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data-title="Glossaire de la médecine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99_%EC%9A%A9%EC%96%B4%EC%A7%91" title="의학 용어집 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의학 용어집" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lijst_van_geneeskundige_termen" title="Lijst van geneeskundige termen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lijst van geneeskundige termen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glosar_de_medicin%C4%83" title="Glosar de medicină – Romanian" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> This glossary of medical terms is a list of definitions about <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="A">A</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: A">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarskog%E2%80%93Scott_syndrome" title="Aarskog–Scott syndrome">Aarskog–Scott syndrome</a> – (AAS) A rare, inherited (X-linked) disease characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, skeletal and genital anomalies.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> – The part of the body between the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>, which contains most of the tubelike organs of the digestive tract, as well as several solid organs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_external_oblique_muscle" title="Abdominal external oblique muscle">Abdominal external oblique muscle</a> – The largest, and outermost, of the three flat muscles of the lateral anterior abdominal wall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_internal_oblique_muscle" title="Abdominal internal oblique muscle">Abdominal internal oblique muscle</a> – A muscle of the abdominal wall, which lies below the <a href="/wiki/External_oblique" class="mw-redirect" title="External oblique">external oblique</a> and just above the <a href="/wiki/Transverse_abdominal_muscle" title="Transverse abdominal muscle">transverse abdominal muscles</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis brevis muscle">Abductor pollicis brevis muscle</a> – A muscle in the hand that <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Abduction_and_adduction" title="Anatomical terms of motion">abducts</a> (straightens) the thumb.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Abductor pollicis longus muscle">Abductor pollicis longus muscle</a> – One of the extrinsic muscles of the hand. Its major function is to abduct the thumb at the wrist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">Abscess</a> – A collection of <a href="/wiki/Pus" title="Pus">pus</a> that has built up within the tissue of the body.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a> – the process by which the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eye</a> focuses on an object.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accommodation_reflex" title="Accommodation reflex">Accommodation reflex</a> – a reflex action of the eye, measured as a response to focusing on a near object, then looking at a distant object (and vice versa).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">Acetabulum</a> – a concave surface of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>, which forms the pelvic section of the <a href="/wiki/Hip_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip (anatomy)">hip joint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fie-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a> – a tendon of the back of the leg, and the thickest in the human body. It attaches the <a href="/wiki/Plantaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantaris">plantaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrocnemius">gastrocnemius</a> (calf) and <a href="/wiki/Soleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleus">soleus</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneus</a> (heel) bone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acne" title="Acne">Acne</a> – a long-term <a href="/wiki/Skin_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin disease">skin disease</a> that occurs when <a href="/wiki/Hair_follicle" title="Hair follicle">hair follicles</a> are clogged with <a href="/wiki/Keratinocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratinocytes">dead skin cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sebum" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebum">oil from the skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acne_vulgaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Acne vulgaris">Acne vulgaris</a> – see Acne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a> – an <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> technique where pressure is applied to <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> points. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a> – a form of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a><a href="#cite_note-Berman2010-6">[6]</a> in which thin needles are inserted into the body.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a> – the lump or protrusion that is formed by the angle of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage" title="Thyroid cartilage">thyroid cartilage</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> seen especially in males.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">Adaptive immune system</a> – also known as the acquired immune system or, more rarely, as the specific immune system, is a subsystem of the overall <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> that is composed of highly specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> or prevent their growth.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenoma</a> – (plural adenomas or adenomata) is a <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign tumor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Epithelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithelial">epithelial</a> tissue with <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glandular</a> origin, glandular characteristics, or both.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal gland</a> – The adrenal glands (also known as suprarenal glands) are <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> that produce a variety of hormones including <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> and the steroids <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Columbia2015-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-dictionary-9">[9]</a> They are found above the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> – Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are a number of conditions caused by <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to typically harmless substances in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Con2007-10">[10]</a> These diseases include <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Food allergies">food allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">allergic asthma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Types-11">[11]</a> Symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">red eyes</a>, an itchy rash, <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Runny_nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Runny nose">runny nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, or swelling.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Sym-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_intolerances" class="mw-redirect" title="Food intolerances">Food intolerances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a> are separate conditions.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2012pdf-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bah2012-14">[14]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a> – Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's disease</a> – (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic <a href="/wiki/Neurodegenerative" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurodegenerative">neurodegenerative</a> disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-16">[16]</a> It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2017-16">[16]</a> The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events (<a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a> loss).<a href="#cite_note-BMJ2009-15">[15]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a> – is the terminal part of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> It is situated between the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> below the level of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_diaphragm" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic diaphragm">pelvic diaphragm</a>. In humans it is approximately 2.5 to 4 cm (0.98-1.58 in) long. It lies in the <a href="/wiki/Anal_triangle" title="Anal triangle">anal triangle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Perineum" title="Perineum">perineum</a> in between the right and left <a href="/wiki/Ischioanal_fossa" title="Ischioanal fossa">ischioanal fossa</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a> – is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Anatomy is a branch of natural science which deals with the structural organization of living things.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> – Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics (see <a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology#Terminology" title="Anesthesiology">Terminology</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_speciality" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical speciality">medical speciality</a> concerned with the total <a href="/wiki/Perioperative_medicine" title="Perioperative medicine">perioperative</a> care of patients before, during and after <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a> – is the medical specialty which studies the diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>, i.e., <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veins" class="mw-redirect" title="Veins">veins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">lymphatic vessels</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a> – The ankle, or the talocrural region,<a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-21">[21]</a> is the region where the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a> meet.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The ankle includes three <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>: the ankle joint proper or talocrural joint, the <a href="/wiki/Subtalar_joint" title="Subtalar joint">subtalar joint</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_tibiofibular_joint" title="Inferior tibiofibular joint">inferior tibiofibular joint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Milner_1999-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Williams_&_Taunton_2007-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-del_Castillo_2012_Foot_and_Ankle_Injuries-25">[25]</a> The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and <a href="/wiki/Plantarflexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantarflexion">plantarflexion</a> of the foot. In common usage, the term ankle refers exclusively to the ankle region. In medical terminology, "ankle" (without qualifiers) can refer broadly to the region or specifically to the talocrural joint.<a href="#cite_note-Moore,_Dalley_&_Agur_2013_Lower_Limb-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anterior_tibial_artery" title="Anterior tibial artery">Anterior tibial artery</a> – The anterior tibial artery of the <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a> carries blood to the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_compartment_of_the_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior compartment of the leg">anterior compartment of the leg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> surface of the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_artery" title="Popliteal artery">popliteal artery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a> – is a type of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> substance active against <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial infections</a>. Antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a> are widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_prophylaxis" title="Antibiotic prophylaxis">prevention</a> of such infections.<a href="#cite_note-NHSB-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Antibody</a> – (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig),<a href="#cite_note-Rhoades-29">[29]</a> is a large, Y-shaped <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> produced mainly by <a href="/wiki/Plasma_cell" title="Plasma cell">plasma cells</a> that is used by the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to neutralize <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viral_disease" title="Viral disease">viruses</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">Aorta</a> – is the main <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, originating from the <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">left ventricle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and extending down to the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, where it <a href="/wiki/Aortic_bifurcation" title="Aortic bifurcation">splits</a> into two smaller arteries (the <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common iliac arteries">common iliac arteries</a>). The aorta distributes <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation_(medicine)" title="Oxygen saturation (medicine)">oxygenated</a> blood to all parts of the body through the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a> – The appendix (or vermiform appendix; also cecal [or caecal] appendix; vermix; or vermiform process) is a finger-like, blind-ended tube connected to the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>, from which it <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">develops in the embryo</a>. The cecum is a pouch-like structure of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">colon</a>, located at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestines</a>. The term "<a href="/wiki/Vermiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform">vermiform</a>" comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and means "worm-shaped." The appendix used to be considered a <a href="/wiki/Human_vestigiality" title="Human vestigiality">vestigial organ</a>, but this view has changed over the past decades.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a> – is the part of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Glenohumeral_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenohumeral joint">glenohumeral joint</a> (shoulder joint) and the <a href="/wiki/Elbow_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow joint">elbow joint</a>. In common usage, the arm extends to the hand. It can be divided into the upper arm, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow, the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> which extends from the elbow to the hand, and the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>. Anatomically the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">shoulder girdle</a> with bones and corresponding muscles is by definition a part of the arm. The Latin term brachium may refer to either the arm as a whole or to the upper arm on its own.<a href="#cite_note-Free_dictionary-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">Arteriole</a> – is a small-diameter <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a> that extends and branches out from an <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> and leads to <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Arterioles have <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a> walls (usually only one to two layers of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>) and are the primary site of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_resistance" title="Vascular resistance">vascular resistance</a>. The greatest change in blood pressure and velocity of blood flow occurs at the transition of arterioles to capillaries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> that takes <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> away from the heart to all parts of the body (tissues, lungs, etc.). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood; the two exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary arteries">pulmonary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbilical arteries">umbilical arteries</a>, which carry deoxygenated blood to the organs that oxygenate it. The <a href="/wiki/Effective_arterial_blood_volume" title="Effective arterial blood volume">effective arterial blood volume</a> is that <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> which fills the arterial system.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">Arthritis</a> – is a term often used to mean any disorder that affects <a href="/wiki/Joints" class="mw-redirect" title="Joints">joints</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptoms">Symptoms</a> generally include <a href="/wiki/Joint_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint pain">joint pain</a> and stiffness.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-36">[36]</a> Other symptoms may include redness, warmth, <a href="/wiki/Joint_effusion" title="Joint effusion">swelling</a>, and decreased <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a> of the affected joints.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2014-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2016-37">[37]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a> – (AS), also known as Asperger's, is a <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorder" title="Developmental disorder">developmental disorder</a> characterized by significant difficulties in <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal relationships">social interaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">nonverbal communication</a>, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior and interests.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-38">[38]</a> As a milder <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a> (ASD), it differs from other ASDs by relatively normal <a href="/wiki/Language_development" title="Language development">language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ICD10-39">[39]</a> Although not required for diagnosis, physical clumsiness and unusual use of language are common.<a href="#cite_note-McPart2006-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baskin-41">[41]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a> – is a common <a href="/wiki/Chronic_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic (medicine)">long-term</a> <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> disease of the <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">airways</a> of the lungs.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2013-42">[42]</a> It is characterized by variable and recurring symptoms, reversible <a href="/wiki/Airway_obstruction" title="Airway obstruction">airflow obstruction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bronchospasm" title="Bronchospasm">bronchospasm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NHLBI07p11-12-43">[43]</a> Symptoms include episodes of <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a>, chest tightness, and <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bts2009p4-44">[44]</a></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Atony – absence of <a href="/wiki/Muscle_tone" title="Muscle tone">muscle tone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">Atrial fibrillation</a> – (AF or A-fib) is an <a href="/wiki/Abnormal_heart_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Abnormal heart rhythm">abnormal heart rhythm</a> characterized by <a href="/wiki/Fibrillation" title="Fibrillation">rapid and irregular beating</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">atria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Often it starts as brief periods of abnormal <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_cycle" title="Cardiac cycle">beating</a> which become longer and possibly constant over time.<a href="#cite_note-Zoni2014-46">[46]</a> Often episodes have <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">no symptoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mun2014-47">[47]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental</a> type.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23299717-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Caroline2010-49">[49]</a> It is characterized by <a href="/wiki/Attentional_shift" title="Attentional shift">problems paying attention</a>, excessive activity, or <a href="/wiki/Impulsivity" title="Impulsivity">difficulty controlling behavior</a> which is not <a href="/wiki/Age_appropriateness" title="Age appropriateness">appropriate for a person's age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-51">[51]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auscultation" title="Auscultation">Auscultation</a> – is listening to the internal sounds of the body, usually using a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a>. Auscultation is performed for the purposes of examining the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Circulatory">circulatory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory systems</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_sounds" title="Heart sounds">heart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breath_sounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Breath sounds">breath sounds</a>), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal system">gastrointestinal system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disorder" title="Developmental disorder">developmental disorder</a> characterized by troubles with <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a>, and by restricted and repetitive <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DSM5-51">[51]</a> Parents usually notice signs during the first two or three years of their child's life.<a href="#cite_note-Land2008-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-DSM5-51">[51]</a> These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism reach their <a href="/wiki/Developmental_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental milestones">developmental milestones</a> at a normal pace before <a href="/wiki/Regressive_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Regressive autism">worsening</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stef2008-53">[53]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a> – (also, armpit, underarm or oxter) is the area on the human body directly under the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joint</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a> connects to the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>. It also provides the under-arm <a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">sweat gland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">Axillary artery</a> – is a large <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> that conveys oxygenated <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to the lateral aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">axilla</a> (armpit) and the <a href="/wiki/Upper_limb" title="Upper limb">upper limb</a>. Its origin is at the lateral margin of the first <a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">rib</a>, before which it is called the <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">subclavian artery</a>.</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="B">B</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: B">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Back">Back</a> – The human back is the large <a href="/wiki/Posterior_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior (anatomy)">posterior</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, rising from the top of the <a href="/wiki/Buttock" class="mw-redirect" title="Buttock">buttocks</a> to the back of the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> and the shoulders. It is the <a href="/wiki/Surface_anatomy" title="Surface anatomy">surface</a> of the body opposite from the <a href="/wiki/Chest" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest">chest</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">vertebral column</a> runs the length of the back and creates a central area of recession. The breadth of the back is created by the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulders</a> at the top and the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> at the bottom.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_pain" title="Back pain">Back pain</a> – is <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> felt in the <a href="/wiki/Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Back">back</a>. It is divided into <a href="/wiki/Neck_pain" title="Neck pain">neck pain</a> (cervical), <a href="/wiki/Middle_back_pain" title="Middle back pain">middle back pain</a> (thoracic), <a href="/wiki/Lower_back_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower back pain">lower back pain</a> (lumbar) or <a href="/wiki/Coccydynia" title="Coccydynia">coccydynia</a> (tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected.<a href="#cite_note-origin-54">[54]</a> The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Episodes of back pain may be <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">acute</a>, sub-acute, or <a href="/wiki/Chronic_condition" title="Chronic condition">chronic</a> depending on the duration. The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation. Discomfort can radiate into the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">legs</a> or <a href="/wiki/Human_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Human foot">feet</a>, and may include <a href="/wiki/Paresthesia" title="Paresthesia">numbness</a>,<a href="#cite_note-origin-54">[54]</a> or weakness in the legs and arms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> – is injury caused by a pressure difference between tissues and a gas filled space.</li> <li>Basal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Anatomy</a>: In the direction of the base. Antonym apical.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a>: Lowest sustained level or minimum level required, as in <a href="/wiki/Basal_metabolic_rate" title="Basal metabolic rate">basal metabolic rate</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_cell" title="Beta cell">Beta cell</a> – Beta cells (β cells) are a type of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">pancreatic islets</a> that synthesize and secrete <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>. Beta cells make up 50-70% of the cells in human islets.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In patients with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">type I</a> or <a href="/wiki/Type_II_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Type II diabetes">type II diabetes</a>, beta-cell mass and function are diminished, leading to insufficient insulin secretion and hyperglycemia.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">Biceps</a> – also biceps brachii (Latin for "two-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a> and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supinates</a> the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion).<a href="#cite_note-Lippert-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii">Biceps brachii</a> – The biceps, also biceps brachii (Latin for "two-headed muscle of the arm"), is a large <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> that lies on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow. Both heads of the muscle arise on the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> and join to form a single muscle belly which is attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a> and elbow joints, its main function is at the elbow where it flexes the forearm and <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supinates</a> the forearm. Both these movements are used when opening a bottle with a corkscrew: first biceps unscrews the cork (supination), then it pulls the cork out (flexion).<a href="#cite_note-Lippert-58">[58]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a> – is any of a number of long tube-like structures that carry <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>. Bile, required for the <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> of food, is secreted by the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> into passages that carry bile toward the <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Hepatic duct">hepatic duct</a>, which joins with the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_duct" title="Cystic duct">cystic duct</a> (carrying bile to and from the <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>) to form the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a>, which opens into the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a> – The biliary tract, (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gall bladder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bile_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile ducts">bile ducts</a>, and how they work together to make, store and secrete <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a>. Bile consists of water, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conjugated_bilirubin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugated bilirubin">conjugated bilirubin</a>. Some components are synthesised by <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a> (liver cells), the rest are extracted from the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> by the liver.