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href="#Beginning_of_the_stampede_(July_1897)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Beginning of the stampede (July 1897) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginning_of_the_stampede_(July_1897)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routes_to_the_Klondike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes_to_the_Klondike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Routes to the Klondike </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Routes_to_the_Klondike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Routes to the Klondike subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Routes_to_the_Klondike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All_water_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_water_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 All water routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_water_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dyea/Skagway_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyea/Skagway_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Dyea/Skagway routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyea/Skagway_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_Pass_trail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Pass_trail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 White Pass trail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Pass_trail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chilkoot_trail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chilkoot_trail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Chilkoot trail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chilkoot_trail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head_of_Yukon_River" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_Yukon_River"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Head of Yukon River </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_Yukon_River-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallel_trails" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallel_trails"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Parallel trails </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallel_trails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-All-Canadian_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All-Canadian_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 All-Canadian routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All-Canadian_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"All-American"_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"All-American"_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 "All-American" route </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"All-American"_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Border_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Border control </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Mining </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mining-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mining subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Methods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Business </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_the_Klondike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_the_Klondike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Life in the Klondike </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_the_Klondike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Life in the Klondike subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_the_Klondike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boomtowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boomtowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Boomtowns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boomtowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dawson_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawson_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Dawson City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawson_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Logistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspicuous_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspicuous_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Conspicuous consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspicuous_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Law and order </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-News_and_mail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#News_and_mail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 News and mail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-News_and_mail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Role of women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_gold_rush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_gold_rush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 End of the gold rush </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_gold_rush-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 People </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Places </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charts_and_tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charts_and_tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Charts and tables </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Charts_and_tables-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Charts and tables subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Charts_and_tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maps_of_routes_and_goldfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maps_of_routes_and_goldfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Maps of routes and goldfields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maps_of_routes_and_goldfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dyea/Skagway_routes_and_Dalton_trail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dyea/Skagway_routes_and_Dalton_trail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.1 Dyea/Skagway routes and Dalton trail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dyea/Skagway_routes_and_Dalton_trail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takou,_Stikine_and_Edmonton_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takou,_Stikine_and_Edmonton_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.2 Takou, Stikine and Edmonton routes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takou,_Stikine_and_Edmonton_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goldfields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goldfields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1.3 Goldfields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goldfields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gold_production_in_Yukon,_1892–1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gold_production_in_Yukon,_1892–1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Gold production in Yukon, 1892–1912 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gold_production_in_Yukon,_1892–1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_growth_of_west_coast_cities,_1890–1900" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth_of_west_coast_cities,_1890–1900"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Population growth of west coast cities, 1890–1900 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth_of_west_coast_cities,_1890–1900-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klondikers_supply_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klondikers_supply_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Klondikers supply list </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klondikers_supply_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Archives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Archives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Klondike Gold Rush</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83" title="حمى ذهب كلوندايك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمى ذهب كلوندايك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondayk_q%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_h%C9%99risliyi" title="Klondayk qızıl hərisliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klondayk qızıl hərisliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Febre_de_l%27or_de_Klondike" title="Febre de l'or de Klondike – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Febre de l'or de Klondike" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlat%C3%A1_hore%C4%8Dka_na_Klondiku" title="Zlatá horečka na Klondiku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlatá horečka na Klondiku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guldfeberen_i_Klondike" title="Guldfeberen i Klondike – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guldfeberen i Klondike" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike-Goldrausch" title="Klondike-Goldrausch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klondike-Goldrausch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiebre_del_oro_de_Klondike" title="Fiebre del oro de Klondike – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fiebre del oro de Klondike" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska_orimpetego" title="Alaska orimpetego – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alaska orimpetego" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondikeko_urre_sukarra" title="Klondikeko urre sukarra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Klondikeko urre sukarra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تب طلای کلوندایک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تب طلای کلوندایک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C3%A9e_vers_l%27or_du_Klondike" title="Ruée vers l'or du Klondike – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ruée vers l'or du Klondike" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudkoarts_fan_Klondike" title="Goudkoarts fan Klondike – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Goudkoarts fan Klondike" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%A0%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%AC_%EA%B3%A8%EB%93%9C%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C" title="클론다이크 골드러시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클론다이크 골드러시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%84%D5%AB_%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5_%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Կլոնդայքի ոսկե տենդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլոնդայքի ոսկե տենդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demam_Emas_Klondike" title="Demam Emas Klondike – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demam Emas Klondike" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corsa_all%27oro_del_Klondike" title="Corsa all'oro del Klondike – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corsa all'oro del Klondike" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%91%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%94%D7%91_(%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A7)" title="הבהלה לזהב (קלונדייק) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הבהלה לזהב (קלונדייק)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91-%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="კლონდაიკის ოქროს ციებ-ცხელება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლონდაიკის ოქროს ციებ-ცხელება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondaiko_aukso_kar%C5%A1tin%C4%97" title="Klondaiko aukso karštinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Klondaiko aukso karštinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klondike-i_aranyl%C3%A1z" title="Klondike-i aranyláz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Klondike-i aranyláz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D" title="ക്ലോണ്ടിക് ഗോൾഡ് റഷ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലോണ്ടിക് ഗോൾഡ് റഷ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerubut_Emas_Klondike" title="Kerubut Emas Klondike – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerubut Emas Klondike" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" 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hreflang="nb" data-title="Klondike-gullrushet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C4%85czka_z%C5%82ota_nad_Klondike" title="Gorączka złota nad Klondike – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gorączka złota nad Klondike" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrida_do_Ouro_de_Klondike" title="Corrida do Ouro de Klondike – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Corrida do Ouro de Klondike" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a 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hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Klondike Gold Rush" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlat%C3%A1_hor%C3%BA%C4%8Dka_na_Klondiku" title="Zlatá horúčka na Klondiku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zlatá horúčka na Klondiku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Клондајшка златна грозница – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клондајшка златна грозница" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1896–1899 migration to Yukon, Canada</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Alaska Gold Rush" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Gold_Rush_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Alaska Gold Rush (disambiguation)">Alaska Gold Rush (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Klondike Gold Rush</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:ChilkootPass_steps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prospectors ascending the Chilkoot Pass in a long line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChilkootPass_steps.jpg/270px-ChilkootPass_steps.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChilkootPass_steps.jpg/405px-ChilkootPass_steps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/ChilkootPass_steps.jpg/540px-ChilkootPass_steps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="577" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Prospectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Prospectors">Prospectors</a> ascending <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Pass" title="Chilkoot Pass">Chilkoot Pass</a>, 1898</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Alaska Gold Rush, Yukon Gold Rush</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Centre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a> at Klondike River, Yukon, Canada</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1896–1899 (stampede: 1897–98)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovery</th><td class="infobox-data">August 16, 1896, Bonanza Creek</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discoverers</th><td class="infobox-data">George Carmack and Skookum Jim</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prospectors</th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 of whom 30,000 - 40,000 arrived</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Routes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dyea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyea">Dyea</a>/<a href="/wiki/Skagway" class="mw-redirect" title="Skagway">Skagway</a> route and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In literature of the period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild" title="The Call of the Wild">The Call of the Wild</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Spell_of_the_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Spell of the Yukon">The Spell of the Yukon</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cremation_of_Sam_McGee" title="The Cremation of Sam McGee">The Cremation of Sam McGee</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Klondike Gold Rush<a href="#cite_note-1">[n 1]</a> was a migration by an estimated 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Prospecting" title="Prospecting">prospectors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon" title="Klondike, Yukon">Klondike region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> in northwestern Canada, between 1896 and 1899. <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> was discovered there by local miners on August 16, 1896; when news reached <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> the following year, it triggered a <a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">stampede of prospectors</a>. Some became wealthy, but the majority went in vain. It has been immortalized in films, literature, and photographs. To reach the gold fields, most prospectors took the route through the ports of <a href="/wiki/Dyea,_Alaska" title="Dyea, Alaska">Dyea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Alaska" title="Southeast Alaska">southeast Alaska</a>. Here, the "Klondikers" could follow either the <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail" title="Chilkoot Trail">Chilkoot</a> or <a href="/wiki/White_Pass_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="White Pass Trail">White Pass</a> trail to the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a> and sail down to the Klondike. The Canadian authorities required each person to bring a year's supply of food in order to prevent starvation. In all, the Klondikers' equipment weighed close to a ton, which most carried themselves in stages. Performing this task and contending with the mountainous terrain and cold climate meant that most of those who persisted did not arrive until the summer of 1898. Once there, they found few opportunities, and many left disappointed. To accommodate the prospectors, <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boom towns</a> sprang up along the routes. At their terminus, <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a> was founded at the confluence of the Klondike and Yukon rivers. From a population of 500 in 1896, the town grew to house approximately 17,000 people by summer 1898. Built of wood, isolated, and unsanitary, Dawson suffered from fires, high prices, and epidemics. Despite this, the wealthiest prospectors spent extravagantly, gambling and drinking in the <a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">saloons</a>. The indigenous <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4n" title="Hän">Hän</a>, on the other hand, suffered from the rush; they were forcibly moved into a <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserve</a> to make way for the Klondikers, and many died. Beginning in 1898, the newspapers that had encouraged so many to travel to the Klondike lost interest in it. In the summer of 1899, <a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">gold was discovered around Nome</a> in west <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and many prospectors left the Klondike for the new goldfields, marking the end of the Klondike Rush. The boom towns declined, and the population of Dawson City fell. Gold mining production in the Klondike peaked in 1903 after heavier equipment was brought in. Since then, the Klondike has been mined on and off, and its legacy continues to draw tourists to the region and contribute to its prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-3">[n 2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlingit-map-modify.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of people and places at the time of discovery of gold in the Yukon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tlingit-map-modify.jpg/250px-Tlingit-map-modify.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tlingit-map-modify.jpg/375px-Tlingit-map-modify.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Tlingit-map-modify.jpg/500px-Tlingit-map-modify.jpg 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption>Yukon at the time of discovery</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Pacific_Northwest_Coast" title="Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast">indigenous peoples in north-west America</a> had traded in <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> nuggets prior to <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">European expansion</a>. Most of the tribes were aware that gold existed in the region, but the metal was not valued by them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton20014-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmonsDe_Laguna1991182–183-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse19957-6">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a> had both explored the Yukon in the first half of the 19th century, but ignored the rumours of gold in favour of <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trading</a>, which offered more immediate profits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton20014-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[n 3]</a> In the second half of the 19th century, American prospectors began to spread into the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton20015-9">[6]</a> Making deals with the Native <a href="/wiki/Tlingit_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlingit people">Tlingit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagish people">Tagish</a> tribes, the early prospectors opened the important routes of <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail" title="Chilkoot Trail">Chilkoot</a> and White Pass and reached the <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a> valley between 1870 and 1890.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton20017–9-10">[7]</a> Here, they encountered the Hän people, semi-nomadic hunters and fishermen who lived along the Yukon and Klondike Rivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199844–45-11">[8]</a> The Hän did not appear to know about the extent of the gold deposits in the region.<a href="#cite_note-12">[n 4]</a> In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Ed_Schieffelin" title="Ed Schieffelin">Ed Schieffelin</a> identified gold deposits along the Yukon River, and an expedition up the <a href="/wiki/Fortymile_River" title="Fortymile River">Fortymile River</a> in 1886 discovered considerable amounts of it and founded Fortymile City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton20019–15-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould20018-14">[10]</a> The same year gold had been found on the banks of the Klondike River, but in small amounts and with no claims being made.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould20017-7">[5]</a> By late 1886, several hundred miners were working their way along the Yukon valley, living in small mining camps and trading with the Hän.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200114-15">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20072-16">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199846-17">[13]</a> On the Alaskan side of the border, <a href="/wiki/Circle,_Alaska" title="Circle, Alaska">Circle City</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">logtown</a>, was established in 1893 on the Yukon River. In three years it grew to become "the Paris of Alaska", with about 1,200 inhabitants, saloons, opera houses, schools, and libraries. In 1896, it was so well-known that a <a href="/wiki/Correspondent" title="Correspondent">correspondent</a> from the Chicago Daily Record came to visit. At the end of the year, it became a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>, when large gold deposits were found upstream on the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp_4-18">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_(1896)">Discovery (1896)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery (1896)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Claim" title="Discovery Claim">Discovery Claim</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skookum_Jim_Mason.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Skookum Jim, one of the discoverers, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Skookum_Jim_Mason.png/170px-Skookum_Jim_Mason.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Skookum_Jim_Mason.png/255px-Skookum_Jim_Mason.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Skookum_Jim_Mason.png/340px-Skookum_Jim_Mason.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skookum_Jim" class="mw-redirect" title="Skookum Jim">Skookum Jim</a>, one of the discoverers, 1898</figcaption></figure> On August 16, 1896, an American prospector named <a href="/wiki/George_Carmack" title="George Carmack">George Carmack</a> and two Tagish men, <a href="/wiki/Skookum_Jim" class="mw-redirect" title="Skookum Jim">Skookum Jim</a> (Keish), and <a href="/wiki/Tagish_Charlie" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagish Charlie">Tagish Charlie</a> (K̲áa Goox̱) were travelling south of the Klondike River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200138–39-19">[15]</a> Following a suggestion from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Henderson_(prospector)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Henderson (prospector) (page does not exist)">Robert Henderson</a>, a Canadian prospector, they began looking for gold on <a href="/wiki/Bonanza_Creek" title="Bonanza Creek">Bonanza Creek</a>, then called Rabbit Creek, one of the Klondike's tributaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200138–42-20">[16]</a> It is not clear who discovered the gold: George Carmack or Skookum Jim, but the group agreed to let George Carmack appear as the official discoverer because they feared that authorities would not recognize an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> claimant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200143–44-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECruikshank1991124-22">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[n 5]</a> In any event, gold was present along the river in huge quantities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200143-25">[20]</a> Carmack measured out four strips of ground for mining along the river - two for himself as the discoverer and one each for Jim and Charlie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200144-26">[21]</a> These claims were registered the next day at the police post at the mouth of the Fortymile River and news spread rapidly from there to other mining camps in the Yukon River valley.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200147-27">[22]</a> By the end of August, all of Bonanza Creek had been claimed by miners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200150-28">[23]</a> A prospector then advanced up into one of the creeks feeding into Bonanza, later to be named <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eldorado_Creek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eldorado Creek (page does not exist)">Eldorado Creek</a>. He discovered new sources of gold there, which would prove to be even richer than those on Bonanza.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200151–53-29">[24]</a> Claims began to be sold between miners and speculators for considerable sums.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200153-30">[25]</a> Just before Christmas, word of the gold reached Circle City. Despite the winter, many prospectors immediately left for the Klondike by dog-sled, eager to reach the region before the best claims were taken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200166–67-31">[26]</a> The outside world was still largely unaware of the news, and although Canadian officials had managed to send a message to their superiors in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> about the finds and influx of prospectors, the government did not give it much attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200168–69-32">[27]</a> The winter prevented river traffic, and it was not until June 1897 that the first boats left the area, carrying the freshly mined gold and the full story of the discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200187-33">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_stampede_(July_1897)">Beginning of the stampede (July 1897)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning of the stampede (July 1897)">edit</a>]</div> <table style="border:1px solid #CCCCCC;background:#F9F9F9;width:350px;float:left;margin:8px 15px 15px 0px;padding:5px 5px 5px 10px;font-size:12px;"> <tbody><tr> <td>Prices in this article are given in US dollars throughout. Equivalent modern prices have been given in 2010 US dollars. The equivalent prices of modern goods and services have been calculated using the Consumer Price Index (1:27). Larger sums, for example, gold shipments, capital investment, or land prices, have been calculated using the GDP index (1:800).<a href="#cite_note-MeasuringWorthUSD-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[n 6]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In the resulting Klondike stampede, an estimated 100,000 people tried to reach the Klondike goldfields, of whom only around 30,000 to 40,000 eventually did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001396-36">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[n 7]</a> It formed the height of the Klondike gold rush from the summer of 1897 until the summer of 1898. It began on July 14, 1897, in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and was spurred further three days later in <a href="/wiki/Seattle#Gold_Rush,_World_War_I,_and_the_Great_Depression" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, when the first of the early prospectors returned from the Klondike, bringing with them large amounts of gold on the ships Excelsior and Portland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200193-42">[35]</a> The press reported that a total of $1,139,000 (equivalent to $1 billion at 2010 prices) had been brought in by these ships, although this proved to be an underestimate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195230–31-43">[36]</a> The migration of prospectors caught so much attention that it was joined by outfitters, writers and photographers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001101–106-44">[37]</a> Various factors lay behind this sudden mass response. Economically, the news had reached the US at the height of a series of financial recessions and bank failures in the 1890s. The <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> of the time tied paper money to the production of gold and shortages towards the end of the 19th century meant that gold dollars were rapidly increasing in value ahead of paper currencies and being hoarded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200194-45">[38]</a> This had contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1893" title="Panic of 1893">Panic of 1893</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1896" title="Panic of 1896">Panic of 1896</a>, which caused unemployment and financial uncertainty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003122-46">[39]</a> There was a huge, unresolved demand for gold across the developed world that the Klondike promised to fulfil and, for individuals, the region promised higher wages or financial security.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200194-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003122-46">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png/170px-Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png/255px-Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png/340px-Seattle_Post_Intelligencer_newspaper_front_page_for_July_17_1897_announcing_the_arrival_of_the_steamer_PORTLAND_in_Seattle_from_the_Klondike_gold_fields.png 2x" data-file-width="731" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle newspaper</a> announcing the arrival of gold from Klondike, July 17, 1897</figcaption></figure> Psychologically, the Klondike, as historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a> describes, was "just far enough away to be romantic and just close enough to be accessible". Furthermore, the Pacific ports closest to the gold strikes were desperate to encourage trade and travel to the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200195-47">[40]</a> The mass journalism of the period promoted the event and the human interest stories that lay behind it. A worldwide publicity campaign engineered largely by <a href="/wiki/Erastus_Brainerd" title="Erastus Brainerd">Erastus Brainerd</a>, a Seattle newspaperman, helped establish that city as the premier supply centre and the departure point for the gold fields.