> (1571)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Conquest of Tunis </a>(1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Sori" class="mw-redirect" title="Sack of Sori">Sack of Sori</a> (1584)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Algerian_war_(1609%E2%80%931628)" title="Franco-Algerian war (1609–1628)">Franco-Algerian War</a> (1609–28)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_%C5%BBejtun" title="Raid on Żejtun">Raid on Żejtun</a> (1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Corvo" title="Battle of Cape Corvo">Battle of Cape Corvo</a> (1615)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Barbary_war" title="Dutch–Barbary war">Dutch–Barbary War</a> (1618–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_Algiers_(1620%E2%80%931621)" title="English expedition to Algiers (1620–1621)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_3_October_1624" title="Action of 3 October 1624">Action of 3 October 1624</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_expedition_to_Algiers_(1624)" title="Dutch expedition to Algiers (1624)">Dutch expedition to Algiers</a> (1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Abductions" title="Turkish Abductions">Turkish Abductions</a> (1627)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Baltimore" title="Sack of Baltimore">Sack of Baltimore</a> (1631)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Ceriale_and_Borghetto" title="Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto">Raid on Ceriale and Borghetto</a> (1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Cretan War</a> (1645–69)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_March_1665" title="Action of March 1665">Action of March 1665</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Algerian_War_(1677%E2%80%931682)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Algerian War (1677–1682)">Anglo-Algerian War</a> (1677–82)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Tripolitania_War_(1681-1685)" class="mw-redirect" title="French-Tripolitania War (1681-1685)">French-Tripolitania War</a> (1681–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1682)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1682)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1683)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1683)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morean_War" title="Morean War">Morean War</a> (1684–99)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1688)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1688)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1688)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Sieges of Ceuta</a> (1694–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Oinousses_Islands_(1695)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Oinousses Islands (1695)">Battle of the Oinousses Islands</a> (1695)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1715%E2%80%931726)" title="Dutch–Algerian War (1715–1726)">Dutch–Algerian War</a> (1715–26)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Oran_(1732)" title="Spanish conquest of Oran (1732)">Spanish conquest of Oran</a> (1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_28_November_1751" title="Action of 28 November 1751">Action of 28 November 1751</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Palos_(1758)" title="Battle of Cape Palos (1758)">Battle of Cape Palos</a> (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Algerian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish–Algerian War">Danish–Algerian War</a> (1769–72)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Melilla_(1774%E2%80%931775)" title="Siege of Melilla (1774–1775)">Siege of Melilla</a> (1774–75)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Moroccan_War_(1775%E2%80%931777)" title="Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777)">Dutch–Moroccan War</a> (1775–77)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1775)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1775)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1783)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1783)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_bombardments_of_the_Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Venetian bombardments of the Beylik of Tunis">Bombardments of Tunisia</a> (1784–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1784)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1784)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_seizure_of_the_Betsey" title="Moroccan seizure of the Betsey">Moroccan seizure of the Betsey</a> (1784)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American-Algerian_War_(1785-1795)" class="mw-redirect" title="American-Algerian War (1785-1795)">American-Algerian War</a> (1785–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese%E2%80%93Algerian_War_(1790%E2%80%931813)" title="Portuguese–Algerian War (1790–1813)">Portuguese Algerian War</a> (1790–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oran_(1790%E2%80%931792)" title="Siege of Oran (1790–1792)">Siege of Oran</a> (1790–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier_(1791)" title="Bombardment of Tangier (1791)">Bombardment of Tangier</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Algerian_War_(1791%E2%80%931792)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Algerian War (1791–1792)">1st Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1791–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish-Tripolitanian_War_(1796-1802)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish-Tripolitanian War (1796-1802)">2nd Swedish-Algerian War</a> (1796-1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1797" title="Action of 16 May 1797">Action of 16 May 1797</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Barbary_War" title="First Barbary War">First Barbary War</a> (1801–05)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Barbary_War" title="Second Barbary War">Second Barbary War</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Algiers_(1816)" title="Bombardment of Algiers (1816)">Bombardment of Algiers</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tripoli_(1825)" title="Battle of Tripoli (1825)">Battle of Tripoli</a> (1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tripoli_(1828)" title="Bombardment of Tripoli (1828)">Bombardment of Tripoli</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_expedition_against_Morocco_(1829)" title="Austrian expedition against Morocco (1829)">Austrian expedition against Morocco</a> (1829–30)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">Invasion of Algiers</a> (1830)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Slavery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Slavery</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_slave_trade" title="Barbary slave trade">Barbary slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_on_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Slavery on the Barbary Coast">Slavery on the Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagnio" title="Bagnio">Bagnio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Mission" title="Congregation of the Mission">Lazarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_della_Redenzione_degli_Schiavi" title="Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi">Monte della Redenzione degli Schiavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131818#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41146217720609140380">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210662/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4268463-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80145196">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11374911c">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11374911c">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Oran (Alžírsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1082351&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX453067">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mpnl1t4hqv402">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007561902305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/792b1496-3f80-4ad0-92c2-2c2154a9b642">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027284107">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044606">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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