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">Binge eating disorder</a> – (BED), is an <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorder</a> characterized by frequent and recurrent <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating" title="Binge eating">binge eating</a> episodes with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without subsequent purging episodes (e.g. vomiting). BED is a recently described condition,<a href="#cite_note-National_Clinical_Practice_Guideline_No._CG9-59">[59]</a> which was required to distinguish binge eating similar to that seen in <a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">bulimia nervosa</a> but without characteristic purging. Individuals who are diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder exhibit similar patterns of compulsive overeating, neurobiological features of dysfunctional cognitive control and <a href="/wiki/Food_addiction" title="Food addiction">food addiction</a>, and biological and environmental risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Indeed, some consider BED a milder version of bulimia, and that the conditions are on the same spectrum.<a href="#cite_note-Hay2009-61">[61]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a> – or bioengineering, or bio-engineering, is the application of principles of biology and the tools of engineering to create usable, tangible, economically viable products.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Biological engineering employs knowledge and expertise from a number of pure and applied sciences,<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> such as mass and heat transfer, kinetics, biocatalysts, biomechanics, <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, separation and purification processes, bioreactor design, surface science, fluid mechanics, <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, and polymer science. It is used in the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, renewable bioenergy, ecological engineering, agricultural engineering, and other areas that improve the living standards of societies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> – is the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a> that studies <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> and living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>, including their <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">physical structure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">chemical processes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular interactions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological mechanisms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aquarenagloss-64">[64]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> – sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_process" title="Chemical process">chemical processes</a> within and relating to living <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a> – is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> field that develops methods and <a href="/wiki/Software_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Software tool">software tools</a> for understanding <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a> data. As an interdisciplinary field of science, bioinformatics combines <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_engineering" title="Information engineering">information engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> to analyze and interpret biological data.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopsy" title="Biopsy">Biopsy</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_test" title="Medical test">medical test</a> commonly performed by a <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interventional radiologist">interventional radiologist</a>, or an <a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Interventional cardiologist">interventional cardiologist</a> involving extraction of <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(medicine)" title="Sampling (medicine)">sample</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissues</a> for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biostatistics" title="Biostatistics">Biostatistics</a> – are the application of <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> to a wide range of topics in <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>. It encompasses the design of biological <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fishery</a>; the collection, summarization, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation of, and inference from, the results. A major branch is medical biostatistics, which is exclusively concerned with medicine and health.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">Bipolar disorder</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> that causes periods of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a> and periods of abnormally <a href="/wiki/Elevated_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Elevated mood">elevated mood</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a> – also known as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bladder_cancer" title="Bladder cancer">Bladder cancer</a> – is any of several types of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> arising from the <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Pt-71">[71]</a> It is a disease in which cells grow abnormally and have the potential to <a href="/wiki/Metastasize" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasize">spread to other parts of the body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCI2014-73">[73]</a> Symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Blood_in_the_urine" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood in the urine">blood in the urine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dysuria" title="Dysuria">pain with urination</a>, and low back pain.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2017Pt-71">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a> – is the <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> of circulating <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> on the walls of <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>. Used without further specification, "blood pressure" usually refers to the pressure in large <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Systemic_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic circulation">systemic circulation</a>. Blood pressure is usually expressed in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Systole" title="Systole">systolic pressure</a> (maximum during one heartbeat) over <a href="/wiki/Diastole" title="Diastole">diastolic pressure</a> (minimum in between two heartbeats) and is measured in millimeters of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> (<a href="/wiki/MmHg" class="mw-redirect" title="MmHg">mmHg</a>), above the surrounding <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">Blood vessel</a> – The blood vessels are the part of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microcirculation" title="Microcirculation">microcirculation</a>, that transports <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Stiffness" title="Stiffness">rigid</a> <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> that constitutes part of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>. Bones support and protect the various organs of the body, produce <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">white blood cells</a>, store <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, provide structure and support for the body, and enable <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">mobility</a>. Bones come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have a complex internal and external structure. They are lightweight yet strong and hard, and serve multiple <a href="/wiki/Function_(biology)" title="Function (biology)">functions</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a> – is a semi-solid <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a> which may be found within the spongy or cancellous portions of <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Bone marrow is the primary site of new blood cell production or <a href="/wiki/Hematopoiesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematopoiesis">hematopoiesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> It is composed of <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">hematopoietic cells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrow_adipose_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrow adipose tissue">marrow adipose tissue</a>, and supportive stromal cells. In adult humans, bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and bones of the pelvis.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> On average, bone marrow constitutes 4% of the total body mass of humans; in an adult having 65 kilograms of mass (143 lb), bone marrow typically accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">Brachial artery</a> – is the major <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> of the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_artery" title="Axillary artery">axillary artery</a> beyond the lower margin of <a href="/wiki/Teres_major_muscle" title="Teres major muscle">teres major muscle</a>. It continues down the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> surface of the arm until it reaches the <a href="/wiki/Cubital_fossa" title="Cubital fossa">cubital fossa</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>. It then divides into the <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_artery" title="Ulnar artery">ulnar</a> <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> which run down the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>. In some individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier and the ulnar and radial arteries extend through the upper arm. The <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> of the brachial artery is <a href="/wiki/Palpable" title="Palpable">palpable</a> on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps" title="Biceps">biceps</a>, and, with the use of a <a href="/wiki/Stethoscope" title="Stethoscope">stethoscope</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphygmomanometer" title="Sphygmomanometer">sphygmomanometer</a> (blood pressure cuff) often used to measure the <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">Brachial plexus</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">network of nerves</a> formed by the <a href="/wiki/Ventral_rami" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral rami">ventral rami</a> of the lower four <a href="/wiki/Cervical_nerves" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical nerves">cervical nerves</a> and first <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_nerve" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoracic nerve">thoracic nerve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_5" title="Cervical spinal nerve 5">C5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_6" title="Cervical spinal nerve 6">C6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_7" title="Cervical spinal nerve 7">C7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cervical_spinal_nerve_8" title="Cervical spinal nerve 8">C8</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_spinal_nerve_1" title="Thoracic spinal nerve 1">T1</a>). This plexus extends from the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Cervicoaxillary_canal" title="Cervicoaxillary canal">cervicoaxillary canal</a> in the neck, over the first rib, and into the <a href="/wiki/Armpit" class="mw-redirect" title="Armpit">armpit</a>. It supplies <a href="/wiki/Afferent_nerve_fiber" title="Afferent nerve fiber">afferent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efferent_nerve_fiber" title="Efferent nerve fiber">efferent nerve fibers</a> to the chest, shoulder, arm and hand.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachial_veins" title="Brachial veins">Brachial veins</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the brachial veins are <a href="/wiki/Venae_comitantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Venae comitantes">venae comitantes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">brachial artery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a> proper. Because they are deep to muscle, they are considered <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">deep veins</a>. Their course is that of the brachial artery (in reverse): they begin where <a href="/wiki/Radial_veins" title="Radial veins">radial veins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_veins" title="Ulnar veins">ulnar veins</a> join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They end at the inferior border of the <a href="/wiki/Teres_major" class="mw-redirect" title="Teres major">teres major</a> muscle. At this point, the brachial veins join the <a href="/wiki/Basilic_vein" title="Basilic vein">basilic vein</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_vein" title="Axillary vein">axillary vein</a>. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> of the upper arm, such as <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii muscle">biceps brachii muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii muscle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachioradialis" title="Brachioradialis">Brachioradialis</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> that flexes the forearm at the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>. It is also capable of both <a href="/wiki/Pronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronation">pronation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supination" class="mw-redirect" title="Supination">supination</a>, depending on the position of the forearm. It is attached to the distal <a href="/wiki/Radial_styloid_process" title="Radial styloid process">styloid process</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> by way of the brachioradialis tendon, and to the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_supracondylar_ridge" title="Lateral supracondylar ridge">lateral supracondylar ridge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradycardia" title="Bradycardia">Bradycardia</a> –is a condition typically defined wherein an individual has a resting <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a> of under 60 <a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">beats per minute</a> (BPM) in adults.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a> – The human brain is the central <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> of the human <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, and with the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> makes up the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. The brain consists of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>. It controls most of the activities of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a>, processing, integrating, and coordinating the information it receives from the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">sense organs</a>, and making decisions as to the instructions sent to the rest of the body. The brain is contained in, and protected by, the <a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">skull bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">head</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">Brain tumor</a> – occurs when abnormal cells form within the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-80">[80]</a> There are two main types of <a href="/wiki/Tumor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor">tumors</a>: malignant or <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancerous</a> tumors and <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign</a> tumors.<a href="#cite_note-PDQ2014Pt-80">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brain_metastasis" title="Brain metastasis">Brain metastasis</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that has <a href="/wiki/Metastasized" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasized">metastasized</a> (spread) to the brain from another location in the body and is therefore considered a <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">secondary brain tumor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-emedicine1-81">[81]</a> The metastasis typically shares a <a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">cancer cell type</a> with the original site of the cancer.<a href="#cite_note-American_Brain_Tumor_Association-82">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> – The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>. In females, it serves as the <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary gland</a>, which produces and secretes milk to feed <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Both females and males develop breasts from the same <a href="/wiki/Embryological" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryological">embryological</a> tissues. At <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a>, in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Growth_hormone" title="Growth hormone">growth hormone</a>, cause <a href="/wiki/Breast_development" title="Breast development">breast development</a> in female humans and to a much lesser extent in other primates. Breast development in other primate females generally only occurs with pregnancy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">Breast cancer</a> – is <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> that develops from <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a> tissue.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Signs of breast cancer may include a <a href="/wiki/Breast_lump" class="mw-redirect" title="Breast lump">lump</a> in the breast, a change in breast shape, <a href="/wiki/Dimpling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimpling">dimpling</a> of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-85">[85]</a> In those with <a href="/wiki/Metastatic_breast_cancer" title="Metastatic breast cancer">distant spread of the disease</a>, there may be <a href="/wiki/Bone_pain" title="Bone pain">bone pain</a>, swollen <a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Yellow_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow skin">yellow skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a> – or the Broca area, is a region in the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobe" title="Frontal lobe">frontal lobe</a> of the dominant <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">hemisphere</a>, usually the left, of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid11734839-87">[87]</a> with functions linked to <a href="/wiki/Speech_production" title="Speech production">speech production</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">Bronchiole</a> – The bronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveoli</a> (air sacs) of the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, in which branches no longer contain <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Submucosa" title="Submucosa">submucosa</a>. They are branches of the <a href="/wiki/Bronchi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchi">bronchi</a>, and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Conducting_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conducting zone">conducting zone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. The bronchioles divide further into smaller terminal bronchioles which are still in the conducting zone and these then divide into the smaller respiratory bronchioles which mark the beginning of the respiratory region.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a> – A bronchi is a passage of airway in the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory system</a> that conducts <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>. The first bronchi to branch from the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> are the right main bronchus and the left main bronchus. These are the widest and enter the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> at each <a href="/wiki/Root_of_the_lung" title="Root of the lung">hilum</a>, where they branch into narrower secondary bronchi known as lobar bronchi, and these branch into narrower tertiary bronchi known as segmental bronchi. Further divisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or grouped together as subsegmental bronchi.<a href="#cite_note-Netter-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The bronchi when too narrow to be supported by cartilage are known as <a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">bronchioles</a>. No <a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">gas exchange</a> takes place in the bronchi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruit" title="Bruit">Bruit</a> – also called vascular murmur,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> is the abnormal sound generated by <a href="/wiki/Turbulent_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbulent flow">turbulent flow</a> of blood in an artery due to either an area of partial obstruction or a localized high rate of blood flow through an unobstructed artery.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulimia_nervosa" title="Bulimia nervosa">Bulimia nervosa</a> – also known as simply bulimia, is an <a href="/wiki/Eating_disorder" title="Eating disorder">eating disorder</a> characterized by <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating" title="Binge eating">binge eating</a> followed by purging.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-92">[92]</a> Binge eating refers to eating a large amount of food in a short amount of time.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-92">[92]</a> Purging refers to the attempts to get rid of the food consumed.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a> – are two rounded portions of the anatomy, located on the posterior of the pelvic region and comprise a layer of fat superimposed on the <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_maximus" title="Gluteus maximus">gluteus maximus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gluteus_medius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Gluteus medius muscle">gluteus medius muscles</a>. Physiologically, the buttocks enable weight to be taken off the feet while sitting.</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="C">C</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: C">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a> – <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> ions (Ca2+) contribute to the <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> of organisms and the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>. They play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction</a> pathways,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> where they act as a <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messenger">second messenger</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> release from <a href="/wiki/Neurons" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurons">neurons</a>, in contraction of all <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> cell types, and in <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> require calcium ions as a cofactor, those of the <a href="/wiki/Blood-clotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-clotting">blood-clotting</a> cascade being notable examples. Extracellular calcium is also important for maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Potential_difference" class="mw-redirect" title="Potential difference">potential difference</a> across excitable <a href="/wiki/Cell_membranes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell membranes">cell membranes</a>, as well as proper bone formation.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a> – is the back portion of the lower leg in <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>. The muscles within the calf correspond to the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_leg" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior compartment of the leg">posterior compartment of the leg</a>. The two largest muscles within this compartment are known together as the <a href="/wiki/Calf_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Calf muscle">calf muscle</a> and attach to the <a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">heel</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a>. Several other, smaller muscles attach to the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">ankle</a>, and via long <a href="/wiki/Tendons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tendons">tendons</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">toes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> – is a group of diseases involving abnormal <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell growth</a> with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[96]</a> These contrast with <a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">benign tumors</a>, which do not spread to other parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-auto-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillary" title="Capillary">Capillary</a> – is a small <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a> from 5 to 10 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">micrometres</a> (μm) in diameter, and having a wall one <a href="/wiki/Endothelial_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Endothelial cell">endothelial cell</a> thick. They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: they convey blood between the <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arterioles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">venules</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Microvessels" class="mw-redirect" title="Microvessels">microvessels</a> are the site of exchange of many substances with the <a href="/wiki/Interstitial_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstitial fluid">interstitial fluid</a> surrounding them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a> – is any substance, <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">radionuclide</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> that promotes <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">carcinogenesis</a>, the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. This may be due to the ability to damage the <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> or to the disruption of cellular <a href="/wiki/Metabolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolic">metabolic</a> processes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a> – also called oncogenesis or tumorigenesis, is the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>, whereby normal <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> are <a href="/wiki/Malignant_transformation" title="Malignant transformation">transformed</a> into cancer cells.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">Cardiac arrest</a> – a sudden loss of <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">blood flow</a> resulting from the failure of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> to effectively pump.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016What-97">[97]</a> Symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_consciousness" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of consciousness">loss of consciousness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_arrest" title="Respiratory arrest">abnormal or absent breathing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fie2009-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Sign-99">[99]</a> Some individuals may experience <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> before cardiac arrest.