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001102-48">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200196-49">[42]</a> The prospectors came from many nations, although an estimated majority of 60 to 80 percent were Americans or recent immigrants to America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFetherling1997125-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998201-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[n 8]</a> Most had no experience in the mining industry, being clerks or salesmen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001112-54">[46]</a> Mass resignations of staff to join the gold rush became notorious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001101-55">[47]</a> In Seattle, this included the mayor, twelve policemen, and a significant percentage of the city's streetcar drivers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001101–102-56">[48]</a> Some stampeders were famous: <a href="/wiki/John_McGraw_(governor)" title="John McGraw (governor)">John McGraw</a>, the former governor of Washington, joined, together with the prominent lawyer and sportsman A. Balliot. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Burnham</a>, a well-known American scout and explorer, arrived from Africa, only to be called back to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurnham1926251–279-57">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001102–103-58">[50]</a> Among those who documented the rush was the Swedish-born photographer <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Hegg" title="Eric A. Hegg">Eric Hegg</a>, who took some of the iconic pictures of Chilkoot Pass, and reporter <a href="/wiki/Tappan_Adney" title="Tappan Adney">Tappan Adney</a>, who afterwards wrote a first-hand history of the stampede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001275-59">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[n 9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>, later a famous American writer, left to seek for gold but made his money during the rush mostly by working for prospectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952132-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[n 10]</a> Seattle and San Francisco competed fiercely for business during the rush, with Seattle winning the larger share of trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001114-64">[54]</a> Indeed, one of the first to join the gold rush was William D. Wood, the mayor of Seattle, who resigned and formed a company to transport prospectors to the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001102-48">[41]</a> The publicity around the gold rush led to a flurry of branded goods being marketed. Clothing, equipment, food, and medicines were all sold as "Klondike" goods, allegedly designed for the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001106-65">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[n 11]</a> Guidebooks were published, giving advice about routes, equipment, mining, and capital necessary for the enterprise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001110-69">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record1897ix-70">[59]</a> The newspapers of the time termed this phenomenon "Klondicitis".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001106-65">[55]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House,_Victoria,_B_C,_Feb_21,_1898_(HS85-10-9774)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Klondikers buying miner's licences at the Custom House in Victoria, British Columbia, on February 12, 1898"><img alt="Klondikers buying miner's licences at the Custom House in Victoria, British Columbia, on February 12, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House%2C_Victoria%2C_B_C%2C_Feb_21%2C_1898_%28HS85-10-9774%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/219px-Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House%2C_Victoria%2C_B_C%2C_Feb_21%2C_1898_%28HS85-10-9774%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House%2C_Victoria%2C_B_C%2C_Feb_21%2C_1898_%28HS85-10-9774%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/329px-Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House%2C_Victoria%2C_B_C%2C_Feb_21%2C_1898_%28HS85-10-9774%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House%2C_Victoria%2C_B_C%2C_Feb_21%2C_1898_%28HS85-10-9774%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/439px-Klondikers_buying_miner%27s_licenses_at_Custom_House%2C_Victoria%2C_B_C%2C_Feb_21%2C_1898_%28HS85-10-9774%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2709" data-file-height="1977" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Klondikers buying miner's licences at the Custom House in Victoria, British Columbia, on February 12, 1898</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver,_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="SS Islander leaving Vancouver, bound for Skagway, 1897"><img alt="SS Islander leaving Vancouver, bound for Skagway, 1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg/230px-Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg/345px-Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg/460px-Steamship_Islander_leaving_Vancouver%2C_British_Columbia_for_Skagway_Bay_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2712" data-file-height="1734" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">SS Islander leaving Vancouver, bound for Skagway, 1897</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 265px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 260px; height: 190px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Excelcior-1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The S/S Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike.[n 12]"><img alt="San Francisco, July 1897. The steamship Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Excelcior-1897.jpg/229px-Excelcior-1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="229" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Excelcior-1897.jpg/343px-Excelcior-1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Excelcior-1897.jpg/457px-Excelcior-1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="527" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The S/S Excelsior leaves San Francisco on July 28, 1897, for the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-72">[n 12]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes_to_the_Klondike">Routes to the Klondike</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Routes to the Klondike">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_Routes_Map2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Route to the Klondike" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Klondike_Routes_Map2.png/370px-Klondike_Routes_Map2.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Klondike_Routes_Map2.png/555px-Klondike_Routes_Map2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Klondike_Routes_Map2.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Routes to the <a href="/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon" title="Klondike, Yukon">Klondike</a> (red spot). For details see appendix.</figcaption></figure> The Klondike could be reached only by the Yukon River, either upstream from its delta, downstream from its head, or from somewhere in the middle through its tributaries. River boats could navigate the Yukon in the summer from the delta until a point called Whitehorse, above the Klondike. Travel, in general, was made difficult by both terrain and climate. The region was mountainous, the rivers winding and sometimes impassable; summers, albeit short, still brought heat, while during the long winters, temperatures could drop below −50 °C (−58 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGardner2008394-73">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record189723-74">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[n 13]</a> Aids for the travellers to carry their supplies varied; some had brought dogs, horses, <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a>, or oxen, whereas others had to rely on carrying their equipment on their backs or on sleds pulled by hand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001154–155-78">[65]</a> Shortly after the stampede began in 1897, the Canadian authorities had introduced rules requiring anyone entering Yukon Territory to bring with them a year's supply of food; typically this weighed around 1,150 pounds (520 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001154-79">[66]</a> By the time camping equipment, tools and other essentials were included, a typical traveller was transporting as much as a ton in weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001154-79">[66]</a> Unsurprisingly, the price of draft animals soared; at Dyea, even poor quality horses could sell for as much as $700 ($19,000), or be rented out for $40 ($1,100) a day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001238–239-80">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[n 14]</a> From Seattle or San Francisco, prospectors could travel by sea up the coast to the ports of Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001124-83">[69]</a> The route following the coast is now referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Inside_Passage" title="Inside Passage">Inside Passage</a>. It led to the ports of Dyea and Skagway plus ports of nearby trails. The sudden increase in demand encouraged a range of vessels to be pressed into service including old <a href="/wiki/Paddle_steamer" title="Paddle steamer">paddle wheelers</a>, fishing boats, barges, and coal ships still full of coal dust. All were overloaded and many sank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001124–125-84">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_water_routes">All water routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: All water routes">edit</a>]</div> It was possible to sail all the way to the Klondike, first from Seattle across the northern Pacific to the Alaskan coast. From <a href="/wiki/St._Michael,_Alaska#History" title="St. Michael, Alaska">St. Michael</a>, at the Yukon River delta, a river boat could then take the prospectors the rest of the way up the river to Dawson, often guided by one of the Native <a href="/wiki/Koyukon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Koyukon people">Koyukon people</a> who lived near St. Michael.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190-85">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199859-86">[72]</a> Although this all-water route, also called "the rich man's route", was expensive and long – 4,700 miles (7,600 km) in total – it had the attraction of speed and avoiding overland travel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190-85">[71]</a> At the beginning of the stampede a ticket could be bought for $150 ($4,050) while during the winter 1897–98 the fare settled at $1,000 ($27,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._4,6-87">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[n 15]</a> In 1897, some 1,800 travellers attempted this route but the vast majority were caught along the river when the region iced over in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190-85">[71]</a> Only 43 reached the Klondike before winter and of those 35 had to return, having thrown away their equipment en route to reach their destination in time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190-85">[71]</a> The remainder mostly found themselves stranded in isolated camps and settlements along the ice-covered river often in desperate circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190–195-90">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[n 16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dyea/Skagway_routes">Dyea/Skagway routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dyea/Skagway routes">edit</a>]</div> Most of the prospectors landed at the southeast Alaskan towns of Dyea and Skagway, both located at the head of the natural <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Canal" title="Lynn Canal">Lynn Canal</a> at the end of the Inside Passage. From there, they needed to travel over the mountain ranges into Canada's Yukon Territory, and then down the river network to the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001140–141-93">[77]</a> Along the trails, tent camps sprung up at places where prospectors had to stop to eat or sleep or at obstacles such as the icy lakes at the head of the Yukon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952124-94">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdney1994113-95">[79]</a> At the start of the rush, a ticket from Seattle to the port of Dyea cost $40 ($1,100) for a cabin. Premiums of $100 ($2,700), however, were soon paid and the steamship companies hesitated to post their rates in advance since they could increase on a daily basis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record189797-96">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_Pass_trail">White Pass trail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: White Pass trail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg/220px-Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg/330px-Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg/440px-Whitepass-dead-horses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Dead horses on White Pass trail, 1898</figcaption></figure> Those who landed at Skagway made their way over the White Pass before cutting across to <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Lake" title="Bennett Lake">Bennett Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001140-97">[81]</a> Although the trail began gently, it progressed over several mountains with paths as narrow as 2 feet (0.61 m) and in wider parts covered with boulders and sharp rocks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001141-98">[82]</a> Under these conditions horses died in huge numbers, giving the route the informal name of Dead Horse Trail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001140–141-93">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[n 17]</a> The volumes of travellers and the wet weather made the trail impassable and, by late 1897, it was closed until further notice, leaving around 5,000 stranded in Skagway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001141-98">[82]</a> An alternative toll road suitable for wagons was eventually constructed and this, combined with colder weather that froze the muddy ground, allowed the White Pass to reopen, and prospectors began to make their way into Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001141-98">[82]</a> Moving supplies and equipment over the pass had to be done in stages. Most divided their belongings into 65 pounds (29 kg) packages that could be carried on a man's back, or heavier loads that could be pulled by hand on a sled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001154–155-78">[65]</a> Ferrying packages forwards and walking back for more, a prospector would need about thirty round trips, a distance of at least 2,500 miles (4,000 km), before they had moved all of their supplies to the end of the trail. Even using a heavy sled, a strong man would be covering 1,000 miles (1,600 km) and need around 90 days to reach Lake Bennett.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001155-101">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chilkoot_trail">Chilkoot trail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chilkoot trail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prospectors with supplies at The Chilkoot Pass. In front: The Scales. Left: Golden Steps, right: Pederson Pass. March–April 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg/220px-ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg/330px-ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg/440px-ChilkootPass_GoldenStairs2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Prospectors with supplies at the Chilkoot Pass. In front: The Scales, left: Golden Steps. c. March 1898.<a href="#cite_note-103">[n 18]</a></figcaption></figure> Those who landed at Dyea, Skagway's neighbour town, travelled the <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail" title="Chilkoot Trail">Chilkoot Trail</a> and crossed its pass to reach Lake Lindeman, which fed into Lake Bennett at the head of the Yukon River.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001241-104">[86]</a> The Chilkoot Pass was higher than the White Pass, but more used it: around 22,000 during the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001236-105">[87]</a> The trail passed up through camps until it reached a flat ledge, just before the main ascent, which was too steep for animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243-106">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[n 19]</a> This location was known as the Scales, and was where goods were weighed before travellers officially entered Canada. The cold, the steepness and the weight of equipment made the climb extremely arduous and it could take a day to get to the top of the 1,000 feet (300 m) high slope.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243–244-109">[90]</a> As on the White Pass trail, supplies needed to be broken down into smaller packages and carried in relay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001245-110">[91]</a> Packers, prepared to carry supplies for cash, were available along the route but would charge up to $1 ($27) per lb (0.45 kg) on the later stages; many of these packers were natives: Tlingits or, less commonly, Tagish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243-106">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195299–100-111">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199841–42-112">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">Avalanches</a> were common in the mountains and, on April 3, 1898, one claimed the lives of more than 60 people travelling over Chilkoot Pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001256–257-113">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[n 20]</a> Entrepreneurs began to provide solutions as the winter progressed. Steps were cut into the ice at the Chilkoot Pass which could be used for a daily fee, this 1,500 step staircase becoming known as the "Golden Steps".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001244-116">[96]</a> By December 1897, Archie Burns built a <a href="/wiki/Tramway_(industrial)" title="Tramway (industrial)">tramway</a> up the final parts of the Chilkoot Pass. A horse at the bottom turned a wheel, which pulled a rope running to the top and back; freight was loaded on sledges pulled by the rope. Five more tramways soon followed, one powered by a <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, charging between 8 and 30 cents ($2 and $8) per 1 pound (0.45 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001247-117">[97]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail_tramways" title="Chilkoot Trail tramways">aerial tramway</a> was built in the spring of 1898, able to move 9 tonnes of goods an hour up to the summit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001247-117">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952115-75">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Head_of_Yukon_River">Head of Yukon River</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Head of Yukon River">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prospectors in a tent camp at Bennett Lake waiting for the ice on Yukon River to break up, May 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg/220px-Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg/330px-Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg/440px-Klondike_camp_Yukon_head.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>Prospectors in a tent camp at <a href="/wiki/Bennett_Lake" title="Bennett Lake">Bennett Lake</a> waiting for the ice on <a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a> to break up, May 1898</figcaption></figure> At Lakes Bennett and Lindeman, the prospectors camped to build rafts or boats that would take them the final 500 miles (800 km) down the Yukon to Dawson City in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001262,_268–269-118">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[n 21]</a> 7,124 boats of varying size and quality left in May 1898; by that time, the forests around the lakes had been largely cut down for timber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001269-121">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse200351-122">[101]</a> The river posed a new problem. Above <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehorse, Yukon">Whitehorse</a>, it was dangerous, with several rapids along the Miles Canyon through to the White Horse Rapids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952131-123">[102]</a> After many boats were wrecked and several hundred people died, the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">North-West Mounted Police</a> (NWMP) introduced safety rules, <a href="/wiki/Vetting#Ships" title="Vetting">vetting</a> the boats carefully and forbidding women and children to travel through the rapids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001272–273-124">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952132-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[n 22]</a> Additional rules stated that any boat carrying passengers required a <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">licensed pilot</a>, typically costing $25 ($680), although some prospectors simply unpacked their boats and let them drift unmanned through the rapids with the intent of walking down to collect them on the other side.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952132-62">[53]</a> During the summer, a horse-powered rail-tramway was built by Norman Macaulay, capable of carrying boats and equipment through the canyon at $25 ($680) a time, removing the need for prospectors to navigate the rapids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001273-126">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parallel_trails">Parallel trails</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Parallel trails">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prospectors sailing toward Dawson in boat on upper Yukon River, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg/220px-Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg/330px-Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg/440px-Boat_on_the_Upper_Yukon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2156" data-file-height="1464" /></a><figcaption>Klondikers sailing toward <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson</a> on the upper Yukon River, 1898</figcaption></figure> There were a few more trails established during 1898 from South-east Alaska to the Yukon River. One was the Dalton trail: starting from Pyramid Harbour, close to Dyea, it went across the <a href="/wiki/Chilkat_Pass" title="Chilkat Pass">Chilkat Pass</a> some miles west of Chilkoot and turned north to the Yukon River, a distance of about 350 miles (560 km). This was created by Jack Dalton as a summer route, intended for cattle and horses, and Dalton charged a toll of $250 ($6,800) for its use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001356–357-127">[105]</a> The Takou route started from Juneau and went north-east to Teslin Lake. From here, it followed a river to the Yukon, where it met the Dyea and Skagway route at a point halfway to the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record189739–41-128">[106]</a> It meant dragging and poling canoes up-river and through mud together with crossing a 5,000 feet (1,500 m) mountain along a narrow trail. Finally, there was the Stikine route starting from the port of Wrangell further south-east of Skagway. This route went up the uneasy Stikine River to Glenora, the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/head_of_navigation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:head of navigation">head of navigation</a>. From Glenora, prospectors would have to carry their supplies 150 miles (240 km) to Teslin Lake where it, like the Takou route, met the Yukon River system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001207–208-129">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All-Canadian_routes">All-Canadian routes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: All-Canadian routes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelly_River_1898.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of the Pelly River" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pelly_River_1898.png/220px-Pelly_River_1898.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pelly_River_1898.png/330px-Pelly_River_1898.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pelly_River_1898.png/440px-Pelly_River_1898.png 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>A tent-camp along the <a href="/wiki/Pelly_River" title="Pelly River">Pelly River</a> a Canadian tributary to the Yukon River, 1898</figcaption></figure> An alternative to the South-east Alaskan ports were the All-Canadian routes, so-called because they mostly stayed on Canadian soil throughout their journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001207-130">[108]</a> These were popular with British and Canadians for patriotic reasons and because they avoided American customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001207-130">[108]</a> The first of these, around 1,000 miles (1,600 km) in length, started from <a href="/wiki/Ashcroft,_British_Columbia" title="Ashcroft, British Columbia">Ashcroft</a> in British Columbia and crossed swamps, river <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">gorges</a>, and mountains until it met with the Stikine River route at Glenora.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001207–208-129">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[n 23]</a> From Glenora, prospectors would face the same difficulties as those who came from Wrangell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001207–208-129">[107]</a> At least 1,500 men attempted to travel along the Ashcroft route and 5,000 along the Stikine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001208–210-133">[110]</a> The mud and the slushy ice of the two routes proved exhausting, killing or incapacitating the pack animals and creating chaos amongst the travellers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001212–213-134">[111]</a> Three more routes started from <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>; these were not much better – barely trails at all – despite being advertised as "the inside track" and the "back door to the Klondike".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record1897189-135">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001216–218-136">[113]</a> One, the "overland route", headed north-west from Edmonton, ultimately meeting the <a href="/wiki/Peace_River_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace River (Canada)">Peace River</a> and then continuing on overland to the Klondike, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a> en route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001218–222-137">[114]</a> To encourage travel via Edmonton, the government hired T.W. Chalmers to build a trail, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Trail" title="Klondike Trail">Klondike Trail</a> or Chalmers Trail.<a href="#cite_note-138">[115]</a> The other two trails, known as the "water routes", involved more river travel. One went by boat along rivers and overland to the Yukon River system at <a href="/wiki/Pelly_River" title="Pelly River">Pelly River</a> and from there to Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001226–232-139">[116]</a> Another went north of Dawson by the <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_McPherson,_Northwest_Territories" title="Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories">Fort McPherson</a>, before entering Alaska and meeting the Yukon River at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yukon,_Alaska" title="Fort Yukon, Alaska">Fort Yukon</a>, downstream to the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001226–232-139">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild19986-140">[117]</a> From here, the boat and equipment had to be pulled up the Yukon about 400 miles (640 km). An estimated 1,660 travellers took these three routes, of whom only 685 arrived, some taking up to 18 months to make the journey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001218,_225-141">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""All-American"_route">"All-American" route</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "All-American" route">edit</a>]</div> An equivalent to the All-Canadian routes was the "All-American route", which aimed to reach the Yukon from the port of <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a>, which lay further along the Alaskan coast from Skagway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001195–196-142">[119]</a> This, it was hoped, would evade the Canadian customs posts and provide an American-controlled route into the interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001196-143">[120]</a> From late 1897 onwards 3,500 men and women attempted it; delayed by the winter snows, fresh efforts were made in the spring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001197-144">[121]</a> In practice, the huge Valdez glacier that stood between the port and the Alaskan interior proved almost insurmountable and only 200 managed to climb it; by 1899, the cold and <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">scurvy</a> was causing many deaths amongst the rest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001198–202-145">[122]</a> Other prospectors attempted an alternative route across the <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Glacier" title="Malaspina Glacier">Malaspina Glacier</a> just to the east, suffering even greater hardships.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001204-146">[123]</a> Those who did manage to cross it found themselves having to negotiate miles of wilderness before they could reach Dawson. Their expedition was forced to turn back the same way they had come, with only four men surviving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001205–206-147">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_control">Border control</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Border control">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Peak of Chilkoot Pass in March–April 1898. Men wearing winter clothes with their supplies in the snow all of it surrounded by hill-sides." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg/220px-Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg/330px-Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg/440px-Chilkoot-border-1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>US–Canada border on the Chilkoot Pass, 1898<a href="#cite_note-149">[n 24]</a></figcaption></figure> The borders in South-east Alaska <a href="/wiki/Alaska_boundary_dispute" title="Alaska boundary dispute">were disputed</a> between the US, Canada and Britain since the American <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">purchase of Alaska</a> from Russia in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195272-150">[126]</a> The US and Canada both claimed the ports of Dyea and Skagway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195272-150">[126]</a> This, combined with the numbers of American prospectors, the quantities of gold being mined and the difficulties in exercising government authority in such a remote area, made the control of the borders a sensitive issue.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195275–76-151">[127]</a> Early on in the gold rush, the US Army sent a small <a href="/wiki/Detachment_(military)" title="Detachment (military)">detachment</a> to Circle City, in case intervention was required in the Klondike, while the Canadian government considered excluding all American prospectors from the Yukon Territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195271,_75,_77-152">[128]</a> Neither eventuality took place and instead the US agreed to make Dyea a sub-port of entry for Canadians, allowing British ships to land Canadian passengers and goods freely there, while Canada agreed to permit American miners to operate in the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195276–77-153">[129]</a> Both decisions were unpopular among their domestic publics: American businessmen complained that their right to a <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on regional trade was being undermined, while the Canadian public demanded action against the American miners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195276–77-153">[129]</a> The North-West Mounted Police set up control posts at the borders of the Yukon Territory or, where that was disputed, at easily controlled points such as the Chilkoot and White Passes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrison198563-154">[130]</a> These units were armed with <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim guns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001248-155">[131]</a> Their tasks included enforcing the rules requiring that travellers bring a year's supply of food with them to be allowed into the Yukon Territory, checking for illegal weapons, preventing the entry of criminals and enforcing customs duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001154,_248–249-156">[132]</a> This last task was particularly unpopular with American prospectors, who faced paying an average of 25 percent of the value of their goods and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195279-157">[133]</a> The Mounties had a reputation for running these posts honestly, although accusations were made that they took bribes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001249-158">[134]</a> Prospectors, on the other hand, tried to smuggle prize items like <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a> across the pass in tins and bales of hay: the former item for the ladies, the latter for the saloons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._8.2-159">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> Of the estimated 30,000 to 40,000 people who reached Dawson City during the gold rush, only around 15,000 to 20,000 finally became prospectors. Of these, no more than 4,000 struck gold and only a few hundred became rich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001396-36">[30]</a> By the time most of the stampeders arrived in 1898, the best creeks had all been claimed, either by the long-term miners in the region or by the first arrivals of the year before.