CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Psychological abuse - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a3c7e460-8cc2-4892-bdf2-160a7989c3a7","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Psychological_abuse","wgTitle":"Psychological abuse","wgCurRevisionId":1254958980,"wgRevisionId":1254958980,"wgArticleId":526618,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from March 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2021","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015", "All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases","Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2015","Commons category link from Wikidata","Psychological abuse","Harassment and bullying"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Psychological_abuse","wgRelevantArticleId":526618,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1339137","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready", "ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Psychological abuse - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Psychological_abuse rootpage-Psychological_abuse skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Psychological+abuse" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Psychological+abuse" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Psychological+abuse" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Psychological+abuse" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-General_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>General definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prevalence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevalence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevalence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intimate_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intimate_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Intimate relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intimate_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_emotional_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_emotional_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Child emotional abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_emotional_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elder_emotional_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder_emotional_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Elder emotional abuse</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder_emotional_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics_of_abusers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics_of_abusers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics of abusers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics_of_abusers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_intimate_partners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_intimate_partners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Abuse of intimate partners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_intimate_partners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Abuse of children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_in_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_in_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Abuse in the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_in_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abuse_of_the_elderly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abuse_of_the_elderly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abuse of the elderly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abuse_of_the_elderly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_intimate_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_intimate_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>In intimate relationships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_intimate_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>In the family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>In the workplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_perceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_perceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Popular perceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_perceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultural causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychological abuse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="عنف نفسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنف نفسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltractament_psicol%C3%B2gic" title="Maltractament psicològic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Maltractament psicològic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychick%C3%A9_zneu%C5%BE%C3%ADv%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Psychické zneužívání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychické zneužívání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Ψυχολογική κακοποίηση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχολογική κακοποίηση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maltrato_emocional" title="Maltrato emocional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Maltrato emocional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abusu_psikologiko" title="Abusu psikologiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abusu psikologiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آزار روانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آزار روانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_psychologique" title="Violence psychologique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Violence psychologique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%81_%ED%95%99%EB%8C%80" title="심리적 학대 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="심리적 학대" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հոգեբանական բռնություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հոգեբանական բռնություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyalahgunaan_psikologis" title="Penyalahgunaan psikologis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyalahgunaan psikologis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violenza_psicologica" title="Violenza psicologica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violenza psicologica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התעללות רגשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התעללות רגשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukatili_wa_kisaikolojia" title="Ukatili wa kisaikolojia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukatili wa kisaikolojia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violentia_psychica" title="Violentia psychica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Violentia psychica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psichologinis_smurtas" title="Psichologinis smurtas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Psichologinis smurtas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ფსიქოლოგიური ნძალება – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფსიქოლოგიური ნძალება" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychische_mishandeling" title="Psychische mishandeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psychische mishandeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="心理的虐待 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心理的虐待" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykisk_vold" title="Psykisk vold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Psykisk vold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psixologik_zo%CA%BBravonlik" title="Psixologik zoʻravonlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Psixologik zoʻravonlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuso_psicol%C3%B3gico" title="Abuso psicológico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Abuso psicológico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuz_psihologic" title="Abuz psihologic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Abuz psihologic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Психологическое насилие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психологическое насилие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuzimi_psikologjik" title="Abuzimi psikologjik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Abuzimi psikologjik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Psychological abuse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihi%C4%8Dno_nasilje" title="Psihično nasilje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psihično nasilje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henkinen_v%C3%A4kivalta" title="Henkinen väkivalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Henkinen väkivalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykisk_misshandel" title="Psykisk misshandel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykisk misshandel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikolojik_%C5%9Fiddet" title="Psikolojik şiddet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Psikolojik şiddet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Психологічне насильство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Психологічне насильство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84" title="جذباتی استحصال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جذباتی استحصال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_%C4%91%C3%A3i_t%C3%A2m_l%C3%BD" title="Ngược đãi tâm lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngược đãi tâm lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="精神虐待 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="精神虐待" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E8%99%90%E5%BE%85" title="精神虐待 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="精神虐待" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1339137#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Psychological_abuse" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Psychological_abuse" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Psychological_abuse" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&oldid=1254958980" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Psychological_abuse&id=1254958980&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPsychological_abuse"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPsychological_abuse"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Psychological_abuse&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychological_abuse" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1339137" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mental or emotional harm inflicted on a person</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Psychological abuse</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Psychological violence, emotional abuse, mental abuse</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Psychological abuse</b>, often known as <b>emotional abuse</b> or <b>mental abuse</b> or <b>psychological violence</b>, is a form of <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another person to a behavior that may result in <a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">psychological trauma</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic depression">chronic depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a> or <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> amongst other psychological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._19942_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton,_D._G._19942-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Maiuro2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maiuro2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emotional_Abuse2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emotional_Abuse2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is often associated with situations of <a href="/wiki/Abusive_power_and_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Abusive power and control">power imbalance in abusive relationships</a>, and may include <a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">bullying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">abuse in the workplace</a>, amongst other behaviors that may cause an individual to feel unsafe.<sup id="cite_ref-Maiuro2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maiuro2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emotional_Abuse2_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emotional_Abuse2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also may be perpetrated by persons conducting <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violence</a>, acute or prolonged <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights abuse">human rights abuse</a>, particularly without legal redress such as <a href="/wiki/Detention_without_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention without trial">detention without trial</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">false accusations</a>, false convictions, and extreme <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a> such as where perpetrated by state and media. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_definition">General definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: General definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Clinician" title="Clinician">Clinicians</a> and researchers have offered different definitions of psychological abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Emotional_Abuse3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emotional_Abuse3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to current research the terms "psychological abuse" and "emotional abuse" can be used interchangeably, unless associated with psychological violence.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, "emotional abuse" is any abuse that is emotional rather than physical. It can include anything from verbal abuse and constant criticism to more subtle tactics such as intimidation, manipulation, and refusal to ever be pleased. This abuse occurs when someone uses words or actions to try and control the other person, to keep someone afraid or isolated, or try to break someone's self-esteem. </p><p>Emotional abuse can take several forms. Three general patterns of abusive behavior include aggressing, denying, and minimizing; "Withholding is another form of denying. Withholding includes refusing to listen, to communicate, and emotionally withdrawing as punishment."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though there is no established definition for emotional abuse, emotional abuse can possess a definition beyond verbal and psychological abuse. Blaming, shaming, and <a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">name calling</a> are a few verbally abusive behaviors that can affect a victim emotionally. The victim's self-worth and emotional well-being are altered and even diminished by the verbal abuse, resulting in an emotionally abused victim.<sup id="cite_ref-HelpGuide_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HelpGuide-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The victim may experience severe psychological effects. This would involve the tactics of brainwashing, which can fall under psychological abuse as well, but emotional abuse consists of the manipulation of the victim's emotions. The victim may feel their emotions are being affected by the abuser to such an extent that the victim may no longer recognize their own feelings regarding the issues the abuser is trying to control. The result is the victim's self-concept and independence are systematically taken away.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> defines emotionally abusive traits as causing fear by <a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">intimidation</a>, threatening physical <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">harm to self</a>, partner, children, or partner's family or friends, destruction of pets and property, and forcing <a href="/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" title="Isolation (psychology)">isolation</a> from family, friends, or school or work.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More subtle emotionally abusive behaviors include <a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">insults</a>, putdowns, arbitrary and unpredictable behavior, and <a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">gaslighting</a> (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">denial</a> that previous abusive incidents occurred). Modern technology has led to new forms of abuse, by text messaging and online <a href="/wiki/Cyber-bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-bullying">cyber-bullying</a> </p><p>In 1996, <a href="/wiki/Health_Canada" title="Health Canada">Health Canada</a> argued that emotional abuse is "based on power and control",<sup id="cite_ref-EAbuse_Canada_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAbuse_Canada-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and defines emotional abuse as including rejecting, degrading, terrorizing, isolating, corrupting/exploiting and "denying emotional responsiveness" as characteristic of emotional abuse. </p><p>Several studies have argued that an isolated incident of verbal aggression, dominant conduct or jealous behaviors does not constitute the term "psychological abuse". Rather, it is defined by a pattern of such behaviors, unlike <a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual maltreatment</a> where only one incident is necessary to label it as abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Besharov,_D._J._1990_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besharov,_D._J._1990-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tomison and Tucci write, "emotional abuse is characterized by a climate or pattern of behavior(s) occurring over time ... Thus, 'sustained' and 'repetitive' are the crucial components of any definition of emotional abuse."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Vachss" title="Andrew Vachss">Andrew Vachss</a>, an author, attorney, and former <a href="/wiki/Sex_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex crime">sex crimes</a> investigator, defines emotional abuse as "the systematic diminishment of another. It may be intentional or subconscious (or both), but it is always a course of conduct, not a single event."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevalence">Prevalence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prevalence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intimate_relationships">Intimate relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Intimate relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimate relationships">Intimate relationships</a></div> <p>When discussing the different types of psychological abuse in terms of domestically violent relationships, it is important to recognize the 4 different types; Denigrating Damage to Partner's Self-Image or Esteem, Passive Aggressive Withholding of Emotional Support, Threatening Behavior, and Restricting Personal Territory and Freedom:<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Denigrating Damage refers to an individual using verbal aggression like yelling towards their partner that is delivered as profane and derogatory.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Passive Aggressive Withholding of Emotional Support refers to an individual intentionally avoiding and withdrawing themselves from their partner in an attempt to be neglectful and emotionally abandoning.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Threatening Behavior refers to an individual making verbal threats towards their partner that could imply eliciting physical harm, threats of divorce, lying, and threats of reckless behavior that could put their safety at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Restricting Personal Territory and Freedom refers to the isolation of social support from family and friends. This could include taking away partner's autonomy and having a lack of personal boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>It has been reported that at least 80% of women who have entered the criminal justice system due to partner violence have also experienced psychological abuse from their partner.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This partner violence is also known as domestic abuse. </p><p>Domestic abuse—defined as chronic mistreatment in marriage, families, dating, and other intimate relationships—can include emotionally abusive behavior. Although psychological abuse does not always lead to physical abuse, physical abuse in domestic relationships is nearly always preceded and accompanied by psychological abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Maiuro2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maiuro2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murphy and O'Leary reported that psychological <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> is the most reliable predictor of later physical aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2012 review by Capaldi et al., which evaluated risk factors for intimate partner violence (IPV), noted that psychological abuse has been shown to be both associated with and common in IPV. High levels of verbal aggression and relationship conflict, "practically akin to psychological aggression", strongly predicted IPV; male jealousy in particular was associated with female injuries from IPV.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempts to define and describe violence and abuse in hetero-normative intimate relationships can become contentious as different studies present different conclusions about whether men or women are the primary instigators. For instance, a 2005 study by Hamel reports that "men and women physically and emotionally abuse each other at equal rates."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Basile found that psychological aggression was effectively bidirectional in cases where heterosexual and homosexual couples went to court for domestic disturbances.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2007 study of Spanish college students aged 18–27 found that psychological aggression (as measured by the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Tactics_Scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict Tactics Scale">Conflict Tactics Scale</a>) is so pervasive in dating relationships that it can be regarded as a normalized element of dating, and that women are substantially more likely to exhibit psychological aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar findings have been reported in other studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strauss et al. found that female intimate partners in heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to use psychological aggression, including threats to hit or throw an object.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study of young adults by Giordano et al. found that females in intimate heterosexual relationships were more likely than males to threaten to use a knife or gun against their partner.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While studies allege that women use violence in intimate relationships as often or more often than men, women's violence is typically self-defensive rather than aggressive.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, the National Clearinghouse on Family Violence,<sup id="cite_ref-EAbuse_Canada_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAbuse_Canada-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Health Canada, reported that 39% of married women or common-law wives suffered emotional abuse by husbands/partners; and a 1995 survey of women 15 and over 36–43% reported emotional abuse during childhood or adolescence, and 39% experienced emotional abuse in marriage/dating; this report does not address boys or men suffering emotional abuse from families or intimate partners. A BBC radio documentary on domestic abuse, including emotional maltreatment, reports that 20% of men and 30% of women have been abused by a spouse or other intimate partner.<sup id="cite_ref-Boys_Don't_Cry_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boys_Don't_Cry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_emotional_abuse">Child emotional abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Child emotional abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></div> <p>Psychological abuse of a child is commonly defined as a pattern of behavior by parents or caregivers that can seriously interfere with a child's cognitive, emotional, psychological, or social development.<sup id="cite_ref-Besharov,_D._J._1990_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Besharov,_D._J._1990-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the DSM-5, Child Psychological Abuse is defined as verbal or symbolic acts given by parent or caregiver which can result in significant psychological harm.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples are yelling, comparing to others, name-calling, blaming, gaslighting, manipulating, and normalizing abuse due to the status of being underage. </p><p>Some parents may emotionally and psychologically harm their children because of stress, poor parenting skills, social isolation, and lack of available resources or inappropriate expectations of their children. Straus and Field report that psychological aggression is a pervasive trait of American families: "verbal attacks on children, like physical attacks, are so prevalent as to be just about universal."