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016Sign-99">[99]</a> If not treated within minutes, it typically leads to <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016What-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_catheterization" title="Cardiac catheterization">Cardiac catheterization</a> – (heart cath or just cath), is the insertion of a <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheter</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Heart_chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart chamber">chamber</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">vessel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. This is done both for diagnostic and interventional purposes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac muscle</a> – (also called heart muscle or myocardium), is one of three types of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, with the other two being <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth</a> muscles. It is an involuntary, <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue" title="Striated muscle tissue">striated</a> muscle that constitutes the main tissue of the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. The myocardium forms a thick middle layer between the outer layer of the heart wall (the <a href="/wiki/Epicardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicardium">epicardium</a>) and the inner layer (the <a href="/wiki/Endocardium" title="Endocardium">endocardium</a>), with blood supplied via the <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a>. It is composed of individual heart muscle cells (<a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac muscle cell">cardiomyocytes</a>) joined by <a href="/wiki/Intercalated_disc" title="Intercalated disc">intercalated discs</a>, encased by <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> fibres and other substances that form the <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a> – or cardiovascular surgery, is <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Great_vessels" title="Great vessels">great vessels</a> performed by cardiac <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a>. It is often used to treat complications of <a href="/wiki/Ischemic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Ischemic heart disease">ischemic heart disease</a> (for example, with <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_bypass_grafting" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronary artery bypass grafting">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>); to correct <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">congenital heart disease</a>; or to treat <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a> from various causes, including <a href="/wiki/Endocarditis" title="Endocarditis">endocarditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic heart disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>. It also includes <a href="/wiki/Heart_transplantation" title="Heart transplantation">heart transplantation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> dealing with disorders of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> as well as parts of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a> – (also known as thoracic surgery) is the field of medicine involved in <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgical treatment</a> of organs inside the <a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">thorax</a> (the chest)—generally treatment of conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart disease">heart disease</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">lung disease</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">Cardiovascular disease</a> – (CVD), is a class of diseases that involve the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-100">[100]</a> CVD includes <a href="/wiki/Coronary_artery_disease" title="Coronary artery disease">coronary artery diseases</a> (CAD) such as <a href="/wiki/Angina" title="Angina">angina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (commonly known as a heart attack).<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-100">[100]</a> Other CVDs include <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypertensive_heart_disease" title="Hypertensive heart disease">hypertensive heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheumatic heart disease">rheumatic heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiomyopathy" title="Cardiomyopathy">cardiomyopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">heart arrhythmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congenital_heart_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital heart disease">congenital heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carditis" title="Carditis">carditis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aortic_aneurysm" title="Aortic aneurysm">aortic aneurysms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">peripheral artery disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thrombosis" title="Thrombosis">thromboembolic disease</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Venous_thrombosis" title="Venous thrombosis">venous thrombosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2011-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery,_common" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid artery, common">Carotid artery, common</a> – In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) <a href="#cite_note-auto4-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-103">[103]</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> that supply the head and neck with <a href="/wiki/Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated blood</a>; they divide in the neck to form the <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">external</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal carotid arteries">internal carotid arteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17370446-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-iopscience-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery,_external" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid artery, external">Carotid artery, external</a> – The external carotid artery is a major <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> of the head and neck. It arises from the <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a> when it splits into the external and <a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a>. It supplies blood to the face and neck.<a href="#cite_note-Carotid_artery-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery,_internal" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid artery, internal">Carotid artery, internal</a> – The internal carotid artery is a major paired <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a>, one on each side of the head and neck, in human anatomy. They arise from the <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common carotid arteries">common carotid arteries</a> where these bifurcate into the internal and <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="External carotid arteries">external carotid arteries</a> at cervical vertebral level 3 or 4; the internal carotid artery supplies the brain, while the external carotid nourishes other portions of the head, such as face, scalp, skull, and <a href="/wiki/Meninges" title="Meninges">meninges</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">Carotid artery stenosis</a> – is a narrowing or constriction of any part of the <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery" title="Carotid artery">carotid arteries</a>, usually caused by <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpal bones</a> – Are the eight small <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> that make up the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> (or carpus) that connects the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the main role of the wrist is to facilitate effective positioning of the hand and powerful use of the extensors and flexors of the forearm, and the mobility of individual carpal bones increase the freedom of movements at the wrist.<a href="#cite_note-Kingston-126-107">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel_syndrome" title="Carpal tunnel syndrome">Carpal tunnel syndrome</a> – (CTS), is a medical condition due to compression of the <a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median nerve</a> as it travels through the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel" title="Carpal tunnel">carpal tunnel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bur2014-108">[108]</a> The main symptoms are <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numbness" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbness">numbness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tingling" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingling">tingling</a> in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the thumb side of the ring fingers.<a href="#cite_note-Bur2014-108">[108]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a> – is a resilient and smooth <a href="/wiki/Elastic_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Elastic tissue">elastic tissue</a>, a rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of long <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>, and is a structural component of the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bronchial_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronchial tubes">bronchial tubes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral discs</a>, and many other body components. It is not as hard and rigid as <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, but it is much stiffer and much less flexible than <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>. The matrix of cartilage is made up of <a href="/wiki/Chondrin" title="Chondrin">chondrin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a> – Cartilaginous joints are connected entirely by <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fibrocartilage" title="Fibrocartilage">fibrocartilage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hyaline" title="Hyaline">hyaline</a>).<a href="#cite_note-titleModule_-_Introduction_to_Joints-109">[109]</a> Cartilaginous joints allow more movement between bones than a <a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">fibrous joint</a> but less than the highly mobile <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial joint</a>. Cartilaginous joints also forms the <a href="/wiki/Bone#Formation" title="Bone">growth regions</a> of immature long bones and the <a href="/wiki/Intervertebral_disc" title="Intervertebral disc">intervertebral discs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinal column">spinal column</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">Catheter</a> – Is a thin <a href="/wiki/Tubing_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubing (material)">tube</a> made from medical grade materials serving a broad range of functions. Catheters are medical devices that can be inserted in the body to treat diseases or perform a surgical procedure. By modifying the material or adjusting the way catheters are manufactured, it is possible to tailor catheters for cardiovascular, urological, gastrointestinal, neurovascular, and ophthalmic applications.</li> <li><a href="#Coeliac_disease">Celiac disease</a> – another way of spelling coeliac disease</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a> – also called cytology, is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> that studies the <a href="/wiki/Structural_biology" title="Structural biology">structure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">function</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a>, which is the basic unit of <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Cell biology is concerned with the <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> properties, <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_pathway" title="Metabolic pathway">metabolic</a> processes, <a href="/wiki/Signaling_pathway" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling pathway">signaling pathways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">life cycle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">chemical composition</a> and interactions of the cell with their environment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a> – (CNS), is the part of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalic_vein" title="Cephalic vein">Cephalic vein</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">superficial vein</a> in the arm. It communicates with the <a href="/wiki/Basilic_vein" title="Basilic vein">basilic vein</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Median_cubital_vein" title="Median cubital vein">median cubital vein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> and is located in the superficial <a href="/wiki/Fascia" title="Fascia">fascia</a> along the anterolateral surface of the <a href="/wiki/Biceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Biceps brachii muscle">biceps brachii muscle</a>. Near the shoulder, the cephalic vein passes between the <a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">deltoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major" title="Pectoralis major">pectoralis major</a> <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deltopectoral_groove" title="Deltopectoral groove">deltopectoral groove</a>) and through the <a href="/wiki/Deltopectoral_triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Deltopectoral triangle">deltopectoral triangle</a>, where it empties into the <a href="/wiki/Axillary_vein" title="Axillary vein">axillary vein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">Cerebellum</a> – (Latin for "little brain"), is a major feature of the <a href="/wiki/Hindbrain" title="Hindbrain">hindbrain</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. Although usually smaller than the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>, in some animals such as the <a href="/wiki/Mormyrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormyrid">mormyrid</a> fishes it may be as large as or even larger.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In humans, the cerebellum plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">motor control</a>. It may also be involved in some <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive functions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established. The human cerebellum does not initiate movement, but contributes to <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">coordination</a>, precision, and accurate timing: it receives input from <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory systems</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a> and from other parts of the brain, and integrates these inputs to fine-tune motor activity.<a href="#cite_note-Fine-113">[113]</a> Cerebellar damage produces disorders in <a href="/wiki/Fine_motor_skill" title="Fine motor skill">fine movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">equilibrium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_positions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human positions">posture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Motor_learning" title="Motor learning">motor learning</a> in humans.<a href="#cite_note-Fine-113">[113]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">Cerebrum</a> – is a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> containing the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> (of the two <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemispheres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemispheres">cerebral hemispheres</a>), as well as several subcortical structures, including the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_bulb" title="Olfactory bulb">olfactory bulb</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>, the cerebrum is the uppermost region of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. The prosencephalon is the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> structure from which the cerebrum <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">develops prenatally</a>. In mammals, the <a href="/wiki/Dorsum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsum (biology)">dorsal</a> telencephalon, or <a href="/wiki/Pallium_(neuroanatomy)" title="Pallium (neuroanatomy)">pallium</a>, develops into the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> telencephalon, or <a href="/wiki/Pallium_(neuroanatomy)" title="Pallium (neuroanatomy)">subpallium</a>, becomes the <a href="/wiki/Basal_ganglia" title="Basal ganglia">basal ganglia</a>. The cerebrum is also divided into approximately symmetric <a href="/wiki/Lateralization_of_brain_function" title="Lateralization of brain function">left and right cerebral hemispheres.</a> With the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebellum" title="Cerebellum">cerebellum</a>, the cerebrum controls all voluntary actions in the body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">Cervical cancer</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> arising from the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-85">[85]</a> It is due to the abnormal growth of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Def-114">[114]</a> Early on, typically no symptoms are seen.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-85">[85]</a> Later symptoms may include abnormal <a href="/wiki/Vaginal_bleeding" title="Vaginal bleeding">vaginal bleeding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_pain" title="Pelvic pain">pelvic pain</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Dyspareunia" title="Dyspareunia">pain during sexual intercourse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCI2014Pt-85">[85]</a> While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">Cervix</a> – or cervix uteri, is the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_female_reproductive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Human female reproductive system">human female reproductive system</a>. The cervix is usually 2 to 3 cm long (~1 inch) and roughly cylindrical in shape, which changes during <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. The narrow, central <a href="/wiki/Cervical_canal" title="Cervical canal">cervical canal</a> runs along its entire length, connecting the <a href="/wiki/Uterine_cavity" title="Uterine cavity">uterine cavity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>. The opening into the uterus is called the <a href="/wiki/Internal_os" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal os">internal os</a>, and the opening into the vagina is called the <a href="/wiki/External_os" class="mw-redirect" title="External os">external os</a>. The lower part of the cervix, known as the vaginal portion of the cervix (or ectocervix), bulges into the top of the vagina.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a> – The cheeks constitute the area of the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> below the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eyes</a> and between the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> and the left or right <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>. "Buccal" means relating to the cheek. In humans, the region is innervated by the <a href="/wiki/Buccal_nerve" title="Buccal nerve">buccal nerve</a>. The area between the inside of the cheek and the teeth and gums is called the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">vestibule</a> or buccal pouch or buccal cavity and forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a> – is the area of the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> below the lower <a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">lip</a> and including the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_prominence" title="Mandibular prominence">mandibular prominence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> It is formed by the lower front of the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_fatigue_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic fatigue syndrome">Chronic fatigue syndrome</a> – (CFS), also referred to as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME), is a medical condition characterized by <a href="/wiki/Fatigue#Chronic" title="Fatigue">long-term fatigue</a> and other persistent symptoms that limit a person's ability to carry out ordinary daily activities.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliary_muscle" title="Ciliary muscle">Ciliary muscle</a> – is a ring of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a><a href="#cite_note-Kleinmann-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schachar-121">[121]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>'s middle layer (<a href="/wiki/Vascular_layer" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular layer">vascular layer</a>) that controls <a href="/wiki/Accommodation_of_the_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation of the eye">accommodation</a> for viewing objects at varying distances and regulates the flow of <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous humor">aqueous humor</a> into <a href="/wiki/Schlemm%27s_canal" title="Schlemm's canal">Schlemm's canal</a>. It changes the shape of the lens within the eye, not the size of the pupil<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> which is carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Sphincter_pupillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphincter pupillae">sphincter pupillae</a> muscle and <a href="/wiki/Dilator_pupillae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dilator pupillae">dilator pupillae</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciliary_sulcus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciliary sulcus (page does not exist)">Ciliary sulcus</a> – The space between the anterior surface of the <a href="/wiki/Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">ciliary body</a> of the eye and the posterior surface of the base of the iris. It is one of the sites for <a href="/wiki/Intraocular_lens" title="Intraocular lens">intraocular lens</a> implantation.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a> – The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an <a href="/wiki/Biological_system" title="Biological system">organ system</a> that permits <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to circulate and transport <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acids">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrolytes">electrolytes</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a> to and from the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in the body to provide nourishment and help in <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">fighting diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">stabilize temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, and maintain <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Clavicle</a> – also known as the collar bone, is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a> that serves as a <a href="/wiki/Strut" title="Strut">strut</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoulder blade">shoulder blade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">sternum</a>. There are two, one on the right, and one on the left side of the <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trunk (anatomy)">trunk</a>. Along with the shoulder blade, the clavicles make up the <a href="/wiki/Shoulder_girdle" title="Shoulder girdle">shoulder girdle</a>. The clavicle has many functions. It connects the axial and appendicular skeleton in conjunction with the scapula, helps extend <a href="/wiki/Range_of_motion" title="Range of motion">range of motion</a>, and protects <a href="/wiki/Neurovascular_bundle" title="Neurovascular bundle">neurovascular structures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinic</a> – (or outpatient clinic or ambulatory care clinic) is a <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_provider" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare provider">healthcare facility</a> that is primarily focused on the care of <a href="/wiki/Outpatients" class="mw-redirect" title="Outpatients">outpatients</a>. Clinics can be privately operated or publicly managed and funded.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">Clinical research</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare science">healthcare science</a> that determines the safety and effectiveness (<a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Medications" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications">medications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">devices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diagnostics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostics">diagnostic products</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical treatment">treatment regimens</a> intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for relieving symptoms of a disease. Clinical research is different from clinical practice. In clinical practice established treatments are used, while in clinical research evidence is collected to establish a treatment.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a> – Coeliac disease or celiac disease is a long-term <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorder</a> that primarily affects the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Classic symptoms include gastrointestinal problems such as chronic <a href="/wiki/Diarrhoea" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrhoea">diarrhoea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_distention" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal distention">abdominal distention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">malabsorption</a>, loss of appetite and among children <a href="/wiki/Failure_to_thrive" title="Failure to thrive">failure to grow normally</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fasano2005Pediatric-126">[126]</a> This often begins between six months and two years of age.<a href="#cite_note-Fasano2005Pediatric-126">[126]</a> Non-classic symptoms are more common, especially in people older than two years.<a href="#cite_note-ESPGHAN2012-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Newnham2017-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-RostamiNejadHoggKollars2011-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-TonuttiBizzaro2014-130">[130]</a> There may be mild or absent gastrointestinal symptoms, a wide number of <a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">symptoms involving any part of the body</a> or no obvious symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Fasano2005Pediatric-126">[126]</a> Coeliac disease was first described in childhood;<a href="#cite_note-Cic2015-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESPGHAN2012-127">[127]</a> however, it may develop at any age.<a href="#cite_note-Fasano2005Pediatric-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-ESPGHAN2012-127">[127]</a> It is associated with other <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 1">diabetes mellitus type 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyroiditis" title="Thyroiditis">thyroiditis</a>, among others.<a href="#cite_note-Cic2015-131">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a> – is a field in medicine dealing with disorders of the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">Common carotid artery</a> – In anatomy, the left and right common carotid arteries (carotids) <a href="#cite_note-auto4-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-103">[103]</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> that supply the head and neck with <a href="/wiki/Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated blood</a>; they divide in the neck to form the <a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">external</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal carotid arteries">internal carotid arteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17370446-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-iopscience-105">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">Common cold</a> – also known simply as a cold, is a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_respiratory_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper respiratory tract">upper respiratory tract</a> that primarily affects the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CE11-133">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">throat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinuses">sinuses</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> may also be affected.<a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2014-134">[134]</a> Signs and symptoms may appear less than two days after exposure to the virus.<a href="#cite_note-CMAJ2014-134">[134]</a> These may include <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">coughing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sore_throat" title="Sore throat">sore throat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Runny_nose" class="mw-redirect" title="Runny nose">runny nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eccles2005-136">[136]</a> People usually recover in seven to ten days,<a href="#cite_note-auto10-135">[135]</a> but some symptoms may last up to three weeks.<a href="#cite_note-Heik2003-137">[137]</a> Occasionally, those with other <a href="/wiki/Health_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Health problems">health problems</a> may develop <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto10-135">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_artery" title="Common iliac artery">Common iliac artery</a> – The common iliac arteries are two large <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> that originate from the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_bifurcation" title="Aortic bifurcation">aortic bifurcation</a> at the level of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar vertebra">lumbar vertebra</a>. They end in front of the sacroiliac joint, one on either side, and each bifurcates into the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">external</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal iliac arteries">internal iliac arteries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_vein" title="Common iliac vein">Common iliac vein</a> – The common iliac veins are formed by the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">external iliac veins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">internal iliac veins</a>. The left and right common iliac veins come together in the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">fifth lumbar vertebra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Henry1918-138">[138]</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>. They drain <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common iliac arteries">common iliac arteries</a>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronary_arteries" title="Coronary arteries">Coronary arteries</a> – are the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Coronary_circulation" title="Coronary circulation">coronary circulation</a>, which transports <a href="/wiki/Oxygenated_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygenated blood">oxygenated</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> to the actual <a href="/wiki/Heart_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart muscle">heart muscle</a>. The heart requires a continuous supply of oxygen to function and survive, much like any other tissue or organ of the body.