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20073-160">[136]</a> The Bonanza, Eldorado, Hunker, and Dominion Creeks were all taken, with almost 10,000 claims recorded by the authorities by July 1898; a new prospector would have to look further afield to find a claim of his own. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952154,_165-161">[137]</a> Geologically, the region was permeated with veins of gold, forced to the surface by <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> action and then worn away by the action of rivers and streams, leaving nuggets and gold dust in deposits known as <a href="/wiki/Placer_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Placer gold">placer gold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton20011-162">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[n 25]</a> Some ores lay along the creek beds in lines of soil, typically 15 feet (4.6 m) to 30 feet (9.1 m) beneath the surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952158–160-164">[139]</a> Others, formed by even older streams, lay along the hilltops; these deposits were called "bench gold".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952158-165">[140]</a> Finding the gold was challenging. Initially, miners had assumed that all the gold would be along the existing creeks, and it was not until late in 1897 that the hilltops began to be mined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001179–180-166">[141]</a> Gold was also unevenly distributed, which made the prediction of good mining sites uncertain without exploratory digging.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952158–159-167">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952160-168">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods">Methods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mining_methods_of_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Mining methods of the Klondike Gold Rush">Mining methods of the Klondike Gold Rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Underground-mining-klondike.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of miners" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Underground-mining-klondike.jpg/170px-Underground-mining-klondike.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Underground-mining-klondike.jpg/255px-Underground-mining-klondike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Underground-mining-klondike.jpg/340px-Underground-mining-klondike.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Mining in a shaft, 1898</figcaption></figure> Mining began with clearing the ground of vegetation and debris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952159-169">[144]</a> Prospect holes were then dug in an attempt to find the ore or "pay streak".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952159-169">[144]</a> If these holes looked productive, proper digging could commence, aiming down to the bedrock, where the majority of the gold was found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952159-169">[144]</a> The digging would be carefully monitored in case the operation needed to be shifted to allow for changes in the flow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952159-169">[144]</a> In the sub-Arctic climate of the Klondike, a layer of hard permafrost lay only 6 feet (1.8 m) below the surface.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200711-170">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952169-171">[146]</a> Traditionally, this had meant that mining in the region only occurred during the summer months, but the pressure of the gold rush made such a delay unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952160-168">[143]</a> Late 19th-century technology existed for dealing with this problem, including hydraulic mining and stripping, and <a href="/wiki/Gold_dredge" title="Gold dredge">dredging</a>. Still, the heavy equipment required for this could not be brought into the Klondike during the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200711-170">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse200392-172">[147]</a> Instead, the miners relied on wood fires to soften the ground to a depth of about 14 inches (360 mm) and then remove the resulting gravel. The process was repeated until the gold was reached. In theory, no support of the shaft was necessary because of the permafrost although in practice sometimes the fire melted the permafrost and caused collapses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse200399-173">[148]</a> Fires could also produce harmful gases, which had to be removed by bellows or other tools.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record189717-174">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200711–12-175">[150]</a> The resulting "dirt" brought out of the mines froze quickly in winter and could be processed only during the warmer summer months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200711–12-175">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[n 26]</a> An alternative, more efficient, approach called steam thawing was devised between 1897 and 1898; this used a furnace to pump steam directly into the ground, but since it required additional equipment it was not a widespread technique during the years of the rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdney1994419-177">[151]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg/220px-Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg/330px-Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg/440px-Thawing-eldorado-creek-1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Thawing with steam, 1898</figcaption></figure> In the summer, water would sluice and pan the dirt, separating the heavier gold from gravel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200712-178">[152]</a> This required miners to construct sluices, which were sequences of wooden boxes 15 feet (4.6 m) long, through which the dirt would be washed; up to 20 of these might be needed for each mining operation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952170-179">[153]</a> The sluices in turn required much water, usually produced by creating a dam and ditches or crude pipes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952172-180">[154]</a> "Bench gold" mining on the hill sides could not use sluice lines because water could not be pumped that high up. Instead, these mines used rockers, boxes that moved back and forth like a cradle, to create the motion needed for separation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952171-181">[155]</a> Finally, the resulting gold dust could be exported out of the Klondike; exchanged for paper money at the rate of $16 ($430) per troy ounce (ozt)(31.1 g) through one of the major banks that opened in Dawson City, or simply used as money when dealing with local traders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001288–289-182">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[n 27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Business">edit</a>]</div> Successful mining took time and capital, particularly once most of the timber around the Klondike had been cut down.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952172-180">[154]</a> A realistic mining operation required $1,500 ($42,000) for wood to be burned to melt the ground, along with around $1,000 ($28,000) to construct a dam, $1,500 ($42,000) for ditches and up to $600 ($16,800) for sluice boxes, a total of $4,600 ($128,800).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952172-180">[154]</a> The attraction of the Klondike to a prospector, however, was that when gold was found, it was often highly concentrated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952236-185">[158]</a> Some of the creeks in the Klondike were fifteen times richer in gold than those in <a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California</a>, and richer still than those in <a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952236-185">[158]</a> In just two years, for example, $230,000 ($6,440,000) worth of gold was brought up from claim 29 on the Eldorado Creek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952168-186">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[n 28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_mining,_c.1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of mining operation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Klondike_mining%2C_c.1899.jpg/220px-Klondike_mining%2C_c.1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Klondike_mining%2C_c.1899.jpg/330px-Klondike_mining%2C_c.1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Klondike_mining%2C_c.1899.jpg/440px-Klondike_mining%2C_c.1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="967" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Hill-side mining, showing <a href="/wiki/Rocker_box" title="Rocker box">rockers</a>, c. 1899</figcaption></figure> Under Canadian law, miners first had to get a licence, either when they arrived at Dawson or en route from <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952184-189">[161]</a> They could then prospect for gold and when they had found a suitable location, lay a claim to mining rights over it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952183-190">[162]</a> To stake a claim, a prospector would drive stakes into the ground a measured distance apart and then return to Dawson to register the claim for $15 ($410).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952183-190">[162]</a> This normally had to be done within three days, and by 1897 only one claim per person at a time was allowed in a district, although married couples could exploit a loophole that allowed the wife to register a claim in her own name, doubling their amount of land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952181-191">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse1995156-192">[164]</a> The claim could be mined freely for a year, after which a $100 ($2,800) fee had to be paid annually. Should the prospector leave the claim for more than three days without good reason, another miner could make a claim on the land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20079-193">[165]</a> The Canadian government also charged a <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> of between 10 and 20 percent on the value of gold taken from a claim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record1897148-194">[166]</a> Traditionally, a mining claim had been granted over a 500-foot (150 m) long stretch of a creek, including the land from one side of the valley to another. The Canadian authorities had tried to reduce this length to 150 feet (46 m), but under pressure from miners had been forced to agree to 250 feet (76 m). The only exception to this was a "Discovery" claim, the first to be made on a creek, which could be 500 feet (150 m) long.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952181–182-195">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[n 29]</a> The exact lengths of claims were often challenged and when the government <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveyor</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ogilvie_(surveyor)" title="William Ogilvie (surveyor)">William Ogilvie</a> conducted surveys to settle disputes, he found some claims exceeded the official limit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200172–74-198">[169]</a> The excess fractions of land then became available as claims and were sometimes quite valuable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200172–74-198">[169]</a> Claims could be bought. However, their price depended on whether they had been yet proved to contain gold.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165-199">[170]</a> A prospector with capital might consider taking a risk on an "unproved" claim on one of the better creeks for $5,000 ($140,000); a wealthier miner could buy a "proved" mine for $50,000 ($1,400,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165-199">[170]</a> The well known claim eight on Eldorado Creek was sold for as much as $350,000 ($9,800,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165-199">[170]</a> Prospectors were also allowed to hire others to work for them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200714–15-200">[171]</a> Enterprising miners such as <a href="/wiki/Alex_McDonald_(prospector)" title="Alex McDonald (prospector)">Alex McDonald</a> set about amassing mines and employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200178-201">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leverage_(finance)" title="Leverage (finance)">Leveraging</a> his acquisitions with short-term loans, by the autumn of 1897 McDonald had purchased 28 claims, estimated to be worth millions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200178-201">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swiftwater_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiftwater Bill">Swiftwater Bill</a> famously borrowed heavily against his claim on the Eldorado creek, relying on hired hands to mine the gold to keep up his interest payments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200180–81-202">[173]</a> The less fortunate prospectors soon found themselves destitute. Some sold their equipment and return south while others took manual jobs, either in mines or in Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173-203">[174]</a> The typical daily pay of $15 ($410) was high by external standards, but low compared to the local cost of living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173-203">[174]</a> The possibility that a new creek might produce gold, however, continued to tempt poorer prospectors and caused small stampedes around the Klondike throughout the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173–174-204">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_the_Klondike">Life in the Klondike</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Life in the Klondike">edit</a>]</div> The massive influx of prospectors drove the formation of boom towns along the routes of the stampede, with Dawson City in the Klondike the largest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001139-205">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">[177]</a> The new towns were crowded, often chaotic and many disappeared just as soon as they came.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001354-207">[178]</a> Most stampeders were men but women also travelled to the region, typically as the wife of a prospector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199820-208">[179]</a> Some women entertained in gambling and dance halls built by business men and women who were encouraged by the lavish spending of successful miners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001352–253-209">[180]</a> Dawson remained relatively lawful, protected by the Canadian NWMP, which meant that gambling and prostitution were accepted while robbery and murder were kept low. By contrast, especially the port of Skagway under US jurisdiction in Southeast Alaska became infamous for its criminal underworld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142-210">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001306-211">[182]</a> The extreme climate and remoteness of the region in general meant that supplies and communication with the outside world including news and mail were scarce.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20078-212">[183]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boomtowns">Boomtowns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Boomtowns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Skagway, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg/220px-Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg/330px-Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg/440px-Skagway-view-1898-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>View of Skagway, 1898</figcaption></figure> The ports of Dyea and Skagway, through which most of the prospectors entered, were tiny settlements before the gold rush, Skagway consisting of only a single log cabin, and Dyea comprising a handful of Tlingit houses and the Healy & Wilson trading store. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001134–135-213">[184]</a> Because there were no <a href="/wiki/Wharf" title="Wharf">docking facilities</a>, ships had to unload their cargo directly onto the beach, where people tried to move their goods before high tide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137–138-214">[185]</a> Inevitably <a href="/wiki/Cargos" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargos">cargos</a> were lost in the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137-215">[186]</a> Some travellers had arrived intending to supply goods and services to the would-be miners; some of these in turn, realizing how difficult it would be to reach Dawson, chose to do the same.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137–138-214">[185]</a> Within weeks, storehouses, saloons, and offices lined the muddy streets of Dyea and Skagway, surrounded by tents and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hovel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hovel">hovels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001139-205">[176]</a> Skagway became famous in international media; the author <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a> described the town as "a nest of ants taken into a strange country and stirred up by a stick".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137-215">[186]</a> While Dyea remained a transit point throughout the winter, Skagway began to take on a more permanent character.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001145-216">[187]</a> Skagway also built wharves out into the bay in order to attract a greater share of the prospectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195298-217">[188]</a> The town was effectively lawless, dominated by drinking, gunfire and prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001148–149-218">[189]</a> The visiting NWMP Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele" title="Sam Steele">Sam Steele</a> noted that it was "little better than a hell on earth ... about the roughest place in the world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001149-219">[190]</a> Nonetheless, by the summer of 1898, with a population—including migrants—of between 15,000 and 20,000, Skagway was the largest city in Alaska.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195299-220">[191]</a> In early 1898 Skagway fell under the control of <a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Jefferson Randolph "Soapy" Smith</a> and his men, who arrived from Seattle shortly after Skagway began to expand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009532-221">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001150-222">[193]</a> He was an American <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">confidence man</a> whose gang, 200 to 300 strong, cheated and stole from the prospectors travelling through the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001150–151,_153,_331-223">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[n 30]</a> He maintained the illusion of being an upstanding member of the community, opening three saloons as well as creating fake businesses to assist in his operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009454–455-226">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001152-227">[197]</a> One of his scams was a fake <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraph office</a> charging to send messages all over the US and Canada, often pretending to receive a reply.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001152–153-228">[198]</a> Opposition to Smith steadily grew and, after weeks of <a href="/wiki/Vigilante" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigilante">vigilante</a> activity, he was killed in Skagway during the <a href="/wiki/Shootout_on_Juneau_Wharf" title="Shootout on Juneau Wharf">shootout on Juneau Wharf</a> on July 8, 1898.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009532-221">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001327–329-229">[199]</a> Other towns also boomed. <a href="/wiki/Wrangell,_Alaska" title="Wrangell, Alaska">Wrangell</a>, port of the Stikine route and boom town from earlier gold rushes, increased in size again, with robberies, gambling and nude female dancing commonplace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001213-230">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a>, formed on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a> during the attempt to create the "All-American" route to the Klondike during the winter of 1897–1898, became a tent city of people who stayed behind to supply the ill-fated attempts to reach the interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001198–202-145">[122]</a> Edmonton, Alberta (at that time, the District of Alberta in the Northwest Territories), Canada, increased from a population of 1,200 before the gold rush to 4,000 during 1898.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412-231">[201]</a> Beyond the immediate region, cities such as San Francisco, Seattle, <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> and Victoria all saw their populations soar as a result of the stampede and the trade it brought along.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412-231">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dawson_City">Dawson City</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Dawson City">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawson-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Klondike City and Dawson City, 1899. Yukon River left and Klondike River at upper right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dawson-1899.jpg/220px-Dawson-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dawson-1899.jpg/330px-Dawson-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dawson-1899.jpg/440px-Dawson-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>Yukon River with Klondike City (foreground) and <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a> (upper right), 1899</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a> was founded in the early years of the Klondike goldrush, when prospector <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ladue" title="Joseph Ladue">Joe Ladue</a> and shopkeeper Arthur Harper decided to make a profit from the influx to the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200147-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952139–140-232">[202]</a> The two men bought 178 acres (72 ha) of the <a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">mudflats</a> at the junction of the Klondike and Yukon rivers from the government and laid out the street plan for a new town, bringing in timber and other supplies to sell to the migrants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200148-233">[203]</a> The Hän village of <a href="/wiki/Tr%27och%C3%ABk" title="Tr'ochëk">Tr'ochëk</a> along Deer Creek was considered to be too close to the new town, and the NWMP Superintendent <a href="/wiki/Charles_Constantine" title="Charles Constantine">Charles Constantine</a> moved its inhabitants 3 miles (4.8 km) down-river to a small <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199849-234">[204]</a> The town, in the beginning simply known as "Harper and Ladue town site", was named Dawson City after <a href="/wiki/George_Mercer_Dawson" title="George Mercer Dawson">the director of Canada's Geographical Survey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">[177]</a> It grew rapidly to hold 500 people by the winter of 1896, with plots of land selling for $500 ($14,000) each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">[177]</a> In the spring of 1898, the Dawson area population, including the surrounding gold fields, rose further to 30,000 as stampeders arrived over the passes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">[177]</a> The centre of the town, Front Street, was lined with hastily built buildings and warehouses, together with log cabins and tents spreading out across the rest of the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141-235">[205]</a> There was no running water or sewerage, and only two <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrosphere)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring (hydrosphere)">springs</a> for drinking water to supplement the increasingly polluted river.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952146–147-236">[206]</a> In spring, the unpaved streets were churned into thick mud and in summer the settlement reeked of human effluent and was plagued by flies and mosquitoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141,_147-237">[207]</a> Land in Dawson was now scarce, and plots sold for up to $10,000 ($280,000) each; prime locations on Front Street could reach $20,000 ($560,000) while a small log cabin might rent for $100 ($2,800) a month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140,_146–147-238">[208]</a> As a result, Dawson's population spread south into the empty Hän village, renaming it Klondike City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141–142-239">[209]</a> Other communities emerged closer to the mines, such as Granville on Dominion Creek and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks,_Yukon" title="Grand Forks, Yukon">Grand Forks</a> on Bonanza Creek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952155-240">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton197480-241">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawsonfire98.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dawsonfire98.jpg/220px-Dawsonfire98.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dawsonfire98.jpg/330px-Dawsonfire98.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Dawsonfire98.jpg/440px-Dawsonfire98.jpg 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Dawson after a fire, 1898</figcaption></figure> The newly built town proved highly vulnerable to fire. Houses were made of wood, heated with stoves and lit by candles and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">oil lamps</a>; water for emergencies was wanting, especially in the frozen winters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952226-242">[212]</a> The first major fire occurred on November 25, 1897, started accidentally by dance-hall girl Belle Mitchell.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001386-243">[213]</a> She also accidentally started a second major fire on October 14, 1898, which, in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Fire_department" title="Fire department">fire brigade</a> in Dawson, destroyed two major saloons, the post-office building and the Bank of British North America at a cost of $500,000 ($14,000,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001386–387-244">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952226–227-245">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[n 31]</a> The worst fire occurred on April 26, 1899, when a saloon caught fire in the middle of a <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strike</a> by the newly established fire brigade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001387-246">[216]</a> Most of the major landmarks in the town were burned to the ground: 117 buildings were destroyed, with the damage estimated at over $1 million ($28,000,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001388–389-248">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952228–229-249">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[n 32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Logistics">Logistics</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Logistics">edit</a>]</div> The remoteness of Dawson proved an ongoing problem for the supply of food, and as the population grew to 5,000 in 1897, this became critical.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20078-212">[183]</a> When the rivers iced over, it became clear that there would not be enough food for that winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001162-252">[220]</a> The NWMP evacuated some prospectors without supplies to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Yukon,_Alaska" title="Fort Yukon, Alaska">Fort Yukon</a> in Alaska from September 30 onwards, while others made their way out of the Klondike in search of food and shelter for the winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952199-253">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[n 33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawson-1898-mud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front Street in Dawson with wagon stuck in mud, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dawson-1898-mud.jpg/220px-Dawson-1898-mud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dawson-1898-mud.jpg/330px-Dawson-1898-mud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dawson-1898-mud.jpg/440px-Dawson-1898-mud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Muddy street in Dawson, 1898</figcaption></figure> Prices remained high in Dawson and supply fluctuated according to the season. During the winter of 1897 salt became worth its weight in gold, while nails, vital for construction work, rose in price to $28 ($784) per lb (0.45 kg).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952149-256">[223]</a> Cans of butter sold for $5 ($140) each.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001182-257">[224]</a> The only eight horses in Dawson were slaughtered for dog food as they could not be kept alive over the winter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952149-256">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[n 34]</a> The first fresh goods arriving in the spring of 1898 sold for record prices, eggs reaching $3 ($84) each and apples $1 ($28).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952148-261">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Scurvy" title="Scurvy">Scurvy</a>, a potentially fatal illness caused by the lack of vitamin C, became a problem, particularly during the winter where fresh food was unavailable. English prospectors gave it the telling name of "Canadian black leg".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200184-262">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998148-263">[229]</a> It struck, among others, writer Jack London and, although not fatal in his case, brought an end to his mining career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaley2010111-264">[230]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">Dysentery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> were also common in Dawson, and an epidemic of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoid">typhoid</a> broke out in July and ran rampant throughout the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003239-265">[231]</a> Up to 140 patients were taken into the newly constructed St Mary's Hospital and thousands were affected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998146-266">[232]</a> Measures were taken by the following year to prevent further outbreaks, including the introduction of better sewage management and the piping in of water from further upstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003239-265">[231]</a> These gave improvements in 1899, although typhoid remained a problem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003239-265">[231]</a> The new Hän reserve, however, lay downstream from Dawson City, and here the badly contaminated river continued to contribute to epidemics of typhoid and <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a> throughout the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199850-267">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[n 35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conspicuous_consumption">Conspicuous consumption</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conspicuous consumption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg/220px-Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg/330px-Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg/440px-Dawson-golddust-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Paying with gold dust, 1899</figcaption></figure> Despite these challenges, the huge quantities of gold coming through Dawson City encouraged a lavish lifestyle amongst the richer prospectors. Saloons were typically open 24 hours a day, with whiskey the standard drink.