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window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":32562344,"created_at":"2017-04-21T06:44:13.933-07:00","from_world_paper_id":161914784,"updated_at":"2025-01-12T21:24:08.605-08:00","_data":{"ai_abstract":"This paper proposes a streamlined approach for small and medium-sized chemical manufacturing companies to perform initial assessments of chemical reactivity hazards. Emphasizing the practicality of limited resources, the proposed method is designed to identify serious potential hazards within a single day, aided by trained chemical engineers and basic hazard screening tools. The findings suggest that even a modest assessment can lead to a significant reduction in accident rates within the Chemical Processing Industry, highlighting the importance of proactive hazard evaluation despite its limitations.","publication_date":"2004,,","publication_name":"Process Safety Progress"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Chemical reaction hazard identification and evaluation: Taking the first steps","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [53797798]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":52741780,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Chemical reaction hazard identification and evaluation: Taking the first steps”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/52741780/mini_magick20190122-12359-461s6q.png?1548192974" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Chemical reaction hazard identification and evaluation: Taking the first steps</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="53797798" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DavidLeggett"><img alt="Profile image of David F Leggett" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />David F Leggett</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2004, Process Safety Progress</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">8 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 32562344; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=32562344"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">AI-generated Abstract</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This paper proposes a streamlined approach for small and medium-sized chemical manufacturing companies to perform initial assessments of chemical reactivity hazards. Emphasizing the practicality of limited resources, the proposed method is designed to identify serious potential hazards within a single day, aided by trained chemical engineers and basic hazard screening tools. The findings suggest that even a modest assessment can lead to a significant reduction in accident rates within the Chemical Processing Industry, highlighting the importance of proactive hazard evaluation despite its limitations.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":52741780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/32562344/Chemical_reaction_hazard_identification_and_evaluation_Taking_the_first_steps"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":52741780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/32562344/Chemical_reaction_hazard_identification_and_evaluation_Taking_the_first_steps"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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This is a database of past accidents that occurred in Europe maintained by the European Commission, in order to help the Member States to meet the requirements of the Seveso and Seveso II directives. The study is focused on those accidents that involve reactions between chemical substances, whether wanted or unwanted, that generated a hazardous situation by loss of control of such reactions. Runaway reactions are known to be especially dangerous, given that many times they are unexpected, or their possible consequences underestimated, so sometimes chemical industries are not ready to cope with the effects of loss of control of reactive processes. The aim of the analysis is to obtain lessons learned from past accidents in order to prevent similar situations in the future, or to reduce their consequences. Understanding the causes of past accidents, including equipment failures, deviations in the expected course of a reaction, or deficiencies in process operations performed, can help to a better understanding of similar processes. Industries working with potentially dangerous chemicals should consider introducing lessons learned into their safety management systems.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Study of Major Accidents Involving Chemical Reactive Substances","attachmentId":49991313,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4192966/Study_of_Major_Accidents_Involving_Chemical_Reactive_Substances","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4192966/Study_of_Major_Accidents_Involving_Chemical_Reactive_Substances"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="14331178" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14331178/Missed_opportunities_in_reactive_chemical_hazard_evaluations">Missed opportunities in reactive chemical hazard evaluations</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33318885" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndrewCarpenter4">Andrew Carpenter</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33282300" href="https://exponent.academia.edu/RussellOgle">Russell Ogle</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Reactive chemicals pose a significant hazard to the process industries arising from their inherent nature. This paper examines four reactive chemical accidents caused by self-heating that led to thermal runaway reactions. Although none of these case studies resulted in serious injuries, the runaway reactions caused fires, explosions, or toxic gas releases that resulted in extensive damages and loss of production. This paper considers the causal factors of these accidents, identifies the thermal stability data available before the accidents, and presents simple hazard calculations indicating the predictability of the accidents. The paper concludes with a discussion of lessons learned from these accidents.