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_callosum" title="Corpus callosum">Corpus callosum</a> – also callosal commissure, is a wide, thick <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">nerve tract</a> consisting of a flat bundle of <a href="/wiki/Commissural_fiber" title="Commissural fiber">commissural fibers</a>, beneath the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>. The corpus callosum is only found in <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammals">placental mammals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Velut-140">[140]</a> It spans part of the <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_fissure" title="Longitudinal fissure">longitudinal fissure</a>, connecting the left and right <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemisphere" title="Cerebral hemisphere">cerebral hemispheres</a>, enabling communication between them. It is the largest <a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">white matter</a> structure in the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a>, about ten centimetres in length and consisting of 200–300 million <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axonal</a> projections.<a href="#cite_note-qbi-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-J_of_N-142">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranial_nerves" title="Cranial nerves">Cranial nerves</a> – are the <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a> that emerge directly from the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Brainstem" title="Brainstem">brainstem</a>), in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">spinal nerves</a> (which emerge from segments of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Vilensky-143">[143]</a> Ten of the cranial nerves originate in the brainstem. Cranial nerves relay information between the brain and parts of the body, primarily to and from regions of the <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck" class="mw-redirect" title="Head and neck">head and neck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gray's2008-144">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">Cure</a> – is a substance or procedure that ends a medical condition, such as a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Surgical_operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical operation">surgical operation</a>, a change in lifestyle or even a philosophical mindset that helps end a person's sufferings; or the state of being healed, or cured.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytogenetics" title="Cytogenetics">Cytogenetics</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> that is concerned with how the <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">Cytokines</a> – are a broad and loose category of small <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> (~5–20 <a href="/wiki/KDa" class="mw-redirect" title="KDa">kDa</a>) that are important in <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">cell signaling</a>. Cytokines are <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptides</a>, and cannot cross the lipid bilayer of cells to enter the cytoplasm.</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="D">D</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: D">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> – is a condition caused by inert gas bubbles forming in supersaturated tissues after a reduction in ambient pressure, and either obstructing perfusion or causing local damage.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein" title="Deep circumflex iliac vein">Deep circumflex iliac vein</a> – is formed by the union of the <a href="/wiki/Venae_comitantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Venae comitantes">venae comitantes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_iliac_circumflex_artery" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep iliac circumflex artery">deep iliac circumflex artery</a>, and joins the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">external iliac vein</a> about 2 cm. above the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a>. It also receives small tributary branches from the <a href="/wiki/Thoracoepigastric_vein" title="Thoracoepigastric vein">thoracoepigastric vein</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_temporal_arteries" title="Deep temporal arteries">Deep temporal arteries</a> – The deep temporal arteries, two in number, anterior and posterior, ascend between the <a href="/wiki/Temporalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporalis">temporalis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pericranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericranium">pericranium</a>. They supply the muscle, and anastomose with the <a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_artery" title="Middle temporal artery">middle temporal artery</a>. The anterior communicates with the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_artery" title="Lacrimal artery">lacrimal artery</a> by means of small branches which perforate the <a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">zygomatic bone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_wing_of_the_sphenoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Great wing of the sphenoid">great wing of the sphenoid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Definitive_treatment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Definitive treatment (page does not exist)">Definitive treatment</a> – Medical treatment generally accepted as most appropriate for the condition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltoid_muscle" title="Deltoid muscle">Deltoid muscle</a> – is the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> forming the rounded contour of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>. Anatomically, it appears to be made up of three distinct sets of fibers though <a href="/wiki/Electromyography" title="Electromyography">electromyography</a> suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a> – also known as Dental and Oral Medicine, is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> that consists of the study, <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, prevention, and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">diseases</a>, disorders, and conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a>, commonly in the <a href="/wiki/Dentition" title="Dentition">dentition</a> but also the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a>, and of adjacent and related structures and tissues, particularly in the maxillofacial (jaw and facial) area.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">Dermatitis</a> – also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that result in <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ned2012-149">[149]</a> These diseases are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itchiness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">red skin</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ned2012-149">[149]</a> In cases of short duration, there may be small <a href="/wiki/Blisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Blisters">blisters</a>, while in long-term cases the skin may become <a href="/wiki/Lichenification" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichenification">thickened</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ned2012-149">[149]</a> The area of skin involved can vary from small to the entire body.<a href="#cite_note-Ned2012-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnosis</a> – Medical diagnosis (abbreviated Dx<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-151">[151]</a> or DS) is the process of determining which <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> or condition explains a person's <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">signs</a>. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a> context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_test" title="Medical test">medical tests</a>, are also done during the process. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous diagnosis">posthumous diagnosis</a> is considered a kind of medical diagnosis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">Diabetes mellitus</a> – (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorders</a> characterized by a <a href="/wiki/High_blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood sugar">high blood sugar</a> level over a prolonged period.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Symptoms of high blood sugar include <a href="/wiki/Frequent_urination" title="Frequent urination">frequent urination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">increased thirst</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polyphagia" title="Polyphagia">increased hunger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-153">[153]</a> If left untreated, diabetes can cause <a href="/wiki/Complications_of_diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Complications of diabetes mellitus">many complications</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">Acute</a> complications can include <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ketoacidosis" title="Diabetic ketoacidosis">diabetic ketoacidosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperosmolar_hyperglycemic_state" title="Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state">hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state</a>, or death.<a href="#cite_note-Kit2009-154">[154]</a> Serious long-term complications include <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease" title="Cardiovascular disease">cardiovascular disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_disease" title="Chronic kidney disease">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_foot_ulcer" title="Diabetic foot ulcer">foot ulcers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">damage to the eyes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-153">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_reference_intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary reference intake">Dietary reference intake</a> – (DRI), is a system of <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutrition</a> recommendations from the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> (IOM) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academies (United States)">National Academies (United States)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HealthCanada-155">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a> – is the distinguishing of a particular <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> or condition from others that present similar clinical features.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">Digestive system</a> – The human digestive system consists of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> plus the accessory organs of digestion (the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>). Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">Disease</a> – is an abnormal condition in an organism, or part of it, that negatively affects structure or function. Disease can be caused by external factors, or internal dysfunctions, such as <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">abnormal immune responses</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbarism" title="Dysbarism">Dysbarism</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="E">E</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: E">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a> – is the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">hearing</a> and, in mammals, <a href="/wiki/Equilibrioception" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrioception">balance</a>. In mammals, the ear is usually described as having three parts—the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>. The outer ear consists of the <a href="/wiki/Auricle_(anatomy)" title="Auricle (anatomy)">pinna</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>. Since the outer ear is the only visible portion of the ear in most animals, the word "ear" often refers to the external part alone.<a href="#cite_note-Oxford-157">[157]</a> The middle ear includes the <a href="/wiki/Tympanic_cavity" title="Tympanic cavity">tympanic cavity</a> and the three <a href="/wiki/Ossicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossicle">ossicles</a>. The inner ear sits in the <a href="/wiki/Bony_labyrinth" title="Bony labyrinth">bony labyrinth</a>, and contains structures which are key to several senses: the <a href="/wiki/Semicircular_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Semicircular canal">semicircular canals</a>, which enable balance and eye tracking when moving; the <a href="/wiki/Utricle_(ear)" title="Utricle (ear)">utricle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saccule" title="Saccule">saccule</a>, which enable balance when stationary; and the <a href="/wiki/Cochlea" title="Cochlea">cochlea</a>, which enables hearing. The ears of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> are placed somewhat symmetrically on either side of the head, an arrangement that aids <a href="/wiki/Sound_localisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound localisation">sound localisation</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear infection">Ear infection</a> – Otitis is a general term for <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a>, in both humans and other animals. It is subdivided into the following:</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Otitis_externa" title="Otitis externa">Otitis externa</a>, external otitis, or "swimmer's ear", involves the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ear_canal" title="Ear canal">ear canal</a>. In external otitis, the ear hurts when touched or pulled.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Otitis_media" title="Otitis media">Otitis media</a>, or middle ear infection, involves the <a href="/wiki/Middle_ear" title="Middle ear">middle ear</a>. In otitis media, the ear is infected or clogged with fluid behind the ear drum, in the normally air-filled middle-ear space. This very common childhood infection sometimes requires a surgical procedure called <a href="/wiki/Myringotomy" title="Myringotomy">myringotomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tympanostomy_tube" title="Tympanostomy tube">tube insertion</a>.</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Otitis_interna" class="mw-redirect" title="Otitis interna">Otitis interna</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthitis" title="Labyrinthitis">labyrinthitis</a>, involves the <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>. The inner ear includes sensory organs for balance and hearing. When the inner ear is inflamed, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">vertigo</a> is a common symptom.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a> – is the visible joint between the upper and lower parts of the <a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">arm</a>. It includes prominent landmarks such as the <a href="/wiki/Olecranon" title="Olecranon">olecranon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elbow_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbow pit">elbow pit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Lateral epicondyle of the humerus">lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medial_epicondyle_of_the_humerus" title="Medial epicondyle of the humerus">medial epicondyles</a>, and the elbow joint. The elbow joint<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">synovial</a> <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a><a href="#cite_note-Palastange-Soames-2012-p138-159">[159]</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper arm">upper arm</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> which allows the forearm and hand to be moved towards and away from the body.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">Embryology</a> – is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> that studies the <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gametes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametes">gametes</a> (sex cells), <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a>, and development of <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetuses</a>. Additionally, embryology encompasses the study of <a href="/wiki/Congenital" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital">congenital</a> disorders that occur before birth, known as <a href="/wiki/Teratology" title="Teratology">teratology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> – also known as accident and emergency medicine, is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> concerned with the care of <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illnesses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Injuries">injuries</a> requiring immediate medical attention. Emergency physicians care for unscheduled and undifferentiated patients of all ages. As first-line providers, their primary responsibility is to initiate resuscitation and stabilization and to start investigations and interventions to diagnose and treat illnesses in the acute phase.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a> – is a chemical messenger system comprising feedback loops of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> released by internal <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> directly into the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, regulating distant target organs. In <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, the major <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine glands</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">thyroid gland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a> is the neural control center for all endocrine systems. The study of the endocrine system and its disorders is known as <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">endocrinology</a>. Endocrinology is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Marieb-162">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> dealing with the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a>, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. It is also concerned with the integration of developmental events proliferation, growth, and differentiation, and the psychological or behavioral activities of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">growth and development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> function, <a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">sleep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">respiration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_(physiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (physiology)">stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lactation" title="Lactation">lactation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motor_coordination" title="Motor coordination">movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sensory_perception" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory perception">sensory perception</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>. Specializations include behavioral endocrinology<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_endocrinology" title="Comparative endocrinology">comparative endocrinology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a> – is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">determinants</a> of health and disease conditions in defined <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populations</a>. It is a cornerstone of <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>, and shapes policy decisions and <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">evidence-based practice</a> by identifying <a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">risk factors</a> for disease and targets for <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive healthcare</a>. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and <a href="/wiki/Statistical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical analysis">statistical analysis</a> of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer review</a> and occasional <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a>). Epidemiology has helped develop <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodology</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_research" title="Clinical research">clinical research</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> studies, and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">basic research</a> in the biological sciences.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">Epiglottis</a> – is a leaf-shaped flap in the throat that prevents food from entering the windpipe and the lungs. It stands open during breathing, allowing air into the larynx. During swallowing, it closes to prevent aspiration of food into the lungs, forcing the swallowed liquids or food to go along the esophagus toward the stomach instead. It is thus the valve that diverts passage to either the trachea or the esophagus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a> – is a group of <a href="/wiki/Neurological_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological disorders">neurological disorders</a> characterized by recurrent <a href="/wiki/Epileptic_seizure" class="mw-redirect" title="Epileptic seizure">epileptic seizures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2003-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisher2014-168">[168]</a> Epileptic seizures are episodes that can vary from brief and nearly undetectable periods to long periods of vigorous shaking.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_2016-169">[169]</a> These episodes can result in physical injuries, including occasionally <a href="/wiki/Broken_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken bones">broken bones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_2016-169">[169]</a> In epilepsy, seizures have a tendency to recur and, as a rule, have no immediate underlying cause.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2003-167">[167]</a> Isolated seizures that are provoked by a specific cause such as poisoning are not deemed to represent epilepsy.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a> – (ED), also called impotence, is the type of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">sexual dysfunction</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> fails to become or stay <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erect</a> during <a href="/wiki/Sexual_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual activity">sexual activity</a>. It is the most common sexual problem in men.<a href="#cite_note-uptodate-171">[171]</a> Through its connection to <a href="/wiki/Self-image" title="Self-image">self-image</a> and to problems in sexual relationships, erectile dysfunction can cause psychological harm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erector_spinae_muscles" title="Erector spinae muscles">Erector spinae muscles</a> – The erector spinae or spinal erectors is a set of muscles that straighten and rotate the <a href="/wiki/Back" class="mw-redirect" title="Back">back</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a> – The esophagus, (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or oesophagus (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences#ae_and_oe" title="American and British English spelling differences">see spelling differences</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/</a>), informally known as the food pipe or gullet, is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> through which <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> passes, aided by <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristaltic contractions</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. The esophagus is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fibromuscular" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:fibromuscular">fibromuscular</a> tube, about 25 cm (10 in) long in adults, which travels behind the <a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>, passes through the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a> and empties into the uppermost region of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>. During swallowing, the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a> tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> and lungs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis brevis muscle">Extensor pollicis brevis muscle</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the extensor pollicis brevis is a <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> on the dorsal side of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>. It lies on the medial side of, and is closely connected with, the <a href="/wiki/Abductor_pollicis_longus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abductor pollicis longus">abductor pollicis longus</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_et_indicis_communis_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle">Extensor pollicis et indicis communis muscle</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the extensor pollicis et indicis communis is an aberrant muscle in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_forearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Posterior compartment of forearm">posterior compartment of forearm</a>. It was first described in 1863.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The muscle has a <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> from 0.5% to 4%.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_longus_muscle" title="Extensor pollicis longus muscle">Extensor pollicis longus muscle</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the extensor pollicis longus muscle (EPL) is a <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> located dorsally on the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>. It is much larger than the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_pollicis_brevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensor pollicis brevis">extensor pollicis brevis</a>, the origin of which it partly covers and acts to stretch the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> together with this muscle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_carotid_artery" title="External carotid artery">External carotid artery</a> – is a major <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> of the head and neck. It arises from the <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a> when it splits into the external and <a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">internal carotid artery</a>. External carotid artery supplies blood to the face and neck.<a href="#cite_note-Carotid_artery-106">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">External iliac artery</a> – The external iliac arteries are two major <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> which bifurcate off the <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common iliac arteries">common iliac arteries</a> anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joint</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">External iliac vein</a> – The external iliac veins are large <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> that connect the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral veins</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_vein" title="Common iliac vein">common iliac veins</a>. Their origin is at the inferior margin of the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligaments</a> and they terminate when they join the <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">internal iliac veins</a> (to form the <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_vein" title="Common iliac vein">common iliac veins</a>). Both external iliac veins are accompanied along their course by <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="External iliac arteries">external iliac arteries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_jugular_vein" title="External jugular vein">External jugular vein</a> – receives the greater part of the blood from the exterior of the <a href="/wiki/Cranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranium">cranium</a> and the deep parts of the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>, being formed by the junction of the posterior division of the <a href="/wiki/Retromandibular_vein" title="Retromandibular vein">retromandibular vein</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_auricular_vein" title="Posterior auricular vein">posterior auricular vein</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a> – The human eye is a <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">sense organ</a> that reacts to <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> and allows <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rod_cell" title="Rod cell">Rod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cone_cell" title="Cone cell">cone</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> are photoreceptive cells which are able to detect <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a> and convey this information to the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. Eyes signal information which is used by the brain to elicit the perception of color, shape, depth, movement, and other features. The eye is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">sensory nervous system</a>. Similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mammalian_eye" title="Mammalian eye">eyes of other mammals</a>, the human eye's non-image-forming <a href="/wiki/Photosensitive_ganglion_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosensitive ganglion cell">photosensitive ganglion cells</a> in the retina receive light signals which affect adjustment of the size of the pupil, regulation and suppression of the hormone <a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">melatonin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(chronobiology)" title="Entrainment (chronobiology)">entrainment</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">circadian rhythm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="F">F</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: F">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> – is the front of an animal's head that features three of the head's <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sense organs</a>, the eyes, nose, and mouth, and through which animals express many of their <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scotland_Governement_Year_of_Discovery_2011-176">[176]</a> The face is crucial for human <a href="/wiki/Personal_identity" title="Personal identity">identity</a>, and damage such as scarring or developmental deformities affects the psyche adversely.