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952191-270">[235]</a> Gambling was popular, with the major saloons each running their own rooms; a culture of high stakes evolved, with rich prospectors routinely betting $1,000 ($28,000) at <a href="/wiki/Craps" title="Craps">dice</a> or playing for a $5,000 ($140,000) <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a> pot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952191-270">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[n 36]</a> The establishments around Front Street had grand façades in a <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Parisian</a> style, mirrors and plate-glass windows and, from late 1898, were lit by electric light.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001358–359-273">[237]</a> The dance halls in Dawson were particularly prestigious and major status symbols, both for customers and their owners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001359-274">[238]</a> Wealthy prospectors were expected to drink <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Champagne (wine)">champagne</a> at $60 ($1,660) a bottle, and the Pavilion dancehall cost its owner, Charlie Kimball, as much as $100,000 ($2,800,000) to construct and decorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001359–360-275">[239]</a> Elaborate opera houses were built, bringing singers and specialty acts to Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952192-276">[240]</a> Tales abounded of prospectors spending huge sums on entertainment — Jimmy McMahon once spent $28,000 ($784,000) in a single evening, for example.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952193-277">[241]</a> Most payments were made in gold dust and in places like saloons, there was so much spilled gold that a profit could be made just by sweeping the floor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200184-262">[228]</a> Some of the richest prospectors lived flamboyantly in Dawson. <a href="/wiki/Swiftwater_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiftwater Bill">Swiftwater Bill</a>, a gambler who rarely went anywhere without wearing silk and diamonds, was one of them. When he discovered the woman he was in love with (who liked eggs, an expensive luxury) was dining with another man, he allegedly bought all the eggs in Dawson, had them boiled and fed them to dogs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200181–82-278">[242]</a> Another miner, Frank Conrad, threw a sequence of gold objects onto a ship as tokens of his esteem when his favourite singer left Dawson City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001363-279">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200155,_383,_399-280">[244]</a> The wealthiest dance-hall girls followed suit: Daisy D'Avara had a belt made for herself from $340 ($9,520) in gold dollar coins; another, Gertie Lovejoy, had a diamond inserted between her two front teeth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001366–367-281">[245]</a> The miner and businessman Alex McDonald, despite being styled the "King of the Klondike", was unusual amongst his peers for his lack of grandiose spending. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Law_and_order">Law and order</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Law and order">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="PHotograph of NWMP men" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg/140px-NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg/210px-NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg/280px-NWMP_Klondike_1897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="630" /></a><figcaption>NWMPs with dogs, 1897</figcaption></figure> Unlike its American equivalents, Dawson City was a law-abiding town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142-210">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001306-211">[182]</a> By 1897, 96 members of the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police_in_the_Canadian_north" title="North-West Mounted Police in the Canadian north">NWMP had been sent to the district</a> and by 1898, this had increased to 288, an expensive commitment by the Canadian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20077-282">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[n 37]</a> By June 1898, the force was headed by Colonel <a href="/wiki/Sam_Steele" title="Sam Steele">Sam Steele</a>, an officer with a reputation for firm discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001308-284">[247]</a> In 1898, there were no murders and only a few major thefts; in all, only about 150 arrests were made in the Yukon for serious offences that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001307-285">[248]</a> Of these arrests, over half were for prostitution and resulted from an attempt by the NWMP to regulate the sex industry in Dawson: regular monthly arrests, $50 ($1,400) fines and medical inspections were imposed, with the proceeds being used to fund the local hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001307-285">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse1995108-286">[249]</a> The so-called <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue laws</a> were strictly enforced. Saloons and other establishments closed promptly at midnight on Saturday, and anyone caught working on Sunday was liable to be fined or set to chopping firewood for the NWMP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001306–307-287">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[n 38]</a> The NWMP are generally regarded by historians to have been an efficient and honest force during the period, although their task was helped by the geography of the Klondike which made it relatively easy to bar entry to undesirables or prevent suspects from leaving the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20078-212">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001311-290">[252]</a> In contrast to the NWMP, the early civil authorities were criticized by the prospectors for being inept and potentially corrupt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952179–180-291">[253]</a> Thomas Fawcett was the gold commissioner and temporary head of the Klondike administration at the start of the gold rush; he was accused of keeping the details of new claims secret and allowing what historian Kathryn Winslow termed "carelessness, ignorance and partiality" to reign in the mine recorder's office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952180-292">[254]</a> Following campaigns against him by prospectors, who were backed by the local press, Fawcett was relieved by the Canadian government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001315-293">[255]</a> His successor, Major <a href="/wiki/James_Morrow_Walsh" title="James Morrow Walsh">James Morrow Walsh</a>, was considered a stronger character and arrived in May 1898, but fell ill and returned east in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952180-292">[254]</a> It was left to his replacement, William Ogilvie, supported by a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a>, to conduct reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952180-292">[254]</a> The Commission, in lack of evidence, cleared Fawcett of all charges, which meant that he was not punished further than being relieved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952180-292">[254]</a> Ogilvie proved a much stronger administrator and subsequently revisited many of the mining surveys of his predecessors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200172-294">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="News_and_mail">News and mail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: News and mail">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office,_Yukon_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crowd in line for mail at Dawson post office, 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office%2C_Yukon_1899.jpg/220px-Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office%2C_Yukon_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office%2C_Yukon_1899.jpg/330px-Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office%2C_Yukon_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office%2C_Yukon_1899.jpg/440px-Crowd_Assembled_at_Dawson_Post_Office%2C_Yukon_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Line at Dawson post office, 1899</figcaption></figure> In the remote Klondike, there was great demand for news and contact with the world outside. During the first months of the stampede in 1897, it was said that no news was too old to be read. In the lack of newspapers, some prospectors would read can labels until they knew them by heart.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record1897274-295">[257]</a> The following year, two teams fought their way over the passes to reach Dawson City first, complete with <a href="/wiki/Printing-press" class="mw-redirect" title="Printing-press">printing-presses</a>, with the aim of gaining control of the newspaper market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001274-296">[258]</a> Gene Kelly, the editor of the Klondike Nugget arrived first, but without his equipment, and it was the team behind the Midnight Sun who produced the first daily newspaper in Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001274-296">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldO'Keefe199613–14-297">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlia1999125-298">[260]</a> The Dawson Miner followed shortly after, bringing the number of daily newspapers in the town during the gold rush up to three.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952150-299">[261]</a> The Nugget sold for $24 ($680) as an annual subscription, and became well known for championing miners and for its lucid coverage of scandals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonaldO'Keefe199615-300">[262]</a> Paper was often hard to find and during the winter of 1898–99, the Nugget had to be printed on butcher's wrapping paper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001390-301">[263]</a> News could also be told. In June, 1898, a prospector bought an edition of the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a> at an auction and charged spectators a dollar each to have it read aloud in one of Dawson's halls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._10.1-302">[264]</a> Mail service was chaotic during the stampede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001313-303">[265]</a> Apart from the number of prospectors, two major obstacles stood in its way. To begin with, any mail from America to Dawson City was sent to Juneau in South-east Alaska before being sent through Dawson and then down the Yukon to Circle City. From here it was then distributed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">US Post Office</a> back up to Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001314-304">[266]</a> The huge distances involved resulted in delays of several months and frequently the loss of protective envelopes and their addresses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001314-304">[266]</a> The second problem was in Dawson itself, which initially lacked a post office and therefore relied on two stores and a saloon to act as informal delivery points.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001314-304">[266]</a> The NWMP were tasked to run the mail system by October 1897, but they were ill-trained to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001314-304">[266]</a> Up to 5,700 letters might arrive in a single shipment, all of which had to be collected in person from the post office. This resulted in huge queues, with claimants lining up outside the office for up to three days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001314-304">[266]</a> Those who had no time and could afford it would pay others to stand in line for them, preferably a woman since they were allowed to get ahead in line out of politeness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdney1994434-305">[267]</a> Postage stamps, like paper in general, were scarce and rationed to two per customer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001314-304">[266]</a> By 1899, trained postal staff took over mail delivery and relieved the NWMP of this task.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERossMay198816-306">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_women">Role of women</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Role of women">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of actresses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg/220px-Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg/330px-Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg/440px-Actresses_travelling_on_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Actresses travelling to Dawson, 1898</figcaption></figure> In 1898 eight percent of those living in the Klondike territory were women, and in towns like Dawson this rose to 12 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199820-208">[179]</a> Many women arrived with their husbands or families, but others travelled alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998194-307">[269]</a> Most came to the Klondike for similar economic and social reasons as male prospectors, but they attracted particular media interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199514–15-308">[270]</a> The gender imbalance in the Klondike encouraged business proposals to ship young, single women into the region to marry newly wealthy miners; few, if any, of these marriages ever took place, but some single women appear to have travelled on their own in the hope of finding prosperous husbands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199558–61-309">[271]</a> Guidebooks gave recommendations for what practical clothes women should take to the Klondike: the female dress code of the time was formal, emphasising long skirts and <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corsets</a>, but most women adapted this for the conditions of the trails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199516–18-310">[272]</a> Regardless of experience, women in a party were typically expected to cook for the group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199522-311">[273]</a> Few mothers brought their children with them due to the risks of the travel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199550–51-312">[274]</a> Once in the Klondike, very few women—less than one percent—actually worked as miners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199884,_87-313">[275]</a> Many were married to miners; however, their lives as partners on the gold fields were still hard and often lonely. They had extensive domestic duties, including thawing ice and snow for water, breaking up frozen food, chopping wood and collecting wild foods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199890-314">[276]</a> In Dawson and other towns, some women took in laundry to make money.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199866-315">[277]</a> This was a physically demanding job but could be relatively easily combined with child care duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199866-315">[277]</a> Others took jobs in the service industry, for example as waitresses or seamstresses, which could pay well, but were often punctuated by periods of unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199820,_69-316">[278]</a> Both men and women opened <a href="/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadhouse (facility)">roadhouses</a>, but women were considered to be better at running them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199570-317">[279]</a> A few women worked in the packing trade, carrying goods on their backs, or became domestic servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199861,_66-318">[280]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_Roadhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of roadhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Klondike_Roadhouse.jpg/220px-Klondike_Roadhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Klondike_Roadhouse.jpg/330px-Klondike_Roadhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Klondike_Roadhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadhouse (facility)">Roadhouse</a> in the Klondike</figcaption></figure> Wealthier women with capital might invest in mines and other businesses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199885-319">[281]</a> One of the most prominent businesswomen in the Klondike was <a href="/wiki/Belinda_Mulrooney" title="Belinda Mulrooney">Belinda Mulrooney</a>. She brought a consignment of cloth and hot water bottles with her when she arrived in the Klondike in early 1897, and with the proceeds of those sales she first built <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks_Hotel" title="Grand Forks Hotel">a roadhouse at Grand Forks</a> and later a grand hotel in Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199574–75-320">[282]</a> She invested widely, including acquiring her own mining company, and was reputed to be the richest woman of the Klondike.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001174,_403–404-321">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199575-322">[284]</a> The wealthy <a href="/wiki/Martha_Black" title="Martha Black">Martha Black</a> was abandoned by her husband early in the journey to the Klondike but continued on without him, reaching Dawson City where she became a prominent citizen, investing in various mining and business ventures with her brother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998177–178-323">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199553-324">[286]</a> A relatively small number of women worked in the entertainment and <a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">sex industries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199898-325">[287]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> of these women were the highly paid actresses and courtesans of Dawson; beneath them were <a href="/wiki/Chorus_line" title="Chorus line">chorus line</a> dancers, who usually doubled as hostesses and other dance hall workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998113–114-326">[288]</a> While still better paid than white-collar male workers, these women worked very long hours and had significant expenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998114-327">[289]</a> The entertainment industry merged into the sex industry, where women made a living as prostitutes. The sex industry in the Klondike was concentrated in Klondike City and in a backstreet area of Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998100-328">[290]</a> A hierarchy of sexual employment existed, with brothels and parlour houses at the top, small independent "cigar shops" in the middle, and, at the bottom, the prostitutes who worked out of small huts called "hutches".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998118–119-329">[291]</a> Life for these workers was a continual struggle and the suicide rate was high.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998128–129-330">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse1995101-331">[293]</a> The degree of involvement between Indigenous women and the stampeders varied. Many Tlingit women worked as packers for the prospectors, for example, carrying supplies and equipment, sometimes also transporting their babies as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse19958-332">[294]</a> Hän women had relatively little contact with the white immigrants, however, and there was a significant social divide between local Hän women and white women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199855–56-333">[295]</a> Although before 1897 there had been a number of Indigenous women who married western men, including Kate Carmack, the Tagish wife of one of the discoverers, this practice did not survive into the stampede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199855-334">[296]</a> Very few stampeders married Hän women, and very few Hän women worked as prostitutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199854–55-335">[297]</a> "Respectable" white women would avoid associating with Indigenous women or prostitutes: those who did risked scandal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199888-336">[298]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_gold_rush">End of the gold rush</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: End of the gold rush">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dawson-1899-st.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dawson city in 1899. Modern houses, horse carriage and telegraph lines seen in street." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dawson-1899-st.jpg/220px-Dawson-1899-st.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dawson-1899-st.jpg/330px-Dawson-1899-st.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Dawson-1899-st.jpg/440px-Dawson-1899-st.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hand-coloured" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-coloured">Hand-coloured</a> photo of Dawson city c. 1899 at the end of the gold rush</figcaption></figure> By 1899 telegraphy stretched from <a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a>, Alaska, to Dawson City, Yukon, allowing instant international contact.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952232-337">[299]</a> In 1898, the <a href="/wiki/White_Pass_and_Yukon_Route" title="White Pass and Yukon Route">White Pass and Yukon Route</a> railway began to be built between Skagway and the <a href="/wiki/Whitehorse,_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitehorse, Yukon">head of navigation on the Yukon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse200361-338">[300]</a> When it was completed in 1900, the Chilkoot trail and its tramways became obsolete.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse200361-338">[300]</a> Despite these improvements in communication and transport, the rush faltered from 1898 on.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> It began in the summer of 1898, when many of the prospectors arriving in Dawson City found themselves unable to make a living and left for home.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> For those who stayed, the wages of casual work, depressed by the number of men, fell to $100 ($2,700) a month by 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> The world's newspapers began to turn against the Klondike gold rush as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> In the spring of 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> removed Klondike from the headlines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._4.2-340">[302]</a> "Ah, go to the Klondike!" became a popular phrase of disgust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> Klondike-branded goods had to be disposed of at special rates in Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike-nome-1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="People leaving Dawson for Nome, Sep. 1899" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Klondike-nome-1899.jpg/220px-Klondike-nome-1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Klondike-nome-1899.jpg/330px-Klondike-nome-1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Klondike-nome-1899.jpg/440px-Klondike-nome-1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>People leaving <a href="/wiki/Dawson_City,_Yukon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawson City, Yukon">Dawson City</a>, Yukon, for <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a>, September 1899</figcaption></figure> Another factor in the decline was the change in Dawson City, which had developed throughout 1898, metamorphosing from a ramshackle, if wealthy, boom town into a more sedate, conservative municipality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952232-337">[299]</a> Modern luxuries were introduced, including "zinc bath tubs, pianos, billiard tables, Brussels carpets in hotel dining rooms, menus printed in French and invitational balls" as noted by historian Kathryn Winslow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952232-337">[299]</a> Visiting Senator Jerry Lynch likened the newly paved streets with their smartly dressed inhabitants to <a href="/wiki/Strand,_London" title="Strand, London">the Strand</a> in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001390-301">[263]</a> It was no longer attractive for prospectors used to a wilder way of living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952232-337">[299]</a> Even the formerly lawless town of Skagway had become respectable by 1899.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391-339">[301]</a> The final trigger, however, was the discovery of gold elsewhere in Canada and Alaska, prompting a new stampede, this time away from the Klondike. In August 1898, gold had been found at <a href="/wiki/Atlin,_British_Columbia" title="Atlin, British Columbia">Atlin Lake</a> at the head of the Yukon River, generating a flurry of interest, but during the winter of 1898–99 much larger quantities were found <a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">at Nome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20073-160">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391–392-341">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1999155-342">[304]</a> In 1899, a flood of prospectors from across the region left for Nome, about 2,500 from Dawson alone during August and September.<a href="#cite_note-343">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20073-160">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001391–392-341">[303]</a> The Klondike gold rush was over.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001393-344">[306]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="People">People</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: People">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg/220px-Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg/330px-Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg/440px-Jim_Mason_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>Plaque to Skookum Jim, Yukon, 2005</figcaption></figure> Only a few hundred of the 100,000 people who left for the Klondike during the gold rush became rich, and only a handful managed to maintain their wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001396-36">[30]</a> They typically spent $1,000 ($27,000) each reaching the region, which when combined exceeded what was produced from the gold fields between 1897 and 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412-231">[201]</a> Those who did find gold often lost their fortunes in the subsequent years and died penniless attempting to reproduce their earlier good fortune.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001396–397-345">[307]</a> Businessman and miner Alex McDonald, for example, continued to accumulate land after the boom until his money ran out; he died in poverty, still prospecting. Antoine Stander, who discovered gold on Eldorado Creek, abused alcohol, dissipated his fortune and ended working in a ship's kitchen to pay his way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001396–399-346">[308]</a> The three discoverers had mixed fates. George Carmack left his wife Kate—who had found it difficult to adapt to their new lifestyle—remarried and lived in relative prosperity; Skookum Jim had a huge income from his mining royalties but refused to settle and continued to prospect until his death in 1916; Dawson Charlie spent lavishly and died in an alcohol-related accident.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001406-347">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[n 39]</a> The richest of the Klondike saloon owners, businessmen and gamblers also typically lost their fortunes and died in poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001401-350">[311]</a> Gene Allen, for example, the editor of the Klondike Nugget, became <a href="/wiki/Bankrupt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankrupt">bankrupt</a> and spent the rest of his career in smaller newspapers; the prominent gambler and saloon owner Sam Bonnifield suffered a <a href="/wiki/Mental_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental breakdown">nervous breakdown</a> and died in extreme poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001401-350">[311]</a> Nonetheless, some of those who joined the gold rush prospered. <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rockwell" title="Kathleen Rockwell">Kathleen Rockwell</a>, for example, became a famous dancer in Dawson and remained popular in America until her death. Rockwell's tales from the North invigorated readers and audience members across the United States and Canada. Becoming known as 'Klondike Kate' to those who read about her adventures, Rockwell became a star.<a href="#cite_note-351">[312]</a> However, her tall tales and catchy nickname were plagiarized from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://backyardhistory.ca/articles/f/the-real-klondike-kate">New Brunswicker Katherine Ryan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5vARAQAAIAAJ">The Real Klondike Kate</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[313]</a>, and one of the first individuals to arrive in the Klondike not long after gold was discovered in the area.<a href="#cite_note-353">[314]</a> Katherine Ryan may not have received deserving recognition in the public eye,<a href="#cite_note-:0-354">[315]</a> but she is remembered as one of the first women to walk the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/A-1898-booster-map-of-the-Teslin-Trail-Stikine-Route-to-the-Klondike-from-Tacoma-Wash_fig1_267455912">Stikine Trail</a>, as an early suffragette, and as an integral piece of Dawson City's culture.<a href="#cite_note-:0-354">[315]</a> Dawson City was also where <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pantages" title="Alexander Pantages">Alexander Pantages</a>, her business partner and lover, started his career, going on to become one of America's greatest theatre and movie <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">tycoons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001402–403-355">[316]</a> The businesswoman Martha Black, who had been abandoned by her husband on the way to the Klondike, remarried and ultimately became the second female member of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998177–178-323">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookMcLeanO'Rourke200153-356">[317]</a> The impact of the gold rush on the Native peoples of the region was considerable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199858–59-357">[318]</a> The Tlingit and the Koyukon peoples prospered in the short term from their work as guides, packers and from selling food and supplies to the prospectors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199859-86">[72]</a> In the longer term, however, especially the Hän people living in the Klondike region suffered from the environmental damage of the gold mining on the rivers and forests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199859-86">[72]</a> Their population had already begun to decline after the discovery of gold along Fortymile River in the 1880s but dropped catastrophically after their move to the reserve, a result of the contaminated water supply and <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199850-267">[233]</a> The Hän found only few ways to benefit economically from the gold rush and their fishing and hunting grounds were largely destroyed. By 1904 they needed aid from the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Mounted_Police" title="North-West Mounted Police">NWMP</a> to prevent famine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199858-358">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Places">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skagway_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="View of Skagway with cruise ships" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Skagway_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Skagway_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Skagway_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Skagway_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Skagway_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Skagway_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="870" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skagway" class="mw-redirect" title="Skagway">Skagway</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ships" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruise ships">cruise ships</a>, 2009</figcaption></figure> Dawson City declined after the gold rush. When journalist Laura Berton (future mother of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>) moved to Dawson in 1907 it was still thriving, but away from Front Street, the town had become increasingly deserted, jammed, as she put it, "with the refuse of the gold rush: stoves, furniture, gold-pans, sets of dishes, double-belled <a href="/wiki/Seltzer_bottle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seltzer bottle">seltzer bottles</a> ... piles of rusting mining machinery—boilers, winches, wheelbarrows and pumps".