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2008 study by English, et al. found that fathers and mothers were equally likely to be verbally aggressive towards their children.<sup id="cite_ref-English_Maltreat_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Maltreat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elder_emotional_abuse">Elder emotional abuse</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Elder emotional abuse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></div> <p>Choi and Mayer performed a study on <a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">elder abuse</a> (causing harm or distress to an older person), with results showing that 10.5% of the participants were victims of "emotional/psychological abuse", which was most often perpetrated by a son or other relative of the victim.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of 1288 cases in 2002–2004, 1201 individuals, 42 couples, and 45 groups were found to have been abused. Of these, 70% were female. Psychological abuse (59%) and <a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">material/financial</a> abuse (42%) were the most frequently identified types of abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that the overall prevalence rate of abused elderly in Hong Kong was 21.4%. Out of this percentage, 20.8% reported being verbally abused.<sup id="cite_ref-:123_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Workplace">Workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a></div> <p>Rates of reported emotional abuse in the workplace vary, with studies showing 10%, 24%, and 36% of respondents indicating persistent and substantial emotional abuse from coworkers.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Keashly and Jagatic found that males and females commit "emotionally abusive behaviors" in the workplace at roughly similar rates.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a web-based survey, Namie found that women were more likely to engage in workplace bullying, such as name calling, and that the average length of abuse was 16.5 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Namie,_G._2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namie,_G._2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pai and Lee found that the incidence of workplace violence typically occurs more often in younger workers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheuan_Lee_2011_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheuan_Lee_2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Younger age may be a reflection of lack of job experience, resulting in [an inability] to identify or prevent potentially abusive situations... Another finding showed that lower education is a risk factor for violence."<sup id="cite_ref-Sheuan_Lee_2011_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheuan_Lee_2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study also reports that 51.4% of the workers surveyed have already experienced verbal abuse, and 29.8% of them have encountered workplace bullying and <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">mobbing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheuan_Lee_2011_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheuan_Lee_2011-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics_of_abusers">Characteristics of abusers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Characteristics of abusers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">DARVO</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcissus-Caravaggio_(1594-96)_edited.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narcissus-Caravaggio_%281594-96%29_edited.jpg/220px-Narcissus-Caravaggio_%281594-96%29_edited.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narcissus-Caravaggio_%281594-96%29_edited.jpg/330px-Narcissus-Caravaggio_%281594-96%29_edited.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Narcissus-Caravaggio_%281594-96%29_edited.jpg/440px-Narcissus-Caravaggio_%281594-96%29_edited.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5951" data-file-height="7205" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(Caravaggio)" title="Narcissus (Caravaggio)">Narcissus</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1597–99</span>), a man gazing obsessively into his own reflection</figcaption></figure> <p>In their review of data from the <a href="/wiki/Dunedin_Multidisciplinary_Health_and_Development_Study" title="Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study">Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study</a> (a longitudinal birth cohort study) Moffitt et al.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> report that while men exhibit more aggression overall, sex is not a reliable predictor of interpersonal aggression, including psychological aggression. </p><p>The DARVO study found that no matter what gender a person is, aggressive people share a cluster of traits, including high rates of suspicion and jealousy; sudden and drastic <a href="/wiki/Mood_swing" title="Mood swing">mood swings</a>; poor <a href="/wiki/Self_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Self control">self-control</a>; and higher than average rates of approval of violence and aggression. Moffitt et al. also argue that <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_personality_disorder" title="Antisocial personality disorder">antisocial</a> men exhibit two distinct types of interpersonal aggression (one against strangers, the other against intimate female partners), while antisocial women are rarely aggressive against anyone other than intimate male partners or their own children. </p><p>Abusers may aim to avoid household chores<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or exercise total control of family finances. Abusers can be very manipulative, often recruiting friends, law officers and court officials, and even the victim's family to their side, while <a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">shifting blame to the victim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A victim may internalize the abuse and may form future relationships with abusers.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_intimate_partners">Abuse of intimate partners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abuse of intimate partners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most victims of psychological abuse within intimate relationships often experience changes to their psyche and actions. This varies throughout the various types and lengths of emotional abuse. Long-term emotional abuse has long term debilitating effects on a person's sense of self and integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, research shows that emotional abuse is a precursor to physical abuse when three particular forms of emotional abuse are present in the relationship: threats, restriction of the abused party and damage to the victim's property.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychological abuse is often not recognized by survivors of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">domestic violence</a> as abuse. A study of college students by Goldsmith and Freyd report that many who have experienced emotional abuse do not characterize the mistreatment as abusive.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Goldsmith and Freyd show that these people also tend to exhibit higher than average rates of <a href="/wiki/Alexithymia" title="Alexithymia">alexithymia</a> (difficulty identifying and processing their own emotions). This is often the case when referring to victims of abuse within intimate relationships, as non-recognition of the actions as abuse may be a <a href="/wiki/Coping_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coping (psychology)">coping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Defense_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense mechanism">defense mechanism</a> in order to either seek to master, minimize or tolerate <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> or <a href="/wiki/Emotional_conflict" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weiten_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weiten-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marital or relationship dissatisfaction can be caused by psychological abuse or aggression. In a 2007 study, Laurent et al. report that psychological aggression in young couples is associated with decreased satisfaction for both partners: "psychological aggression may serve as an impediment to couples' development because it reflects less mature <a href="/wiki/Coercive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coercive">coercive</a> tactics and an inability to balance self/other needs effectively."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2008 study on relationship dissatisfaction in adolescents Walsh and Shulman explain, "The more psychologically aggressive females were, the less satisfied were both partners. The unique importance of males' behavior was found in the form of withdrawal, a less mature conflict negotiation strategy. Males' withdrawal during joint discussions predicted increased satisfaction."<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many different responses to psychological abuse. Jacobson et al. found that women report markedly higher rates of fear during marital conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a rejoinder argued that Jacobson's results were invalid due to men and women's drastically differing interpretations of questionnaires.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton_rethinking_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton_rethinking-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coker et al. found that the effects of mental abuse were similar whether the victim was male or female.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1998 study of male college students by Simonelli & Ingram found that men who were emotionally abused by their female partners exhibited higher rates of chronic depression than the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pimlott-Kubiak and Cortina found that severity and duration of abuse were the only accurate predictors of after effects of abuse; sex of perpetrator or victim were not reliable predictors.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_of_children">Abuse of children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abuse of children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of psychological abuse on children can involve a variety of mental health concerns such as post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, personality disorders, low self-esteem, aggression, anxiety, and emotional unresponsiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These effects can be exemplified by the constant criticism, regular living with threats, or being rejected, that can be exemplified by withholding love and support as well as not having any guidance from the guardians of the children.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English et al. report that children specifically whose families are characterized by interpersonal violence, including psychological aggression and verbal aggression, may exhibit these disorders.<sup id="cite_ref-English_Maltreat_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-English_Maltreat-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, English et al. report that the impact of emotional abuse "did not differ significantly" from that of physical abuse. Johnson et al. report that, in a survey of female patients, 24% suffered emotional abuse, and that this group experienced higher rates of gynecological problems.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In their study of men emotionally abused by a wife/partner or parent, Hines and Malley-Morrison report that victims exhibit high rates of post-traumatic stress disorder and <a href="/wiki/Drug_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug addiction">drug addiction</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glaser reports, "An infant who is severely deprived of basic emotional nurturance, even though physically well cared for, can fail to thrive and can eventually die. Babies with less severe emotional deprivation can grow into anxious and insecure children who are slow to develop and who have low self-esteem."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glaser also informs that the abuse impacts the child in a number of ways, especially on their behavior, including: "insecurity, poor self-esteem, destructive behavior, angry acts (such as fire setting and animal cruelty), withdrawal, poor development of basic skills, alcohol or drug abuse, suicide, difficulty forming relationships and unstable job histories." </p><p>Oberlander et al. performed a study which discovered that among the youth, those with a history of maltreatment showed that emotional distress is a predictor of early initiation of sexual intercourse.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oberlander et al. state, "A childhood history of maltreatment, including... psychological abuse, and neglect, has been identified as a risk factor for early initiation of sexual intercourse ... In families where child maltreatment had occurred, children were more likely to experience heightened emotional distress and subsequently to engage in sexual intercourse by age 14. It is possible that maltreated youth feel disconnected from families that did not protect them and subsequently seek sexual relationships to gain support, seek companionship, or enhance their standing with peers." It is apparent that psychological abuse sustained during childhood is a predictor of the onset of sexual conduct occurring earlier in life, as opposed to later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abuse_in_the_workplace">Abuse in the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abuse in the workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychological abuse has been found present within the workplace as evidenced by previous research. <a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Namie's</a> study of workplace emotional abuse found that 31% of women and 21% of men who reported workplace emotional abuse exhibited three key symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (<a href="/wiki/Hypervigilance" title="Hypervigilance">hypervigilance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrusive_thoughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusive thoughts">intrusive imagery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_coping" title="Avoidance coping">avoidance behaviors</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Namie,_G._2000_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Namie,_G._2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common psychological, professional, financial, and social effects of sexual harassment and retaliation are as follows: </p> <ul><li>Psychological stress and health impairment, loss of motivation.</li> <li>Decreased work or school performance as a result of stressful conditions; increased <a href="/wiki/Absenteeism" title="Absenteeism">absenteeism</a> in fear of harassment repetition.</li> <li>Having to drop courses, change academic plans, or leave school (loss of tuition) in fear of harassment repetition or as a result of stress.</li> <li>Being objectified and humiliated by scrutiny and gossip.</li> <li>Loss of trust in environments similar to where the harassment occurred.</li> <li>Loss of trust in the types of people that occupy similar positions as the harasser or their colleagues, especially in cases where they are not supportive, difficulties or stress on peer relationships, or relationships with colleagues.</li> <li>Effects on sexual life and relationships: can put extreme stress upon relationships with significant others, sometimes resulting in divorce.</li> <li>Weakening of support network, or being ostracized from professional or academic circles (friends, colleagues, or family may distance themselves from the victim, or shun him or her altogether).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Depression</a>, anxiety or <a href="/wiki/Panic_attack" title="Panic attack">panic attacks</a>.</li> <li>Sleeplessness or <a href="/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare">nightmares</a>, difficulty concentrating, headaches, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">Eating disorders</a> (weight loss or gain), alcoholism, and feeling powerless or out of control.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VAW_effects_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VAW_effects-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-org_factor_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-org_factor-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abuse_of_the_elderly">Abuse of the elderly</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Abuse of the elderly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Elderly who have suffered psychological abuse have been found to experience similar outcomes as other population groups such as depression, anxiety, feelings of isolation and neglect, and powerlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-:123_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study examined 355 Chinese elderly participants (60 and older) and found that 75% of reported abusers were grown-up children of the elderly. Within this study, these individuals suffered outcomes from the abuse, specifically verbal abuse which contributed to their psychological distress.<sup id="cite_ref-:123_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:123-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_intimate_relationships">In intimate relationships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In intimate relationships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recognition of abuse is the first step to prevention. It is often difficult for abuse victims to acknowledge their situation and to seek help. For those who <i>do</i> seek help, research has shown that people who participate in an intimate partner violence prevention program report less psychological aggression toward their targets of psychological abuse, and reported victimization from psychological abuse decreased over time for the treatment group.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are non-profit organizations that provide support and prevention services such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">National Domestic Violence Hotline</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benefits.gov" title="Benefits.gov">Benefits.gov</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_family">In the family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In the family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Child abuse in the sole form of emotional/psychological maltreatment is often the most difficult to identify and prevent, as government organizations, such as <a href="/wiki/Child_Protective_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Protective Services">Child Protective Services</a> in the US, is often the only method of intervention, and the institute "must have demonstrable evidence that harm to a child has been done before they can intervene. Due to this a lot of victims may stay in the care of their abuser. Since emotional abuse doesn't result in physical evidence such as bruising or malnutrition, it can be very hard to diagnose."<sup id="cite_ref-Feild,_T._2003_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feild,_T._2003-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have, however, begun to develop methods to diagnose and treat such abuse, including the ability to: identify risk factors, provide resources to victims and their families, and ask appropriate questions to help identify the abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Feild,_T._2003_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feild,_T._2003-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_workplace">In the workplace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In the workplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of companies within the United States provide access to a <a href="/wiki/Human_resources" title="Human resources">human resources</a> department, in which to report cases of psychological/emotional abuse. Also, many managers are required to participate in conflict management programs, in order to ensure the workplace maintains an "open and respectful atmosphere, with tolerance for diversity and where the existence of interpersonal frustration and friction is accepted but also properly managed."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organizations must adopt <a href="/wiki/Zero-tolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Zero-tolerance">zero-tolerance</a> policies for professional verbal abuse. Education and coaching are needed to help employees to improve their skills when responding to professional-to-professional verbal abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_perceptions">Popular perceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Popular perceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies found <a href="/wiki/Double_standard" title="Double standard">double standards</a> in how people tend to view emotional abuse by men versus emotional abuse by women. Follingstad et al. found that, when rating hypothetical vignettes of psychological abuse in marriages, professional psychologists tend to rate male abuse of females as more serious than identical scenarios describing female abuse of males: "the stereotypical association between physical aggression and males appears to extend to an association of psychological abuse and males".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 446">: 446 </span></sup> </p><p>Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sorenson" title="Susan Sorenson">Sorenson</a> and Taylor randomly surveyed a group of Los Angeles, California residents for their opinions of hypothetical vignettes of abuse in heterosexual relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their study found that abuse committed by women, including emotional and psychological abuse such as controlling or humiliating behavior, was typically viewed as less serious or detrimental than identical abuse committed by men. Additionally, Sorenson and Taylor found that respondents had a broader range of opinions about female perpetrators, representing a lack of clearly defined mores when compared to responses about male perpetrators. </p><p>When considering the emotional state of psychological abusers, psychologists have focused on aggression as a contributing factor. While it is typical for people to consider males to be the more aggressive of the two sexes, researchers have studied female aggression to help understand psychological abuse patterns in situations involving female abusers. According to Walsh and Shluman, "The higher rates of female initiated aggression [including psychological aggression] may result, in part, from adolescents' attitudes about the unacceptability of male aggression and the relatively less negative attitudes toward female aggression".<sup id="cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concept that females are raised with fewer restrictions on aggressive behaviors (possibly due to the anxiety over aggression being focused on males) is a possible explanation for women who utilize aggression when being mentally abusive. </p><p>Some researchers have become interested in discovering exactly why women are usually not considered to be abusive. Hamel's 2007 study found that a "prevailing <a href="/wiki/Patriarchal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarchal">patriarchal</a> conception of <a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">intimate partner violence</a>" led to a systematic reluctance to study women who psychologically and physically abuse their male partners.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings state that existing cultural norms show males as more dominant and are therefore more likely to begin abusing their significant partners. </p><p>Dutton found that men who are emotionally or physically abused often encounter victim blaming that erroneously presumes the man either provoked or deserved the mistreatment by their female partners.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton_rethinking_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton_rethinking-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, domestic violence victims will often blame their own behavior, rather than the violent actions of the abuser. Victims may try continually to alter their behavior and circumstances in order to please their abuser.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, this results in further dependence of the individual on their abuser, as they may often change certain aspects of their lives that limit their resources. A 2002 study concluded that emotional abusers frequently aim to exercise total control of different aspects of family life. This behavior is only supported when the victim of the abuse aims to please their abuser.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many abusers are able to control their victims in a manipulative manner, utilizing methods to persuade others to conform to the wishes of the abuser, rather than to force them to do something they do not wish to do. Simon argues that because aggression in abusive relationships can be carried out subtly and covertly through various <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Control_freak" title="Control freak">control</a> tactics, victims often do not perceive the true nature of the relationship until conditions worsen considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_causes">Cultural causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A researcher in 1988 said that wife abuse stems from "normal psychological and behavioral patterns of most men ... feminists seek to understand why men, in general, use physical force against their partners and what functions this serves for a society in a given historical context".