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Missed opportunities in reactive chemical hazard evaluations","attachmentId":44314495,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14331178/Missed_opportunities_in_reactive_chemical_hazard_evaluations","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14331178/Missed_opportunities_in_reactive_chemical_hazard_evaluations"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="101812459" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101812459/Description_of_Hazardous_Substances_Events_in_the_Manufacturing_of_Chemicals_and_Allied_Products">Description of Hazardous Substances Events in the Manufacturing of Chemicals and Allied Products</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55014457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KayeWendy">Wendy Kaye</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center, 2002</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This report describes events involving the acute release of hazardous substances from reported to the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system for 1993-2000. HSEES, a surveillance system maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), collects data on the industries/services associated with events. This analysis focuses on fixed-facility events that occurred during the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products (i.e. categorized according to the 1990 Industrial Classification System (ICS) of the U.S. Bureau of the Census). This is the most frequently reported industry category in the surveillance system, with over 12,000 events (28% of all events and 35% of fixed-facility events). Further classification found that the majority (71%) of these events involved the manufacturing of industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (ICS code 192), and 21% plastics, synthetics, and resins (ICS code 180. A total of 2,676 persons reported injuries in 307 fixedfacility events. Most of the injured persons were employees (42%), followed by the general public (38%), students (15%), and responders (5%). Thirty-five percent of all injured persons and 46% of all injured employees had respiratory symptoms. Releases frequently occurred in processing vessels, and the majority were due to equipment failure. A review of the data indicates that manufacturers of chemicals and allied products could help reduce morbidity and mortality by taking preventive actions such as performing regular maintenance of processing equipment, encouraging employees to wear respiratory protection, and educating the public on what to do in the event of a release from these facilities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Description of Hazardous Substances Events in the Manufacturing of Chemicals and Allied Products","attachmentId":102249437,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101812459/Description_of_Hazardous_Substances_Events_in_the_Manufacturing_of_Chemicals_and_Allied_Products","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101812459/Description_of_Hazardous_Substances_Events_in_the_Manufacturing_of_Chemicals_and_Allied_Products"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="33640005" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33640005/Statistical_Analysis_of_Contributors_to_Chemical_Process_Accidents">Statistical Analysis of Contributors to Chemical Process Accidents</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9536128" href="https://aalto-fi.academia.edu/MarkkuHurme">Markku Hurme</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemical Engineering & Technology, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A database study of accident contributors in the chemical process industry (CPI) was carried out. All 364 CPI-related accidents available in the Failure Knowledge Database were analyzed to identify the main and the subcontributors of the accidents. The accident contributors were ranked in accordance with their frequency and importance in accident prevention. The most common accident contributors were the human and organizational aspects in operation (19 % of contributors), contamination (11 %), flow-related issues (11 %), and heat transfer (10 %). In the main contributor analysis, the same classes of contributors were also the most frequent causes of accidents. A four-quadrant analysis identified the most important contributors to be focused on in accident prevention: contamination, flowrelated and heat transfer categories. The relationships between the contributors were also studied using an interconnection matrix, which revealed three functional groups of accident contributors. Their relationships were illustrated through an interconnection diagram.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Statistical Analysis of Contributors to Chemical Process Accidents","attachmentId":53652484,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33640005/Statistical_Analysis_of_Contributors_to_Chemical_Process_Accidents","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33640005/Statistical_Analysis_of_Contributors_to_Chemical_Process_Accidents"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="29151935" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29151935/Hazardous_substances_events_associated_with_the_manufacturing_of_chemicals_and_allied_products">Hazardous substances events associated with the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55014457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KayeWendy">Wendy Kaye</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This report describes events involving the acute release of hazardous substances reported to the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system for 1993-2000. HSEES, maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), collects data on the industries/services associated with events. This analysis focuses on fixed-facility events that occurred during the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products (i.e. categorized according to the 1990 Industrial Classification System (ICS) of the US Bureau of the Census). This is the most frequently reported industry category in the surveillance system, with over 12,000 events (28% of all events and 35% of fixed-facility events). Further classification found that the majority (71%) of these events involved the manufacturing of industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (ICS code 192), and 21% plastics, synthetics, and resins (ICS code 180). A total of 2676 persons reported injuries in 307 fixed-facility events. Most of the injured persons were employees (42%), followed by the general public (38%), students (15%), and responders (5%). Thirty-five percent of all injured persons and 46% of all injured employees had respiratory symptoms. Releases frequently occurred in processing vessels, and the majority was due to equipment failure. A review of the data indicates that manufacturers of chemicals and allied products could help reduce morbidity and mortality by taking preventive actions such as performing regular maintenance of processing equipment, regular training of employees and encouraging them to wear respiratory protection, and educating the