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton197440-359">[320]</a> By 1912, only around 2,000 inhabitants remained, compared to the 30,000 of the boom years, and the site was becoming a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton1974120-360">[321]</a> By 1972, 500 people were living in Dawson, while the nearby settlements created during the gold rush had been entirely abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001414-361">[322]</a> The population has grown since the 1970s, with 1,300 recorded in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-StatCan-362">[323]</a> During the gold rush, transport improvements meant that heavier mining equipment could be brought in and larger, more modern mines established in the Klondike, revolutionising the gold industry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20073,_22-363">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003111-364">[325]</a> Gold production increased until 1903 as a result of the dredging and hydraulic mining, but then declined; by 2005, approximately 1,250,000 pounds (570,000 kg) had been recovered from the Klondike area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20073,_22-363">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2003111-364">[325]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurkeHartLewis2005525-365">[326]</a> In the 21st century, Dawson City still has a small gold mining industry, which together with tourism, taking advantage of the legacy of the gold rush, plays a role in the local economy. Many buildings in the centre of the town reflect the style of the era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2010165,_170-366">[327]</a> The Klondike River valley was affected by the gold rush by the heavy dredging that occurred after it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton1974415-367">[328]</a> The port of Skagway also shrank after the rush, but remains a well-preserved period town, centred on the tourist industry and sightseeing trips from visiting <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright200570-368">[329]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> restored Jeff Smith's Parlor, from which the famous con man "Soapy" Smith once operated, during 2010–2016.<a href="#cite_note-AutoRZ-15-369">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parlor-370">[331]</a> Skagway also has one of the two visitor centres forming the <a href="/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush_National_Historical_Park" title="Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park">Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park</a>; the other is located in Seattle, and both focus on the human interest stories behind the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERunte2011132-371">[332]</a> By contrast, Dyea, Skagway's neighbour and former rival, was abandoned after the gold rush and is now a ghost town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2010234-372">[333]</a> The railway built for prospectors through White Pass in the last year of the rush reopened in 1988 and is today only used by tourists, closely linked to the Chilkoot trail which is a popular <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a> route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201071,_233-373">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tr%E2%80%99ond%C3%ABk-Klondike_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Tr’ondëk-Klondike World Heritage Site">Tr’ondëk-Klondike World Heritage Site</a>, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Canada" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Canada">UNESCO World Heritage Site in Canada</a>, protects a series of eight properties that attest to the effects of the rapid colonization of the area, including the Gold Rush, on the <a href="/wiki/Tr%E2%80%99ond%C3%ABk_Hw%C3%ABch%E2%80%99in" class="mw-redirect" title="Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in">Tr’ondëk Hwëch’in</a> people. The World Heritage Site was designated in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-374">[335]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_legacy_of_the_Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush">Cultural legacy of the Klondike Gold Rush</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheGoldRush.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Charlie Chaplin eating a boot in his film The Gold Rush" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/TheGoldRush.jpg/220px-TheGoldRush.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/TheGoldRush.jpg/330px-TheGoldRush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/TheGoldRush.jpg/440px-TheGoldRush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Gold_Rush_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gold Rush (film)">The Gold Rush</a>, 1925</figcaption></figure> The events of the Klondike gold rush rapidly became embedded in North American culture, being captured in poems, stories, photographs and promotional campaigns long after the end of the stampede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1994xv–xvii-375">[336]</a> In the Yukon, Discovery Day is celebrated on the third Monday in August as a holiday, and the events of the gold rush are promoted by the regional tourist industries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201037-376">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1994xxii-377">[338]</a> The events of the gold rush were frequently exaggerated at the time and modern works on the subject similarly often focus on the most dramatic and exciting events of the stampede, not always accurately.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1994xvii–xviii-378">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001427-379">[340]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ken_Coates_(historian)" title="Ken Coates (historian)">Ken Coates</a> describes the gold rush as "a resilient, pliable myth", which continues to fascinate and appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1994xviii,_xxii-380">[341]</a> Several novels, books and poems were generated as a consequence of the Klondike gold rush. The writer Jack London incorporated scenes from the gold rush into his novels and short stories set in the Klondike, including <a href="/wiki/The_Call_of_the_Wild" title="The Call of the Wild">The Call of the Wild</a>, a 1903 novel about a sled dog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952132-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001465-381">[342]</a> His colleague, poet <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Service" title="Robert W. Service">Robert W. Service</a>, did not join the rush himself, although he made his home in Dawson City in 1908. Service created well-known poems about the gold rush, among them <a href="/wiki/Songs_of_a_Sourdough" title="Songs of a Sourdough">Songs of a Sourdough</a>, one of the bestselling books of poetry in the first decade of the 20th century, along with his novel, The Trail of '98, which was written by hand on wallpaper in one of Dawson's log cabins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952132-62">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton197471-382">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECameron199795–96-383">[344]</a> The Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a> grew up in Dawson where his father had been a prospector, and wrote several historical books about the gold rush, such as The Last Great Gold Rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001424–425-384">[345]</a> The experiences of the Irish <a href="/wiki/Mic%C3%AD_Mac_Gabhann" title="Micí Mac Gabhann">Micí Mac Gabhann</a> resulted the posthumous work Rotha Mór an tSaoil (translated into English as The Hard Road to Klondike in 1962), a vivid description of the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowden2008532–533-385">[346]</a> Some terminology from the stampede made its way into North American English like "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cheechako" class="extiw" title="wikt:cheechako">cheechakos</a>", referring to newly arrived miners, and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sourdough" class="extiw" title="wikt:sourdough">sourdoughs</a>", experienced miners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199815–16-386">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[n 40]</a> The photographs taken during the Klondike gold rush heavily influenced later cultural approaches to the stampede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild19986–7-389">[349]</a> The gold rush was vividly recorded by several early photographers, for instance <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Hegg" title="Eric A. Hegg">Eric A. Hegg</a>; these stark, black-and-white photographs showing the ascent of the Chilkoot pass rapidly became iconic images and were widely distributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild19983-390">[350]</a> These pictures, in turn, inspired <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> to make <a href="/wiki/The_Gold_Rush" title="The Gold Rush">The Gold Rush</a>, a silent movie, which uses the background of the Klondike to combine physical comedy with its character's desperate battle for survival in the harsh conditions of the stampede.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKamin2008126–127-391">[351]</a> The photographs reappear in the documentary <a href="/wiki/City_of_Gold_(1957_film)" title="City of Gold (1957 film)">City of Gold</a> from 1957 which, narrated by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>, won prizes for pioneering the incorporation of still images into documentary film-making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETibbetts1996123–124-392">[352]</a> The Klondike gold rush, however, has not been widely covered in later fictional films; even <a href="/wiki/The_Far_Country_(film)" title="The Far Country (film)">The Far Country</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western</a> from 1955 set in the Klondike, largely ignores the unique features of the gold rush in favour of a traditional Western plot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright197539-393">[353]</a> Indeed, much of the popular literature on the gold rush approaches the stampede simply as a final phase of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American West</a>, a perception critiqued by modern historians such as Charlene Porsild.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199817-394">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charts_and_tables">Charts and tables</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Charts and tables">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maps_of_routes_and_goldfields">Maps of routes and goldfields</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Maps of routes and goldfields">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dyea/Skagway_routes_and_Dalton_trail">Dyea/Skagway routes and Dalton trail</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Dyea/Skagway routes and Dalton trail">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 805px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 800px; height: 400px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Dyea-skagway-map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Overview and close up of Dyea/Skagway route (middle route on left section of map). Each red frame represents the map to the nearest right. Dalton trail is shown to the left on the midsection of the map."><img alt="Map of Dyea/Skagway routes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dyea-skagway-map.jpg/764px-Dyea-skagway-map.jpg" decoding="async" width="764" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Dyea-skagway-map.jpg/1146px-Dyea-skagway-map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Dyea-skagway-map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="729" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Overview and close up of Dyea/Skagway route (middle route on left section of map). Each red frame represents the map to the nearest right. Dalton trail is shown to the left on the midsection of the map.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Takou,_Stikine_and_Edmonton_routes">Takou, Stikine and Edmonton routes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Takou, Stikine and Edmonton routes">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 395px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px; height: 480px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Stikineroute2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Takou and Stikine route. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Lower right: Stikine route branch from Wrangell meets with branch from Ashcroft at Glenora. They continue along dashed lines. Middle: Takou route meets Stikine route at Teslin Lake. Both routes meet Dyea/Skagway route (dotted line) at upper left."><img alt="Map of Stikine route from 1897" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stikineroute2.jpg/360px-Stikineroute2.jpg" decoding="async" width="360" height="447" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Stikineroute2.jpg/540px-Stikineroute2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Stikineroute2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Takou and Stikine route. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Lower right: Stikine route branch from Wrangell meets with branch from Ashcroft at Glenora. They continue along dashed lines. Middle: Takou route meets Stikine route at Teslin Lake. Both routes meet Dyea/Skagway route (dotted line) at upper left.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 395px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 390px; height: 480px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Backdoorroute2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmonton routes. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Big arrow: All-Canadian route from Edmonton by rivers and portage to Yukon River via Pelly River. Small arrows: Back door route. Black solid line: McKenzie River most of the way. Upper left corner: Yukon River from Fort Yukon to Dawson City."><img alt="Map of backdoor route" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Backdoorroute2.jpg/344px-Backdoorroute2.jpg" decoding="async" width="344" height="450" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Backdoorroute2.jpg/516px-Backdoorroute2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Backdoorroute2.jpg/688px-Backdoorroute2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1277" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Edmonton routes. Red frame: Position of map on map of northern America. Big arrow: All-Canadian route from Edmonton by rivers and portage to Yukon River via Pelly River. Small arrows: Back door route. Black solid line: McKenzie River most of the way. Upper left corner: Yukon River from Fort Yukon to Dawson City.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Goldfields">Goldfields</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Goldfields">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 545px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 540px; height: 420px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Klondike_Gold_Rush_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of goldfields with Dawson City and Klondike River at top. Red dot: discovery on Bonanza Creek."><img alt="Map of goldfields with Dawson City and Klondike River at top. Red dot: discovery on Bonanza Creek." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Klondike_Gold_Rush_map.png/505px-Klondike_Gold_Rush_map.png" decoding="async" width="505" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Klondike_Gold_Rush_map.png/757px-Klondike_Gold_Rush_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Klondike_Gold_Rush_map.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="660" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of goldfields with Dawson City and Klondike River at top. Red dot: discovery on Bonanza Creek.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gold_production_in_Yukon,_1892–1912">Gold production in Yukon, 1892–1912</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Gold production in Yukon, 1892–1912">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 545px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 540px; height: 400px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_production_in_Yukon_(1892-1912).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of gold in Yukon around the Klondike Gold Rush.[355] 1896–1903: Increase after discovery at Klondike. 1903–1907: claims are sold; big scale methods take over."><img alt="Production of gold in Yukon around the Klondike Gold Rush.[355] 1896–1903: Increase after discovery at Klondike. 1903–1907: claims are sold; big scale methods take over." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Gold_production_in_Yukon_%281892-1912%29.jpg/507px-Gold_production_in_Yukon_%281892-1912%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="507" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Gold_production_in_Yukon_%281892-1912%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="454" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of gold in Yukon around the Klondike Gold Rush.<a href="#cite_note-InformationShareP22-395">[355]</a> 1896–1903: Increase after discovery at Klondike. 1903–1907: claims are sold; big scale methods take over.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth_of_west_coast_cities,_1890–1900">Population growth of west coast cities, 1890–1900</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Population growth of west coast cities, 1890–1900">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>1890</th> <th>1900</th> <th>Difference</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>San Francisco</td> <td>298,997</td> <td>342,782</td> <td>43,785</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Portland</td> <td>46,385</td> <td>90,426</td> <td>44,041</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tacoma</td> <td>36,006</td> <td>37,714</td> <td>1,708</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Seattle</td> <td>42,837</td> <td>80,671</td> <td>37,834</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vancouver</td> <td>13,709</td> <td>27,010</td> <td>13,301</td> <td>97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victoria</td> <td>16,841</td> <td>20,919</td> <td>4,078</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="text-align: center;">Source:<a href="#cite_note-396">[356]</a> Source from:<a href="#cite_note-HardDrive-397">[357]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klondikers_supply_list">Klondikers supply list</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Klondikers supply list">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li>150 pounds (68 kg) bacon</li> <li>400 pounds (180 kg) flour</li> <li>25 pounds (11 kg) <a href="/wiki/Rolled_oats" title="Rolled oats">rolled oats</a></li> <li>125 pounds (57 kg) beans</li> <li>10 pounds (4.5 kg) tea</li> <li>10 pounds (4.5 kg) coffee</li> <li>25 pounds (11 kg) sugar</li> <li>25 pounds (11 kg) dried potatoes</li> <li>25 pounds (11 kg) dried onions</li> <li>15 pounds (6.8 kg) salt</li> <li>1 pound (0.45 kg) pepper</li> <li>75 pounds (34 kg) <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a></li> <li>8 pounds (3.6 kg) <a href="/wiki/Baking_powder" title="Baking powder">baking powder</a></li> <li>8 pounds (3.6 kg) soda</li> <li>0.5 pounds (0.23 kg) evaporated <a href="/wiki/Vinegar" title="Vinegar">vinegar</a></li> <li>12 ounces (340 g) compressed soup</li> <li>1 can of mustard</li> <li>1 tin of matches (for four men)</li> <li>Stove for four men</li> <li>Gold pan for each</li> <li>Set of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> buckets</li> <li>Large bucket</li> <li>Knife, fork, spoon, cup, and plate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frying_pan" title="Frying pan">Frying pan</a></li> <li>Coffee and teapot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Scythe stone</a></li> <li>Two picks and one shovel</li> <li>One <a href="/wiki/File:Whipsaw2-1898.jpg" title="File:Whipsaw2-1898.jpg">whipsaw</a></li> <li>Pack strap</li> <li>Two <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a> for four men and one extra handle</li> <li>Six 8-inch (200 mm) <a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">files</a> and two taper files for the party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draw_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Draw knife">Draw knife</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brace_and_bit" class="mw-redirect" title="Brace and bit">brace and bits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_plane" title="Jack plane">jack plane</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a> for party</li> <li>200 feet (61 m) 0.375-inch (9.5 mm) rope</li> <li>8 pounds (3.6 kg) of <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">pitch</a> and 5 lb (2.3 kg). of <a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">oakum</a> for four men</li> <li>Nails, 5 pounds (2.3 kg) each of 6, 8, 10 and 12 penny, for four men</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tent" title="Tent">Tent</a>, 10 by 12 feet (3.0 m × 3.7 m) for four men</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvas" title="Canvas">Canvas</a> for wrapping</li> <li>Two oil blankets to each boat</li> <li>5 yards (4.6 m) of <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_netting" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito netting">mosquito netting</a> for each man</li> <li>3 suits of heavy underwear</li> <li>1 heavy Mackinaw coat</li> <li>2 pairs heavy woollen trousers</li> <li>1 heavy rubber-lined coat</li> <li>12 heavy wool socks</li> <li>6 heavy wool <a href="/wiki/Mittens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittens">mittens</a></li> <li>2 heavy over shirts</li> <li>2 pairs of heavy, snag proof rubber boots</li> <li>2 pairs of shoes</li> <li>4 pairs of blankets (for two men)</li> <li>4 towels</li> <li>2 pairs of overalls</li> <li>1 suit of oil clothing</li> <li>Several changes of summer clothing</li> <li>Small assortment of medicines</li></ul></div> The list was a suggestion of equipment and supplies sufficient to support a prospector for one year, generated by the Northern Pacific Railroad company in 1897. The total weight is approximately 1 ton, and the estimated cost amounted to $140 ($3,800).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record189754–55-398">[358]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> 1896 <ul><li>August 16: Gold is discovered on Bonanza Creek by George Carmack and Skookum Jim.</li> <li>August 31: First claim on Eldorado Creek is made by Antone Stander.</li></ul> 1897 <ul><li>January 21: William Ogilvie sends news of the Klondike gold discovery to Ottawa.</li> <li>July 14: Excelsior arrives at San Francisco with the first gold from the Klondike and starts stampede.</li> <li>July 15: Portland arrives at Seattle.</li> <li>July 19: First ship leaves for Klondike</li> <li>August 16: Ex-mayor Wood from Seattle leaves San Francisco on his ship Humboldt with prospectors for Klondike (reaches St. Michael on August 29, but is forced to spend the winter on the Yukon River).</li> <li>September 11: 10% royalty is established on gold mined in Yukon.</li> <li>September 27: People without supplies for the winter leave Dawson in search of food.</li> <li>November 8: Work begins on Brackett wagon road through White Pass.</li></ul> 1898 <ul><li>February 25: Troops arrive at Skagway to maintain order. Collection of customs begins at Chilkoot summit.</li> <li>March 8: Vigilante activity against Soapy Smith starts at Skagway.</li> <li>April 3: Avalanche kills more than 60 at Chilkoot Pass.</li> <li>April 24: Spanish–American War begins.</li> <li>May 1: Soapy Smith stages a military parade in Skagway.</li> <li>May 27: Klondike Nugget begins publication in Dawson.</li> <li>May 29: Ice goes out on Yukon River and flotilla of boats sets out for Dawson.</li> <li>June 8: First boat with stampeeders reaches Dawson.</li> <li>June 24: Sam Steele (NWMP) arrives at Dawson.</li> <li>July 8: Soapy Smith is shot to death in Skagway.</li> <li>September 22: Gold found at Nome, Alaska</li></ul> 1899 <ul><li>January 27: The remnants of a relief expedition send out in winter 1897 finally reaches Dawson.</li> <li>February 16: First train from Skagway reaches the White Pass summit.</li> <li>April 26: Fire destroys business district in Dawson.</li> <li>August: 8000 prospectors leave Dawson for Nome, ending the Klondike Gold Rush.</li></ul> Source:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001Chronology-399">[359]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Gold Rush">Colorado Gold Rush</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Also called the Yukon Gold Rush, the Alaska Gold Rush, the Alaska–Yukon Gold Rush, the Canadian Gold Rush, and the Last Great Gold Rush. Traditionally known in French (an official language of Yukon) as La ruée vers l'or du Klondike (The Klondike Gold Rush). </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> An estimated 14,000,000 oz (400,000,000 g) of gold has been taken from the area (until 2013), of which half came from Bonanza Creek and a quarter from Hunker Creek.<a href="#cite_note-CSWA-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Some of the first prospectors had to supplement their income with fur trading in order to survive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGould20017-7">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> One member of the Hän later commented that "my people knew all the Klondike, but they never know nothing about gold."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse19957-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> To add even more confusion to the question of discovery, Robert Henderson and many of his contemporaries threw his name into the ring.<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> At the time of the gold rush, the US and Canadian dollars were each attached to the gold standard and held equal value. For this reason, the academic literature and contemporary accounts do not usually differentiate between gold rush prices quoted in US or Canadian dollars. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The initial broad estimates of the numbers involved in the stampede were produced by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>, the classic <a href="/wiki/Secondary_source" title="Secondary source">secondary historian</a> of the period, drawing on a number of sources, including the NWMP statistics generated along the trails.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1994xviii-37">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001269–274,_421–431-38">[32]</a> The most recent academic work continues to accept these estimates, but further detailed analysis has been carried out, using the first, limited Yukon census by the NWMP that occurred in 1898 and the more detailed Federal census in 1901.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199816,_201-39">[33]</a> Historian Charlene Porsild has conducted extensive work on these records, comparing them to other documentary accounts of the period. This has generated improved statistics for the nationality and gender of those involved in the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998201–203-40">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Traditional historical analysis, as outlined by George Fetherling, has suggested around 80 percent were US citizens or recent immigrants to America. The 1898 census data suggests that 63 percent of Dawson City inhabitants at the time were American citizens, with 32 percent Canadian or British. As Charlene Porsild has described, however, the census data for the period is inconsistent in how it asked questions about citizenship and place of birth. Porsild argues that the level of participation from those born in the US, as opposed to recent immigrants or temporary residents, may have been as low as 43 percent, with Canadian and British-born members of the gold rush in the majority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFetherling1997125-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild1998200–204-52">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Although Adney's work was not well-known at the time, his 1900 work The Klondike Stampede has become highly regarded by modern historians as a relatively accurate and modest account of the gold rush.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoates1994xix–xxi-60">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> For example, he worked as a river pilot on the rapids of Whitehorse during the summer of 1898.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952132-62">[53]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> The range of Klondike-themed goods was huge, from special food to glasses, boots, cigars, medicines, soup, blankets, and stoves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001105–106-66">[56]</a> It included some unusual offers such as a special Klondike <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a>, "ice bicycles", a wind-powered "boat sled", a "snow train", clockwork gold pans, and an X-ray gold detector designed by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001116–119-67">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ten times the number onboard had been turned away; only ten arrived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._4.6_&_chp._7.2-71">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> The weather could both be a help and an obstacle. Winter travel meant deep snow and treacherous ice. However, the mud that formed each spring and fall would be frozen and snow would cover the sharp, jagged rocks that the traveller would have to avoid in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952115-75">[63]</a> In theory, it was possible to travel even during winter using teams of dogs, but if the temperature dropped significantly even dog sled teams would have to pause and take shelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952222-76">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Before the rush the price of such animals was $3–5 ($81–135).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001Chp._4.4-81">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> On the other hand, competition among railways to attract Klondikers led to a reduction in train fares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._4,2-88">[74]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Former mayor of Seattle W. D. Wood led a party that tried to reach Dawson by this route. They too had to spend the winter along the frozen Yukon River, eating the supplies that Wood had hoped to sell at a profit in Dawson. Now he was forced to sell at his purchase price.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._7,2-91">[76]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Jack London, who took the White Pass trail, has one of his characters describe how the prospectors treated their horses: "Men shot them, worked them to death and when they were gone, went back to the beach and bought more ... Their hearts turned to stone—those which did not break—and they became beasts, the men on the Dead Horse Trail."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon2004a35-99">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Though not seen on the picture, prospectors, who were going back down from the Chilkoot Pass for more equipment, would use slides carved in the ice near the stairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952116-102">[85]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Horses abandoned before the summit were later rounded up and shot.