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dobash and Dobash (1979) said that "Men who assault their wives are living up to cultural prescriptions that are cherished in Western society--aggressiveness, male dominance and female subordination--and they are using physical force as a means to enforce that dominance," while Walker claims that men exhibit a "socialized androcentric need for power".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some women are aggressive and dominating to male partners, a 2003 report concluded that the majority of abuse in heterosexual partnerships, at about 80% in the US, is perpetrated by men.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Critics stress that this Department of Justice study examines <i>crime</i> figures, and does not specifically address <i>domestic abuse</i> figures.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the categories of crime and domestic abuse may cross-over, many instances of domestic abuse are either not regarded as crimes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or reported to police—critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> thus argue that it is inaccurate to regard the DOJ study as a comprehensive statement on domestic abuse.) A 2002 study reports that ten percent of violence in the UK, overall, is by females against males.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent data specifically regarding domestic abuse (including emotional abuse) report that 3 in 10 women, and 1 in 5 men, have experienced domestic abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Boys_Don't_Cry_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boys_Don't_Cry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One source said that legal systems have in the past endorsed these traditions of male domination, and it is only in recent years that abusers have begun to be punished for their behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1879, a Harvard University law scholar wrote, "The cases in the American courts are uniform against the right of the husband to use any <a href="/wiki/Chastisement" title="Chastisement">chastisement</a>, moderate or otherwise, toward the wife, for any purpose."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While recognizing that researchers have done valuable work and highlighted neglected topics<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> critics suggest that the male cultural domination hypothesis for abuse is untenable as a generalized explanation for numerous reasons: </p> <ul><li>A 1989 study concluded that many variables (racial, ethnic, cultural and subcultural, nationality, religion, family dynamics, and mental illness) make it very difficult or impossible to define male and female roles in any meaningful way that apply to the entire population.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1995 study concluded that disagreements about power-sharing in relationships are more strongly associated with abuse than are imbalances of power.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Peer-reviewed studies have produced inconsistent results when directly examining patriarchal beliefs and wife abuse. Yllo and Straus (1990) said that "low status" women in the United States suffered higher rates of spousal abuse;<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, a rejoinder argued that Yllo and Straus's interpretive conclusions were "confusing and contradictory".<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._19942_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton,_D._G._19942-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smith (1990) estimated that patriarchal beliefs were a causative factor for only 20% of wife abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell (1993) writes that "there is not a simple linear correlation between female status and rates of wife assault."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> Other studies had similar findings.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a 1994 study of Hispanic Americans revealed that traditionalist men exhibited lower rates of abuse towards women.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Studies from the 1980s showed that treatment programs based on the patriarchal privilege model are flawed due to a weak connection between abusiveness and one's cultural or social attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A 1992 study challenge the concept that male abuse or control of women is culturally sanctioned, and concluded that abusive men are widely viewed as unsuitable partners for dating or marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1988 study concluded that a minority of abusive men qualify as pervasively misogynistic.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1986 study concluded that the majority of men who commit spousal abuse agree that their behavior was inappropriate.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1970 study concluded that a minority of men approve of spousal abuse under even limited circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies from the 1970 and 1980s concluded that the majority of men are non-abusive towards girlfriends or wives for the duration of relationships, contrary to predictions that aggression or abuse towards women is an innate element of masculine culture.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1994, a researcher said that the numerous studies establishing that heterosexual and gay male relationships have lower rates of abuse than lesbian relationships, and the fact that women who have been involved with both men and women were more likely to have been abused by a woman "are difficult to explain in terms of male domination."<sup id="cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._19942_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutton,_D._G._19942-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, Dutton said that "patriarchy must interact with psychological variables in order to account for the great variation in power-violence data. It is suggested that some forms of psychopathology lead to some men adopting patriarchal ideology to justify and rationalize their own pathology."</li></ul> <p>A 2010 study said that <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> views of religions tend to reinforce emotional abuse, and that "Gender inequity is usually translated into a power imbalance with women being more vulnerable. This vulnerability is more precarious in traditional patriarchal societies."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a> God specifically punishes women after Adam and Eve disobey Him: "in sorrow, thou shalt bring forth children: and thy desire shall be to thy husband, and he shall rule over thee"; God also condemns Adam to a lifetime of work, for the sin of listening to his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some studies say that fundamentalist religious prohibitions against divorce may make it more difficult for religious men or women to leave an abusive marriage. A 1985 survey of Protestant clergy in the United States by Jim M Alsdurf found that 21% of them agreed that "no amount of abuse would justify a woman's leaving her husband, ever", and 26% agreed with the statement that "a wife should submit to her husband and trust that God would honor her action by either stopping the abuse or giving her the strength to endure it."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 report by the Muslim Women's Network UK cited several barriers for Muslim women in abusive marriages who seek divorce through <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Sharia_Council" title="Islamic Sharia Council">Sharia Council</a> services. These barriers include: selectively quoting religious text to discourage divorce; blaming the woman for the failed marriage; placing greater weight on the <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Court_procedures" title="Sharia">husband's testimony</a>; requiring the woman to present <a href="/wiki/Sharia#Court_procedures" title="Sharia">two male witnesses</a>; and pressuring women into mediation or reconciliation rather than granting a divorce, even when domestic violence is present.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In today's world, various forms of abuse are increasingly being recognized in all parts of the world. The level of awareness regarding abuse varies from one country to another. Both victims and perpetrators around the world are being acknowledged more readily compared to past eras. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guilt_trip" title="Guilt trip">Guilt trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation to facilitate abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_pedagogy" title="Poisonous pedagogy">Poisonous pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Psychological manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setting_up_to_fail" title="Setting up to fail">Setting up to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_playing" class="mw-redirect" title="Victim playing">Victim playing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dutton,_D._G._19942-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._19942_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._19942_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton,_D._G._19942_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDutton1994" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, Donald G. (Summer 1994). "Patriarchy and wife assault: the ecological fallacy". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2): 167–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.9.2.167">10.1891/0886-6708.9.2.167</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7696196">7696196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35155731">35155731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=Patriarchy+and+wife+assault%3A+the+ecological+fallacy&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-182&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35155731%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7696196&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.9.2.167&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maiuro2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maiuro2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maiuro2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maiuro2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttonGoodmanBennett2000" class="citation cs2">Dutton, Mary Ann; Goodman, Lisa A.; Bennett, Lauren (2000), "Court-involved battered women's responses to violence: the role of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse", in Maiuro, Roland D.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (eds.), <i>Psychological abuse in violent domestic relations</i>, New York: Springer Publishing Company, p. 197, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1146-3"><bdi>978-0-8261-1146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Court-involved+battered+women%27s+responses+to+violence%3A+the+role+of+psychological%2C+physical%2C+and+sexual+abuse&rft.btitle=Psychological+abuse+in+violent+domestic+relations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-1146-3&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ann&rft.au=Goodman%2C+Lisa+A.&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Lauren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pv6XIjT4MpUC">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emotional_Abuse2-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emotional_Abuse2_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emotional_Abuse2_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonKaplan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Anne E.; Kaplan, Carole A. (February 1996). "Childhood emotional abuse". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">The British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>168</b> (2): 143–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.168.2.143">10.1192/bjp.168.2.143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8837902">8837902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8520532">8520532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Childhood+emotional+abuse&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-148&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8520532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8837902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.168.2.143&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Anne+E.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Carole+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emotional_Abuse3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emotional_Abuse3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonKaplan1996" class="citation journal cs1">Thompson, Anne E.; Kaplan, Carole A. (February 1996). "Childhood emotional abuse". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">The British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>168</b> (2): 143–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.168.2.143">10.1192/bjp.168.2.143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8837902">8837902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8520532">8520532</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Childhood+emotional+abuse&rft.volume=168&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=143-148&rft.date=1996-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8520532%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8837902&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.168.2.143&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Anne+E.&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+Carole+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:023_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, K. Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pv6XIjT4MpUC&dq=psychological+abuse+in+relationships&pg=PR9"><i>Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations</i></a>. Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1146-3"><bdi>978-0-8261-1146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Abuse+in+Violent+Domestic+Relations&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-1146-3&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=K.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpv6XIjT4MpUC%26dq%3Dpsychological%2Babuse%2Bin%2Brelationships%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141120190029/http://www.counselingcenter.illinois.edu/self-help-brochures/relationship-problems/emotional-abuse/">"Emotional abuse"</a>. Counseling Center, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana%E2%80%93Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign">University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.counselingcenter.illinois.edu/self-help-brochures/relationship-problems/emotional-abuse/">the original</a> on 20 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Emotional+abuse&rft.pub=Counseling+Center%2C+University+of+Illinois+Urbana-Champaign&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.counselingcenter.illinois.edu%2Fself-help-brochures%2Frelationship-problems%2Femotional-abuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HelpGuide-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HelpGuide_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithSegal2014" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Melinda; Segal, Jeanne (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helpguide.org/articles/abuse/domestic-violence-and-abuse.htm">"Domestic violence and abuse: signs of abuse and abusive relationships"</a>. <i>helpguide.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=helpguide.org&rft.atitle=Domestic+violence+and+abuse%3A+signs+of+abuse+and+abusive+relationships&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Melinda&rft.au=Segal%2C+Jeanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helpguide.org%2Farticles%2Fabuse%2Fdomestic-violence-and-abuse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegaMegaMegaHarris2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mega, Lesly Tamarin; Mega, Jessica Lee; Mega, Benjamin Tamarin; Harris, Beverly Moore (September–October 2000). "Brainwashing and battering fatigue: psychological abuse in domestic violence". <i>North Carolina Medical Journal</i>. <b>61</b> (5): 260–265. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11008456">11008456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+Carolina+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Brainwashing+and+battering+fatigue%3A+psychological+abuse+in+domestic+violence&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=260-265&rft.date=2000-09%2F2000-10&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11008456&rft.aulast=Mega&rft.aufirst=Lesly+Tamarin&rft.au=Mega%2C+Jessica+Lee&rft.au=Mega%2C+Benjamin+Tamarin&rft.au=Harris%2C+Beverly+Moore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.familytx.org/research/Psy%20Abuse.pdf">Pdf.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Domestic_Violence_HotlineNational_Center_for_Victims_of_CrimeWomensLaw.org2014" class="citation web cs1">National Domestic Violence Hotline; National Center for Victims of Crime; WomensLaw.org (23 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence">"Domestic violence"</a>. <i>justice.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justice.gov&rft.atitle=Domestic+violence&rft.date=2014-07-23&rft.au=National+Domestic+Violence+Hotline&rft.au=National+Center+for+Victims+of+Crime&rft.au=WomensLaw.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fovw%2Fdomestic-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAbuse_Canada-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EAbuse_Canada_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EAbuse_Canada_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050407201522/http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/familyviolence/html/fvemotion_e.html">"What is Emotional Abuse?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Agency_of_Canada" title="Public Health Agency of Canada">Public Health Agency of Canada</a>. 4 July 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/ncfv-cnivf/familyviolence/html/fvemotion_e.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Emotional+Abuse%3F&rft.pub=Public+Health+Agency+of+Canada&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phac-aspc.gc.ca%2Fncfv-cnivf%2Ffamilyviolence%2Fhtml%2Ffvemotion_e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Besharov,_D._J._1990-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Besharov,_D._J._1990_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Besharov,_D._J._1990_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBesharov1990" class="citation book cs1">Besharov, Douglas J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/recognizingchild00besh"><i>Recognizing child abuse: a guide for the concerned</i></a>. New York Toronto New York: Free Press Collier Macmillan Maxwell Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-903081-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-903081-3"><bdi>978-0-02-903081-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recognizing+child+abuse%3A+a+guide+for+the+concerned&rft.place=New+York+Toronto+New+York&rft.pub=Free+Press+Collier+Macmillan+Maxwell+Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-02-903081-3&rft.aulast=Besharov&rft.aufirst=Douglas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecognizingchild00besh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomisonTucci1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tomison, Adam M.; Tucci, Joe (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710133520/http://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/issues/issues8/issues8.html">"Emotional abuse: the hidden form of maltreatment"</a>. <i>National Child Protection Clearing House (NCPC)</i>. <b>8</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aifs.gov.au/nch/pubs/issues/issues8/issues8.html">the original</a> on 10 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Child+Protection+Clearing+House+%28NCPC%29&rft.atitle=Emotional+abuse%3A+the+hidden+form+of+maltreatment&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Tomison&rft.aufirst=Adam+M.&rft.au=Tucci%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aifs.gov.au%2Fnch%2Fpubs%2Fissues%2Fissues8%2Fissues8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVachss1994" class="citation news cs1">Vachss, Andrew (28 August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vachss.com/av_dispatches/disp_9408_a.html">"You carry the cure in your own heart"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Parade_(magazine)" title="Parade (magazine)">Parade</a></i>. Athlon Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parade&rft.atitle=You+carry+the+cure+in+your+own+heart&rft.date=1994-08-28&rft.aulast=Vachss&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vachss.com%2Fav_dispatches%2Fdisp_9408_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Leary2004" class="citation book cs1">O'Leary, K. Daniel (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pv6XIjT4MpUC&dq=psychological+abuse+in+relationships&pg=PR9"><i>Psychological Abuse in Violent Domestic Relations</i></a>. Springer Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1146-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-1146-3"><bdi>978-0-8261-1146-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychological+Abuse+in+Violent+Domestic+Relations&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-1146-3&rft.aulast=O%27Leary&rft.aufirst=K.+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpv6XIjT4MpUC%26dq%3Dpsychological%2Babuse%2Bin%2Brelationships%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlesges2003" class="citation journal cs1">Klesges, K. Henning and L. M. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://click.endnote.com/viewer?doi=10.1177%2F0886260503253878&token=WzMyODE3OTUsIjEwLjExNzcvMDg4NjI2MDUwMzI1Mzg3OCJd.RArbTtpTH7YoMWy5skUXm5mUMt4">"Prevalence and Characteristics of Psychological Abuse Reported by Court-Involved Battered Women | EndNote Click"</a>. <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>18</b> (8): 857–871. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0886260503253878">10.1177/0886260503253878</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19768889">19768889</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2461513">2461513</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+Characteristics+of+Psychological+Abuse+Reported+by+Court-Involved+Battered+Women+%7C+EndNote+Click&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=857-871&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2461513%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19768889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0886260503253878&rft.aulast=Klesges&rft.aufirst=K.+Henning+and+L.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclick.endnote.com%2Fviewer%3Fdoi%3D10.1177%252F0886260503253878%26token%3DWzMyODE3OTUsIjEwLjExNzcvMDg4NjI2MDUwMzI1Mzg3OCJd.RArbTtpTH7YoMWy5skUXm5mUMt4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyO'Leary1989" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Christopher M.; O'Leary, K. Daniel (October 1989). "Psychological aggression predicts physical aggression in early marriage". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consulting_and_Clinical_Psychology" title="Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology">Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology</a></i>. <b>57</b> (5): 579–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-006X.57.5.579">10.1037/0022-006X.57.5.579</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2794178">2794178</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychological+aggression+predicts+physical+aggression+in+early+marriage&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=579-582&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-006X.57.5.579&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2794178&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Christopher+M.&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+K.+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapaldiKnobleShorttKim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Capaldi, Deborah M.; Knoble, Naomi B.; Shortt, Joann Wu; Kim, Hyoun K. (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384540">"A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Partner_Abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Partner Abuse">Partner Abuse</a></i>. <b>3</b> (2): 231–280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F1946-6560.3.2.231">10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384540">3384540</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754606">22754606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Partner+Abuse&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Review+of+Risk+Factors+for+Intimate+Partner+Violence&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-280&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3384540%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22754606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F1946-6560.3.2.231&rft.aulast=Capaldi&rft.aufirst=Deborah+M.&rft.au=Knoble%2C+Naomi+B.