public on what to do in the event of a release from these facilities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hazardous substances events associated with the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products","attachmentId":49597195,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29151935/Hazardous_substances_events_associated_with_the_manufacturing_of_chemicals_and_allied_products","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29151935/Hazardous_substances_events_associated_with_the_manufacturing_of_chemicals_and_allied_products"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="107565207" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107565207/Problem_Accidents_Chemical_Safety_Alert">Problem Accidents Chemical Safety Alert</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103896283" href="https://independent.academia.edu/anitrate">ammonium nitrate</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">protect human health and the environment. EPA is striving to learn the causes and contributing factors associated with chemical accidents and to prevent their recurrence. Major chemical accidents cannot be prevented solely through command and control regulatory requirements but by understanding the fundamental root causes, widely disseminating the lessons learned, and integrating these lessons learned into safe operations. EPA will publish Alerts to increase awareness of possible hazards. It is important that facilities, SERCs, LEPCs, emergency responders and others review this information and take appropriate steps to minimize risk.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Problem Accidents Chemical Safety Alert","attachmentId":106198797,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107565207/Problem_Accidents_Chemical_Safety_Alert","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107565207/Problem_Accidents_Chemical_Safety_Alert"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="103532400" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103532400/Chemical_Health_Risk_Assessment_at_The_Chemical_and_Biochemical_Engineering_Laboratory">Chemical Health Risk Assessment at The Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="140419531" href="https://ukm-my.academia.edu/SitiRozaimahSheikhAbdullah">Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The use of chemicals is a necessity for the learning and research process at the laboratories of the Department of Chemical & Process Engineering (JKKP). Under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994, it is one of the main responsibilities of the employer to protect and safeguard employees or consumers from the adverse effects of chemicals at the work place. In order to achieve this, a chemical health risk assessment (CHRA) has been conducted on chemical usage at the teaching and research labs, particularly those that pose a high risk to health. The purpose of the assessment is to allow identification and evaluation of risks involved and the level of exposure to chemicals handled at the labs. Furthermore, it is also to evaluate the sufficiency of the current control measures practiced by the staff and students of the department. This detailed and qualitative assessment is based on observations made of the staff while handling chemicals and reviews of the work procedures and manual as well as other related documents and records. Prevention and mitigation measures by a proactive approach were taken to minimize health risks during the learning and research process.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chemical Health Risk Assessment at The Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Laboratory","attachmentId":103514515,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/103532400/Chemical_Health_Risk_Assessment_at_The_Chemical_and_Biochemical_Engineering_Laboratory","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/103532400/Chemical_Health_Risk_Assessment_at_The_Chemical_and_Biochemical_Engineering_Laboratory"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="93966148" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/93966148/Effective_Parameters_on_Chemical_Accidents_Occurrence_Findings_from_a_Systematic_Review">Effective Parameters on Chemical Accidents Occurrence: Findings from a Systematic Review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="197794700" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FarinFatemi">Farin Fatemi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention, 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chemical accidents have had an increasing trend both in developed and developing countries in the two recent decades. Inappropriate infrastructures make developing countries more vulnerable to chemical accidents. Assessing chemical risks and defining the relevant causes as well as variables are necessary for reducing the injuries and causalities of such chemical incidents. The aim of this study was to explore the causes and parameters affecting occurrence of chemical accidents. The study was performed in 2018. The systematic review adopted in this paper was based on a step-wise process including framing questions, identifying relevant works, assessing the quality of studies, summarizing the evidence and lastly discussing methods, results, and findings. It used bibliographies, citation databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and other available records to find an answer to the question of what the effective parameters are on the chemical accident occurrence. Descriptive and thematic analyses were performed to find the articles. The written manuscript was evaluated by PRISMA checklist. It examined 24 peer-reviewed English papers, four reports, and one guideline. It found 39 variables mostly contributing to the occurrence of chemical accidents during this systematic review study. These variables were classified into three main causes and four categories. The main causes included direct/immediate factors, indirect/external/environmental factors, and root parameters. Prevention and mitigation chemical action plans are required to establish chemical safety and preparedness against chemical incidents. Further studies are needed to make the causes, categories and variables more valid, specific, and detailed based on the characteristics of production, storage, transportation, and chemical disposal activities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Effective Parameters on Chemical Accidents Occurrence: Findings from a Systematic Review","attachmentId":96556977,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/93966148/Effective_Parameters_on_Chemical_Accidents_Occurrence_Findings_from_a_Systematic_Review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/93966148/Effective_Parameters_on_Chemical_Accidents_Occurrence_Findings_from_a_Systematic_Review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="68293923" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/68293923/UNDERSTANDING_DISASTER_RISK_2_HAZARD_RELATED_ISSUES_3_12_TECHNOLOGICAL_RISKS_CHEMICAL_ACCIDENTS_Coordinating">UNDERSTANDING DISASTER RISK 2 : HAZARD RELATED ISSUES 3 . 