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._8.1-107">[89]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Around 70 people were initially believed to have been buried by the snow with between six and nine people subsequently rescued; however, the final toll remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952120–121-114">[95]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Some were hauled over the passes whole or piecemeal. One was the <a href="/wiki/A._J._Goddard" title="A. J. Goddard">A. J. Goddard</a>, a small river boat transported in pieces to Lake Bennett and assembled here. It made one trip to Dawson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasDavidgePollack20127,_10-119">[99]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> NWMP is now the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> By <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Washington_(1871)" title="Treaty of Washington (1871)">international treaty</a>, Canadians had the right of free navigation along the Stikine River, and therefore called it an All-Canadian route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse199519-131">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> During the winter 70 feet (21 m) of snow fell on the summit burying not only outfit but also poles marking it. At the summit, a prospector could buy a <a href="/wiki/Doughnut" title="Doughnut">doughnut</a> and a cup of coffee for $2.50 ($67.50) the price of five three-course meals in Seattle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._8.3-148">[125]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> Often most of the gold will be left in uneroded quartz ores, called mother lodes; however, at Klondike, a mother lode has never been found.<a href="#cite_note-CSWA-2">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> In the summer, the sunshine would slowly thaw exposed permafrost at around the rate of 2 feet (0.61 m) every 12 hours; some miners felt this too slow and used burning techniques during the summer months as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952169-171">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> Only pure gold dust was bought by banks the rate being $16 ($430) per oz. "Commercial dust", still containing black sand, was bought by banks at $11 ($300) per oz. Local traders accepted commercial dust at the pure dust rate but made up for this by under weighing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001289-183">[157]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> The claim belonged to the Swedish miner Charlie Anderson known as the "Lucky Swede", who bought it unproved while too drunk to remember. Anderson disputed the purchase, but the contract was enforced by the NWMP. Luckily for him, it proved to be incredibly rich.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200154–55-187">[160]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Despite the tensions over the sizes of claims in the Klondike, the position of miners was in fact more secure than in the California Gold Rush of 1848–52, where an influx of prospectors could lead to a reduction in size of existing claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200715-196">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> By region is meant from the ships that sailed along the west coast to the Canada–US border at the Chilkoot and White Pass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._5.4-224">[195]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Dawson's response to the 1898 blaze was not helped by the refusal of the town to pay $12,000 ($336,000) for firefighting equipment, which had been delivered but not released by the importers. The equipment remained unused during the conflagration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001387-246">[216]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> By contrast, in late 1897, Dawson City was flooded. The journalist Tappan Adney resembled it to a "mill-pond".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdney1994370-250">[219]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> The US government had 500 reindeers send from Norway across the USA and up the Dalton trail to Dawson as relief. However, they did not arrive until long after the risk of starvation was over and in the meanwhile many of the animals themselves had died from hunger.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton1974Chp._6.6-254">[222]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> A good team of dogs was worth at least $1,000 ($28,000); a top set could reach $1,700 ($47,600), but in the desperate winter of 1897 to 1898 the price reached $500 ($14,000) a dog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952222-76">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggar2008102-258">[225]</a> By the summer of 1898, approximately 5,000 dogs had arrived at Dawson City.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaggar2008102-258">[225]</a> A dog could pull as much as a man and much faster. Some were imported from outside the region; native dogs, however, were considered superior. They had been bred with wolves, but were reportedly kind and easily handled.<a href="#cite_note-NYTimes1899-01-01-259">[226]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> For Yukon as a whole, the extreme cold could lead to cases of <a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">frostbite</a>, resulting in injury or death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952116–117-268">[234]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> The biggest recorded poker game in Dawson occurred between the well-known gamblers Sam Bonnifeld and Louis Golden. $200,000 ($5,600,000) was put into the pot, which Bonnifeld won with a hand of four <a href="/wiki/King_(playing_card)" title="King (playing card)">kings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001372–373-271">[236]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> The NWMP operations to secure the Klondike territory cost the Canadian government $396,000 a year ($11,088,000).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142-210">[181]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> The NWMP and Canadian government facilities needed enough wood each year to require a log pile 2 miles (3.2 km) long by four feet wide. Up to fifty prisoners worked on cutting wood at any one time; this was not easy work and formed an unpleasant deterrent for misdemeanours .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001309-288">[251]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> Robert Henderson, the prospector who gave the discoverers the idea to look for gold at Klondike River, was ill for much of the rush but was later awarded $200 ($5,400) a month for life by the Canadian government for his part of the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMole2009134-348">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952149-256">[223]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> Jack London famously captured the origins of these terms, describing how "the men who came ashore from the steamers were newcomers. They were known as chechaquos, and they always wilted at the application of the name. They made their bread with baking-powder. This was the invidious distinction between them and the Sour-doughs, who, forsooth, made their bread from sour-dough because they had no baking-powder."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELondon2004b266-387">[348]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CSWA-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CSWA_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CSWA_2-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEamer" class="citation web cs1">Eamer, Claire. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505213700/http://sciencewriters.ca/2013/10/08/is-there-a-mother-lode-or-is-klondike-gold-an-orphan/">"Is There a Mother Lode? Or is Klondike Gold an Orphan?"</a>. Canadian Science Writers' Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencewriters.ca/2013/10/08/is-there-a-mother-lode-or-is-klondike-gold-an-orphan/">the original</a> on May 5, 2014. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._4,2-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._4,2_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. chp. 4,2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190–195-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001190–195_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 190–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._7,2-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._7,2_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. chp. 7,2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001140–141-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001140–141_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001140–141_93-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 140–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952124-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952124_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdney1994113-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdney1994113_95-0">^</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952116-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952116_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001241-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001241_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001236-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001236_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._8.1-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._8.1_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. chp. 8.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243–244-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001243–244_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 243–244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001245-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001245_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195299–100-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow195299–100_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199841–42-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorsild199841–42_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorsild1998">Porsild 1998</a>, pp. 41–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001256–257-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001256–257_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952120–121-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952120–121_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001244-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001244_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001247-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001247_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001247_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001262,_268–269-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001262,_268–269_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 262, 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomasDavidgePollack20127,_10-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomasDavidgePollack20127,_10_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomasDavidgePollack2012">Thomas, Davidge & Pollack 2012</a>, pp. 7, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001269-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001269_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse200351-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorse200351_122-0">^</a> <a 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001288–289-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001288–289_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 288–289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001289-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001289_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952236-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952236_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952236_185-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952168-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952168_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200154–55-187"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200154–55_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952184-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952184_189-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952183-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952183_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952183_190-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952181-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952181_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBackhouse1995156-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBackhouse1995156_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBackhouse1995">Backhouse 1995</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20079-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20079_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2007">Allen 2007</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record1897148-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Chicago_Record1897148_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Chicago_Record1897">The Chicago Record 1897</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952181–182-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952181–182_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 181–182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200715-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200715_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2007">Allen 2007</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200172–74-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200172–74_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200172–74_198-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 72–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165-199">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165_199-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165_199-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952165_199-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen200714–15-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen200714–15_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2007">Allen 2007</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200178-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200178_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200178_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200180–81-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200180–81_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 80–81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173–174-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952173–174_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001139-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001139_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001139_205-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140_206-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140_206-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140_206-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140_206-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001354-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001354_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199820-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorsild199820_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorsild199820_208-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorsild1998">Porsild 1998</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001352–253-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001352–253_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 352–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952142_210-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001306-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001306_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001306_211-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAllen20078-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20078_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20078_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAllen20078_212-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAllen2007">Allen 2007</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001134–135-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001134–135_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 134–135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137–138-214">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137–138_214-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137–138_214-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 137–138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137-215">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137_215-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001137_215-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001145-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001145_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195298-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow195298_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001148–149-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001148–149_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 148–149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001149-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001149_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow195299-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow195299_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009532-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009532_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009532_221-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith 2009</a>, p. 532. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001150-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001150_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001150–151,_153,_331-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001150–151,_153,_331_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 150–151, 153, 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._5.4-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001chp._5.4_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. chp. 5.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2009454–455-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2009454–455_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2009">Smith 2009</a>, pp. 454–455. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001152-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001152_227-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001152–153-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001152–153_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 152–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001327–329-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001327–329_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, pp. 327–329. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001213-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001213_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 213. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412-231">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412_231-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412_231-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton2001412_231-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 412. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952139–140-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952139–140_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton200148-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton200148_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton2001">Berton 2001</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorsild199849-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorsild199849_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorsild1998">Porsild 1998</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141-235"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141_235-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952146–147-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952146–147_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141,_147-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141,_147_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 141, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140,_146–147-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952140,_146–147_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 140, 146–147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141–142-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952141–142_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952155-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952155_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerton197480-241"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerton197480_241-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerton1974">Berton 1974</a>, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952226-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinslow1952226_242-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWinslow1952">Winslow 1952</a>, p. 226. </li> <li 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The Journal of Economic History. 67 (4): 1–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050707000459">10.1017/S0022050707000459</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154301382">154301382</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Information+Sharing+During+the+Klondike+Gold+Rush&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-24&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022050707000459&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154301382%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfu.ca%2F~allen%2Fklondike.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackhouse1995" class="citation book cs1">Backhouse, Frances (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YL_bQwAACAAJ">Women of the Klondike</a>. Vancouver: Whitecap Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55110-375-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55110-375-4"><bdi>978-1-55110-375-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+the+Klondike&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Whitecap+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-55110-375-4&rft.aulast=Backhouse&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYL_bQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton1974" class="citation book cs1">Berton, Laura Beatrice (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/imarriedklondike0000bert">I Married the Klondike</a>. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7710-1240-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7710-1240-3"><bdi>0-7710-1240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Married+the+Klondike&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=McClelland+and+Stewart&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7710-1240-3&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Laura+Beatrice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fimarriedklondike0000bert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerton2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Berton, Pierre</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/klondikelastgrea0000bert_m1g1">Klondike: The Last Great Gold Rush 1896–1899</a>. Toronto: Anchor Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-65844-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-65844-3"><bdi>0-385-65844-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klondike%3A+The+Last+Great+Gold+Rush+1896%E2%80%931899&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Anchor+Canada&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-385-65844-3&rft.aulast=Berton&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fklondikelastgrea0000bert_m1g1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBramble1897" class="citation book cs1">Bramble, Charles A. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/klondikemanualfo01bram#page/n6/mode/1up">Klondike: A Manual For Goldseekers</a>. New York: R. F. Fenno. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-172-01603-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-172-01603-8"><bdi>1-172-01603-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klondike%3A+A+Manual+For+Goldseekers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=R.+F.+Fenno&rft.date=1897&rft.isbn=1-172-01603-8&rft.aulast=Bramble&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fklondikemanualfo01bram%23page%2Fn6%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden2008" class="citation book cs1">Bowden, Noreen (2008). "Macgowan, Michael (1865–1948)". In Byrne, James Patrick; Coleman, Philip; King, Jason Francis (eds.). Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096145" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096145"><bdi>978-1851096145</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macgowan%2C+Michael+%281865%E2%80%931948%29&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Americas%3A+Culture%2C+Politics%2C+and+History&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1851096145&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=Noreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeHartLewis2005" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Mike; Hart, Craig J. R.; Lewis, Lara L. (2005). "Models for Epigenetic Gold Exploration in the Northern Cordilleran Orogon, Yukon, Canada". In Mao, Jingwen; Bierlein, Frank (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AvTAU8ay-F8C">Mineral Deposit Research: Meeting the Global Challenge</a>. New York: Springer. pp. 525–528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-27945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-27945-7"><bdi>978-3-540-27945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Models+for+Epigenetic+Gold+Exploration+in+the+Northern+Cordilleran+Orogon%2C+Yukon%2C+Canada&rft.btitle=Mineral+Deposit+Research%3A+Meeting+the+Global+Challenge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=525-528&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-540-27945-7&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft.au=Hart%2C+Craig+J.+R.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Lara+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAvTAU8ay-F8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnham1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Burnham, Frederick Russell</a> (1926). Everett, Mary Nixon (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h7rie_q9FmoC&q=Scouting%20on%20Two%20Continents.&pg=PP1">Scouting on Two Continents</a>. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Page and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-2318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-2318-2"><bdi>978-1-4179-2318-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/407686">407686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scouting+on+Two+Continents&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page+and+Company&rft.date=1926&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F407686&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-2318-2&rft.aulast=Burnham&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh7rie_q9FmoC%26q%3DScouting%2520on%2520Two%2520Continents.%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1997" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Elspeth (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlaMbSkgwL4C">Canadian Culture: An Introductory Reader</a>. Toronto: Canadian Scholar's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-090-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55130-090-0"><bdi>978-1-55130-090-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Culture%3A+An+Introductory+Reader&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Canadian+Scholar%27s+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55130-090-0&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Elspeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnlaMbSkgwL4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates1994" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Ken (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-33tYlV9T5sC&q=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1">"Introduction"</a>. 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Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0489-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0489-0"><bdi>0-7748-0489-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Klondike+Stampede&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7748-0489-0&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-33tYlV9T5sC%26q%3DKlondike%2520Gold%2520Rush%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookMcLeanO'Rourke2001" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Sharon Anne; McLean, Lorna R.; O'Rourke, Kate, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gJTwOz1tKysC">Canadian Women's History in the Twentieth Century</a>. Montreal: McGill Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2172-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2172-8"><bdi>978-0-7735-2172-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Women%27s+History+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill+Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2172-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgJTwOz1tKysC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruikshank1991" class="citation book cs1">Cruikshank, Julie (1991). Reading Voices: Dan Dha Ts'Edenintth'E: Oral and Written Interpretations of the Yukon's Past. Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88894-728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88894-728-4"><bdi>978-0-88894-728-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/465712147">465712147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+Voices%3A+Dan+Dha+Ts%27Edenintth%27E%3A+Oral+and+Written+Interpretations+of+the+Yukon%27s+Past&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=Douglas+and+McIntyre&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F465712147&rft.isbn=978-0-88894-728-4&rft.aulast=Cruikshank&rft.aufirst=Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmonsDe_Laguna1991" class="citation book cs1">Emmons, George Thornton; De Laguna, Frederica (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tlingitindians0000emmo">The Tlingit Indians</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97008-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97008-0"><bdi>978-0-295-97008-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tlingit+Indians&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97008-0&rft.aulast=Emmons&rft.aufirst=George+Thornton&rft.au=De+Laguna%2C+Frederica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftlingitindians0000emmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2010" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Polly (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njnCQHOncU0C">Yukon</a>. Guilford, US: Bradt Travel Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-310-8"><bdi>978-1-84162-310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yukon&rft.place=Guilford%2C+US&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-310-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjnCQHOncU0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetherling1997" class="citation book cs1">Fetherling, George (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHcD1pi46qIC">The Gold Crusades: A Social History of Gold Rushes, 1849–1929</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8046-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8046-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-8046-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gold+Crusades%3A+A+Social+History+of+Gold+Rushes%2C+1849%E2%80%931929&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8046-2&rft.aulast=Fetherling&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHcD1pi46qIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2008" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Matthew (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanada0000gard">Western Canada</a>. Bath, UK: Footprint. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-26-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906098-26-1"><bdi>978-1-906098-26-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Canada&rft.place=Bath%2C+UK&rft.pub=Footprint&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906098-26-1&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncanada0000gard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2001" class="citation book cs1">Gould, John A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W_nNAAAACAAJ">Frozen Gold – a Treatise on Early Klondike Mining Technology, Methods and History</a>. Montana: Pictorial Histories Publishing Co., Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57510-082-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-57510-082-7"><bdi>1-57510-082-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frozen+Gold+%E2%80%93+a+Treatise+on+Early+Klondike+Mining+Technology%2C+Methods+and+History&rft.place=Montana&rft.pub=Pictorial+Histories+Publishing+Co.