&rft.au=Shortt%2C+Joann+Wu&rft.au=Kim%2C+Hyoun+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3384540&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamel2014" class="citation book cs1">Hamel, John (2014). <i>Gender-inclusive treatment of intimate partner abuse: evidence-based approaches</i> (2nd ed.). New York, New York: Springer Publishing Company, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-9677-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8261-9677-4"><bdi>978-0-8261-9677-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender-inclusive+treatment+of+intimate+partner+abuse%3A+evidence-based+approaches&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Publishing+Company%2C+LLC&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8261-9677-4&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasile2004" class="citation journal cs1">Basile, Steve (February 2004). "Comparison of abuse alleged by same- and opposite-gender litigants as cited in requests for abuse prevention orders". <i>Journal of Family Violence</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 59–68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3AJOFV.0000011583.75406.6a">10.1023/B:JOFV.0000011583.75406.6a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23539857">23539857</a>. <q>...male and female defendants, who were the subject of a complaint in domestic relations cases, while sometimes exhibiting different aggressive tendencies, measured almost equally abusive in terms of the overall level of psychological and physical aggression.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Violence&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+abuse+alleged+by+same-+and+opposite-gender+litigants+as+cited+in+requests+for+abuse+prevention+orders&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-68&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3AJOFV.0000011583.75406.6a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23539857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Basile&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuñoz-RivasGómezO'LearyLozano2007" class="citation journal cs1">Muñoz-Rivas, Marina J.; Gómez, José Luis Graña; O'Leary, K. Daniel; Lozano, Pilar González (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psicothema.com/psicothema.asp?id=3334">"Physical and psychological aggression in dating relationships in Spanish university students"</a>. <i>Psicothema</i>. <b>19</b> (1): 102–107. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17295990">17295990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psicothema&rft.atitle=Physical+and+psychological+aggression+in+dating+relationships+in+Spanish+university+students&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=102-107&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17295990&rft.aulast=Mu%C3%B1oz-Rivas&rft.aufirst=Marina+J.&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Luis+Gra%C3%B1a&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+K.+Daniel&rft.au=Lozano%2C+Pilar+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psicothema.com%2Fpsicothema.asp%3Fid%3D3334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psicothema.com/pdf/3334.pdf">Pdf.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welsh,_Deborah_P_2008._Pages_877-891_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelshShulman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Welsh, Deborah P.; Shulman, Shmuel (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614117">"Directly observed interaction within adolescent romantic relationships: What have we learned?"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescence</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 877–891. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2008.10.001">10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614117">2614117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18986697">18986697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Directly+observed+interaction+within+adolescent+romantic+relationships%3A+What+have+we+learned%3F&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=877-891&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18986697&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2008.10.001&rft.aulast=Welsh&rft.aufirst=Deborah+P.&rft.au=Shulman%2C+Shmuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrausHambyBoney-McCoySugarman1996" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Murray A.; Hamby, Sherry L.; Boney-McCoy, Sue; Sugarman, David B. (May 1996). "The revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): development and preliminary psychometric data". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Issues" title="Journal of Family Issues">Journal of Family Issues</a></i>. <b>17</b> (3): 283–316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F019251396017003001">10.1177/019251396017003001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145367941">145367941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Issues&rft.atitle=The+revised+Conflict+Tactics+Scales+%28CTS2%29%3A+development+and+preliminary+psychometric+data&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-316&rft.date=1996-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F019251396017003001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145367941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Murray+A.&rft.au=Hamby%2C+Sherry+L.&rft.au=Boney-McCoy%2C+Sue&rft.au=Sugarman%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> Short form from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15844722">15844722</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CTS15.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171025172943/http://pubpages.unh.edu/~mas2/CTS15.pdf">Archived</a> 25 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiordanoMillhollinCernkovichPugh1999" class="citation journal cs1">Giordano, Peggy C.; Millhollin, Toni J.; Cernkovich, Stephen A.; Pugh, M.D.; Rudolph, Jennifer L. (February 1999). "Deliquency, identity, and women's involvement in relationship violence". <i><a href="/wiki/Criminology_(journal)" title="Criminology (journal)">Criminology</a></i>. <b>37</b> (1): 17–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-9125.1999.tb00478.x">10.1111/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00478.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criminology&rft.atitle=Deliquency%2C+identity%2C+and+women%27s+involvement+in+relationship+violence&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-40&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1745-9125.1999.tb00478.x&rft.aulast=Giordano&rft.aufirst=Peggy+C.&rft.au=Millhollin%2C+Toni+J.&rft.au=Cernkovich%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Pugh%2C+M.D.&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+Jennifer+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2002" class="citation journal cs1">Saunders, Daniel G. (December 2002). "Are Physical Assaults by Wives and Girlfriends a Major Social Problem?". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence Against Women">Violence Against Women</a></i>. <b>8</b> (12): 1424–1448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107780102237964">10.1177/107780102237964</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F90019">2027.42/90019</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145578534">145578534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+Against+Women&rft.atitle=Are+Physical+Assaults+by+Wives+and+Girlfriends+a+Major+Social+Problem%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1424-1448&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F90019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145578534%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107780102237964&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boys_Don't_Cry-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boys_Don't_Cry_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boys_Don't_Cry_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/1xtra/tx/documentaries/domesticabuse.shtml">"Boys don't cry"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 27 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Radio+1Xtra&rft.atitle=Boys+don%27t+cry&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2F1xtra%2Ftx%2Fdocumentaries%2Fdomesticabuse.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> A BBC radio documentary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5</i> (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89042-554-1"><bdi>978-0-89042-554-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/830807378">830807378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diagnostic+and+statistical+manual+of+mental+disorders%3A+DSM-5.&rft.place=Arlington%2C+VA&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=American+Psychiatric+Association&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F830807378&rft.isbn=978-0-89042-554-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrausField2003" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Murray A.; Field, Carolyn J. (November 2003). "Psychological aggression by American parents: national data on prevalence, chronicity, and severity". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Marriage_and_Family" title="Journal of Marriage and Family">Journal of Marriage and Family</a></i>. <b>65</b> (4): 795–808. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.360.7774">10.1.1.360.7774</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-3737.2003.00795.x">10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00795.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3599891">3599891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marriage+and+Family&rft.atitle=Psychological+aggression+by+American+parents%3A+national+data+on+prevalence%2C+chronicity%2C+and+severity&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=795-808&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.360.7774%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3599891%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1741-3737.2003.00795.x&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Murray+A.&rft.au=Field%2C+Carolyn+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-English_Maltreat-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English_Maltreat_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-English_Maltreat_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishGrahamNewtonLewis2009" class="citation journal cs1">English, Diana J.; Graham, J. Christopher; Newton, Rae R.; Lewis, Terri L.; Richard, Thompson; Kotch, Jonathan B.; Weisbart, Cindy (May 2009). "At-risk and maltreated children exposed to intimate partner aggression/violence: what the conflict looks like and its relationship to child outcomes". <i><a href="/wiki/Child_Maltreatment_(journal)" title="Child Maltreatment (journal)">Child Maltreatment</a></i>. <b>14</b> (2): 157–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1077559508326287">10.1177/1077559508326287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18984806">18984806</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39288807">39288807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Maltreatment&rft.atitle=At-risk+and+maltreated+children+exposed+to+intimate+partner+aggression%2Fviolence%3A+what+the+conflict+looks+like+and+its+relationship+to+child+outcomes&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=157-171&rft.date=2009-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39288807%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18984806&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1077559508326287&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Diana+J.&rft.au=Graham%2C+J.+Christopher&rft.au=Newton%2C+Rae+R.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Terri+L.&rft.au=Richard%2C+Thompson&rft.au=Kotch%2C+Jonathan+B.&rft.au=Weisbart%2C+Cindy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoiMayer2000" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Namkee G.; Mayer, James (August 2000). "Elder abuse, neglect, and exploitation: risk factors and prevention strategies". <i>Journal of Gerontological Social Work</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 5–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ083v33n02_02">10.1300/J083v33n02_02</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54101962">54101962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Gerontological+Social+Work&rft.atitle=Elder+abuse%2C+neglect%2C+and+exploitation%3A+risk+factors+and+prevention+strategies&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=5-25&rft.date=2000-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ083v33n02_02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54101962%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Namkee+G.&rft.au=Mayer%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://umcoa.siteturbine.com/uploaded_files/mainecenteronaging.umaine.edu/files/issuebriefelderabuse.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211630/http://umcoa.siteturbine.com/uploaded_files/mainecenteronaging.umaine.edu/files/issuebriefelderabuse.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAge_Concern_New_Zealand2007" class="citation cs2">Age Concern New Zealand, ed. (October 2007), "Executive summary: key findings", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230127233455/https://www.ageconcern.org.nz/files/EANP/Challenges%20for%20the%20Future,%20Stats%20report%20for%20Age%20Concern%202004-07.pdf"><i>Elder abuse and neglect prevention challenges for the future: including an analysis of referrals to Age Concern elder abuse and neglect prevention services from 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2006</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Wellington: Age Concern New Zealand, p. 6, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-473-12814-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-473-12814-2"><bdi>978-0-473-12814-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ageconcern.org.nz/files/EANP/Challenges%20for%20the%20Future,%20Stats%20report%20for%20Age%20Concern%202004-07.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Executive+summary%3A+key+findings&rft.btitle=Elder+abuse+and+neglect+prevention+challenges+for+the+future%3A+including+an+analysis+of+referrals+to+Age+Concern+elder+abuse+and+neglect+prevention+services+from+1+July+2004+to+30+June+2006&rft.place=Wellington&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Age+Concern+New+Zealand&rft.date=2007-10&rft.isbn=978-0-473-12814-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ageconcern.org.nz%2Ffiles%2FEANP%2FChallenges%2520for%2520the%2520Future%2C%2520Stats%2520report%2520for%2520Age%2520Concern%25202004-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:123-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:123_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:123_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:123_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYANTANG2001" class="citation journal cs1">YAN, ELSIE; TANG, CATHERINE SO-KUM (1 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016011004">"Prevalence and Psychological Impact of Chinese Elder Abuse"</a>. <i>Journal of Interpersonal Violence</i>. <b>16</b> (11): 1158–1174. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626001016011004">10.1177/088626001016011004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-2605">0886-2605</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145580028">145580028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Prevalence+and+Psychological+Impact+of+Chinese+Elder+Abuse&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1158-1174&rft.date=2001-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145580028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0886-2605&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F088626001016011004&rft.aulast=YAN&rft.aufirst=ELSIE&rft.au=TANG%2C+CATHERINE+SO-KUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%2F088626001016011004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnaziKeashlyNeuman2005" class="citation cs2">Burnazi, Laurela; Keashly, Loraleigh; Neuman, Joel H. (10 August 2005), "Aggression revisited: Prevalence, antecedents, and outcomes", in Dunn (chair), Jennifer R. (ed.), <i>Counterproductive work behaviors (symposium conducted at the meeting of the Academy of Management)</i>, Honolulu, Hawaii: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management" title="Academy of Management">Academy of Management</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aggression+revisited%3A+Prevalence%2C+antecedents%2C+and+outcomes&rft.btitle=Counterproductive+work+behaviors+%28symposium+conducted+at+the+meeting+of+the+Academy+of+Management%29&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=Academy+of+Management&rft.date=2005-08-10&rft.aulast=Burnazi&rft.aufirst=Laurela&rft.au=Keashly%2C+Loraleigh&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Joel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJagaticBurnazi2000" class="citation book cs1">Jagatic, Karen; Burnazi, Laurela (September 2000). <i>The nature, extent, and impact of emotional abuse in the workplace: Results of a statewide survey</i>. Toronto, Canada: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management" title="Academy of Management">Academy of Management</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+nature%2C+extent%2C+and+impact+of+emotional+abuse+in+the+workplace%3A+Results+of+a+statewide+survey&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Academy+of+Management&rft.date=2000-09&rft.aulast=Jagatic&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Burnazi%2C+Laurela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> Paper presented at the Academy of Management Conference.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeashlyNeuman2000" class="citation book cs1">Keashly, Loraleigh; Neuman, Joel H. (September 2000). <i>Exploring persistent patterns of workplace aggression</i>. Denver, Colorado: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Management" title="Academy of Management">Academy of Management</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+persistent+patterns+of+workplace+aggression&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Academy+of+Management&rft.date=2000-09&rft.aulast=Keashly&rft.aufirst=Loraleigh&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Joel+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> Paper presented at the Academy of Management. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.newpaltz.edu/~neumanj/neuman_and_keashly_siop2003.pdf">Pdf of conference presentation.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeashlyJagatic2010" class="citation cs2">Keashly, Loraleigh; Jagatic, Karen (2010), "By any other name: American perspectives on workplace bullying", in Einarsen, Ståle; Hoel, Helge; Zapf, Dieter; et al. (eds.), <i>Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: American perspectives in research and practice</i> (2nd ed.), London New York: Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25359-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25359-8"><bdi>978-0-415-25359-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=By+any+other+name%3A+American+perspectives+on+workplace+bullying&rft.btitle=Bullying+and+emotional+abuse+in+the+workplace%3A+American+perspectives+in+research+and+practice&rft.place=London+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25359-8&rft.aulast=Keashly&rft.aufirst=Loraleigh&rft.au=Jagatic%2C+Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WubtAAAAMAAJ&q=Bullying+9780415253598">Details.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Namie,_G._2000-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Namie,_G._2000_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Namie,_G._2000_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNamie2000" class="citation book cs1">Namie, Gary (October 2000). <i>U.S. Hostile Workplace Survey 2000</i>. Workplace Bullying Institute (WBI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Hostile+Workplace+Survey+2000&rft.pub=Workplace+Bullying+Institute+%28WBI%29&rft.date=2000-10&rft.aulast=Namie&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> Paper presented at the New England Conference on Workplace Bullying, Suffolk University Law School, Boston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workplacebullying.org/multi/pdf/N-N-2000.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111227071624/http://www.workplacebullying.org/multi/pdf/N-N-2000.pdf">Archived</a> 27 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheuan_Lee_2011-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheuan_Lee_2011_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheuan_Lee_2011_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheuan_Lee_2011_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaiLee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pai, Hsiang-Chu; Lee, Sheuan (May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2010.03650.x">"Risk factors for workplace violence in clinical registered nurses in Taiwan"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Nursing</i>. <b>20</b> (9–10): 1405–1412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2010.03650.x">10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03650.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21492284">21492284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Nursing&rft.atitle=Risk+factors+for+workplace+violence+in+clinical+registered+nurses+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=9%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=1405-1412&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2702.2010.03650.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21492284&rft.aulast=Pai&rft.aufirst=Hsiang-Chu&rft.au=Lee%2C+Sheuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-2702.2010.03650.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffittCaspiRutterSilva2001" class="citation book cs1">Moffitt, Terrie E.; Caspi, Avshalom; Rutter, Michael; Silva, Phil A. (2001). <i>Sex differences in antisocial behaviour conduct disorder, delinquency, and violence in the Dunedin longitudinal study</i>. Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01066-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-01066-5"><bdi>978-0-521-01066-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+differences+in+antisocial+behaviour+conduct+disorder%2C+delinquency%2C+and+violence+in+the+Dunedin+longitudinal+study&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-01066-5&rft.aulast=Moffitt&rft.aufirst=Terrie+E.&rft.au=Caspi%2C+Avshalom&rft.au=Rutter%2C+Michael&rft.au=Silva%2C+Phil+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakovec-Felser2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rakovec-Felser, Zlatka (22 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://healthpsychologyresearch.openmedicalpublishing.org/article/22398">"Domestic violence and abuse in intimate relationship from public health perspective"</a>. <i>Health Psychology Research</i>. <b>2</b> (3): The risk factors of domestic violence and abuse. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4081%2Fhpr.2014.1821">10.4081/hpr.2014.1821</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2420-8124">2420-8124</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4768593">4768593</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26973948">26973948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Psychology+Research&rft.atitle=Domestic+violence+and+abuse+in+intimate+relationship+from+public+health+perspective&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=The+risk+factors+of+domestic+violence+and+abuse&rft.date=2014-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4768593%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2420-8124&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26973948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4081%2Fhpr.2014.1821&rft.aulast=Rakovec-Felser&rft.aufirst=Zlatka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhealthpsychologyresearch.openmedicalpublishing.org%2Farticle%2F22398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bancroft-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroft2002" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft, Lundy (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whydoeshedothati00banc_0"><i>Why does he do that? Inside the minds of angry and controlling men</i></a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-19165-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-19165-1"><bdi>978-0-425-19165-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+does+he+do+that%3F+Inside+the+minds+of+angry+and+controlling+men&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-425-19165-1&rft.aulast=Bancroft&rft.aufirst=Lundy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhydoeshedothati00banc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEZIpu3SVvcC">Preview.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirigoyen2004" class="citation book cs1">Hirigoyen, Marie-France (2004). <i>Stalking the soul: emotional abuse and the erosion of identity</i>. Helen Marx (translator, from French); Thomas Moore (afterword). New York: Helen Marx Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885586-99-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885586-99-5"><bdi>978-1-885586-99-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalking+the+soul%3A+emotional+abuse+and+the+erosion+of+identity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Helen+Marx+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-885586-99-5&rft.aulast=Hirigoyen&rft.aufirst=Marie-France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2DpzDCVMGGwC&pg=PA196">Details.