<a href="#cite_note-Moore-175">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">Fallopian tube</a> – The fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or salpinges (singular salpinx), are tubes that stretch from the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, and are part of the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a>. The fertilized egg passes through the fallopian tubes from the ovaries of <a href="/wiki/Female_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Female mammal">female mammals</a> to the uterus. The fallopian tube is <a href="/wiki/Simple_columnar_epithelium#Ciliated" title="Simple columnar epithelium">simple columnar epithelium</a> with hair-like extensions called <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> which carry the fertilized egg. In other animals, the equivalent of a fallopian tube is an <a href="/wiki/Oviduct" title="Oviduct">oviduct</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">Fellowship (medicine)</a> – is the period of <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">medical training</a>, in the United States and Canada, that a <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentist" title="Dentist">dentist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarian</a> may undertake after completing a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">specialty training program (residency)</a>. During this time (usually more than one year), the physician is known as a fellow. Fellows are capable of acting as an <a href="/wiki/Attending_physician" title="Attending physician">attending physician</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Consultant_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultant physician">consultant physician</a> in the specialist field in which they were trained, such as <a href="/wiki/Internal_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal Medicine">Internal Medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a>. After completing a fellowship in the relevant sub-specialty, the physician is permitted to practice without direct supervision by other physicians in that sub-specialty, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female reproductive system</a> – is made up of the internal and external <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sex organs</a> that function in <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a> of new <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a>. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a> to be able to produce <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a>, and to carry a <a href="/wiki/Foetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Foetus">foetus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy#Childbirth_maturity_stages" title="Pregnancy">full term</a>. The internal sex organs are the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>. The uterus or womb accommodates the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> which develops into the foetus. The uterus also produces <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vaginal</a> and uterine secretions which help the transit of <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>. The ovaries produce the ova (<a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a>). The external sex organs are also known as the genitals and these are the organs of the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Labia" title="Labia">labia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clitoris" title="Clitoris">clitoris</a>, and vaginal opening. The vagina is connected to the uterus at the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ellis_2013-177">[177]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">Femoral artery</a> – is a large <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> and the main arterial supply to the thigh and leg. It enters the thigh from behind the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a> as the continuation of the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">external iliac artery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">Femoral nerve</a> – is a nerve in the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> that supplies skin on the upper thigh and inner leg, and the muscles that extend the knee.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">Femoral vein</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, the femoral vein is a blood vessel that accompanies the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_artery" title="Femoral artery">femoral artery</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_sheath" title="Femoral sheath">femoral sheath</a>. It begins at the <a href="/wiki/Adductor_hiatus" title="Adductor hiatus">adductor hiatus</a> (an opening in the <a href="/wiki/Adductor_magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adductor magnus">adductor magnus</a> muscle) and is a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/Popliteal_vein" title="Popliteal vein">popliteal vein</a>. It ends at the inferior margin of the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a>, where it becomes the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">external iliac vein</a>. The femoral vein bears valves which are mostly bicuspid and whose number is variable between individuals and often between left and right leg.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Femur</a> – The femur, or thigh bone, is the <a href="/wiki/Proximal" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal">proximal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hindlimb" title="Hindlimb">hindlimb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapod</a> <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>, the largest bone of the human body. The <a href="/wiki/Femur_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Femur head">head of the femur</a> <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulation (anatomy)">articulates</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelvic bone">pelvic bone</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Hip_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip joint">hip joint</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Lower_extremity_of_femur" title="Lower extremity of femur">distal part of the femur</a> articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kneecap" class="mw-redirect" title="Kneecap">kneecap</a>, forming the <a href="/wiki/Knee_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Knee joint">knee joint</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">Fibromyalgia</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_aid" title="First aid">First aid</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_bone" title="Flat bone">Flat bone</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">Frontal bone</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontal_nerve" title="Frontal nerve">Frontal nerve</a> – Is the largest branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_nerve" title="Ophthalmic nerve">ophthalmic nerve</a> (V1), itself a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> (CN V).<a href="#cite_note-grays41e-179">[179]</a> The frontal nerve branches from the ophthalmic nerve immediately before entering the <a href="/wiki/Superior_orbital_fissure" title="Superior orbital fissure">superior orbital fissure</a>. In then travels superolateral to the <a href="/wiki/Annulus_of_Zinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulus of Zinn">annulus of Zinn</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lacrimal_nerve" title="Lacrimal nerve">lacrimal nerve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inferior_ophthalmic_vein" title="Inferior ophthalmic vein">inferior ophthalmic vein</a>. After entering the orbit it travels anteriorly between the roof periosteum and the <a href="/wiki/Levator_palpebrae_superioris" class="mw-redirect" title="Levator palpebrae superioris">levator palpebrae superioris</a>. Midway between the apex and base of the orbit it divides into two branches, the <a href="/wiki/Supratrochlear_nerve" title="Supratrochlear nerve">supratrochlear nerve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supraorbital_nerve" title="Supraorbital nerve">supraorbital nerve</a>. The two branches of the frontal nerve provide sensory innervation to the skin of the <a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">forehead</a>, mucosa of the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_sinus" title="Frontal sinus">frontal sinus</a>, and the skin of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_eyelid" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper eyelid">upper eyelid</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontalis_muscle" title="Frontalis muscle">Frontalis muscle</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="G">G</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: G">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">Gallbladder</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>, the gallbladder is a small hollow <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> where <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> is stored and concentrated before it is released into the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>. In humans, the pear-shaped gallbladder lies beneath the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, although the structure and position of the gallbladder can vary significantly among animal species. It receives and stores bile, produced by the liver, via the <a href="/wiki/Common_hepatic_duct" title="Common hepatic duct">common hepatic duct</a> and releases it via the <a href="/wiki/Common_bile_duct" title="Common bile duct">common bile duct</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>, where the bile helps in the digestion of <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fats</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Haploid_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid cell">haploid cell</a> that fuses with another haploid cell during <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilization">fertilization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> that <a href="/wiki/Reproduce_sexually" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproduce sexually">reproduce sexually</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Gametes are an organism's reproductive cells, also referred to as sex cells.<a href="#cite_note-:1-181">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganglion" title="Ganglion">Ganglion</a> – is a group of neuron cell bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic nervous system</a> this includes <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal root ganglia">dorsal root ganglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigeminal ganglia">trigeminal ganglia</a> among a few others. In the autonomic nervous system there are both <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_ganglion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympathetic ganglion">sympathetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_ganglia" title="Parasympathetic ganglia">parasympathetic ganglia</a> which contain the cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons respectively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle" title="Gastrocnemius muscle">Gastrocnemius muscle</a> – (plural gastrocnemii) is a superficial two-headed muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg of <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>. It runs from its two heads just above the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">heel</a>, a three joint muscle (knee, ankle and subtalar joints). The muscle is named via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> γαστήρ (gaster) 'belly' or 'stomach' and κνήμη (knḗmē) 'leg', meaning 'stomach of leg' (referring to the bulging shape of the calf).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> – Gastroenterology<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> focused on the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> and its disorders. <a href="/wiki/Diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases">Diseases</a> affecting the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a> into <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Alimentary_canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Alimentary canal">alimentary canal</a>, are the focus of this speciality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal tract</a> – The gastrointestinal tract, (GI tract, GIT, digestive tract, digestion tract, alimentary canal) is the tract from the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> which includes all the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> in humans and other <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. Food taken in through the mouth is <a href="/wiki/Digested" class="mw-redirect" title="Digested">digested</a> to extract nutrients and absorb energy, and the waste expelled as <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a> are all part of the gastrointestinal tract. Gastrointestinal is an adjective meaning of or pertaining to the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and intestines. A tract is a collection of related anatomic structures or a series of connected body organs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_therapy" title="Gene therapy">Gene therapy</a> – (also called human gene transfer) is a <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a> field which focuses on the utilization of the therapeutic delivery of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> into a patient's cells as a <a href="/wiki/Biopharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopharmaceutical drug">drug</a> to treat disease.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Surgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical">surgical</a> specialty that focuses on <a href="/wiki/Abdominal" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal">abdominal</a> contents including <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">appendix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">bile ducts</a>, and often the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a> gland (depending on local referral patterns). They also deal with diseases involving the <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_tissue" title="Soft tissue">soft tissue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trauma_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trauma (medicine)">trauma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_artery_disease" title="Peripheral artery disease">Peripheral artery disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hernia" title="Hernia">hernias</a> and perform endoscopic procedures such as <a href="/wiki/Gastroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastroscopy">gastroscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonoscopy" title="Colonoscopy">colonoscopy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetics</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a> concerned with the study of <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">genetic variation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-griffiths2000sect60-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hartl_and_Jones-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a> – The genitourinary system, or urogenital system, are the <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_urinary_and_reproductive_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of the urinary and reproductive organs">their common embryological origin</a> and the use of common pathways, like the <a href="/wiki/Male_urethra" class="mw-redirect" title="Male urethra">male urethra</a>. Also, because of their proximity, the systems are sometimes imaged together.<a href="#cite_note-urlUC_Davis_Department_of_Radiology_-_Genitourinary_Radiology-189">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a> – or geriatric medicine,<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> is a specialty that focuses on health care of <a href="/wiki/Elderly_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderly people">elderly people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> It aims to promote <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> by <a href="/wiki/Prevention_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevention (medical)">preventing</a> and treating <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Older_adults" class="mw-redirect" title="Older adults">older adults</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> There is no set age at which patients may be under the care of a geriatrician, or geriatric physician, a physician who specializes in the care of elderly people. Rather, this decision is determined by the individual patient's needs, and the availability of a specialist. It is important to note the difference between geriatrics, the care of aged people, and <a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">gerontology</a>, which is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Aging" class="mw-redirect" title="Aging">aging</a> process itself. The term geriatrics comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> γέρων geron meaning "old man", and ιατρός iatros meaning "healer". However, geriatrics is sometimes called medical gerontology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">Gonad</a> – A gonad, sex gland, or reproductive gland<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> is a mixed gland that produces the <a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">gametes</a> (sex cells) and sex hormones of an organism. In the <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a> of the species the reproductive cells are the <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg cells</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> the reproductive cells are the <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> The male gonad, the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicle</a>, produces sperm in the form of <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoa">spermatozoa</a>. The female gonad, the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a>, produces egg cells. Both of these gametes are <a href="/wiki/Haploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Haploid">haploid</a> cells. Some <a href="/wiki/Hermaphroditic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermaphroditic">hermaphroditic</a> animals have a type of gonad called an <a href="/wiki/Ovotestis" title="Ovotestis">ovotestis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gout" title="Gout">Gout</a> – is a form of <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_arthritis" title="Inflammatory arthritis">inflammatory arthritis</a> characterized by recurrent attacks of a red, tender, hot, and <a href="/wiki/Swollen_joint" class="mw-redirect" title="Swollen joint">swollen joint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Review08-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hui2017-196">[196]</a> Pain typically comes on rapidly, reaching maximal intensity in less than 12 hours.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-197">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Metatarsophalangeal_articulations" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsophalangeal articulations">joint at the base of the big toe</a> is affected in about half of cases.<a href="#cite_note-PM2010-198">[198]</a> It may also result in <a href="/wiki/Tophi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tophi">tophi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney stone">kidney stones</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Urate_nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Urate nephropathy">urate nephropathy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-197">[197]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gracilis_muscle" title="Gracilis muscle">Gracilis muscle</a> – is the most superficial muscle on the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_medial" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral and medial">medial</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a>. It is thin and flattened, broad above, narrow and tapering below.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">Great saphenous vein</a> – (GSV, alternately "long saphenous vein"; <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/səˈfiːnəs/</a>) is a large, subcutaneous, <a href="/wiki/Superficial_vein" title="Superficial vein">superficial vein</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a>. It is the longest vein in the body, running along the length of the lower limb, returning blood from the <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Deep_vein" title="Deep vein">deep</a> <a href="/wiki/Femoral_vein" title="Femoral vein">femoral vein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_triangle" title="Femoral triangle">femoral triangle</a>.</li> <li>The guarding reflex in the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary system</a> is the gradual tightening of the <a href="/wiki/Urethral_sphincters" title="Urethral sphincters">external urethral sphincter</a>, which prevents <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> from exiting the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a> as the bladder fills and pressure on the sphincter increases. At low levels of pressure this occurs unconsciously.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a> – or gynecology (see <a href="/wiki/Spelling_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Spelling differences">spelling differences</a>) is the medical practice dealing with the health of the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a>. Almost all modern gynaecologists are also <a href="/wiki/Obstetricians" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetricians">obstetricians</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">obstetrics and gynaecology</a>). In many areas, the specialities of gynaecology and obstetrics overlap. The term means "the science of <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a>".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Its counterpart is <a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">andrology</a>, which deals with medical issues specific to the male reproductive system.</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="H">H</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: H">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> – A hand is a <a href="/wiki/Prehensile" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehensile">prehensile</a>, multi-<a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingered</a> appendage located at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Forelimb" title="Forelimb">forelimb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>. The human hand normally has five digits: four <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">fingers</a> plus one <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Latash2008-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-KivellLemelin2016-202">[202]</a> these are often referred to collectively as five fingers, however, whereby the thumb is included as one of the fingers.<a href="#cite_note-Latash2008-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> It has 27 bones, not including <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesmoid bones</a>, the number of which varies between people,<a href="#cite_note-Schmidt_2003_105-205">[205]</a> 14 of which are the <a href="/wiki/Phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Phalanges">phalanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proximal_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Proximal phalanges">proximal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_phalanges" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate phalanges">intermediate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distal_phalange" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal phalange">distal</a>) of the fingers and thumb. The <a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">metacarpal bones</a> connect the fingers and the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpal bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>. Each human hand has five <a href="/wiki/Metacarpals" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpals">metacarpals</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> and eight carpal bones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a> – deals with both surgical and non-surgical treatment of conditions and problems that may take place in the hand or <a href="/wiki/Upper_extremity" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper extremity">upper extremity</a> (commonly from the tip of the hand to the shoulder)<a href="#cite_note-assh-207">[207]</a> including injury and infection.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Hand surgery may be practiced by graduates of <a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">general surgery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopedic surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-assh-207">[207]</a> Chiroplasty, or cheiroplasty, is <a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">plastic surgery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-freedictionary-210">[210]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a> – In human anatomy, the head is at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>. It supports the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a> and is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a>, which itself encloses the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>. The human head consists of a fleshy outer portion, which surrounds the bony <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">skull</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> is enclosed within the skull. There are 22 bones in the human head. The head rests on the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, and the seven <a href="/wiki/Cervical_vertebrae" title="Cervical vertebrae">cervical vertebrae</a> support it. The human head typically weighs between 2.3 and 5 kilograms (5.1 and 11.0 lb) The face is the <a href="/wiki/Anterior" class="mw-redirect" title="Anterior">anterior</a> part of the head, containing the <a href="/wiki/Eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyes">eyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>. On either side of the mouth, the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheeks</a> provide a fleshy border to the <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a>. The ears sit to either side of the head.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">Health</a> – as defined by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO), is "a state of complete physical, mental and social <a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">well-being</a> and not merely the absence of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> or <a href="/wiki/Infirmity" class="mw-redirect" title="Infirmity">infirmity</a>."<a href="#cite_note-WHO_definition-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO_constitution-212">[212]</a> This definition has been subject to controversy, as it may have limited value for implementation.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Health may be defined as the ability to adapt and manage physical, mental and social challenges throughout life.