%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-57510-082-7&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW_nNAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaggar2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Haggar, Henny E. (2008). A Comparison of Subsistence Patterns at Two Eastern Alaska WAMCATS Stations (M.A. thesis). Reno: University of Nevada. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/388481814">388481814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Comparison+of+Subsistence+Patterns+at+Two+Eastern+Alaska+WAMCATS+Stations&rft.degree=M.A.&rft.inst=University+of+Nevada&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F388481814&rft.aulast=Haggar&rft.aufirst=Henny+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaley2010" class="citation book cs1">Haley, James L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ02cdqMJ_sC">Wolf: The Lives of Jack London</a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-00478-2"><bdi>978-0-465-00478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wolf%3A+The+Lives+of+Jack+London&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-465-00478-2&rft.aulast=Haley&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAJ02cdqMJ_sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1999" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Robert Gourlay (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-q_JNeruDL4C">Carving the Western Path: By River, Rail, and Road Through Central and Northern B.C.</a> Surrey, Canada: Heritage House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-895811-74-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-895811-74-2"><bdi>978-1-895811-74-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carving+the+Western+Path%3A+By+River%2C+Rail%2C+and+Road+Through+Central+and+Northern+B.C.&rft.place=Surrey%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Heritage+House&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-895811-74-2&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Robert+Gourlay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-q_JNeruDL4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamin2008" class="citation book cs1">Kamin, Dan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BUA8lPNfL5wC">The Comedy of Charlie Chaplin: Artistry in Motion</a>. Lanham, US: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7780-1"><bdi>978-0-8108-7780-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comedy+of+Charlie+Chaplin%3A+Artistry+in+Motion&rft.place=Lanham%2C+US&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7780-1&rft.aulast=Kamin&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBUA8lPNfL5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2004a" class="citation book cs1">London, Jack (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j_j4daJZf5EC">Tales of the Klondyke</a>. Whitefish, US: Kessinger Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5066-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5066-1"><bdi>978-1-4191-5066-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+of+the+Klondyke&rft.place=Whitefish%2C+US&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4191-5066-1&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj_j4daJZf5EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLondon2004b" class="citation book cs1">London, Jack (2004b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mi9M5zbwwyYC">The Call of the Wild and White Fang</a>. London: Collector's Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904633-67-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904633-67-9"><bdi>978-1-904633-67-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Call+of+the+Wild+and+White+Fang&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collector%27s+Library&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904633-67-9&rft.aulast=London&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmi9M5zbwwyYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonaldO'Keefe1996" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Ian; O'Keefe, Betty (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=engIg9EnY5IC">The Klondike's "Dear Little Nugget"</a>. Victoria: Horsdal and Schubart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-920663-45-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-920663-45-1"><bdi>0-920663-45-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Klondike%27s+%22Dear+Little+Nugget%22&rft.place=Victoria&rft.pub=Horsdal+and+Schubart&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-920663-45-1&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=O%27Keefe%2C+Betty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DengIg9EnY5IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMole2009" class="citation book cs1">Mole, Rich (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XQrw2BOWuKoC&q=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1">Gold Fever: Incredible Tales of the Klondike Gold Rush</a>. Surrey, Canada: Heritage House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-69-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-894974-69-1"><bdi>978-1-894974-69-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+Fever%3A+Incredible+Tales+of+the+Klondike+Gold+Rush&rft.place=Surrey%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Heritage+House&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-894974-69-1&rft.aulast=Mole&rft.aufirst=Rich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXQrw2BOWuKoC%26q%3DKlondike%2520Gold%2520Rush%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison1985" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, William Robert (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aELKzgmv4MsC">Showing the Flag: The Mounted Police and Canadian Sovereignty in the North, 1894–1925</a>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0245-1"><bdi>978-0-7748-0245-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showing+the+Flag%3A+The+Mounted+Police+and+Canadian+Sovereignty+in+the+North%2C+1894%E2%80%931925&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0245-1&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=William+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaELKzgmv4MsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse2003" class="citation book cs1">Morse, Kathryn Taylor (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6-UsZcFDDfkC&q=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1">The Nature of Gold: An Environmental History of the Klondike Gold Rush</a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98329-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98329-9"><bdi>0-295-98329-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Gold%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+Klondike+Gold+Rush&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-295-98329-9&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6-UsZcFDDfkC%26q%3DKlondike%2520Gold%2520Rush%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorsild1998" class="citation book cs1">Porsild, Charlene (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=de4S9o3y6wQC&q=Klondike%20Gold%20Rush&pg=PP1">Gamblers and Dreamers: Women, Men, and Community in the Klondike</a>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7748-0650-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7748-0650-8"><bdi>0-7748-0650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamblers+and+Dreamers%3A+Women%2C+Men%2C+and+Community+in+the+Klondike&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7748-0650-8&rft.aulast=Porsild&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dde4S9o3y6wQC%26q%3DKlondike%2520Gold%2520Rush%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossMay1988" class="citation book cs1">Ross, David; May, Robin (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtKNTy2iMDgC">The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873–1987</a>. London: Osprey Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-834-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-834-X"><bdi>0-85045-834-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Canadian+Mounted+Police+1873%E2%80%931987&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Osprey+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-85045-834-X&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=May%2C+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtKNTy2iMDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRunte2011" class="citation book cs1">Runte, Alfred (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JwKP0aHNHuIC">Trains of Discovery: Railroads and the Legacy of the National Parks</a>. Lanham, US: Roberts Rinchard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57098-442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57098-442-6"><bdi>978-1-57098-442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trains+of+Discovery%3A+Railroads+and+the+Legacy+of+the+National+Parks&rft.place=Lanham%2C+US&rft.pub=Roberts+Rinchard&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-57098-442-6&rft.aulast=Runte&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJwKP0aHNHuIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jeff (2009). Alias Soapy Smith: The Life and Death of a Scoundrel. Juneau: Klondike Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9819743-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9819743-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9819743-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alias+Soapy+Smith%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+a+Scoundrel&rft.place=Juneau&rft.pub=Klondike+Research&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9819743-0-9&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Chicago_Record1897" class="citation book cs1">The Chicago Record (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/klondikechicagor00chic#page/n5/mode/2up">Klondike. The Chicago Record's Book for Gold Seekers</a>. Chicago: Chicago Records Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-665-10537-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-665-10537-1"><bdi>978-0-665-10537-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klondike.+The+Chicago+Record%27s+Book+for+Gold+Seekers&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Chicago+Records+Co.&rft.date=1897&rft.isbn=978-0-665-10537-1&rft.au=The+Chicago+Record&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fklondikechicagor00chic%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomasDavidgePollack2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Lindsey; Davidge, Doug; Pollack, John (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/publications/The_Wreck_of_AJ_Goddard.pdf">The Wreck of the A.J. Goddard</a> (PDF). Government of Yukon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55362-565-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55362-565-0"><bdi>978-1-55362-565-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wreck+of+the+A.J.+Goddard&rft.pub=Government+of+Yukon&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-55362-565-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rft.au=Davidge%2C+Doug&rft.au=Pollack%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc.gov.yk.ca%2Fpublications%2FThe_Wreck_of_AJ_Goddard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibbetts1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tibbetts, John C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112835/https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/viewFile/2783/2742">"The Incredible Stillness of Being: Motionless Pictures in the Films of Ken Burns"</a>. American Studies. 37 (1): 117–133. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/viewFile/2783/2742">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 11, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Incredible+Stillness+of+Being%3A+Motionless+Pictures+in+the+Films+of+Ken+Burns&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=117-133&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Tibbetts&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Findex.php%2Famerstud%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F2783%2F2742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinslow1952" class="citation book cs1">Winslow, Kathryn (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bigpanoutklondik0000wins">Big Pan-Out: The Klondike Story</a>. London: Phoenix House Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/465425340">465425340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+Pan-Out%3A+The+Klondike+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+House+Ltd&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F465425340&rft.aulast=Winslow&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbigpanoutklondik0000wins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2005" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Pamela (2005). "All That Glitters: Tourism on the Alaskan Coast". In Littwin, Thomas (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qfn8n2THXQgC">The Harriman Alaska Expedition Retraced: A Century of Change, 1899–2001</a>. New Brunswick, US: Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3505-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-3505-0"><bdi>978-0-8135-3505-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=All+That+Glitters%3A+Tourism+on+the+Alaskan+Coast&rft.btitle=The+Harriman+Alaska+Expedition+Retraced%3A+A+Century+of+Change%2C+1899%E2%80%932001&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+US&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-3505-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqfn8n2THXQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1975" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Will (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTB-NNixsyUC">Six Guns and Society: A Structural Study of the Western</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03491-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03491-4"><bdi>978-0-520-03491-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+Guns+and+Society%3A+A+Structural+Study+of+the+Western&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03491-4&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Will&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTB-NNixsyUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKlondike+Gold+Rush" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the 1905 <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a> article "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Yukon_Gold-Fields" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Yukon Gold-Fields">Yukon Gold-Fields</a>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Klondike_Gold_Rush" class="extiw" title="commons:Klondike Gold Rush">Klondike Gold Rush</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archives">Archives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Klondike_Gold_Rush&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Archives">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/lac-bac/search/images">Library and Archives Canada, images</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/alaskawcanada/searchterm/fort!1897%201898%201899%201900%201901/field/title!title/mode/none!any/conn/and!and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Library, Digital Collections; Alaska and Western Canada Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/heggweb/index.html">University of Washington Library, Eric A. Hegg Gold Rush Photography Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/laroche/searchterm/klondike/field/all/mode/all/conn/and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Library, Frank La Roche Photography; including images of the Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.lib.washington.edu/cdm/search/collection/meed/searchterm/min*!coal/field/title!title/mode/all!none/conn/and!and/cosuppress/">University of Washington Library, William E. Meed Photography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/sarvantweb/index.html">University of Washington Library. Henry M. Sarvant Photography</a> – Documents his adventures in the Klondike Gold Rush from August 1897 to November 1901</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vilda.alaska.edu/">Alaska Digital Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/3021">Klondike Gold Rush Photo Albums</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1093">Orville Herning Collection on the Klondike and Boston Gold Mining and Manufacturing Company</a> at Dartmouth College Library</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.yukon" class="extiw" title="hdl:10079/fa/beinecke.yukon">Davies/Scroggie Collection of Yukon Correspondence and Records</a>. Yale Collection of Western Americana, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Template:Klondike Gold Rush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Template talk:Klondike Gold Rush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Klondike_Gold_Rush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Klondike Gold Rush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Klondike_Gold_Rush" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klondike Gold Rush</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klondike,_Yukon" title="Klondike, Yukon">Klondike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawson_City" title="Dawson City">Dawson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyea,_Alaska" title="Dyea, Alaska">Dyea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilkoot_Trail" title="Chilkoot Trail">Chilkoot Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gold Rushes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Carmack" title="George Carmack">George Carmack</a> & <a href="/wiki/Skookum_Jim" class="mw-redirect" title="Skookum Jim">Skookum Jim</a> (discoverers)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a> & <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Service" title="Robert W. Service">Robert W. Service</a> (authors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a> (con man)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_McDonald_(prospector)" title="Alex McDonald (prospector)">Alex McDonald</a> ("King of the Klondike")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Rockwell" title="Kathleen Rockwell">Kate Rockwell</a> (dancer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Steele" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Steele">Samuel Steele</a> (Northwest Mounted police)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gold_rushes_of_the_18th,_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gold_rush" title="Template:Gold rush"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gold_rush" title="Template talk:Gold rush"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gold_rush" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gold rush"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gold_rushes_of_the_18th,_19th_and_20th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a> of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Gold Rush">Carolina</a> (1800s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia</a> (1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks</a> (1902)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon</a> (1858–1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine</a> (1861–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo</a> (1861–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova Scotia Gold Rush">Nova Scotia</a> (1861–1874, 1896–1903, 1932–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Horse_Creek_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Horse Creek Gold Rush">Wild Horse Creek</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leechtown,_British_Columbia" title="Leechtown, British Columbia">Leechtown</a> (1864–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassiar Gold Rush">Cassiar</a> (1871–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh</a> (1884)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klondike</a> (1897–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine</a> (1911)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian</a> (1880s–1890s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel</a> (1860s–1870s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto, Brazil</a> (1750)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego (Chile-Argentina)</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serra_Pelada" title="Serra Pelada">Serra Pelada, Brazil</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicklow_gold_rush" title="Wicklow gold rush">Wicklow, Ireland</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan, Scotland</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">Lapland, Finland</a> (1870)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFCC33;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand, South Africa</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">Kakamega, Kenya</a> (1930s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFCC33;"><div>Part of a series on <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold mining</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Financial_bubbles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Financial_bubbles" title="Template:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Financial_bubbles" title="Template talk:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Financial_bubbles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Financial bubbles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Financial_bubbles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Financial bubbles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_trend" title="Market trend">Market trend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_cycle" title="Credit cycle">Credit cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrational_exuberance" title="Irrational exuberance">Irrational exuberance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contagion" title="Social contagion">Social contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-estate_bubble" title="Real-estate bubble">Real-estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_market_bubble" title="Stock market bubble">Stock market bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_revolution" title="Commercial revolution">Commercial revolution</a> (1000–1760)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_mania" title="Tulip mania">Tulip mania</a> (1634–1637)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Company" title="Mississippi Company">Mississippi bubble</a> (1684–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Company" title="South Sea Company">South Sea bubble</a> (1711–1720)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Bubble_of_1769" title="Bengal Bubble of 1769">Bengal Bubble of 1769</a> (1757–1769)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">1st Industrial Revolution</a> (1760–1840)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canal_Mania" title="Canal Mania">Canal Mania</a> (c. 1790–c. 1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_gold_rush" title="Carolina gold rush">Carolina gold rush</a> (1802–1825)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1810s" title="Alabama real estate bubble of the 1810s">1810s Alabama real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Gold_Rush" title="Georgia Gold Rush">Georgia Gold Rush</a> (1828–c. 1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_real_estate_bubble_of_the_1830s" title="Chicago real estate bubble of the 1830s">1830s Chicago real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_silver_rush" title="Chilean silver rush">Chilean silver rush</a> (1830–1850)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840–1870</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Mania" title="Railway Mania">Railway Mania</a> (c. 1840–c. 1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_gold_rush" title="California gold rush">California gold rush</a> (1848–1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlottes_Gold_Rush" title="Queen Charlottes Gold Rush">Queen Charlottes Gold Rush</a> (1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_gold_rush" title="Victorian gold rush">Victorian gold rush</a> (1851–c. 1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_gold_rush" title="New South Wales gold rush">New South Wales gold rush</a> (1851–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_gold_rushes" title="Australian gold rushes">Australian gold rushes</a> (1851–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Canyon_Gold_Rush" title="Fraser Canyon Gold Rush">Fraser Canyon Gold Rush</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_gold_rush" title="Pike's Peak gold rush">Pike's Peak gold rush</a> (1858–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Rock Creek Gold Rush">Rock Creek Gold Rush</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_oil_rush" title="Pennsylvania oil rush">Pennsylvania oil rush</a> (1859–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similkameen_Gold_Rush" title="Similkameen Gold Rush">Similkameen Gold Rush</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stikine_Gold_Rush" title="Stikine Gold Rush">Stikine Gold Rush</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steamboats_of_the_Colorado_River" title="Steamboats of the Colorado River">Colorado River mining boom</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otago_gold_rush" title="Otago gold rush">Otago gold rush</a> (1861–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariboo_Gold_Rush" title="Cariboo Gold Rush">Cariboo Gold Rush</a> (1861–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">First Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1861–1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_gold_rush" title="West Coast gold rush">West Coast gold rush</a> (1864–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_Gold_Rush" title="Big Bend Gold Rush">Big Bend Gold Rush</a> (c. 1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Lake_gold_rush" title="Vermilion Lake gold rush">Vermilion Lake gold rush</a> (1865–1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kildonan_Gold_Rush" title="Kildonan Gold Rush">Kildonan Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omineca_Gold_Rush" title="Omineca Gold Rush">Omineca Gold Rush</a> (1869)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">2nd Industrial Revolution</a> (1870–1914)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_gold_rush" title="Lapland gold rush">1870s Lapland gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Gold_Rushes" title="Coromandel Gold Rushes">Coromandel Gold Rushes</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiar_Country" title="Cassiar Country">Cassiar Gold Rush</a> (c. 1870–c. 1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_gold_rush" title="Black Hills gold rush">Black Hills gold rush</a> (1874–1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Silver_Boom" title="Colorado Silver Boom">Colorado Silver Boom</a> (1879–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_gold_rushes" title="Western Australian gold rushes">Western Australian gold rushes</a> (c. 1880–c. 1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_gas_boom" title="Indiana gas boom">Indiana gas boom</a> (c. 1880–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Ohio" title="Petroleum industry in Ohio">Ohio oil rush</a> (c. 1880–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego_gold_rush" title="Tierra del Fuego gold rush">Tierra del Fuego gold rush</a> (1883–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayoosh_Gold_Rush" title="Cayoosh Gold Rush">Cayoosh Gold Rush</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witwatersrand_Gold_Rush" title="Witwatersrand Gold Rush">Witwatersrand Gold Rush</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> (1886–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripple_Creek_Gold_Rush" title="Cripple Creek Gold Rush">Cripple Creek Gold Rush</a> (c. 1890–c. 1910)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klondike Gold Rush</a> (1896–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Second Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1896–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobuk_River_Stampede" title="Kobuk River Stampede">Kobuk River Stampede</a> (1897–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Baker_gold_rush" title="Mount Baker gold rush">Mount Baker gold rush</a> (1897–c. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_Gold_Rush" title="Nome Gold Rush">Nome Gold Rush</a> (1899–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (c. 1900–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1901–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1903–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1909–1918)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> (1918–1939)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">1920s Florida land boom</a> (c. 1920–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairbanks_Gold_Rush" title="Fairbanks Gold Rush">Fairbanks Gold Rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_silver_rush" title="Cobalt silver rush">Cobalt silver rush</a> (1918–c. 1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1918–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakamega_gold_rush" title="Kakamega gold rush">1930s Kakamega gold rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Gold mining in Nova Scotia">Third Nova Scotia Gold Rush</a> (1932–1942)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93World_War_II_economic_expansion" title="Post–World War II economic expansion">Post–WWII expansion</a> (1945–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texas_oil_boom" title="Texas oil boom">Texas oil boom</a> (1945–c. 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcupine_Gold_Rush" title="Porcupine Gold Rush">Porcupine Gold Rush</a> (1945–c. 