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.addictioncenter.com/addiction/mental-abuse/">"Mental Abuse And Addiction"</a>. <i>Addiction Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Addiction+Center&rft.atitle=Mental+Abuse+And+Addiction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.addictioncenter.com%2Faddiction%2Fmental-abuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPackota2000" class="citation web cs1">Packota, Valerie J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705153144/http://www.springtideresources.org/resource/emotional-abuse-women-their-intimate-partners-literature-review">"Emotional abuse of women by their intimate partners: a literature review"</a>. <i>springtideresources.org</i>. Springtide Resources. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springtideresources.org/resource/emotional-abuse-women-their-intimate-partners-literature-review">the original</a> on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=springtideresources.org&rft.atitle=Emotional+abuse+of+women+by+their+intimate+partners%3A+a+literature+review&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Packota&rft.aufirst=Valerie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springtideresources.org%2Fresource%2Femotional-abuse-women-their-intimate-partners-literature-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollingstadRutledgeBergHause1990" class="citation journal cs1">Follingstad, Diane R.; Rutledge, Larry L.; Berg, Barbara J.; Hause, Elizabeth S.; Polek, Darlene S. (June 1990). "The role of emotional abuse in physically abusive relationships". <i>Journal of Family Violence</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 107–120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00978514">10.1007/BF00978514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43458952">43458952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Violence&rft.atitle=The+role+of+emotional+abuse+in+physically+abusive+relationships&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=107-120&rft.date=1990-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00978514&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43458952%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Follingstad&rft.aufirst=Diane+R.&rft.au=Rutledge%2C+Larry+L.&rft.au=Berg%2C+Barbara+J.&rft.au=Hause%2C+Elizabeth+S.&rft.au=Polek%2C+Darlene+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmithFreyd2005" class="citation journal cs1">Goldsmith, Rachel E.; Freyd, Jennifer J. (April 2005). "Awareness for emotional abuse". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Aggression,_Maltreatment_%26_Trauma" title="Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma">Journal of Emotional Abuse</a></i>. <b>5</b> (1): 95–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ135v05n01_04">10.1300/J135v05n01_04</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18527024">18527024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Emotional+Abuse&rft.atitle=Awareness+for+emotional+abuse&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-123&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ135v05n01_04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18527024%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Rachel+E.&rft.au=Freyd%2C+Jennifer+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dynamic.uoregon.edu/jjf/articles/gf05.pdf">Pdf.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiten-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weiten_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeitenLloydDunnHammer2008" class="citation book cs1">Weiten, Wayne; Lloyd, Margaret A.; Dunn, Dana S.; Hammer, Elizabeth Yost (2008). <i>Psychology applied to modern life: adjustment in the 21st century</i> (9th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-55339-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-55339-7"><bdi>978-0-495-55339-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology+applied+to+modern+life%3A+adjustment+in+the+21st+century&rft.place=Belmont%2C+California&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wadsworth+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-55339-7&rft.aulast=Weiten&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Margaret+A.&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Dana+S.&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Elizabeth+Yost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder1999" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, C. R., ed. (1999). <i>Coping the psychology of what works</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-802803-1"><bdi>978-0-19-802803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coping+the+psychology+of+what+works&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-802803-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeidnerEndler1996" class="citation book cs1">Zeidner, Moshe; Endler, Norman S., eds. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookofcoping00mosh"><i>Handbook of coping: theory, research, applications</i></a>. New York: Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-59946-3"><bdi>978-0-471-59946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+coping%3A+theory%2C+research%2C+applications&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-471-59946-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookofcoping00mosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurentKimaCapaldi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Laurent, Heidemarie K.; Kima, Hyoun K.; Capaldi, Deborah M. (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642009">"Interaction and relationship development in stable young couples: effects of positive engagement, psychological aggression, and withdrawal"</a>. <i>Journal of Adolescence</i>. <b>31</b> (6): 815–835. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2007.11.001">10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.11.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2642009">2642009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18164053">18164053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adolescence&rft.atitle=Interaction+and+relationship+development+in+stable+young+couples%3A+effects+of+positive+engagement%2C+psychological+aggression%2C+and+withdrawal&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=815-835&rft.date=2008-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2642009%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18164053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2007.11.001&rft.aulast=Laurent&rft.aufirst=Heidemarie+K.&rft.au=Kima%2C+Hyoun+K.&rft.au=Capaldi%2C+Deborah+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2642009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonGottmanWaltzRushe1994" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M.; Waltz, Jennifer; Rushe, Regina; Babcock, Julia; Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy (October 1994). "Affect, verbal content, and psychophysiology in the arguments of couples with a violent husband". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consulting_and_Clinical_Psychology" title="Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology">Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology</a></i>. <b>62</b> (5): 982–988. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-006X.62.5.982">10.1037/0022-006X.62.5.982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7806730">7806730</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Affect%2C+verbal+content%2C+and+psychophysiology+in+the+arguments+of+couples+with+a+violent+husband&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=982-988&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-006X.62.5.982&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7806730&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Neil+S.&rft.au=Gottman%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Waltz%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Rushe%2C+Regina&rft.au=Babcock%2C+Julia&rft.au=Holtzworth-Munroe%2C+Amy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutton_rethinking-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton_rethinking_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutton_rethinking_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2006" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Donald G. (2006). <i>Rethinking domestic violence</i>. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-282-74107-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-282-74107-2"><bdi>978-1-282-74107-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+domestic+violence&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-282-74107-2&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCokerDavisAriasDesai2002" class="citation journal cs1">Coker, Ann L.; Davis, Keith E.; Arias, Ileana; Desai, Sujata; Sanderson, Maureen; Brandt, Heather M.; Smith, Paige H. (November 2002). "Physical and mental health effects of intimate partner violence for men and women". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="American Journal of Preventive Medicine">American Journal of Preventive Medicine</a></i>. <b>23</b> (4): 260–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2802%2900514-7">10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00514-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12406480">12406480</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Preventive+Medicine&rft.atitle=Physical+and+mental+health+effects+of+intimate+partner+violence+for+men+and+women&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=260-268&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2802%2900514-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12406480&rft.aulast=Coker&rft.aufirst=Ann+L.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Keith+E.&rft.au=Arias%2C+Ileana&rft.au=Desai%2C+Sujata&rft.au=Sanderson%2C+Maureen&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Heather+M.&rft.au=Smith%2C+Paige+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonelliIngram1998" class="citation journal cs1">Simonelli, Catherine J.; Ingram, Kathleen M. (December 1998). "Psychological distress among men experiencing physical and emotional abuse in heterosexual dating relationships". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence" title="Journal of Interpersonal Violence">Journal of Interpersonal Violence</a></i>. <b>13</b> (6): 667–681. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F088626098013006001">10.1177/088626098013006001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144725132">144725132</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpersonal+Violence&rft.atitle=Psychological+distress+among+men+experiencing+physical+and+emotional+abuse+in+heterosexual+dating+relationships&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=667-681&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F088626098013006001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144725132%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Simonelli&rft.aufirst=Catherine+J.&rft.au=Ingram%2C+Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimlott-KubiakCortina2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pimlott-Kubiak, Sheryl; Cortina, Lilia M. (June 2003). "Gender, victimization, and outcomes: reconceptualizing risk". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Consulting_and_Clinical_Psychology" title="Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology">Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology</a></i>. <b>71</b> (3): 528–539. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.519.8059">10.1.1.519.8059</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0022-006X.71.3.528">10.1037/0022-006X.71.3.528</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12795576">12795576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Consulting+and+Clinical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Gender%2C+victimization%2C+and+outcomes%3A+reconceptualizing+risk&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=528-539&rft.date=2003-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.519.8059%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12795576&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0022-006X.71.3.528&rft.aulast=Pimlott-Kubiak&rft.aufirst=Sheryl&rft.au=Cortina%2C+Lilia+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151031213212/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/psych/lilia-cortina-lab/Pimlott.Cortina.2003.JCCP.pdf">Pdf.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIram_RizviNajam2014" class="citation journal cs1">Iram Rizvi, Syeda Fariha; Najam, Najma (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998989">"Parental Psychological Abuse toward children and Mental Health Problems in adolescence"</a>. <i>Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 256–260. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1682-024X">1682-024X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3998989">3998989</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24772122">24772122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Journal+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Parental+Psychological+Abuse+toward+children+and+Mental+Health+Problems+in+adolescence&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=256-260&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3998989%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1682-024X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24772122&rft.aulast=Iram+Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Syeda+Fariha&rft.au=Najam%2C+Najma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3998989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.childwelfare.gov/topics/can/identifying/emotional-abuse/">"Identification of Emotional Abuse - Child Welfare Information Gateway"</a>. <i>www.childwelfare.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.childwelfare.gov&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Emotional+Abuse+-+Child+Welfare+Information+Gateway&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.childwelfare.gov%2Ftopics%2Fcan%2Fidentifying%2Femotional-abuse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonJohnHumeraKukreja2007" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, J.K.; John, R.; Humera, A.; Kukreja, S.; Found, M.; Lindow, S.W. (July 2007). "The prevalence of emotional abuse in gynaecology patients and its association with gynaecological symptoms". <i>European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology</i>. <b>133</b> (1): 95–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejogrb.2006.04.035">10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.04.035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16757091">16757091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Obstetrics+%26+Gynecology+and+Reproductive+Biology&rft.atitle=The+prevalence+of+emotional+abuse+in+gynaecology+patients+and+its+association+with+gynaecological+symptoms&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=95-99&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejogrb.2006.04.035&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16757091&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft.au=John%2C+R.&rft.au=Humera%2C+A.&rft.au=Kukreja%2C+S.&rft.au=Found%2C+M.&rft.au=Lindow%2C+S.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinesMalley-Morrison2001" class="citation journal cs1">Hines, Denise A.; Malley-Morrison, Kathleen (July 2001). "Psychological effects of partner abuse against men: a neglected research area". <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Men_and_Masculinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Men and Masculinity">Psychology of Men & Masculinity</a></i>. <b>2</b> (2): 75–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1524-9220.2.2.75">10.1037/1524-9220.2.2.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:67844486">67844486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Men+%26+Masculinity&rft.atitle=Psychological+effects+of+partner+abuse+against+men%3A+a+neglected+research+area&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-85&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1524-9220.2.2.75&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A67844486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hines&rft.aufirst=Denise+A.&rft.au=Malley-Morrison%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wordpress.clarku.edu/dhines/files/2012/01/Hines-Malley-Morrison-2001.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516202620/https://wordpress.clarku.edu/dhines/files/2012/01/Hines-Malley-Morrison-2001.pdf">Archived</a> 16 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaser2002" class="citation journal cs1">Glaser, Danya (June 2002). "Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework". <i>Child Abuse & Neglect</i>. <b>26</b> (6–7): 697–714. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0145-2134%2802%2900342-3">10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00342-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12201163">12201163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4539592">4539592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Abuse+%26+Neglect&rft.atitle=Emotional+abuse+and+neglect+%28psychological+maltreatment%29%3A+a+conceptual+framework&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6%E2%80%937&rft.pages=697-714&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4539592%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12201163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0145-2134%2802%2900342-3&rft.aulast=Glaser&rft.aufirst=Danya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberlanderWangThompsonLewis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Oberlander, Sarah E.; Wang, Yan; Thompson, Richard; Lewis, Terri; Proctor, Laura J.; Isbell, Patricia; English, Diana J.; Dubowitz, Howard; Litrownik, Alan J.; Black, Maureen M. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874382">"Childhood maltreatment, emotional distress, and early adolescent sexual intercourse: multi-informant perspectives on parental monitoring"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Psychology" title="Journal of Family Psychology">Journal of Family Psychology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (6): 885–894. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0025423">10.1037/a0025423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3874382">3874382</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21928888">21928888</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Psychology&rft.atitle=Childhood+maltreatment%2C+emotional+distress%2C+and+early+adolescent+sexual+intercourse%3A+multi-informant+perspectives+on+parental+monitoring&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=885-894&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3874382%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21928888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0025423&rft.aulast=Oberlander&rft.aufirst=Sarah+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yan&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Richard&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Terri&rft.au=Proctor%2C+Laura+J.&rft.au=Isbell%2C+Patricia&rft.au=English%2C+Diana+J.&rft.au=Dubowitz%2C+Howard&rft.au=Litrownik%2C+Alan+J.&rft.au=Black%2C+Maureen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3874382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070709085048/http://www.webcom.com/wcs/harass.html">"Common effects of sexual harassment"</a>. <i>webcom.com</i>. Dealing with sexual harassment: with focus on Santa Cruz, California. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcom.com/wcs/harass.html#effects">the original</a> on 9 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webcom.com&rft.atitle=Common+effects+of+sexual+harassment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.webcom.com%2Fwcs%2Fharass.html%23effects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Taken from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDervin_Flower" class="citation book cs1">Dervin Flower, Hilary. <i>Women's Crisis Support publication</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Crisis+Support+publication&rft.aulast=Dervin+Flower&rft.aufirst=Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psysci.co/sexual-harassment-myths-and-realities">"Sexual Harassment: Myths and Realities"</a>. <i>psysci.co</i>. Psychology, Science and Health. 30 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psysci.co&rft.atitle=Sexual+Harassment%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.date=2015-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psysci.co%2Fsexual-harassment-myths-and-realities&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Taken from: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFunknown1998" class="citation news cs1">unknown (16 March 1998). "Sexual harassment: myths and realities". <i>APA Public Information Home Page</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=APA+Public+Information+Home+Page&rft.atitle=Sexual+harassment%3A+myths+and+realities&rft.date=1998-03-16&rft.au=unknown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.apa.org/">https://www.apa.org/</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-VAW_effects-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VAW_effects_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStop_violence_against_women2007" class="citation web cs1">Stop violence against women (9 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stopvaw.org/Effects_of_Sexual_Harassment.html">"Effects of sexual harassment"</a>. <i>stopvaw.org/</i>. The Advocates for Human Rights<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stopvaw.org%2F&rft.atitle=Effects+of+sexual+harassment&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft.au=Stop+violence+against+women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stopvaw.org%2FEffects_of_Sexual_Harassment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>From the original: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommission_of_the_European_Communities_(EEC)1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">Commission of the European Communities (EEC)</a> (24 February 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A31992H0131">"Commission Recommendation of 27 November 1991 on the protection of the dignity of women and men at work (92/131/EEC)"</a>. <i>Official Journal of the European Communities</i>. <b>35</b> (L 049): 0001–0008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Official+Journal+of+the+European+Communities&rft.atitle=Commission+Recommendation+of+27+November+1991+on+the+protection+of+the+dignity+of+women+and+men+at+work+%2892%2F131%2FEEC%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=L+049&rft.pages=0001-0008&rft.date=1992-02-24&rft.au=Commission+of+the+European+Communities+%28EEC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feur-lex.europa.eu%2Flegal-content%2FEN%2FALL%2F%3Furi%3DCELEX%253A31992H0131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-org_factor-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-org_factor_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrkowski" class="citation web cs1">Piotrkowski, Chaya S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081220123857/http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/gender/encyclo/psy14ae.htm">"Gender issues: articles from the ILO encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety, volume II"</a>. <i>ilo.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="International Labor Office">International Labor Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/safework/gender/encyclo/psy14ae.htm">the original</a> on 20 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilo.org&rft.atitle=Gender+issues%3A+articles+from+the+ILO+encyclopaedia+of+occupational+health+and+safety%2C+volume+II&rft.aulast=Piotrkowski&rft.aufirst=Chaya+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fpublic%2Fenglish%2Fprotection%2Fsafework%2Fgender%2Fencyclo%2Fpsy14ae.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Print version: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiotrkowski1998" class="citation cs2">Piotrkowski, Chaya S. (1998), "34.28: Psychosocial and organizational factors: Interpersonal factors: sexual harassment", in Mager Stellman, Jeanne (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofo0003unse/page/1989"><i>Encyclopaedia of occupational health and safety, volume II</i></a>, Geneva, Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/International_Labor_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="International Labor Office">International Labor Office</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofo0003unse/page/1989">1989–1990</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-2-109203-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-2-109203-2"><bdi>978-92-2-109203-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=34.28%3A+Psychosocial+and+organizational+factors%3A+Interpersonal+factors%3A+sexual+harassment&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+occupational+health+and+safety%2C+volume+II&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=1989-1990&rft.pub=International+Labor+Office&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-2-109203-2&rft.aulast=Piotrkowski&rft.aufirst=Chaya+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofo0003unse%2Fpage%2F1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanghinrichsen-RohlingTurner2012" class="citation journal cs1">Langhinrichsen-Rohling, Jennifer; Turner, Lisa A. (August 2012). "The efficacy of an intimate partner violence prevention program with high-risk adolescent girls: a preliminary test". <i>Prevention Science</i>. <b>13</b> (4): 384–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11121-011-0240-7">10.1007/s11121-011-0240-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21842333">21842333</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29332095">29332095</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prevention+Science&rft.atitle=The+efficacy+of+an+intimate+partner+violence+prevention+program+with+high-risk+adolescent+girls%3A+a+preliminary+test&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=384-394&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29332095%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21842333&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11121-011-0240-7&rft.aulast=Langhinrichsen-Rohling&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft.au=Turner%2C+Lisa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feild,_T._2003-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Feild,_T._2003_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Feild,_T._2003_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFieldWinterfield" class="citation cs2">Field, T.; Winterfield, A., "Abuse, part 2: sexual abuse", in Englewood, C.O. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111006163320/http://www.americanhumane.org/children/professional-resources/special-resources/decision-makin/products-1.html"><i>Tough problems, tough choices: guidelines for needs-based service planning in child welfare</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Humane_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Humane Association">American Humane Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_E._Casey_Foundation" title="Annie E. Casey Foundation">Annie E. Casey Foundation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casey_Family_Programs" title="Casey Family Programs">Casey Family Programs</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanhumane.org/children/professional-resources/special-resources/decision-makin/products-1.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Abuse%2C+part+2%3A+sexual+abuse&rft.btitle=Tough+problems%2C+tough+choices%3A+guidelines+for+needs-based+service+planning+in+child+welfare&rft.pub=American+Humane+Association%2C+Annie+E.+Casey+Foundation%2C+and+Casey+Family+Programs&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Winterfield%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanhumane.org%2Fchildren%2Fprofessional-resources%2Fspecial-resources%2Fdecision-makin%2Fproducts-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/decision-making-guidelines/abuse-part-two.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083618/http://www.americanhumane.org/assets/pdfs/children/decision-making-guidelines/abuse-part-two.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechterMyersBrunelliCoates2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schechter, Daniel S.; Myers, Michael M.; Brunelli, Susan A.; Coates, Susan W.; Zeanah, Jr., Charles H.; Davies, Mark; Grienenberger, John F.; Marshall, Randall D.; McCaw, Jaime E.; Trabka, Kimberly A.; Liebowitz, Michael R. (September–October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078524">"Traumatized mothers can change their minds about their toddlers: understanding how a novel use of videofeedback supports positive change of maternal attributions"</a>. <i>Infant Mental Health Journal</i>. <b>27</b> (5): 429–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fimhj.20101">10.1002/imhj.20101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2078524">2078524</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18007960">18007960</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infant+Mental+Health+Journal&rft.atitle=Traumatized+mothers+can+change+their+minds+about+their+toddlers%3A+understanding+how+a+novel+use+of+videofeedback+supports+positive+change+of+maternal+attributions&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=429-447&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2078524%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18007960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fimhj.20101&rft.aulast=Schechter&rft.aufirst=Daniel+S.&rft.au=Myers%2C+Michael+M.&rft.au=Brunelli%2C+Susan+A.&rft.au=Coates%2C+Susan+W.&rft.au=Zeanah%2C+Jr.%2C+Charles+H.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Mark&rft.au=Grienenberger%2C+John+F.&rft.au=Marshall%2C+Randall+D.&rft.au=McCaw%2C+Jaime+E.&rft.au=Trabka%2C+Kimberly+A.&rft.au=Liebowitz%2C+Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2078524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinderHughesCooper2008" class="citation book cs1">Kinder, Andrew; Hughes, Rick; Cooper, Cary (2008). <i>Employee well-being support a workplace resource</i>. Chichester, England Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06001-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-06001-8"><bdi>978-0-470-06001-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Employee+well-being+support+a+workplace+resource&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England+Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-06001-8&rft.aulast=Kinder&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hughes%2C+Rick&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Cary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSofieldSalmond2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sofield, Laura; Salmond, Susan W. (July–August 2003). "Workplace violence: a focus on verbal abuse and intent to leave the organization". <i>Orthopaedic Nursing</i>. <b>22</b> (4): 274–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006416-200307000-00008">10.1097/00006416-200307000-00008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12961971">12961971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30218546">30218546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orthopaedic+Nursing&rft.atitle=Workplace+violence%3A+a+focus+on+verbal+abuse+and+intent+to+leave+the+organization&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=274-283&rft.date=2003-07%2F2003-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30218546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12961971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006416-200307000-00008&rft.aulast=Sofield&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Salmond%2C+Susan+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFollingstadDeHartGreen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Follingstad, Diane R.; DeHart, Dana D.; Green, Eric P. (August 2004). "Psychologists' judgments of psychologically aggressive actions when perpetrated by a husband versus a wife". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>19</b> (4): 435–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2Fvivi.19.4.435.64165">10.1891/vivi.19.4.435.64165</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15726937">15726937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29313550">29313550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=Psychologists%27+judgments+of+psychologically+aggressive+actions+when+perpetrated+by+a+husband+versus+a+wife&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=435-452&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29313550%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15726937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2Fvivi.19.4.435.64165&rft.aulast=Follingstad&rft.aufirst=Diane+R.&rft.au=DeHart%2C+Dana+D.&rft.au=Green%2C+Eric+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorensonTaylor2005" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Sorenson" title="Susan Sorenson">Sorenson, Susan B.</a>; Taylor, Catherine A. (March 2005). "Female aggression toward male intimate partners: an examination of social norms in a community-based sample". <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Women_Quarterly" title="Psychology of Women Quarterly">Psychology of Women Quarterly</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 78–96. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.2005.00170.x">10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00170.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143270154">143270154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+of+Women+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Female+aggression+toward+male+intimate+partners%3A+an+examination+of+social+norms+in+a+community-based+sample&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-96&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1471-6402.2005.00170.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143270154%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sorenson&rft.aufirst=Susan+B.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Catherine+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hamel, John (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112220523/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/view/557">"Toward a gender-inclusive conception of intimate partner violence research and theory: part 2 – new directions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Men%27s_Health" title="International Journal of Men's Health">International Journal of Men's Health</a></i>. <b>8</b> (1): 41–59. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3149%2Fjmh.0801.41">10.3149/jmh.0801.41</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/view/557">the original</a> on 12 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Men%27s+Health&rft.atitle=Toward+a+gender-inclusive+conception+of+intimate+partner+violence+research+and+theory%3A+part+2+%E2%80%93+new+directions&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=41-59&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3149%2Fjmh.0801.41&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mensstudies.info%2FOJS%2Findex.php%2FIJMH%2Farticle%2Fview%2F557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/view/557/pdf_10">Pdf.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119103305/http://www.mensstudies.info/OJS/index.php/IJMH/article/view/557/pdf_10">Archived</a> 19 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjadenThoennes2000" class="citation book cs1">Tjaden, Patricia G.; Thoennes, Nancy (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/21858"><i>Extent, nature, and consequences of intimate partner violence: findings from the national violence against women survey</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Justice" title="National Institute of Justice">National Institute of Justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extent%2C+nature%2C+and+consequences+of+intimate+partner+violence%3A+findings+from+the+national+violence+against+women+survey&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Justice+and+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2000-07&rft.aulast=Tjaden&rft.aufirst=Patricia+G.&rft.au=Thoennes%2C+Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstacks.cdc.gov%2Fview%2Fcdc%2F21858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/181867.pdf">Pdf.</a> <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=181867">181867</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantalano2006" class="citation book cs1">Cantalano, Shannan (28 December 2006). <i>Intimate partner violence in the United States</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+partner+violence+in+the+United+States&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2006-12-28&rft.aulast=Cantalano&rft.aufirst=Shannan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span><br /> <ul><li>For the most recent statistics on intimate partner violence visit the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4801">BJS website.</a> <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265377">265377</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2010" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_K._Simon" title="George K. Simon">Simon, George Jr</a> (2010), "Epilogue: aggression and covert-aggression in a permissive and undisciplined society", in <a href="/wiki/George_K._Simon" title="George K. Simon">Simon, George Jr</a> (ed.), <i>In sheep's clothing: understanding and dealing with manipulative people</i>, Little Rock, Arkansas: Parkhurst Brothers, pp. 111–136, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935166-30-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935166-30-6"><bdi>978-1-935166-30-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue%3A+aggression+and+covert-aggression+in+a+permissive+and+undisciplined+society&rft.btitle=In+sheep%27s+clothing%3A+understanding+and+dealing+with+manipulative+people&rft.place=Little+Rock%2C+Arkansas&rft.pages=111-136&rft.pub=Parkhurst+Brothers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-935166-30-6&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=George+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_K._Simon" title="George K. Simon">Simon, George K. Jr</a> (2011), "The aggressive pattern", in <a href="/wiki/George_K._Simon" title="George K. Simon">Simon, George K. Jr</a> (ed.), <i>Character disturbance: the phenomenon of our age</i>, Little Rock, Arkansas: Parkhurst Brothers, pp. 118–119, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935166-32-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935166-32-0"><bdi>978-1-935166-32-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+aggressive+pattern&rft.btitle=Character+disturbance%3A+the+phenomenon+of+our+age&rft.place=Little+Rock%2C+Arkansas&rft.pages=118-119&rft.pub=Parkhurst+Brothers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-935166-32-0&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=George+K.+Jr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBograd1988" class="citation cs2">Bograd, Michele Louise (1988), "Feminist perspectives on wife abuse: an introduction", in Yllö, Kersti; Bograd, Michele Louise (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminis_xxx_1988_00_9940/page/13"><i>Feminist perspectives on wife abuse</i></a>, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminis_xxx_1988_00_9940/page/13">13</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-3053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-3053-7"><bdi>978-0-8039-3053-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminist+perspectives+on+wife+abuse%3A+an+introduction&rft.btitle=Feminist+perspectives+on+wife+abuse&rft.place=Newbury+Park%2C+California&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-3053-7&rft.aulast=Bograd&rft.aufirst=Michele+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeminis_xxx_1988_00_9940%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobashDobash1979" class="citation book cs1">Dobash, R. Emerson; Dobash, Russell (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceagainstw00doba"><i>Violence against wives: a case against the patriarchy</i></a></span>. New York: Free Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violenceagainstw00doba/page/57">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-907810-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-907810-5"><bdi>978-0-02-907810-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+against+wives%3A+a+case+against+the+patriarchy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-02-907810-5&rft.aulast=Dobash&rft.aufirst=R.+Emerson&rft.au=Dobash%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviolenceagainstw00doba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1989" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Lenore E. (April 1989). "Psychology and violence against women". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i>. <b>44</b> (4): 695–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.44.4.695">10.1037/0003-066X.44.4.695</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2729743">2729743</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Psychology+and+violence+against+women&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=695-702&rft.date=1989-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.44.4.695&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2729743&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Lenore+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRennison2003" class="citation book cs1">Rennison, Callie Marie (February 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gb1.ojp.usdoj.gov/search?q=cache:eox8Lxq8pBwJ:www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/ipv01.pdf+NCJ+197838&site=BJS-OJP&client=bjsnew_frontend&proxystylesheet=bjsnew_frontend&output=xml_no_dtd&ie=UTF-8&access=p&oe=UTF-8"><i>Intimate partner violence, 1993-2001</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Justice_Statistics" title="Bureau of Justice Statistics">Bureau of Justice Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intimate+partner+violence%2C+1993-2001&rft.pub=Bureau+of+Justice+Statistics%2C+U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2003-02&rft.aulast=Rennison&rft.aufirst=Callie+Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgb1.ojp.usdoj.gov%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dcache%3Aeox8Lxq8pBwJ%3Awww.bjs.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpub%2Fpdf%2Fipv01.pdf%2BNCJ%2B197838%26site%3DBJS-OJP%26client%3Dbjsnew_frontend%26proxystylesheet%3Dbjsnew_frontend%26output%3Dxml_no_dtd%26ie%3DUTF-8%26access%3Dp%26oe%3DUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=197838">197838</a><br /> <ul><li>For the most recent statistics on intimate partner violence visit the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=4801">BJS website.</a> <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=265377">265377</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus1999" class="citation cs2">Straus, Murray A. (1999), "The controversy over domestic violence by women: a methodological, theoretical, and sociology of science analysis", in Arriaga, Ximena B.; Oskamp, Stuart (eds.), <i>Violence in intimate relationships</i>, Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, pp. 17–44, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-0465-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-0465-9"><bdi>978-1-4522-0465-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+controversy+over+domestic+violence+by+women%3A+a+methodological%2C+theoretical%2C+and+sociology+of+science+analysis&rft.btitle=Violence+in+intimate+relationships&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.pages=17-44&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-0465-9&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Murray+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons2002" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Jon; et al. (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081201091656/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/crimeew1.html"><i>Crime in England and Wales 2001/2002</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/crimeew1.html">the original</a> on 1 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crime+in+England+and+Wales+2001%2F2002&rft.pub=Home+Office&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homeoffice.gov.uk%2Frds%2Fcrimeew1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a href="/wiki/NCJ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="NCJ (identifier)">NCJ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/abstract.aspx?ID=198270">198270</a> <ul><li>For the most recent figures visit the UK's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Crime+in+England+and+Wales">Office for National Statistics (ONS) website.</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._John_Green1874" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_St._John_Green" title="Nicholas St. John Green">St. John Green, Nicholas</a> (1874). <i>Criminal Law Reports: Being Reports of Cases Determined in the Federal and State Courts of the United States, and in the Courts of England, Ireland, Canada, Etc. with Notes, Volume 2</i>. New York: Hurd and Houghton. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22125148">22125148</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Criminal+Law+Reports%3A+Being+Reports+of+Cases+Determined+in+the+Federal+and+State+Courts+of+the+United+States%2C+and+in+the+Courts+of+England%2C+Ireland%2C+Canada%2C+Etc.+with+Notes%2C+Volume+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hurd+and+Houghton&rft.date=1874&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22125148&rft.aulast=St.+John+Green&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GRBFAAAAIAAJ">Details.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton2004" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Donald G. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/battererpsycholo0000dutt"><i>The batterer: a psychological profile</i></a></span>. Susan Golant (contributor). Princeton, New Jersey: Recording for the Blind & Dyslexic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03388-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03388-1"><bdi>978-0-465-03388-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+batterer%3A+a+psychological+profile&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Recording+for+the+Blind+%26+Dyslexic&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03388-1&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbattererpsycholo0000dutt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson1989" class="citation book cs1">Levinson, David (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familyviolencein0000levi"><i>Family violence in cross-cultural perspective</i></a></span>. Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-3076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-3076-6"><bdi>978-0-8039-3076-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family+violence+in+cross-cultural+perspective&rft.place=Newbury+Park%2C+California&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-3076-6&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamilyviolencein0000levi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColemanStraus1986" class="citation journal cs1">Coleman, Diane H.; Straus, Murray A. (Summer 1986). "Marital power, conflict, and violence in a nationally representative sample of American couples". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): 141–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.1.2.141">10.1891/0886-6708.1.2.141</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3154145">3154145</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26305516">26305516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=Marital+power%2C+conflict%2C+and+violence+in+a+nationally+representative+sample+of+American+couples&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-157&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26305516%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3154145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.1.2.141&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=Diane+H.&rft.au=Straus%2C+Murray+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Initially presented as a paper at the meeting of the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Criminology" title="American Society of Criminology">American Society of Criminology</a>, San Diego, California, 1985.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYllöStraus1990" class="citation cs2">Yllö, Kersti A.; Straus, Murray A. (1990), "Patriarchy and violence against wives: the impact of structural and normative factors", in Straus, Murray A.; Gelles, Richard J. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalviolence0000stra/page/383"><i>Physical violence in American families: risk factors and adaptations to violence in 8,145 families</i></a>, Christine Smith (contributor), New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicalviolence0000stra/page/383">383–401</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-263-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-263-5"><bdi>978-0-88738-263-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Patriarchy+and+violence+against+wives%3A+the+impact+of+structural+and+normative+factors&rft.btitle=Physical+violence+in+American+families%3A+risk+factors+and+adaptations+to+violence+in+8%2C145+families&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=383-401&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-263-5&rft.aulast=Yll%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Kersti+A.&rft.au=Straus%2C+Murray+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicalviolence0000stra%2Fpage%2F383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1990" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Michael D. (Winter 1990). "Patriarchal ideology and wife beating: a test of a feminist hypothesis". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>5</b> (4): 257–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.5.4.257">10.1891/0886-6708.5.4.257</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2098090">2098090</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19556947">19556947</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+ideology+and+wife+beating%3A+a+test+of+a+feminist+hypothesis&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=257-273&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19556947%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2098090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.5.4.257&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1993" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, J.C. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popline.org/node/340472">"Prevention of wife battering: insights from cultural analysis. Nursing Network on Violence against Women"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/POPLINE" title="POPLINE">Response</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): 18–24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Response&rft.atitle=Prevention+of+wife+battering%3A+insights+from+cultural+analysis.