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a> – Health care, health-care, or healthcare is the maintenance or improvement of <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">prevention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatment</a>, recovery, or <a href="/wiki/Cure" title="Cure">cure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">physical and mental impairments</a> in people. Health care is delivered by <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health professionals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">allied health fields</a>. <a href="/wiki/Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Physicians">Physicians</a> and physician associates are a part of these health professionals. <a href="/wiki/Dentistry" title="Dentistry">Dentistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">pharmacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midwifery" title="Midwifery">midwifery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">nursing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">audiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">occupational therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">physical therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">athletic training</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Health_profession" class="mw-redirect" title="Health profession">health professions</a> are all part of health care. It includes work done in providing <a href="/wiki/Primary_care" title="Primary care">primary care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary care">secondary care</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary care">tertiary care</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">Hematoma</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">Hematuria</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis" title="Hemolysis">Hemolysis</a>-</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hemopathy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hemopathy (page does not exist)">Hemopathy</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoperfusion" title="Hemoperfusion">Hemoperfusion</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemophilia">Hemophilia</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">Hemoptysis</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperhydrosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperhydrosis">Hyperhydrosis</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_blood_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="High blood pressure">High blood pressure</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">Hyperkalemia</a>-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">Hip bone</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">Homeostasis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Hormone</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">Hospice</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospital</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Human back</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human body</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Human digestive system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Human eye</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Human head</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Human mouth</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Human musculoskeletal system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Human nose</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Human reproductive system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Human skeleton</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocele" title="Hydrocele">Hydrocele</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersalivation" title="Hypersalivation">Hypersalivation</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="I">I</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: I">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_artery" title="Common iliac artery">Iliac artery, common</a> – The common iliac arteries are two large <a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">arteries</a> that originate from the <a href="/wiki/Aortic_bifurcation" title="Aortic bifurcation">aortic bifurcation</a> at the level of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumbar vertebra">lumbar vertebra</a>. They end in front of the <a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joint</a>, one on either side, and each bifurcates into the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">external</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal iliac arteries">internal iliac arteries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_iliac_artery" title="External iliac artery">Iliac artery, external</a> – The external iliac arteries are two major arteries which bifurcate off the <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common iliac arteries">common iliac arteries</a> anterior to the <a href="/wiki/Sacroiliac_joint" title="Sacroiliac joint">sacroiliac joint</a> of the pelvis. They proceed anterior and inferior along the medial border of the <a href="/wiki/Psoas_major_muscle" title="Psoas major muscle">psoas major muscles</a>. They exit the pelvic girdle posterior and inferior to the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_ligament" title="Inguinal ligament">inguinal ligament</a> about one third laterally from the insertion point of the inguinal ligament on the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_tubercle" title="Pubic tubercle">pubic tubercle</a> at which point they are referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Femoral arteries">femoral arteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The external iliac artery is usually the artery used to attach the renal artery to the recipient of a kidney transplant.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilium_(bone)" title="Ilium (bone)">Ilium</a> – (plural ilia), is the uppermost and largest part of the <a href="/wiki/Hip_bone" title="Hip bone">hip bone</a>, and appears in most <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Bony_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Bony fish">bony fish</a>. All reptiles have an ilium except <a href="/wiki/Snakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes">snakes</a>, although some snake species have a tiny bone which is considered to be an ilium.<a href="#cite_note-reptiles_disease_book-218">[218]</a> The ilium of the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> is divisible into two parts, the body and the wing; the separation is indicated on the top surface by a curved line, the arcuate line, and on the external surface by the margin of the <a href="/wiki/Acetabulum" title="Acetabulum">acetabulum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Immune system</a> – is a network of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">biological processes</a> that protects an <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a> against <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. It detects and responds to a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">parasitic worms</a>, as well as objects such as wood <a href="/wiki/Splinter" title="Splinter">splinters</a>, distinguishing them from the organism's own healthy <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissue">tissue</a>. Many species have two major subsystems of the immune system. The <a href="/wiki/Innate_immune_system" title="Innate immune system">innate immune system</a> provides a preconfigured response to broad groups of situations and stimuli. The <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_immune_system" title="Adaptive immune system">adaptive immune system</a> provides a tailored response to each stimulus by learning to recognize molecules it has previously encountered. Both use <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">molecules</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cells</a> to perform their functions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> that covers the study of <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> in all <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> Immunology charts, measures, and contextualizes the <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivities" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersensitivities">hypersensitivities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/Immune_deficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune deficiency">immune deficiency</a>,<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">transplant rejection</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a>); and the physical, chemical, and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <a href="/wiki/In_situ#Biology_and_biomedical_engineering" title="In situ">in situ</a>, and <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, rheumatology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_vein" title="Common iliac vein">Iliac vein, common</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the common iliac veins are formed by the <a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">external iliac veins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">internal iliac veins</a>. The left and right common iliac veins come together in the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> at the level of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">fifth lumbar vertebra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> forming the <a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">inferior vena cava</a>. They drain <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">pelvis</a> and lower limbs. Both common iliac veins are accompanied along their course by <a href="/wiki/Common_iliac_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Common iliac arteries">common iliac arteries</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_circumflex_iliac_vein" title="Deep circumflex iliac vein">Iliac vein, deep circumflex</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_iliac_vein" title="External iliac vein">Iliac vein, external</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">Iliac vein, internal</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index finger</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases (medical specialty)</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_oblique_muscle" title="Inferior oblique muscle">Inferior oblique muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_artery" title="Inferior thyroid artery">Inferior thyroid artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava" title="Inferior vena cava">Inferior vena cava</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspection_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspection (medicine)">Inspection (medicine)</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery" title="Internal carotid artery">Internal carotid artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_iliac_vein" title="Internal iliac vein">Internal iliac vein</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_jugular_vein" title="Internal jugular vein">Internal jugular vein</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal medicine</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internship_(medicine)" title="Internship (medicine)">Internship (medicine)</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_cardiology" title="Interventional cardiology">Interventional cardiology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischium" title="Ischium">Ischium</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="J">J</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: J">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">Jaundice</a>- also known as icterus, is a <a href="/wiki/Yellow" title="Yellow">yellowish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Green" title="Green">greenish</a> pigmentation of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whites_of_the_eyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Whites of the eyes">whites of the eyes</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Hyperbilirubinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbilirubinemia">high bilirubin levels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-But2012-229">[229]</a> It is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/Itchiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Itchiness">itchiness</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bas2015-230">[230]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> may be pale and the urine dark.<a href="#cite_note-Rog2004-231">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_jaundice" title="Neonatal jaundice">Jaundice in babies</a> occurs in over half in the first week following birth and does not pose a serious threat in most.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2016-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-But2012-229">[229]</a> If <a href="/wiki/Bilirubin" title="Bilirubin">bilirubin</a> levels in babies are very high for too long, a type of brain damage, known as <a href="/wiki/Kernicterus" title="Kernicterus">kernicterus</a>, may occur.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a> – The jaw is any opposable articulated structure at the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>, typically used for grasping and manipulating food. The term jaws is also broadly applied to the whole of the structures constituting the vault of the mouth and serving to open and close it and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plan</a> of humans and most animals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>- is the second part of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and most <a href="/wiki/Higher_vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher vertebrates">higher vertebrates</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a>. Its lining is specialised for the absorption by <a href="/wiki/Enterocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterocytes">enterocytes</a> of small nutrient <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> which have been previously digested by <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joint</a> – A joint or articulation (or articular surface) is the connection made between <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> in the body which link the <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal system">skeletal system</a> into a functional whole.<a href="#cite_note-Whiting2006p40-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saladinp274-235">[235]</a> They are constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement. Some joints, such as the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulder</a>, are self-lubricating, almost frictionless, and are able to withstand compression and maintain heavy loads while still executing smooth and precise movements.<a href="#cite_note-Saladinp274-235">[235]</a> Other joints such as <a href="/wiki/Suture_(joint)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suture (joint)">sutures</a> between the bones of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> permit very little movement (only during birth) in order to protect the brain and the <a href="/wiki/Sense_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense organ">sense organs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saladinp274-235">[235]</a> The connection between a tooth and the <a href="/wiki/Jawbone" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawbone">jawbone</a> is also called a joint, and is described as a fibrous joint known as a <a href="/wiki/Gomphosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomphosis">gomphosis</a>. Joints are classified both structurally and functionally.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-443-07168-3-236">[236]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugular_vein" title="Jugular vein">Jugular vein</a> – The jugular veins are <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">veins</a> that take deoxygenated blood from the <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">superior vena cava</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="K">K</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: K">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keratogenesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keratogenesis (page does not exist)">Keratogenesis</a>– The production of horny cells in the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a></li> <li>Keratopathy-</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a> – The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped <a href="/wiki/Organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs">organs</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. They are located on the left and right in the <a href="/wiki/Retroperitoneal_space" title="Retroperitoneal space">retroperitoneal space</a>, and in adult humans are about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>12 centimetres (4+1⁄2 inches) in length.<a href="#cite_note-lote-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-junqueiras-239">[239]</a> They receive blood from the paired <a href="/wiki/Renal_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal arteries">renal arteries</a>; blood exits into the paired <a href="/wiki/Renal_vein" title="Renal vein">renal veins</a>. Each kidney is attached to a <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureter</a>, a tube that carries excreted <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the knee joins the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">leg</a> and consists of two <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a>: one between the <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> (patellofemoral joint).<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> It is the largest joint in the human body.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The knee is a modified <a href="/wiki/Hinge_joint" title="Hinge joint">hinge joint</a>, which permits <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extension_(kinesiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Extension (kinesiology)">extension</a> as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a>- (KS)<a href="#cite_note-MeSH-242">[242]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Amnesia" title="Amnesia">amnestic</a> disorder caused by <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine (vitamin B1)</a> <a href="/wiki/Thiamine_deficiency" title="Thiamine deficiency">deficiency</a> typically associated with prolonged use of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alz-243">[243]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Syndrome" title="Syndrome">syndrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a> are named after <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Korsakoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergei Korsakoff">Sergei Korsakoff</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Neuropsychiatrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuropsychiatrist">neuropsychiatrist</a> who discovered it during the late 19th century. This neurological disorder is caused by a lack of <a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">thiamine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, and is also exacerbated by the neurotoxic effects of alcohol. When <a href="/wiki/Wernicke_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a> accompanies Korsakoff syndrome the combination is called <a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a>; however, a recognized episode of Wernicke encephalopathy is not always obvious.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L">L</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: L">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> –The large intestine, also known as the large bowel or colon, is the last part of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. Water is absorbed here and the remaining waste material is stored as <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> before being removed by <a href="/wiki/Defecation" title="Defecation">defecation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCILargeIntestineDef-244">[244]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngeal prominence">Laryngeal prominence</a> – The Adam's apple, or laryngeal prominence, colloquially known as the neck triangle, is the lump or protrusion in the human <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> formed by the angle of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage" title="Thyroid cartilage">thyroid cartilage</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> seen especially in males.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_ventricle" title="Laryngeal ventricle">Laryngeal ventricle</a> – (also called the ventricle of the larynx, laryngeal sinus, or Morgagni's sinus)<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusiform" class="extiw" title="wikt:fusiform">fusiform</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossa_(anatomy)" title="Fossa (anatomy)">fossa</a>, situated between the <a href="/wiki/Vestibular_fold" title="Vestibular fold">vestibular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocal_fold" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocal fold">vocal folds</a> on either side, and extending nearly their entire length. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Sinus_of_Morgagni_(pharynx)" title="Sinus of Morgagni (pharynx)">sinus of Morgagni</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">pharynx</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngospasm" title="Laryngospasm">Laryngospasm</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligament" title="Ligament">Ligament</a> – is the <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue#Types" title="Connective tissue">fibrous connective tissue</a> that connects <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> to other bones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lips</a> – are a visible body part at the mouth of many animals, including humans. Lips are soft, movable, and serve as the opening for food intake and in the articulation of sound and speech. Human lips are a tactile sensory organ, and can be an <a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">erogenous zone</a> when used in <a href="/wiki/Kiss" title="Kiss">kissing</a> and other acts of <a href="/wiki/Intimacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Intimacy">intimacy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little finger</a> – or pinky finger, also known as the fifth digit, or pinkie, is the most <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location#Hands_and_feet" title="Anatomical terms of location">ulnar</a> and smallest <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">finger</a> of the human <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>, opposite the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>, and next to the <a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">ring finger</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a> – is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> only found in vertebrates which <a href="/wiki/Detoxification" title="Detoxification">detoxifies</a> various <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">synthesizes proteins</a> and produces biochemicals necessary for <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a> and growth.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-cancer.ca-248">[248]</a> In humans, it is located in the <a href="/wiki/Right_upper_quadrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Right upper quadrant">right upper quadrant</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a>, below the <a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">diaphragm</a>. Its other roles in <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> include the regulation of <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen storage</a>, decomposition of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cancer.ca-248">[248]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">Long bone</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">Lumbar vertebrae</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">Lung cancer</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_erythematosus" title="Lupus erythematosus">Lupus erythematosus</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphocyte</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">Lymphoma</a> - Cancer of the <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="M">M</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: M">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_disorder" title="Major depressive disorder">Major depressive disorder</a> – (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a> characterized by at least two weeks of pervasive <a href="/wiki/Low_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Low mood">low mood</a>. Low <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhedonia" title="Anhedonia">loss of interest</a> in normally enjoyable activities, low energy, and <a href="/wiki/Pain" title="Pain">pain</a> without a clear cause are common symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-249">[249]</a> Those affected may also occasionally have <a href="/wiki/Delusion" title="Delusion">delusions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto11-249">[249]</a> Some people have <a href="/wiki/Major_depressive_episode" title="Major depressive episode">periods of depression</a> separated by years, while others nearly always have symptoms present.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-250">[250]</a> Major depression is more severe and lasts longer than <a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">sadness</a>, which is a normal part of life.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-250">[250]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male reproductive system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a> – The mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the largest, strongest and lowest <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> in the human face.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> It forms the lower <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaw</a> and holds the lower <a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">teeth</a> in place. The mandible sits beneath the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>. It is the only movable bone of the skull (discounting the <a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">ossicles</a> of the middle ear).<a href="#cite_note-Tortora-252">[252]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masseter_muscle" title="Masseter muscle">Masseter muscle</a> – In human anatomy, the masseter is one of the <a href="/wiki/Muscles_of_mastication" title="Muscles of mastication">muscles of mastication</a>. Found only in mammals, it is particularly powerful in <a href="/wiki/Herbivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivores">herbivores</a> to facilitate chewing of plant matter.<a href="#cite_note-VB-253">[253]</a> The most obvious muscle of mastication is the masseter muscle, since it is the most superficial and one of the strongest.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal-fetal_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maternal-fetal medicine">Maternal-fetal medicine</a> – (MFM), also known as perinatology, is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">branch of medicine</a> that focuses on managing health concerns of the <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> prior to, during, and shortly after <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">Maxilla</a> – in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>, is the upper fixed (not fixed in <a href="/wiki/Neopterygii" title="Neopterygii">Neopterygii</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaw</a> formed from the fusion of two maxillary bones. In humans, the upper jaw includes the <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a> in the front of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> The two maxillary bones are fused at the intermaxillary suture, forming the <a href="/wiki/Anterior_nasal_spine" title="Anterior nasal spine">anterior nasal spine</a>. This is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">mandible</a> (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two mandibular bones at the <a href="/wiki/Mandibular_symphysis" title="Mandibular symphysis">mandibular symphysis</a>. The mandible is the movable part of the jaw.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCAT" class="mw-redirect" title="MCAT">MCAT</a> – Medical College Admission Test.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_biology" title="Medical biology">Medical biology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_classification" title="Medical classification">Medical classification</a> – A medical classification is a list of standardized codes used in the process of <a href="/wiki/Medical_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical coding">medical coding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_billing" title="Medical billing">medical billing</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_coder" title="Clinical coder">Medical coding</a> – The practice of assigning statistical codes to medical statements, such as those made during a hospital stay. Closely related to <a href="/wiki/Medical_billing" title="Medical billing">medical billing</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">Medical College Admission Test</a> – (MCAT), is a <a href="/wiki/Computer-based_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer-based testing">computer-based</a> <a href="/wiki/Standardized_examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized examination">standardized examination</a> for prospective <a href="/wiki/Medical_students" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical students">medical students</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Offshore_medical_school" title="Offshore medical school">Caribbean Islands</a>. It is designed to assess problem solving, critical thinking, written analysis and knowledge of scientific concepts and principles.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">Medical device</a> – is any device intended to be used for medical purposes. Medical devices benefit patients by helping health care providers diagnose and treat patients and helping patients overcome sickness or disease, improving their quality of life. Significant potential for <a href="/wiki/Hazard" title="Hazard">hazards</a> are inherent when using a device for medical purposes and thus medical devices must be proved safe and effective with reasonable assurance before regulating governments allow marketing of the device in their country. As a general rule, as the associated risk of the device increases the amount of testing required to establish safety and efficacy also increases. Further, as associated risk increases the potential benefit to the patient must also increase.