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon_bubble" title="Poseidon bubble">Poseidon bubble</a> (1969–1970)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stagflation" title="Stagflation">The Great Inflation</a> (1973–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_commodities_boom" title="1970s commodities boom">1970s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_oil_boom" title="Mexican oil boom">Mexican oil boom</a> (1977–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Thursday" title="Silver Thursday">Silver Thursday</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (c. 1980–1982)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Moderation" title="Great Moderation">Great Moderation</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Great_Regression" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Regression">Great Regression</a> (1982–2007)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_property_bubble" title="New Zealand property bubble">New Zealand property bubble</a> (1982–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_property_bubble" title="Spanish property bubble">Spanish property bubble</a> (1985–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble" title="Japanese asset price bubble">Japanese asset price bubble</a> (1986–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">Dot-com bubble</a> (1995–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_housing_bubble" title="Baltic states housing bubble">Baltic states housing bubble</a> (2000–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_property_bubble" title="Irish property bubble">Irish property bubble</a> (c. 2000–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_property_bubble_of_2000s" title="Danish property bubble of 2000s">2000s Danish property bubble</a> (2001–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_United_States_housing_bubble" title="2000s United States housing bubble">United States housing bubble</a> (2002–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_property_bubble" title="Romanian property bubble">Romanian property bubble</a> (2002–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_property_bubble" title="Polish property bubble">Polish property bubble</a> (2002–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_property_bubble" title="Canadian property bubble">Canadian property bubble</a> (2002–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_property_bubble_(2005%E2%80%932011)" title="Chinese property bubble (2005–2011)">Chinese property bubble</a> (2005–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2005–2008)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_stock_bubble_of_2007" title="Chinese stock bubble of 2007">Chinese stock bubble of 2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_bubble_of_2007" title="Uranium bubble of 2007">Uranium bubble of 2007</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a> (2007–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a> (2008–2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_housing_bubble" title="Lebanese housing bubble">Lebanese housing bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_debt_bubble" title="Corporate debt bubble">Corporate debt bubble</a> (2008–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_property_bubble" title="Australian property bubble">Australian property bubble</a> (2010–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">Cryptocurrency bubble</a> (2011–)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everything_bubble" title="Everything bubble">Everything bubble</a> (2020–21)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bubble" title="Green bubble">Green bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_stock_bubble" title="Social media stock bubble">Social media stock bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn_bubble" title="Unicorn bubble">Unicorn bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">U.S. higher education bubble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_frontier" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_frontier" title="Template:American frontier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_frontier" title="Template talk:American frontier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_frontier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American frontier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_frontier" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1776 to 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assiniboine" title="Assiniboine">Assiniboine (Nakota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_Confederacy" title="Blackfoot Confederacy">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuse_people" title="Cayuse people">Cayuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_peoples" title="Chinookan peoples">Chinook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Chippewa (Ojibwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_people" title="Dakota people">Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Civilized_Tribes" title="Five Civilized Tribes">Five Civilized Tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai" title="Kutenai">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape (Delaware)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_people" title="Modoc people">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nez_Perce" title="Nez Perce">Nez Perce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth" title="Nuu-chah-nulth">Nootka (Nuu-chah-nulth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pend_d%27Oreilles" title="Pend d'Oreilles">Pend d'Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequots" title="Pequots">Pequots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute_people" title="Southern Paiute people">Southern Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpqua_people" title="Umpqua people">Umpqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washoe_people" title="Washoe people">Washoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama" title="Yakama">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai" title="Yavapai">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Yuma (Quechan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonga_Black_Hawk" title="Antonga Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Kettle" title="Black Kettle">Black Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Knife" title="Bloody Knife">Bloody Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Joseph" title="Chief Joseph">Chief Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise" title="Cochise">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_Watie" title="Stand Watie">Degataga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Porter" title="Pleasant Porter">Crazy Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crazy_Horse" title="Crazy Horse">Crazy Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitto_Harjo" title="Chitto Harjo">Crazy Snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_Coloradas" title="Mangas Coloradas">Dasoda-hae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Ridge" title="Major Ridge">Ganundalegi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irataba" title="Irataba">Irataba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Wright" title="Allen Wright">Kiliahote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuelito" title="Manuelito">Manuelito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massai" title="Massai">Massai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenty_Coups" title="Plenty Coups">Plenty Coups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanah_Parker" title="Quanah Parker">Quanah Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cloud" title="Red Cloud">Red Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Seattle" title="Chief Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Smallwood" title="Benjamin Franklin Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pitchlynn" title="Peter Pitchlynn">Snapping Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Bear" title="Standing Bear">Standing Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Bears" title="Ten Bears">Ten Bears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touch_the_Clouds" title="Touch the Clouds">Touch the Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_(chief)" title="Tuba (chief)">Tuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorio" title="Victorio">Victorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washakie" title="Washakie">Washakie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and <a href="/wiki/American_pioneer" title="American pioneer">pioneers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bozeman" title="John Bozeman">John Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bridger" title="Jim Bridger">Jim Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_V%C3%A9lez_Cachup%C3%ADn" title="Tomás Vélez Cachupín">Tomás Vélez Cachupín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Clark" title="William Clark">William Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Crockett" title="Davy Crockett">Davy Crockett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donner_Party" title="Donner Party">Donner Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson" title="Liver-Eating Johnson">Liver-Eating Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meriwether_Lewis" title="Meriwether Lewis">Meriwether Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Mayer" title="Joe Mayer">Joe Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Murphy" title="William John Murphy">William John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rivera_(explorer)" title="Juan Rivera (explorer)">Juan Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Ruggles" title="Levi Ruggles">Levi Ruggles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jedediah_Smith" title="Jedediah Smith">Jedediah Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Swilling" title="Trinidad Swilling">Trinidad Swilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Rush_Weed" title="Ora Rush Weed">Ora Rush Weed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richens_Lacey_Wootton" title="Richens Lacey Wootton">Richens Lacey Wootton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wickenburg" title="Henry Wickenburg">Henry Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bill_Williams" title="Old Bill Williams">"Old Bill" Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young" title="Brigham Young">Brigham Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lawmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfego_Baca" title="Elfego Baca">Elfego Baca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Bassett" title="Charlie Bassett">Charlie Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Bean" title="Roy Bean">Roy Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Earp" title="Morgan Earp">Morgan Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Earp" title="Virgil Earp">Virgil Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Earp" title="Wyatt Earp">Wyatt Earp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garfias" title="Henry Garfias">Henry Garfias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Garrett" title="Pat Garrett">Pat Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Helm" title="Jack Helm">Jack Helm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bill_Hickok" title="Wild Bill Hickok">"Wild Bill" Hickok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_Masterson" title="Bat Masterson">Bat Masterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysterious_Dave_Mather" title="Mysterious Dave Mather">"Mysterious Dave" Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_Reeves" title="Bass Reeves">Bass Reeves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scarborough_(cowboy)" title="George Scarborough (cowboy)">George Scarborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selman" title="John Selman">John Selman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horton_Slaughter" title="John Horton Slaughter">John Horton Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Tilghman" title="Bill Tilghman">William "Bill" Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Timberlake" title="James Timberlake">James Timberlake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_C._Wheeler" title="Harry C. Wheeler">Harry C. Wheeler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outlaws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_the_Kid" title="Billy the Kid">Billy the Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Bart_(outlaw)" title="Black Bart (outlaw)">Black Bart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brocius" title="William Brocius">"Curly Bill" Brocius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butch_Cassidy" title="Butch Cassidy">Butch Cassidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Clanton" title="Billy Clanton">Billy Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Clanton" title="Ike Clanton">Ike Clanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang" title="Dalton Gang">Dalton Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grat_Dalton" title="Grat Dalton">Grat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_M._Dalton" title="William M. Dalton">Bill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dalton" title="Bob Dalton">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmett_Dalton" title="Emmett Dalton">Emmett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Doolin" title="Bill Doolin">Bill Doolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Downing" title="Bill Downing">Bill Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Hardin" title="John Wesley Hardin">John Wesley Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Ringo" title="Johnny Ringo">Johnny Ringo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James" title="Jesse James">Jesse James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_James" title="Frank James">Frank James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Ketchum" title="Tom Ketchum">Tom Ketchum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_McLaury" title="Frank McLaury">Frank McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McLaury" title="Tom McLaury">Tom McLaury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaquin_Murrieta" title="Joaquin Murrieta">Joaquin Murrieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Starr" title="Belle Starr">Belle Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soapy_Smith" title="Soapy Smith">Soapy Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundance_Kid" title="Sundance Kid">Sundance Kid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James-Younger_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="James-Younger Gang">Younger Brothers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cole_Younger" title="Cole Younger">Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Younger" title="Bob Younger">Bob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jim_Younger" title="Jim Younger">Jim</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Younger" title="John Younger">John</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soldiers and scouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Russell_Burnham" title="Frederick Russell Burnham">Frederick Russell Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kit_Carson" title="Kit Carson">Kit Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">"Buffalo Bill" Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Jack_Omohundro" title="Texas Jack Omohundro">Texas Jack Omohundro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._Cooney" title="James C. Cooney">James C. Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crook" title="George Crook">George Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Godey" title="Alexis Godey">Alexis Godey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Heintzelman" title="Samuel P. Heintzelman">Samuel P. Heintzelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Horn" title="Tom Horn">Tom Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamity_Jane" title="Calamity Jane">Calamity Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Kelly" title="Luther Kelly">Luther Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranald_S._Mackenzie" title="Ranald S. Mackenzie">Ranald S. Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charley_Reynolds" title="Charley Reynolds">Charley Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Philip Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Sieber" title="Al Sieber">Al Sieber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Boring" title="William H. Boring">William H. Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_R._Davis" title="Jonathan R. Davis">Jonathan R. Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Flavel" title="George Flavel">George Flavel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Fly" title="C. S. Fly">C. S. Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joel_Glanton" title="John Joel Glanton">John Joel Glanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_E._Goodfellow" title="George E. Goodfellow">George E. Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Holliday" title="Doc Holliday">Doc Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zephaniah_Kingsley" title="Zephaniah Kingsley">Zephaniah Kingsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Kinman" title="Seth Kinman">Seth Kinman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octaviano_Ambrosio_Larrazolo" title="Octaviano Ambrosio Larrazolo">Octaviano Larrazolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Love" title="Nat Love">Nat Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvester_Mowry" title="Sylvester Mowry">Sylvester Mowry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Norton" title="Emperor Norton">Emperor Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedona_Schnebly" title="Sedona Schnebly">Sedona Schnebly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_William_Sweeny" title="Thomas William Sweeny">Thomas William Sweeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lebeck" title="Peter Lebeck">Peter Lebeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Frontier culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbed_wire" title="Barbed wire">Barbed wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Hill" title="Boot Hill">Boot Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_drives_in_the_United_States" title="Cattle drives in the United States">Cattle drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_poetry" title="Cowboy poetry">Cowboy poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_raiding" title="Cattle raiding">Cattle rustling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle towns">Cow town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_draw" title="Fast draw">Fast draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter#Famous_gunfights" title="Gunfighter">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_run" title="Land run">Land rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifest_destiny" title="Manifest destiny">Manifest destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonshine" title="Moonshine">Moonshine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_Rendezvous" title="Rocky Mountain Rendezvous">Rocky Mountain Rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodeo" title="Rodeo">Rodeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagecoach" title="Stagecoach">Stagecoach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Train_robbery" title="Train robbery">Train robbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigilantism" title="Vigilantism">Vigilante justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_saloon" title="Western saloon">Western saloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tack_piano" title="Tack piano">Tack piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Westward expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West shows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport and trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barlow_Road" title="Barlow Road">Barlow Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman_Trail" title="Bozeman Trail">Bozeman Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfield_Overland_Mail" title="Butterfield Overland Mail">Butterfield Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Trail" title="California Trail">California Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_Trail" title="Chisholm Trail">Chisholm Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Platte_River_Road" title="Great Platte River Road">Great Platte River Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Cattle_Trail" title="Great Western Cattle Trail">Great Western Cattle Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolo_Pass_(Oregon)" title="Lolo Pass (Oregon)">Lolo Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meek_Cutoff" title="Meek Cutoff">Meek Cutoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_Trail" title="Mormon Trail">Mormon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Trail" title="Oregon Trail">Oregon Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail" title="Santa Fe Trail">Santa Fe Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Emigrant_Trail" title="Southern Emigrant Trail">Southern Emigrant Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Trail" title="Tanner Trail">Tanner Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_railroad" title="First transcontinental railroad">First transcontinental railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dime_novel" title="Dime novel">Dime novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(folklore)" title="John Henry (folklore)">John Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Kaw" title="Johnny Kaw">Johnny Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Tom%27s_treasure" title="Long Tom's treasure">Long Tom's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman%27s_Gold_Mine" title="Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine">Lost Dutchman's Gold Mine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Ship_of_the_Desert" title="Lost Ship of the Desert">Lost Ship of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_treasure" title="Montezuma's treasure">Montezuma's treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bunyan" title="Paul Bunyan">Paul Bunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecos_Bill" title="Pecos Bill">Pecos Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Cities_of_Gold" title="Seven Cities of Gold">Seven Cities of Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gold_rush" title="Gold rush">Gold rushes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Hills Gold Rush">Black Hills Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="California Gold Rush">California Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Gulch_and_Diamond_City" title="Confederate Gulch and Diamond City">Confederate Gulch and Diamond City</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Klondike Gold Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike%27s_Peak_Gold_Rush" class="mw-redirect" title="Pike's Peak Gold Rush">Pike's Peak Gold Rush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Gang#Coffeyville_bank_robbery" title="Dalton Gang">Battle of Coffeyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1878)" title="Battle of Lincoln (1878)">Battle of Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisco_shootout" title="Frisco shootout">Frisco shootout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Branch_Saloon_gunfight" title="Long Branch Saloon gunfight">Long Branch Saloon gunfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variety_Hall_shootout" title="Variety Hall shootout">Variety Hall shootout</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alamo" title="Battle of the Alamo">Battle of the Alamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glorieta_Pass" title="Battle of Glorieta Pass">Battle of Glorieta Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Jacinto" title="Battle of San Jacinto">Battle of San Jacinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Washita_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Washita River">Battle of Washita River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Flag_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Flag Revolt">Bear Flag Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_1837_(New_Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt of 1837 (New Mexico)">Chimayó Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Adobe_Walls" title="First Battle of Adobe Walls">First Battle of Adobe Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Revolution" title="Texas Revolution">Texas Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wounded_Knee_Massacre" title="Wounded Knee Massacre">Wounded Knee Massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Range_war" title="Range war">Range wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Family_feuds_in_the_United_States" title="Family feuds in the United States">feuds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County_in_the_Old_West" title="Cochise County in the Old West">Earp-Clanton feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_County_War" title="Johnson County War">Johnson County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_County_War" title="Lincoln County War">Lincoln County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_County_War" title="Mason County War">Mason County War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasant_Valley_War" title="Pleasant Valley War">Pleasant Valley War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheep Wars">Sheep Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton%E2%80%93Taylor_feud" title="Sutton–Taylor feud">Sutton–Taylor feud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_Rangers" title="List of Arizona Rangers">Arizona Rangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_American_frontier" title="Bibliography of the American frontier">Bibliography of the American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cowboys_and_cowgirls" title="List of cowboys and cowgirls">Cowboys and cowgirls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gangs" title="List of Old West gangs">Gangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ghost towns in the United States">Ghost towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfights" title="List of Old West gunfights">Gunfights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_lawmen" title="List of Old West lawmen">Lawmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_men" title="List of mountain men">Mountain men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Old_West_gunfighters" title="List of Old West gunfighters">Outlaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Old_West" title="Timeline of the American Old West">Timeline of the American Old West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Western_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Western United States">Cuisine of the Western United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuckwagon" title="Chuckwagon">Chuckwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_oysters" title="Rocky Mountain oysters">Rocky Mountain oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Western" title="Gothic Western">Gothic Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_country_music" title="Texas country music">Texas country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_boot" title="Cowboy boot">Cowboy boots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowboy_hat" title="Cowboy hat">Cowboy hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans" title="Jeans">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_fastener" title="Snap fastener">Snap fastener</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Places" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Alaska" title="Department of Alaska">Alaska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iditarod,_Alaska" title="Iditarod, Alaska">Iditarod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skagway,_Alaska" title="Skagway, Alaska">Skagway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_Diablo,_Arizona" title="Canyon Diablo, Arizona">Canyon Diablo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Grant,_Arizona" title="Fort Grant, Arizona">Fort Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Window_Rock,_Arizona" title="Window Rock, Arizona">Window Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_California" title="Jamestown, California">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creede,_Colorado" title="Creede, Colorado">Creede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride,_Colorado" title="Telluride, Colorado">Telluride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado" title="Trinidad, Colorado">Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dakota_Territory" title="Dakota Territory">Dakota Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadwood,_South_Dakota" title="Deadwood, South Dakota">Deadwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fargo,_North_Dakota" title="Fargo, North Dakota">Fargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Yates,_North_Dakota" title="Fort Yates, North Dakota">Fort Yates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Ridge_Indian_Reservation" title="Pine Ridge Indian Reservation">Pine Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_City,_South_Dakota" title="Rapid City, South Dakota">Rapid City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Rock_Indian_Reservation" title="Standing Rock Indian Reservation">Standing Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankton,_South_Dakota" title="Yankton, South Dakota">Yankton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola,_Florida" title="Angola, Florida">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negro_Fort" title="Negro Fort">Negro Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_St._Augustine,_Florida" title="History of St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tallahassee,_Florida" title="History of Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Territory" title="Idaho Territory">Idaho Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Boise" title="Fort Boise">Fort Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hall" title="Fort Hall">Fort Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Kansas" title="Abilene, Kansas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_City,_Kansas" title="Dodge City, Kansas">Dodge City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth,_Kansas" title="Ellsworth, Kansas">Ellsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hays,_Kansas" title="Hays, Kansas">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leavenworth,_Kansas" title="Leavenworth, Kansas">Leavenworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a></li></ul> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billings,_Montana" title="Billings, Montana">Billings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bozeman,_Montana" title="Bozeman, Montana">Bozeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lodge,_Montana" title="Deer Lodge, Montana">Deer Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Benton,_Montana" title="Fort Benton, Montana">Fort Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Peck,_Montana" title="Fort Peck, Montana">Fort Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston,_Montana" title="Livingston, Montana">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missoula,_Montana" title="Missoula, Montana">Missoula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Montana" title="Virginia City, Montana">Virginia City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chadron,_Nebraska" title="Chadron, Nebraska">Chadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson_(Nebraska)" title="Fort Atkinson (Nebraska)">Fort Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Robinson" title="Fort Robinson">Fort Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_City,_Nebraska" title="Nebraska City, Nebraska">Nebraska City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogallala,_Nebraska" title="Ogallala, Nebraska">Ogallala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine,_Nebraska" title="Valentine, Nebraska">Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteclay,_Nebraska" title="Whiteclay, Nebraska">Whiteclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_City,_Nevada" title="Virginia City, Nevada">Virginia City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimarron,_New_Mexico" title="Cimarron, New Mexico">Cimarron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumner,_New_Mexico" title="Fort Sumner, New Mexico">Fort Sumner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallup,_New_Mexico" title="Gallup, New Mexico">Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_New_Mexico" title="Las Vegas, New Mexico">Las Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Mexico" title="Lincoln, New Mexico">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon,_New_Mexico" title="Mogollon, New Mexico">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucumcari,_New_Mexico" title="Tucumcari, New Mexico">Tucumcari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Territory" title="Oklahoma Territory">Oklahoma Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Arrow,_Oklahoma" title="Broken Arrow, Oklahoma">Broken Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gibson" title="Fort Gibson">Fort Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill" title="Fort Sill">Fort Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okmulgee,_Oklahoma" title="Okmulgee, Oklahoma">Okmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawhuska,_Oklahoma" title="Pawhuska, Oklahoma">Pawhuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahlequah,_Oklahoma" title="Tahlequah, Oklahoma">Tahlequah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishomingo,_Oklahoma" title="Tishomingo, Oklahoma">Tishomingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuskahoma,_Oklahoma" title="Tuskahoma, Oklahoma">Tuskahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wewoka,_Oklahoma" title="Wewoka, Oklahoma">Wewoka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Territory" title="Oregon Territory">Oregon Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Oregon" title="Astoria, Oregon">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dalles,_Oregon" title="The Dalles, Oregon">The Dalles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande,_Oregon" title="La Grande, Oregon">La Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_City,_Oregon" title="Oregon City, Oregon">Oregon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale,_Oregon" title="Vale, Oregon">Vale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abilene,_Texas" title="Abilene, Texas">Abilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzales,_Texas" title="Gonzales, Texas">Gonzales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas" title="Lubbock, Texas">Lubbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Territory" title="Washington Territory">Washington Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Everett,_Washington" title="Everett, Washington">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Townsend,_Washington" title="Port Townsend, Washington">Port Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington" title="Vancouver, Washington">Vancouver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Territory" title="Wyoming Territory">Wyoming Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bridger" title="Fort Bridger">Fort Bridger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Laramie_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Laramie National Historic Site">Fort Laramie</a></li></ul> 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