+Nursing+Network+on+Violence+against+Women&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=18-24&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popline.org%2Fnode%2F340472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugarmanFrankel1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sugarman, David B.; Frankel, Susan L. (March 1996). "Patriarchal ideology and wife-assault: a meta-analytic review". <i>Journal of Family Violence</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 13–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02333338">10.1007/BF02333338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13551207">13551207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+Violence&rft.atitle=Patriarchal+ideology+and+wife-assault%3A+a+meta-analytic+review&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-40&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02333338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13551207%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sugarman&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft.au=Frankel%2C+Susan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelsonOutlaw2007" class="citation journal cs1">Felson, Richard B.; Outlaw, Maureen C. (2007). "The control motive and marital violence". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>22</b> (4): 387–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F088667007781553964">10.1891/088667007781553964</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17691548">17691548</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26265068">26265068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=The+control+motive+and+marital+violence&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=387-407&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26265068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17691548&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F088667007781553964&rft.aulast=Felson&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.au=Outlaw%2C+Maureen+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantorJasinskiAldarondo1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kantor, Glenda K.; Jasinski, Jana L.; Aldarondo, Etiony (Fall 1994). "Sociocultural status and incidence of marital violence in Hispanic families". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>9</b> (3): 207–222. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.9.3.207">10.1891/0886-6708.9.3.207</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7647043">7647043</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31549817">31549817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=Sociocultural+status+and+incidence+of+marital+violence+in+Hispanic+families&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=207-222&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31549817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7647043&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.9.3.207&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Glenda+K.&rft.au=Jasinski%2C+Jana+L.&rft.au=Aldarondo%2C+Etiony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowningNational_Clearinghouse_on_Family_Violence1984" class="citation book cs1">Browning, James J.; National Clearinghouse on Family Violence (1984). <i>Stopping the violence: Canadian programmes for assaultive men</i>. Ottawa, Canada: Health and Welfare Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-5987-5"><bdi>978-0-7748-5987-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16927209">16927209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopping+the+violence%3A+Canadian+programmes+for+assaultive+men&rft.place=Ottawa%2C+Canada&rft.pub=Health+and+Welfare+Canada&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16927209&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-5987-5&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft.au=National+Clearinghouse+on+Family+Violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeidigFriedman1984" class="citation book cs1">Neidig, Peter; Friedman, Dale H. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spouseabusetreat0000neid"><i>Spouse abuse: a treatment program for couples</i></a>. Champaign, Illinois: Research Press Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87822-234-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87822-234-6"><bdi>978-0-87822-234-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spouse+abuse%3A+a+treatment+program+for+couples&rft.place=Champaign%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Research+Press+Co.&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87822-234-6&rft.aulast=Neidig&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Friedman%2C+Dale+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspouseabusetreat0000neid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1988" class="citation book cs1">Dutton, Donald G. (1988). <i>The domestic assault of women: psychological and criminal justice perspectives</i>. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-11323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-11323-1"><bdi>978-0-205-11323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+domestic+assault+of+women%3A+psychological+and+criminal+justice+perspectives&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-205-11323-1&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttonHemphill1992" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, Donald G.; Hemphill, Kenneth J. (Spring 1992). "Patterns of socially desirable responding among perpetrators and victims of wife assault". <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_%26_Victims" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence & Victims">Violence & Victims</a></i>. <b>7</b> (1): 29–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F0886-6708.7.1.29">10.1891/0886-6708.7.1.29</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1504031">1504031</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22213805">22213805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Violence+%26+Victims&rft.atitle=Patterns+of+socially+desirable+responding+among+perpetrators+and+victims+of+wife+assault&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-39&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22213805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1504031&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1891%2F0886-6708.7.1.29&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Hemphill%2C+Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttonBrowning1988" class="citation cs2">Dutton, Donald G.; Browning, James J. (1988), "Power struggles and intimacy anxieties as causative factors of violence in intimate relationships", in Russell, Gordon W. (ed.), <i>Violence in intimate relationships</i>, Great Neck, New York: PMA Publishing Corp., <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89335-231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89335-231-8"><bdi>978-0-89335-231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Power+struggles+and+intimacy+anxieties+as+causative+factors+of+violence+in+intimate+relationships&rft.btitle=Violence+in+intimate+relationships&rft.place=Great+Neck%2C+New+York&rft.pub=PMA+Publishing+Corp.&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-89335-231-8&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rft.au=Browning%2C+James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutton1986" class="citation journal cs1">Dutton, Donald G. (October 1986). "Wife assaulter's explanations for assault: the neutralization of self-punishment". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Behavioural_Science" title="Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science">Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science</a></i>. <b>18</b> (4): 381–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0079964">10.1037/h0079964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Behavioural+Science&rft.atitle=Wife+assaulter%27s+explanations+for+assault%3A+the+neutralization+of+self-punishment&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=381-390&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0079964&rft.aulast=Dutton&rft.aufirst=Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkMcEvoy1970" class="citation journal cs1">Stark, R.; McEvoy, J. (November 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/magazine/archive">"Middle class violence"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i>. <b>4</b> (6): 107–112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Middle+class+violence&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=107-112&rft.date=1970-11&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=McEvoy%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Also available as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkMcEvoy1972" class="citation cs2">Stark, R.; McEvoy, J. (1972), "Middle class violence", in Articles (various) (ed.), <i>Change: readings in society & human behavior</i>, Del Mar, California: CRM Books, p. 272, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87665-133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87665-133-9"><bdi>978-0-87665-133-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+class+violence&rft.btitle=Change%3A+readings+in+society+%26+human+behavior&rft.place=Del+Mar%2C+California&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=CRM+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-87665-133-9&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=McEvoy%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrausGelles1990" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Murray A.; Gelles, Richard J. (1990). <i>Is family violence increasing? A comparison of 1975 and 1985 national survey rates</i>. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+family+violence+increasing%3F+A+comparison+of+1975+and+1985+national+survey+rates&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Murray+A.&rft.au=Gelles%2C+Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Initially presented as a paper to the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Criminology" title="American Society of Criminology">American Society of Criminology</a>, San Diego, California, November, 1985.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyDutton1987" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Leslie W.; Dutton, Donald G. (1987). <i>The incidence of wife assault in Alberta</i>. Edmonton area series report, no. 53. Edmonton, Alta: Population Research Laboratory, Department of Sociology, University of Alberta. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17948290">17948290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+incidence+of+wife+assault+in+Alberta&rft.place=Edmonton%2C+Alta&rft.series=Edmonton+area+series+report%2C+no.+53&rft.pub=Population+Research+Laboratory%2C+Department+of+Sociology%2C+University+of+Alberta&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17948290&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>Also published as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedyDutton1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, Leslie W.; Dutton, Donald G. (January 1989). "The incidence of wife assault in Alberta". <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Behavioural_Science" title="Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science">Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1): 40–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0079792">10.1037/h0079792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Behavioural+Science&rft.atitle=The+incidence+of+wife+assault+in+Alberta&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-54&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0079792&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Leslie+W.&rft.au=Dutton%2C+Donald+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrausGellesSteinmetz1980" class="citation book cs1">Straus, Murray A.; Gelles, Richard J.; Steinmetz, Suzanne K. (1980). <i>Behind closed doors: violence in the American family</i>. Garden City, New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14259-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-14259-5"><bdi>978-0-385-14259-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+closed+doors%3A+violence+in+the+American+family&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Press%2FDoubleday&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-385-14259-5&rft.aulast=Straus&rft.aufirst=Murray+A.&rft.au=Gelles%2C+Richard+J.&rft.au=Steinmetz%2C+Suzanne+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulmanKentucky_Commission_on_Women1979" class="citation book cs1">Schulman, Mark A.; Kentucky Commission on Women (1979). <i>A survey of spousal violence against women in Kentucky</i>. Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6374427">6374427</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+survey+of+spousal+violence+against+women+in+Kentucky&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6374427&rft.aulast=Schulman&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Kentucky+Commission+on+Women&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobarakiSöderfeldt2010" class="citation journal cs1">Mobaraki, A.E.H.; Söderfeldt, B. (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-16-2010/volume-16-issue-1/article19.html">"Gender inequity in Saudi Arabia and its role in public health"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_Health_Journal" title="Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal">Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal</a></i>. <b>16</b> (1): 113–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26719%2F2010.16.1.113">10.26719/2010.16.1.113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20214168">20214168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Mediterranean+Health+Journal&rft.atitle=Gender+inequity+in+Saudi+Arabia+and+its+role+in+public+health&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=113-118&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26719%2F2010.16.1.113&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20214168&rft.aulast=Mobaraki&rft.aufirst=A.E.H.&rft.au=S%C3%B6derfeldt%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emro.who.int%2Femhj-volume-16-2010%2Fvolume-16-issue-1%2Farticle19.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Genesis 3:16-17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesSchechter1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ann_Jones_(author)" title="Ann Jones (author)">Jones, Ann</a>; <a href="/wiki/Susan_Schechter" title="Susan Schechter">Schechter, Susan</a> (1992). "More help for you and your kids: for family, friends, and helpers". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenlovegoeswron00annj"><i>When love goes wrong: what to do when you can't do anything right</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016306-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016306-8"><bdi>978-0-06-016306-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=More+help+for+you+and+your+kids%3A+for+family%2C+friends%2C+and+helpers&rft.btitle=When+love+goes+wrong%3A+what+to+do+when+you+can%27t+do+anything+right&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016306-8&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ann&rft.au=Schechter%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenlovegoeswron00annj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGohir2016" class="citation web cs1">Gohir, Shaista (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mwnuk.co.uk//go_files/resources/MWNU%20Marriage_Divorce%20Report_WEB2.pdf">"Information and Guidance on Muslim Marriage and Divorce in Britain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Muslim Women's Network UK. pp. 40–46<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Information+and+Guidance+on+Muslim+Marriage+and+Divorce+in+Britain&rft.pages=40-46&rft.pub=Muslim+Women%27s+Network+UK&rft.date=2016-01&rft.aulast=Gohir&rft.aufirst=Shaista&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mwnuk.co.uk%2F%2Fgo_files%2Fresources%2FMWNU%2520Marriage_Divorce%2520Report_WEB2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychological+abuse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1339137" class="extiw" title="d:Q1339137">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T74.3">T74.3</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=995.82">995.82</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000085202">D000085202</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychological_abuse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Abuse" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Abuse" title="Template:Abuse"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abuse" title="Template talk:Abuse"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abuse"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abuse" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-social_behaviour" title="Anti-social behaviour">Anti-social behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage" title="Child marriage">marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals" title="Cruelty to animals">Cruelty to animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_draft" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability draft">military draft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elder_financial_abuse" title="Elder financial abuse">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Marriage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neglect" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_abuse" title="Professional abuse">Professional abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_abuse" title="Social abuse">Social abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umpire_abuse" title="Umpire abuse">Referee and umpire abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Religious abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_abuse" title="Surveillance abuse">Surveillance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abuse#Types_and_contexts_of_abuse" title="Abuse">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">Abuse of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Complex post-traumatic stress disorder">Complex post-traumatic stress disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial" title="Denial">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie" title="Lie">Lying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_trauma" title="Psychological trauma">Psychological trauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy" title="Psychopathy">Psychopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rationalization_(psychology)" title="Rationalization (psychology)">Rationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bullying" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bullying" title="Template:Bullying"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bullying" title="Template talk:Bullying"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bullying"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bullying" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abusive_supervision" title="Abusive supervision">Abusive supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberbullying" title="Cyberbullying">Cyberbullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_abuse" title="Disability abuse">Disability bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displaced_aggression" title="Displaced aggression">Displaced aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxing" title="Doxing">Doxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_bullying" title="LGBTQ bullying">LGBTQ bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazing" title="Hazing">Hazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_military" title="Bullying in the military">Military bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_victimization" title="Peer victimization">Peer victimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying#Prison_bullying" title="Bullying">Prison bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_aggression" title="Relational aggression">Relational aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_bullying" title="School bullying">School bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_of_students_in_higher_education" title="Bullying of students in higher education">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_bullying" title="Sexual bullying">Sexual bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_harassment" title="Workplace harassment">Workplace harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying" title="Workplace bullying">Workplace bullying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_bullying_in_academia" title="Workplace bullying in academia">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_information_technology" title="Bullying in information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_workplace_bullying" title="Legal aspects of workplace bullying">Legal aspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_the_legal_profession" title="Bullying in the legal profession">Legal profession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_medicine" title="Bullying in medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_nursing" title="Bullying in nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_in_teaching" title="Bullying in teaching">Teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_leader" title="Toxic leader">Toxic leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_workplace" title="Toxic workplace">Toxic workplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal" title="Betrayal">Betrayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blacklisting" title="Blacklisting">Blacklisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">Bullying and emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destabilisation" title="Destabilisation">Destabilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Discrediting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossip" title="Gossip">Gossip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harassment" title="Harassment">Harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incivility" title="Incivility">Incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiss_up_kick_down" title="Kiss up kick down">Kiss up kick down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_goalposts" title="Moving the goalposts">Moving the goalposts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_calling" title="Name calling">Name calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Personal attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychological abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcasm" title="Sarcasm">Sarcasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screaming" title="Screaming">Screaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">Shame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">Social undermining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swatting" title="Swatting">Swatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taunting" title="Taunting">Taunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_incivility" title="Workplace incivility">Workplace incivility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Act_Against_Bullying" title="Act Against Bullying">Act Against Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bossy" title="Ban Bossy">Ban Bossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying_UK" title="Bullying UK">Bullying UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bystander_Revolution" title="Bystander Revolution">Bystander Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centre_for_Gender_and_Sexual_Diversity" title="Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity">Canadian Centre for Gender and Sexual Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditch_the_Label" title="Ditch the Label">Ditch the Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRIN_Campaign" title="GRIN Campaign">GRIN Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project" title="It Gets Better Project">It Gets Better Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidscape" title="Kidscape">Kidscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_Against_Violence_in_Education" title="Society Against Violence in Education">Society Against Violence in Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Costanza_Baldry" title="Anna Costanza Baldry">Anna Costanza Baldry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Craig_(psychologist)" title="Wendy Craig (psychologist)">Wendy Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Espelage" title="Dorothy Espelage">Dorothy Espelage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Farrington" title="David P. Farrington">David P. Farrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Hymel" title="Shelley Hymel">Shelley Hymel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Leymann" title="Heinz Leymann">Heinz Leymann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Namie" title="Gary Namie">Gary Namie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Higgins_Norman" title="James O'Higgins Norman">James O'Higgins Norman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Olweus" title="Dan Olweus">Dan Olweus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debra_Pepler" title="Debra Pepler">Debra Pepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christina_Salmivalli" title="Christina Salmivalli">Christina Salmivalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Westhues" title="Kenneth