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Medical diagnosis</a> – (abbreviated Dx<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-151">[151]</a> or DS) is the process of determining which <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a> or condition explains a person's <a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">symptoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">signs</a>. It is most often referred to as diagnosis with the <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a> context being implicit. The information required for diagnosis is typically collected from a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">physical examination</a> of the person seeking medical care. Often, one or more diagnostic procedures, such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_test" title="Medical test">medical tests</a>, are also done during the process. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_diagnosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Posthumous diagnosis">posthumous diagnosis</a> is considered a kind of medical diagnosis.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">Medical ethics</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">Medical history</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">Medical laboratory</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sign" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical sign">Medical sign</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_speciality" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical speciality">Medical speciality</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medulla_oblongata" title="Medulla oblongata">Medulla oblongata</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpal bones</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsal bones</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle finger</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_artery" title="Middle temporal artery">Middle temporal artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">Molecular biology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musculoskeletal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="N">N</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: N">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Nail</a> – A nail is a claw-like keratinous plate at the tip of the fingers and toes in most <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>. Nails correspond to <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> found in other animals. Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> called <a href="/wiki/Alpha-keratin" title="Alpha-keratin">alpha-keratin</a> which is found in the hooves, hair, claws and horns of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wang_2016-257">[257]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanobiotechnology" title="Nanobiotechnology">Nanobiotechnology</a> – Nanobiotechnology, bionanotechnology, and nanobiology are terms that refer to the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Given that the subject is one that has only emerged very recently, bionanotechnology and nanobiotechnology serve as blanket terms for various related technologies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">Nasal cavity</a> – is a large, air-filled space above and behind the <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> in the middle of the face. The <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a> divides the cavity into two cavities,<a href="#cite_note-grays41e-179">[179]</a> also known as fossae.<a href="#cite_note-Free-259">[259]</a> Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a>. The nasal cavity is the uppermost part of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a> and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air from the <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">nasopharynx</a> and rest of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinuses" title="Paranasal sinuses">paranasal sinuses</a> surround and drain into the nasal cavity.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">Nasopharynx</a> – The upper portion of the pharynx, the nasopharynx, extends from the base of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a> to the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> It includes the space between the <a href="/wiki/Internal_nares" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal nares">internal nares</a> and the soft palate and lies above the oral cavity. The <a href="/wiki/Adenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoids">adenoids</a>, also known as the pharyngeal tonsils, are <a href="/wiki/Lymphoid_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphoid tissue">lymphoid tissue</a> structures located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx. <a href="/wiki/Waldeyer%27s_tonsillar_ring" title="Waldeyer's tonsillar ring">Waldeyer's tonsillar ring</a> is an annular arrangement of lymphoid tissue in both the nasopharynx and oropharynx. The nasopharynx is lined by <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_epithelium" title="Respiratory epithelium">respiratory epithelium</a> that is pseudostratified, columnar, and ciliated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a> – The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus, colloquially known as the belly button) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> at the attachment site of the <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> All <a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">placental</a> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> have a navel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> that concerns with study of the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, specifically normal <a href="/wiki/Kidney_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney function">kidney function</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_disease" title="Kidney disease">kidney disease</a>, the preservation of kidney health, and the treatment of kidney disease, from diet and medication to <a href="/wiki/Renal_replacement_therapy" title="Renal replacement therapy">renal replacement therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kidney_dialysis" title="Kidney dialysis">dialysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_transplantation" title="Kidney transplantation">kidney transplantation</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a> – is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of nerve fibres called <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous system</a>. A nerve transmits electrical impulses and is the basic unit of the peripheral nervous system. A nerve provides a common pathway for the <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemical</a> nerve impulses called <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a> that are transmitted along each of the <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a> to peripheral organs or, in the case of <a href="/wiki/Sensory_nerve" title="Sensory nerve">sensory nerves</a>, from the periphery back to the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>. Each axon within the nerve is an extension of an individual <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neuron</a>, along with other supportive cells such as some <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cell" title="Schwann cell">Schwann cells</a> that coat the axons in <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelin</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">highly complex</a> part of an <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> that coordinates its <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">actions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory</a> information by transmitting <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">signals</a> to and from different parts of its body. The nervous system detects environmental changes that impact the body, then works in tandem with the <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> to respond to such events.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">medicine</a> dealing with <a href="/wiki/Disorders_of_the_nervous_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Disorders of the nervous system">disorders of the nervous system</a>. Neurology deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral nervous systems</a> (and their subdivisions, the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">somatic nervous systems</a>), including their coverings, blood vessels, and all effector tissue, such as muscle.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>, the scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> – (or neurobiology), is the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific study</a> of the nervous system.<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-264">[264]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Multidisciplinary_approach" class="mw-redirect" title="Multidisciplinary approach">multidisciplinary</a> science that combines <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">developmental biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">cytology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical modeling">mathematical modeling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> to understand the fundamental and emergent properties of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neural_circuit" title="Neural circuit">neural circuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a> – or neurological surgery, is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, surgical treatment, and rehabilitation of disorders which affect any portion of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral</a> nervous system, and <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_circulation" title="Cerebral circulation">cerebrovascular system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a> – The human nose is the most protruding part of the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>. It bears the <a href="/wiki/Nostril" title="Nostril">nostrils</a> and is the first organ of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>. It is also the principal organ in the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a>. The shape of the <a href="/wiki/Nose" title="Nose">nose</a> is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_bone" title="Nasal bone">nasal bones</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cartilages" title="Nasal cartilages">nasal cartilages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_septum" title="Nasal septum">nasal septum</a> which separates the nostrils and divides the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a> into two. On average the nose of a <a href="/wiki/Male" title="Male">male</a> is larger than that of a <a href="/wiki/Female" title="Female">female</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> involving the application of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> substances in the diagnosis and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. Nuclear medicine imaging, in a sense, is "<a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">radiology</a> done inside out" or "endoradiology" because it records radiation emitting from within the body rather than <a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">radiation</a> that is generated by external sources like <a href="/wiki/X-rays" class="mw-redirect" title="X-rays">X-rays</a>. In addition, nuclear medicine scans differ from radiology, as the emphasis is not on imaging anatomy, but on the function. For such reason, it is called a <a href="/wiki/Functional_imaging" title="Functional imaging">physiological imaging modality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Single_photon_emission_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Single photon emission computed tomography">Single photon emission computed tomography</a> (SPECT) and <a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET) scans are the two most common imaging modalities in nuclear medicine.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a> – is the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> that interprets the <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> and other substances in <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> in relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and disease of an organism. It includes ingestion, <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption (biology)">absorption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(biology)" title="Assimilation (biology)">assimilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catabolism" title="Catabolism">catabolism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="O">O</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: O">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_muscle_of_auricle" title="Oblique muscle of auricle">Oblique muscle of auricle</a> – The oblique muscle of auricle (oblique auricular muscle or Tod muscle<a href="#cite_note-medilexicon-273">[273]</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_muscles_of_external_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrinsic muscles of external ear">intrinsic muscle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Outer_ear" title="Outer ear">outer ear</a>. The oblique muscle of auricle is placed on the cranial surface of the <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">pinna</a>. It consists of a few fibers extending from the upper and back part of the <a href="/wiki/Pinna_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinna (anatomy)">concha</a> to the convexity immediately above it.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a> – is the field of study concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">postpartum period</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a>, obstetrics is combined with <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> under the discipline known as <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Obstetrics and gynecology">obstetrics and gynecology</a> (OB/GYN), which is a surgical field.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and gynaecology</a> – Obstetrics and gynaecology (British English) or obstetrics and gynecology (American English) is the <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">medical specialty</a> that encompasses the two subspecialties of <a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">obstetrics</a> (covering <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Postpartum_period" title="Postpartum period">postpartum period</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">gynecology</a> (covering the health of the <a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">female reproductive system</a> – <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>). It is commonly abbreviated as OB-GYN or OB/GYN in US English, and as obs and gynae or O&G in British English.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occipital bone</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Neurocranium" title="Neurocranium">cranial</a> <a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal bone</a> and the main <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> of the occiput (back and lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skull</a>). It is <a href="/wiki/Trapezoid" title="Trapezoid">trapezoidal</a> in shape and curved on itself like a shallow dish. The occipital bone overlies the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital lobes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebrum" title="Cerebrum">cerebrum</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Base_of_skull" title="Base of skull">base of skull</a> in the occipital bone, there is a large oval opening called the <a href="/wiki/Foramen_magnum" title="Foramen magnum">foramen magnum</a>, which allows the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocular_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocular surgery">Ocular surgery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">Olfaction</a> – or the <a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sense</a> of smell,<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> is the process of creating the perception of smell.<a href="#cite_note-wol-277">[277]</a> It occurs when an <a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">odor</a> binds to a <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_receptor" title="Olfactory receptor">receptor</a> within the nose, transmitting a signal through the <a href="/wiki/Olfactory_system" title="Olfactory system">olfactory system</a>. Olfaction has many purposes, including detecting hazards, <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromones</a>, and plays a role in taste.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> that deals with the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>. A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a> – is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a> which deals with the diagnosis and treatment of eye disorders.<a href="#cite_note-mrcophth-279">[279]</a> An ophthalmologist is a <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialist</a> in ophthalmology.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> The credentials include a degree in medicine, followed by additional four to five years of ophthalmology <a href="/wiki/Residency_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Residency training">residency training</a>. Ophthalmology residency training programs may require a one-year pre-residency training in internal medicine, pediatrics, or general surgery. Additional specialty training (or fellowship) may be sought in a particular aspect of eye pathology.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Ophthalmologists are allowed to use medications to treat eye diseases, implement laser therapy, and perform surgery when needed.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> Ophthalmologists may participate in academic research on the diagnosis and treatment for eye disorders.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optometry" title="Optometry">Optometry</a> – is a health care profession that involves examining the eyes and applicable visual systems for defects or abnormalities as well as prescribing the correction of <a href="/wiki/Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">refractive error</a> with <a href="/wiki/Glasses" title="Glasses">glasses</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contact_lens" title="Contact lens">contact lenses</a> and the treatment of eye diseases.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">Organ</a> – is a group of <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a> with similar functions. Plant life and animal life rely on many organs that co-exist in <a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">organ systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a> – is a surgical specialty focusing on <a href="/wiki/Reconstructive_surgery" title="Reconstructive surgery">reconstructive surgery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">face</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facial_trauma" title="Facial trauma">facial trauma</a> <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head" title="Head">head</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>, as well as facial <a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmetic surgery">cosmetic surgery</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbicularis_oculi_muscle" title="Orbicularis oculi muscle">Orbicularis oculi muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbicularis_oris_muscle" title="Orbicularis oris muscle">Orbicularis oris muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otitis" title="Otitis">Otitis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otorhinolaryngology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="P">P</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: P">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palate" title="Palate">Palate</a> – is the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a> in humans and other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. It separates the <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cavity" title="Nasal cavity">nasal cavity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wingerd166-285">[285]</a> A similar structure is found in <a href="/wiki/Crocodilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodilian">crocodilians</a>, but in most other <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>, the oral and nasal cavities are not truly separated. The palate is divided into two parts, the anterior, bony <a href="/wiki/Hard_palate" title="Hard palate">hard palate</a> and the posterior, fleshy <a href="/wiki/Soft_palate" title="Soft palate">soft palate</a> (or velum).<a href="#cite_note-Wingerd478-286">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray1172-287">[287]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a> – (derived from the Latin root palliare, or "to cloak") is an interdisciplinary medical caregiving approach aimed at optimizing <a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">quality of life</a> and mitigating suffering among people with serious, complex illness.<a href="#cite_note-:5-288">[288]</a> Within the published literature, many definitions of palliative care exist; most notably, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> describes palliative care as "an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial, and spiritual."<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> In the past, palliative care was a disease specific approach, but today the World Health Organization takes a more broad approach, that the principles of palliative care should be applied as early as possible to any chronic and ultimately fatal illness.<a href="#cite_note-:3-290">[290]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palpation" title="Palpation">Palpation</a> – is the process of using one's hands to check the body, especially while perceiving/diagnosing a disease or illness.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a> – is an <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>. In humans, it is located in the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdomen</a> behind the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> and functions as a <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">gland</a>. The pancreas has both an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> and a digestive <a href="/wiki/Exocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Exocrine">exocrine</a> function. As an <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland" title="Endocrine gland">endocrine gland</a>, it functions mostly to regulate <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar_level" title="Blood sugar level">blood sugar levels</a>, secreting the <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucagon" title="Glucagon">glucagon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somatostatin" title="Somatostatin">somatostatin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_polypeptide" title="Pancreatic polypeptide">pancreatic polypeptide</a>. As a part of the digestive system, it functions as an <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine gland</a> secreting <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_juice" title="Pancreatic juice">pancreatic juice</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_duct" title="Pancreatic duct">pancreatic duct</a>. This juice contains <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a>, which neutralizes <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acid</a> entering the duodenum from the stomach; and <a href="/wiki/Digestive_enzyme" title="Digestive enzyme">digestive enzymes</a>, which break down <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbohydrates">carbohydrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lipids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipids">fats</a> in food entering the duodenum from the stomach.</li> <li>Papillary - In <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a>, papillary refers to <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasms</a> with projections ("<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/papilla#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:papilla">papillae</a>", from Latin, '<a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a>') that have fibrovascular cores.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a> – is the study of <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasites</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">hosts</a>, and the relationship between them. As a <a href="/wiki/List_of_biology_disciplines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of biology disciplines">biological discipline</a>, the scope of parasitology is not determined by the organism or environment in question but by their way of life. This means it forms a synthesis of other disciplines, and draws on techniques from fields such as <a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">cell biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">bioinformatics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid glands</a> – are small <a href="/wiki/Endocrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocrine">endocrine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> in the neck of humans and other <a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">tetrapods</a>. Humans usually have four parathyroid glands, located on the back of the <a href="/wiki/Thyroid_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid gland">thyroid gland</a> in variable locations. The parathyroid gland produces and secretes <a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">parathyroid hormone</a> in response to a low blood calcium, which plays a key role in regulating the amount of calcium in the blood and within the bones.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectineus_muscle" title="Pectineus muscle">Pectineus muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_major_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis major muscle">Pectoralis major muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoralis_minor_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoralis minor muscle">Pectoralis minor muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_(medicine)" title="Percussion (medicine)">Percussion (medicine)</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">Peripheral nervous system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral vision</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanx bone</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Pharynx</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_examination" title="Physical examination">Physical examination</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal gland</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary gland</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plexus" title="Plexus">Plexus</a> – A branching network of vessels or nerves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pons" title="Pons">Pons</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterior_tibial_artery" title="Posterior tibial artery">Posterior tibial artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive healthcare</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">Pubis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_artery" title="Pulmonary artery">Pulmonary artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">Pulmonary circulation</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_vein" title="Pulmonary vein">Pulmonary vein</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">Pulse</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Q">Q</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Q">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadriplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriplegia">Quadriplegia</a> – Tetraplegia, also known as quadriplegia, is <a href="/wiki/Paralysis" title="Paralysis">paralysis</a> caused by illness or injury that results in the partial or total loss of use of all four limbs and torso; <a href="/wiki/Paraplegia" title="Paraplegia">paraplegia</a> is similar but does not affect the arms. The loss is usually sensory and motor, which means that both sensation and control are lost. The paralysis may be <a href="/wiki/Flaccid" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaccid">flaccid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spastic_quadriplegia" title="Spastic quadriplegia">spastic</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="R">R</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: R">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">Radial artery</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the radial artery is the main <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> of the lateral aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_nerve" title="Radial nerve">Radial nerve</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> in the human body that supplies the posterior portion of the upper limb. It innervates the medial and lateral heads of the <a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">triceps brachii muscle</a> of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the <a href="/wiki/Posterior_compartment_of_the_forearm" title="Posterior compartment of the forearm">posterior osteofascial compartment</a> of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin. It originates from the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_plexus" title="Brachial plexus">brachial plexus</a>, carrying fibers from the ventral roots of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8 & T1.