12 . TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS : CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS Coordinating</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2062018" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarkHailwood">Mark Hailwood</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chemical accident disasters are unplanned events involving hazardous substances, causing harm to human health, the environment, or economic loss or social disruption. While there is a long history of chemical accidents, with events recorded even more than 100 years ago, the study and implementation of technologies and approaches to preventing, preparing and responding to chemical accidents, only gained widespread attention in the last 40 years. There have been significant advancements in understanding accident phenomena, and in development of technology and management systems to control risks. Nonetheless, beyond a certain level of prevention, meaningful gains in prevention seem to elude our grasp. Indeed, in developed countries, such as European Union (EU) Member States and the USA, that have by far the most sophisticated understanding and oversight of chemical accident prevention, there are still a high frequency of serious chemical accidents each year, resulting in severe human, environmental and economic consequences. Moreover, there is an increasing presence of hazardous industries and of volumes of hazardous substances in commercial use in many developing countries where experience with industrial processing hazards and risks is relatively recent and where social and political infrastructures for dealing with the plethora of externalities accompanying industrial production are inadequate. Most experts do not believe that chemical accidents occur today because our understanding of engineering possibilities runs ahead of our understanding and predictive powers regarding their downsides. Rather, our challenges today stem from a myriad of inputs whose influence on chemical process risks is broadly known and understood, but that go largely unrecognized and unmanaged in organizations and on sites where the risks are actually present. Hence, it is not our lack of knowledge and understanding of how the technology works, but in many cases a lack of access to such knowledge, and in other cases, a failure to prioritize and use it wisely to prevent serious loss. Chemical accidents will continue to happen in the foreseeable future as long as chemicals and chemical processing are important for society. In particular, the usage and applications of chemicals is spreading and not decreasing. Moreover, production, transport and storage of dangerous substances are happening in places where these risks were never a problem before. In the meantime, there is evidence from the repetition of accidents from previous generations within industrialized economies that lessons of the past have been forgotten or ignored. This paper outlines the trends that threaten to increase chemical accident risks and proposes some recommendations to address them.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"UNDERSTANDING DISASTER RISK 2 : HAZARD RELATED ISSUES 3 . 12 . TECHNOLOGICAL RISKS : CHEMICAL ACCIDENTS Coordinating","attachmentId":78820470,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/68293923/UNDERSTANDING_DISASTER_RISK_2_HAZARD_RELATED_ISSUES_3_12_TECHNOLOGICAL_RISKS_CHEMICAL_ACCIDENTS_Coordinating","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/68293923/UNDERSTANDING_DISASTER_RISK_2_HAZARD_RELATED_ISSUES_3_12_TECHNOLOGICAL_RISKS_CHEMICAL_ACCIDENTS_Coordinating"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="87256310" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/87256310/Presenting_RIVMs_publically_available_database_of_Dutch_Major_Hazard_Chemical_Accidents_Storybuilder_MHCA">Presenting RIVM's publically available database of Dutch Major Hazard Chemical Accidents: Storybuilder-MHCA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="56390213" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LindaBellamy">Linda Bellamy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemical Engineering Transactions, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Accident investigation reports from the Dutch Labour Inspectorate are used by the Dutch National Institute for Public Health & Environment (RIVM) to analyse major hazard chemical accidents in a structured way. The purpose of the analyses is to improve understanding of accident causes and of ways to improve detection of major accident precursors. A bow-tie framework was developed in a collaborative process of engineers, psychologists and inspectors over many years. The nature of the model is that it combines technical, human and management components while preserving the temporal sequence of events of each accident scenario. Six lines of defence define the causal pathway from initiating events to accident and impact on man and environment. Different safety barriers in these lines of defence represent the different ways in which the lines of defence can fail or be successful. Sets of underlying human, management and organisational factors are provided at barrier level to better unders...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Presenting RIVM's publically available database of Dutch Major Hazard Chemical Accidents: Storybuilder-MHCA","attachmentId":91517224,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/87256310/Presenting_RIVMs_publically_available_database_of_Dutch_Major_Hazard_Chemical_Accidents_Storybuilder_MHCA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/87256310/Presenting_RIVMs_publically_available_database_of_Dutch_Major_Hazard_Chemical_Accidents_Storybuilder_MHCA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":52741780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":52741780,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_52741780" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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A. Abbasi</a><span>, </span><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="73177759" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SMTauseef">S. M. 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