Westhues">Kenneth Westhues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Adams" title="Andrea Adams">Andrea Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Burfitt-Dons" title="Louise Burfitt-Dons">Louise Burfitt-Dons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Field" title="Tim Field">Tim Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuEllen_Fried" title="SuEllen Fried">SuEllen Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Hackett" title="Liam Hackett">Liam Hackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Lizzie Velásquez">Lizzie Velásquez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bullying Day">Anti-Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bullying_Week" title="Anti-Bullying Week">Anti-Bullying Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-bullying_legislation" title="Anti-bullying legislation">Anti-bullying legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Pink" title="International Day of Pink">International Day of Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Stand_Up_to_Bullying_Day" title="International Stand Up to Bullying Day">International Stand Up to Bullying Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Think_Before_You_Speak_(campaign)" title="Think Before You Speak (campaign)">Think Before You Speak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable <a href="/wiki/Bullying_and_suicide" title="Bullying and suicide">suicides</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_suicides_that_have_been_attributed_to_bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="List of suicides that have been attributed to bullying">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_William_Arthur_Gibbs" title="Suicide of William Arthur Gibbs">William Arthur Gibbs</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kelly_Yeomans" title="Suicide of Kelly Yeomans">Kelly Yeomans</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Hamed_Nastoh" title="Suicide of Hamed Nastoh">Hamed Nastoh</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Dawn-Marie_Wesley" title="Suicide of Dawn-Marie Wesley">Dawn-Marie Wesley</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Nicola_Ann_Raphael" title="Suicide of Nicola Ann Raphael">Nicola Ann Raphael</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Ryan_Halligan" title="Suicide of Ryan Halligan">Ryan Halligan</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Megan_Meier" title="Suicide of Megan Meier">Megan Meier</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Sladjana_Vidovic" title="Suicide of Sladjana Vidovic">Sladjana Vidovic</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Phoebe_Prince" title="Suicide of Phoebe Prince">Phoebe Prince</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyler_Clementi" title="Suicide of Tyler Clementi">Tyler Clementi</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jamey_Rodemeyer" title="Suicide of Jamey Rodemeyer">Jamey Rodemeyer</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Hubley#Family" title="Allan Hubley">Jamie Hubley</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kenneth_Weishuhn" title="Suicide of Kenneth Weishuhn">Kenneth Weishuhn</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Audrie_Pott" title="Suicide of Audrie Pott">Audrie Pott</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Amanda_Todd" title="Suicide of Amanda Todd">Amanda Todd</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Jadin_Bell" title="Suicide of Jadin Bell">Jadin Bell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rehtaeh_Parsons" title="Suicide of Rehtaeh Parsons">Rehtaeh Parsons</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Rebecca_Sedwick" title="Suicide of Rebecca Sedwick">Rebecca Sedwick</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leelah_Alcorn" title="Leelah Alcorn">Leelah Alcorn</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Conrad_Roy" title="Death of Conrad Roy">Conrad Roy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Tyrone_Unsworth" title="Suicide of Tyrone Unsworth">Tyrone Unsworth</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murder%E2%80%93suicide" title="Murder–suicide">Murder–suicides</a><br />(incidents)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine</a>, 1999</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeff Weise">Jeff Weise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lake_shootings" title="Red Lake shootings">Red Lake</a>, 2005</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seung-Hui_Cho" title="Seung-Hui Cho">Seung-Hui Cho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Tech_shooting" title="Virginia Tech shooting">Virginia Tech</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Jokela school shooting">Pekka-Eric Auvinen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jokela_school_shooting" title="Jokela school shooting">Jokela High School</a>, 2007</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting#Perpetrator" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Matti Juhani Saari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauhajoki_school_shooting" title="Kauhajoki school shooting">Kauhajoki School of Hospitality</a>, 2008</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting#Perpetrator" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Jose Horacio Reyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Sparks_Middle_School_shooting" title="2013 Sparks Middle School shooting">Sparks Middle School</a>, 2013</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Rodger" title="Elliot Rodger">Elliot Rodger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_Isla_Vista_killings" title="2014 Isla Vista killings">Isla Vista</a>, 2014</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Just-world hypothesis">Just-world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_LGBT-related_suicides" class="mw-redirect" title="List of LGBT-related suicides">List of LGBT-related suicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_in_the_workplace" title="Machiavellianism in the workplace">Machiavellianism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissism_in_the_workplace" title="Narcissism in the workplace">Narcissism in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_boundaries" title="Personal boundaries">Personal boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">Personality disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playing_the_victim" title="Playing the victim">Playing the victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathy_in_the_workplace" title="Psychopathy in the workplace">Psychopathy in the workplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">Self-esteem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_dominance_orientation" title="Social dominance orientation">Social dominance orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_LGBTQ_youth" title="Suicide among LGBTQ youth">Suicide among LGBTQ youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_blaming" title="Victim blaming">Victim blaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Manipulation_(psychology)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Template:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Template talk:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manipulation_(psychology)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Positive manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">Flattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_bombing" title="Love bombing">Love bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop,_bad_cop" title="Good cop, bad cop">Good cop, bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related manipulation topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation">Market manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudge_theory" title="Nudge theory">Nudge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Domestic_violence" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Domestic_violence" title="Template talk:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic_violence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Domestic violence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Domestic_violence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence" title="Domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_domestic_violence" title="Outline of domestic violence">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlling_behavior_in_relationships" title="Controlling behavior in relationships">Controlling behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_tactics_scale" title="Conflict tactics scale">Conflict tactics scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_abuse" title="Cycle of abuse">Cycle of abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_violence" title="Cycle of violence">Cycle of violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology_of_domestic_violence" title="Epidemiology of domestic violence">Epidemiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_bonding" title="Traumatic bonding">Traumatic bonding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marital_rape" title="Marital rape">Marital rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion#Birth_control_sabotage" title="Reproductive coercion">Birth control sabotage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_coercion" title="Reproductive coercion">Reproductive coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence_by_intimate_partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual violence by intimate partners">Sexual violence by intimate partners</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_attack" title="Acid attack">Acid attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_burning" title="Bride burning">Bride burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_death" title="Dowry death">Dowry death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_pregnant_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of pregnant women">Murder of pregnant women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(practice)" title="Sati (practice)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_couple_violence#Situational_couple_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Common couple violence">Situational couple violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_abuse" title="Economic abuse">Economic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embarrassment" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a>/<a href="/wiki/Humiliation" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" title="Emotional blackmail">Emotional blackmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolation_to_facilitate_abuse" title="Isolation to facilitate abuse">Isolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagging" title="Nagging">Nagging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult-to-adult_narcissistic_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult-to-adult narcissistic abuse">Narcissistic abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setting_up_to_fail" title="Setting up to fail">Setting up to fail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Silent treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalking" title="Stalking">Stalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbal_abuse" title="Verbal abuse">Verbal abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adults</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride-buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride-buying">Bride-buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_against_men" title="Domestic violence against men">Domestic violence against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_and_pregnancy" title="Domestic violence and pregnancy">Domestic violence and pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_abuse" title="Elder abuse">Elder abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_partner_violence" title="Intimate partner violence">Intimate partner violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_lesbian_relationships" title="Domestic violence in lesbian relationships">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_same-sex_relationships" title="Domestic violence in same-sex relationships">Same-sex relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_domestic_violence_on_children" title="Effects of domestic violence on children">Effects of domestic violence on children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_bullying_of_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Parental bullying of children">Parental bullying of children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibling_abuse" title="Sibling abuse">Sibling abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prevention</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_domestic_violence_hotlines" title="List of domestic violence hotlines">Domestic violence hotlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duluth_model" title="Duluth model">Duluth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_shelter" title="Women's shelter">Women's shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiatives_to_prevent_sexual_violence" title="Initiatives to prevent sexual violence">Prevention initiatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Argentina" title="Domestic violence in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Armenia#Domestic_violence" title="Crime in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Australia" title="Domestic violence in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Bolivia" title="Domestic violence in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Brazil" title="Domestic violence in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Chile" title="Domestic violence in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_China" title="Domestic violence in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Colombia" title="Domestic violence in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ecuador" title="Domestic violence in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Ghana" title="Domestic violence in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Guyana" title="Domestic violence in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Iran" title="Domestic violence in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Kenya" title="Domestic violence in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Lithuania" title="Domestic violence in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_New_Zealand" title="Domestic violence in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Domestic violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Norway" title="Domestic violence in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Pakistan" title="Domestic violence in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Panama" title="Domestic violence in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Paraguay" title="Domestic violence in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Romania" title="Domestic violence in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Russia" title="Domestic violence in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Samoa#Domestic_violence" title="Human rights in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Domestic violence in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Africa" title="Domestic violence in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_South_Korea" title="Domestic violence in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Tajikistan" title="Domestic violence in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic violence in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Turkey" title="Domestic violence in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_Uganda" title="Domestic violence in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Domestic violence in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic violence in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_domestic_violence" title="Christianity and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Christian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence in Islamic culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacquelyn_Campbell" title="Jacquelyn Campbell">Jacquelyn Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_A._Dodge" title="Kenneth A. Dodge">Kenneth Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_M._Douglas" title="Emily M. Douglas">Emily Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellsberg" title="Mary Ellsberg">Mary Ellsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Finkelhor" title="David Finkelhor">David Finkelhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Graham-Kevan" title="Nicola Graham-Kevan">Nicola Graham-Kevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Hines" title="Denise Hines">Denise Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Saltzman" title="Linda Saltzman">Linda Saltzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_A._Straus" title="Murray A. Straus">Murray Straus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruahine_Albert" title="Ruahine Albert">Ruahine Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Barker" title="Angela Barker">Angela Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Buel" title="Sarah Buel">Sarah Buel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Celi" title="Elizabeth Celi">Elizabeth Celi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Cools" title="Anne Cools">Anne Cools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Ferrato" title="Donna Ferrato">Donna Ferrato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pence" title="Ellen Pence">Ellen Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erin_Pizzey" title="Erin Pizzey">Erin Pizzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tucker_(executive)" title="Deborah Tucker (executive)">Deborah Tucker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Better_Man_(film)" title="A Better Man (film)">A Better Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conspiracy_of_Silence" title="The Conspiracy of Silence">The Conspiracy of Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Defending_Our_Lives" title="Defending Our Lives">Defending Our Lives</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_and_Control:_Domestic_Violence_in_America" title="Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America">Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Voices_(2005_film)" title="Silent Voices (2005 film)">Silent Voices</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sin_by_Silence" title="Sin by Silence">Sin by Silence</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Tragedy_(film)" title="American Tragedy (film)">American Tragedy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_and_Blue_(1999_film)" title="Black and Blue (1999 film)">Black and Blue</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blinded_(2006_film)" title="Blinded (2006 film)">Blinded</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bordertown_(2007_film)" title="Bordertown (2007 film)">Bordertown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Bed" title="The Burning Bed">The Burning Bed</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daughters_(1997_TV_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughters (1997 TV film)">Daughters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enough_(film)" title="Enough (film)">Enough</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Angelina" title="Looking for Angelina">Looking for Angelina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Once_Were_Warriors_(film)" title="Once Were Warriors (film)">Once Were Warriors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_Minute_to_Nine" title="One Minute to Nine">One Minute to Nine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Provoked_(film)" title="Provoked (film)">Provoked</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_with_the_Enemy" title="Sleeping with the Enemy">Sleeping with the Enemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Submission_(2004_film)" title="Submission (2004 film)">Submission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What%27s_Love_Got_to_Do_with_It_(1993_film)" title="What's Love Got to Do with It (1993 film)">What's Love Got to Do with It</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_with_Billy_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Life with Billy (book)">Life with Billy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mommie_Dearest" title="Mommie Dearest">Mommie Dearest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_War_on_Women_(book)" title="The War on Women (book)">The War on Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Family_Therapy" title="Contemporary Family Therapy">Contemporary Family Therapy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Process_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family Process (journal)">Family Process</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Relations_(journal)" title="Family Relations (journal)">Family Relations</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Family_Issues" title="Journal of Family Issues">Journal of Family Issues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interpersonal_Violence" title="Journal of Interpersonal Violence">Journal of Interpersonal Violence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Signs_(journal)" title="Signs (journal)">Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trauma,_Violence,_%26_Abuse" title="Trauma, Violence, & Abuse">Trauma, Violence, & Abuse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Violence_Against_Women_(journal)" title="Violence Against Women (journal)">Violence Against Women</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulabi_Gang" title="Gulabi Gang">Gulabi Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ManKind_Initiative" title="ManKind Initiative">ManKind Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Against_Domestic_Violence" title="National Coalition Against Domestic Violence">National Coalition Against Domestic Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Domestic_Violence_Hotline" title="National Domestic Violence Hotline">National Domestic Violence Hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_(United_Kingdom_charity)" title="Refuge (United Kingdom charity)">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respect_(charity)" title="Respect (charity)">Respect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battered_woman_syndrome" title="Battered woman syndrome">Battered woman defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_court" title="Domestic violence court">Domestic violence court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template talk:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped <br /> skin conditions <br /> resulting from <br /> physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li><i>environmental skin conditions</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>frictional/traumatic/sports</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li><i>iv use</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medicine">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&oldid=1254958980">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&oldid=1254958980</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Psychological_abuse" title="Category:Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harassment_and_bullying" title="Category:Harassment and bullying">Harassment and bullying</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_March_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from March 2024">Articles with dead external links from March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2021">Use dmy dates from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2015">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 13:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychological_abuse&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-qqs7t","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.299","walltime":"1.570","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8902,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":375898,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5808,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":11,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":475629,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1373.710 1 -total"," 58.14% 798.672 1 Template:Reflist"," 27.50% 377.714 51 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.02% 151.373 2 Template:Short_description"," 10.90% 149.668 33 Template:Cite_book"," 10.08% 138.413 12 Template:Navbox"," 7.47% 102.605 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"," 7.05% 96.867 15 Template:Main_other"," 6.42% 88.205 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 6.18% 84.909 1 Template:Infobox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.821","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8453105,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vkl22","timestamp":"20241122140645","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Psychological abuse","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Psychological_abuse","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1339137","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1339137","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-14T19:58:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-02T13:40:19Z","headline":"form of abuse characterized by a person subjecting or exposing another to behavior that may result in psychological trauma"}</script> </body> </html>