<a href="#cite_note-:0-292">[292]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> – is the medical discipline that uses <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> to diagnose and treat diseases within the body.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a> – The radius, or radial bone, is one of the two large <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a>. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">lateral</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a> side of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a> and runs parallel to the ulna. The ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. Therefore, the radius is considered to be the larger of the two. It is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prism_(geometry)" title="Prism (geometry)">prism</a>-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a> – is the final straight portion of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> in humans and some other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gut</a> in others. The adult human rectum is about 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long,<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> and begins at the rectosigmoid junction, the end of the <a href="/wiki/Sigmoid_colon" title="Sigmoid colon">sigmoid colon</a>, at the level of the third sacral vertebra or the sacral promontory depending upon what definition is used.<a href="#cite_note-ASCRS-294">[294]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">caliber</a> is similar to that of the sigmoid colon at its commencement, but it is dilated near its termination, forming the <a href="/wiki/Rectal_ampulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal ampulla">rectal ampulla</a>. It terminates at the level of the anorectal ring (the level of the <a href="/wiki/Puborectalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Puborectalis">puborectalis</a> sling) or the <a href="/wiki/Dentate_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentate line">dentate line</a>, again depending upon which definition is used.<a href="#cite_note-ASCRS-294">[294]</a> In humans, the rectum is followed by the <a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">anal canal</a> which is about 4 centimetres (1.6 in) long, before the gastrointestinal tract terminates at the <a href="/wiki/Anal_verge" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal verge">anal verge</a>. The word rectum comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rectum" class="extiw" title="wikt:rectum">rectum</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intestinum" class="extiw" title="wikt:intestinum">intestinum</a>, meaning straight intestine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectus_abdominis_muscle" title="Rectus abdominis muscle">Rectus abdominis muscle</a> – also known as the abdominal muscle, is a paired <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a> running vertically on each side of the anterior wall of the human abdomen, as well as that of some other mammals. There are two parallel muscles, separated by a midline band of <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Linea_alba_(abdomen)" title="Linea alba (abdomen)">linea alba</a>. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/Pubic_symphysis" title="Pubic symphysis">pubic symphysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pubic_crest" title="Pubic crest">pubic crest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pubic_tubercle" title="Pubic tubercle">pubic tubercle</a> inferiorly, to the <a href="/wiki/Xiphoid_process" title="Xiphoid process">xiphoid process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costal_cartilages" class="mw-redirect" title="Costal cartilages">costal cartilages</a> of ribs V to VII superiorly.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> The proximal attachments are the pubic crest and the pubic symphysis. It attaches distally at the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7 and the xiphoid process of the sternum.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">Rectus femoris muscle</a> – is one of the four <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps muscles">quadriceps muscles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>. The others are the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">vastus medialis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_intermedius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus intermedius">vastus intermedius</a> (deep to the rectus femoris), and the <a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastus lateralis">vastus lateralis</a>. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> (knee cap) by the <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_tendon" title="Quadriceps tendon">quadriceps tendon</a>. The rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the <a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">thigh</a>; it is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fusiform" class="extiw" title="wikt:fusiform">fusiform</a> in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_muscle#Muscle_fibres" title="Anatomical terms of muscle">bipenniform</a> manner, the deep fibers running straight (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: rectus) down to the deep <a href="/wiki/Aponeurosis" title="Aponeurosis">aponeurosis</a>. Its functions are to <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Flexion_and_extension" title="Anatomical terms of motion">flex</a> the thigh at the <a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">hip</a> joint and to <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Flexion_and_extension" title="Anatomical terms of motion">extend</a> the <a href="/wiki/Leg" title="Leg">leg</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">knee</a> joint.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">Red blood cell</a> – The most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues — via blood flow through the circulatory system. Red blood cells take up oxygen in the lungs and release it into tissues while squeezing through the body's capillaries.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_artery" title="Renal artery">Renal artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renal_vein" title="Renal vein">Renal vein</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">Residency (medicine)</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">Rib cage</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring finger</a> –</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="S">S</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: S">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacrum" title="Sacrum">Sacrum</a> – The sacrum (plural: sacra or sacrums<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, is a large, triangular <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">spine</a> that forms by the fusing of sacral <a href="/wiki/Vertebrae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrae">vertebrae</a> S1–S5 between 18 and 30 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a> – The salivary glands in <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> are <a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">exocrine glands</a> that produce <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a> through a system of <a href="/wiki/Duct_(anatomy)" title="Duct (anatomy)">ducts</a>. Humans have three paired major salivary glands (<a href="/wiki/Parotid" class="mw-redirect" title="Parotid">parotid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submandibular_gland" title="Submandibular gland">submandibular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_gland" title="Sublingual gland">sublingual</a>), a pair of <a href="/wiki/Seromucous_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Seromucous gland">seromucous</a> <a href="/wiki/Tubarial_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubarial glands">tubarial glands</a> (discovered in 2020) as well as hundreds of minor salivary glands.<a href="#cite_note-Edgar12-300">[300]</a> Salivary glands can be classified as <a href="/wiki/Serous_gland" title="Serous gland">serous</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucous_gland" title="Mucous gland">mucous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seromucous_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Seromucous gland">seromucous</a> (mixed).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saphenous_nerve" title="Saphenous nerve">Saphenous nerve</a> – (long or internal saphenous nerve) is the largest <a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutaneous branch">cutaneous branch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Femoral_nerve" title="Femoral nerve">femoral nerve</a>. It is a strictly sensory nerve, and has no motor function.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_saphenous_vein" title="Great saphenous vein">Saphenous vein, great</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_saphenous_vein" title="Small saphenous vein">Saphenous vein, small</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartorius_muscle" title="Sartorius muscle">Sartorius muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">Scapula</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciatic_nerve" title="Sciatic nerve">Sciatic nerve</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">Sebaceous gland</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_nervous_system" title="Sensory nervous system">Sensory nervous system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing" title="Sensory processing">Sensory processing</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serratus_anterior_muscle" title="Serratus anterior muscle">Serratus anterior muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serratus_posterior_inferior_muscle" title="Serratus posterior inferior muscle">Serratus posterior inferior muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serratus_posterior_superior_muscle" title="Serratus posterior superior muscle">Serratus posterior superior muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">Skull</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_saphenous_vein" title="Small saphenous vein">Small saphenous vein</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle tissue">Smooth muscle tissue</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_senses" title="Special senses">Special senses</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty (medicine)</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_nerve" title="Spinal nerve">Spinal nerve</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleus_muscle" title="Soleus muscle">Soleus muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternohyoid_muscle" title="Sternohyoid muscle">Sternohyoid muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue" title="Striated muscle tissue">Striated muscle tissue</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">Subclavian artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery" title="Superficial temporal artery">Superficial temporal artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_oblique_muscle" title="Superior oblique muscle">Superior oblique muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_thyroid_artery" title="Superior thyroid artery">Superior thyroid artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_vena_cava" title="Superior vena cava">Superior vena cava</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweat_gland" title="Sweat gland">Sweat gland</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptom</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_bursa" title="Synovial bursa">Synovial bursa</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_membrane" title="Synovial membrane">Synovial membrane</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_lupus_erythematosus" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic lupus erythematosus">Systemic lupus erythematosus</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_biology" title="Systems biology">Systems biology</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="T">T</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: T">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a>, the tarsus is a cluster of seven articulating <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> in each <a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">foot</a> situated between the lower end of the <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibula</a> of the lower leg and the <a href="/wiki/Metatarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metatarsus">metatarsus</a>. It is made up of the midfoot (<a href="/wiki/Cuboid_bone" title="Cuboid bone">cuboid</a>, medial, intermediate, and lateral <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_bone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform bone">cuneiform</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navicular" class="mw-redirect" title="Navicular">navicular</a>) and hindfoot (<a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">talus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcaneus" title="Calcaneus">calcaneus</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste" title="Taste">Taste</a> – The gustatory system or sense of taste is the <a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">sensory system</a> that is partially responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">taste (flavor)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trivedi-301">[301]</a> Taste is the perception produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">reacts chemically</a> with <a href="/wiki/Taste_receptor" title="Taste receptor">taste receptor</a> cells located on <a href="/wiki/Taste_bud" title="Taste bud">taste buds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a>, mostly on the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a>. Taste, along with smell (<a href="/wiki/Olfaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfaction">olfaction</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a> stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines <a href="/wiki/Flavor_(taste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavor (taste)">flavors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a> and other substances. Humans have taste receptors on taste buds and other areas including the upper surface of the <a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">tongue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Epiglottis" title="Epiglottis">epiglottis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Witt-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gustatory_cortex" title="Gustatory cortex">gustatory cortex</a> is responsible for the perception of taste.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Teeth</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_temporal_arteries" title="Deep temporal arteries">Temporal arteries, deep</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_temporal_artery" title="Middle temporal artery">Temporal artery, middle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superficial_temporal_artery" title="Superficial temporal artery">Temporal artery, superficial</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal muscle">Temporal muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensor_fasciae_latae_muscle" title="Tensor fasciae latae muscle">Tensor fasciae latae muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Thoracic diaphragm</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inferior_thyroid_artery" title="Inferior thyroid artery">Thyroid artery, inferior</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_thyroid_artery" title="Superior thyroid artery">Thyroid artery, superior</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_ima_artery" title="Thyroid ima artery">Thyroid ima artery</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibialis_anterior_muscle" title="Tibialis anterior muscle">Tibialis anterior muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibialis_posterior_muscle" title="Tibialis posterior muscle">Tibialis posterior muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissue</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">Toll-like receptor</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezius_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapezius muscle">Trapezius muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triceps_brachii_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Triceps brachii muscle">Triceps brachii muscle</a> –</li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U">U</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: U">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Long_bone" title="Long bone">long bone</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a> that stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">elbow</a> to the smallest finger, and when in <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_position" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical position">anatomical position</a>, is found on the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">medial</a> side of the forearm. It runs parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a>, the other long bone in the forearm. The ulna is usually slightly longer than the radius, but the radius is thicker. Therefore, the radius is considered to be the larger of the two.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_artery" title="Ulnar artery">Ulnar artery</a> – is the main <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessel</a>, with oxygenated <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Human_Anatomical_Terms#Anatomical_directions" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Anatomical Terms">medial</a> aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">forearm</a>. It arises from the <a href="/wiki/Brachial_artery" title="Brachial artery">brachial artery</a> and terminates in the superficial palmar arch, which joins with the superficial branch of the <a href="/wiki/Radial_artery" title="Radial artery">radial artery</a>. It is palpable on the anterior and medial aspect of the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulnar_nerve" title="Ulnar nerve">Ulnar nerve</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the ulnar nerve is a <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> that runs near the <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> bone. The <a href="/wiki/Ulnar_collateral_ligament_of_elbow_joint" title="Ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint">ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint</a> is in relation with the ulnar nerve. The nerve is the largest in the human body unprotected by muscle or bone, so injury is common.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> This nerve is directly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">little finger</a>, and the adjacent half of the <a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">ring finger</a>, innervating the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">palmar aspect</a> of these fingers, including both front and back of the <a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">tips</a>, perhaps as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">fingernail beds</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a> – The ureters are tubes made of <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> that propel <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a>. In the human adult, the ureters are usually 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long and around 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) in diameter. The ureter is lined by <a href="/wiki/Urothelial" class="mw-redirect" title="Urothelial">urothelial</a> cells, a type of <a href="/wiki/Transitional_epithelium" title="Transitional epithelium">transitional epithelium</a>, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in third closest to the bladder that assists with <a href="/wiki/Peristalsis" title="Peristalsis">peristalsis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a> – The urethra is a tube that connects the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Urinary_meatus" title="Urinary meatus">urinary meatus</a> for the removal of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> from the body of both females and males. In <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> females and other <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a>, the urethra connects to the urinary meatus above the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupials</a>, the female's urethra empties into the <a href="/wiki/Urogenital_sinus" title="Urogenital sinus">urogenital sinus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tyndale-BiscoeRenfree1987-305">[305]</a> Females use their urethra only for urinating, but males use their urethra for both urination and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wake1992-306">[306]</a> The external <a href="/wiki/Urethral_sphincter" class="mw-redirect" title="Urethral sphincter">urethral sphincter</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Striated muscle">striated muscle</a> that allows voluntary control over <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Internal_urethral_sphincter" title="Internal urethral sphincter">internal sphincter</a>, formed by the involuntary <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscles">smooth muscles</a> lining the bladder neck and urethra, receives its nerve supply by the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> division of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chancellor2004-308">[308]</a> The internal sphincter is present both in males and females.<a href="#cite_note-Jung2012-309">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karam2005-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-AshtonMiller2007-311">[311]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Urinary bladder</a> – The urinary bladder, or simply bladder, is a hollow muscular organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a> before disposal by <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> the bladder is a hollow <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscular</a>, and distensible organ that sits on the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_floor" title="Pelvic floor">pelvic floor</a>. Urine enters the bladder via the <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a> and exits via the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>. The typical human bladder will hold between 300 and 500 ml (10.14 and 16.91 fl oz) before the urge to empty occurs, but can hold considerably more.<a href="#cite_note-medphys-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cardozo99-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a> – The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ureters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureters">ureters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bladder" title="Bladder">bladder</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> and metabolites, and regulate blood pH. The urinary tract is the body's drainage system for the eventual removal of urine.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-314">[314]</a> The kidneys have an extensive blood supply via the renal arteries which leave the kidneys via the renal vein. Each kidney consists of functional units called <a href="/wiki/Nephrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrons">nephrons</a>. Following filtration of blood and further processing, wastes (in the form of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>) exit the kidney via the ureters, tubes made of smooth muscle fibres that propel urine towards the urinary bladder, where it is stored and subsequently expelled from the body by <a href="/wiki/Urination" title="Urination">urination</a> (<a href="/wiki/Voiding" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiding">voiding</a>). The female and male urinary system are very similar, differing only in the length of the urethra.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> – also known as genitourinary surgery, is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> that focuses on surgical and medical diseases of the male and female <a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary tract">urinary-tract</a> system and the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Male reproductive organs">male reproductive organs</a>. Organs under the domain of urology include the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal glands">adrenal glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">ureters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">urinary bladder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">urethra</a>, and the male reproductive organs (<a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">seminal vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">prostate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a> – The uterus or womb is a major female hormone-responsive <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">secondary sex organ</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and most other <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>. In the human, the lower end of the uterus, the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>, opens into the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>, while the upper end, the fundus, is connected to the <a href="/wiki/Fallopian_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fallopian tubes">fallopian tubes</a>. It is within the uterus that the <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> develops during <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Human_embryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Human embryo">human embryo</a>, the uterus develops from the <a href="/wiki/Paramesonephric_duct" title="Paramesonephric duct">paramesonephric ducts</a> which fuse into the single organ known as a simplex uterus. The uterus has different forms in many other animals and in some it exists as two separate uteri known as a <a href="/wiki/Uterine_malformation" title="Uterine malformation">duplex uterus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="V">V</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: V">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccine</a> – is a biological preparation that provides active <a href="/wiki/Acquired_immunity" class="mw-redirect" title="Acquired immunity">acquired immunity</a> to a particular <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and to further recognize and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future. Vaccines can be <a href="/wiki/Prophylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophylactic">prophylactic</a> (to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> by a natural or "wild" <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic">therapeutic</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">vaccines against cancer</a>, which are being investigated).<a href="#cite_note-pmid26214521-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid26861670-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid24748633-319">[319]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, the vagina is the elastic, muscular part of the <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Female genital tract">female genital tract</a>. In humans, it extends from the <a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">vulva</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervix</a>. The outer vaginal opening is normally partly covered by a membrane called the <a href="/wiki/Hymen" title="Hymen">hymen</a>. At the deep end, the cervix (neck of the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>) bulges into the vagina. The vagina allows for <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>. It also channels <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Menstrual flow">menstrual flow</a> (menses), which occurs in humans and closely related <a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">primates</a> as part of the monthly <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">Vas deferens</a> – also called ductus deferens, is part of the <a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">male reproductive system</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a>; these ducts transport <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ejaculatory_duct" title="Ejaculatory duct">ejaculatory ducts</a> in anticipation of <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>. It is a partially coiled tube which exits the abdominal cavity through the <a href="/wiki/Inguinal_canal" title="Inguinal canal">inguinal canal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastus_intermedius_muscle" title="Vastus intermedius muscle">Vastus intermedius muscle</a> – arises from the front and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral (anatomy)">lateral</a> surfaces of the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_the_femur" class="mw-redirect" title="Body of the femur">body of the femur</a> in its upper two-thirds, sitting under the <a href="/wiki/Rectus_femoris_muscle" title="Rectus femoris muscle">rectus femoris muscle</a> and from the lower part of the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_intermuscular_septum_of_thigh" title="Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh">lateral intermuscular septum</a>. Its fibers end in a superficial aponeurosis, which forms the deep part of the <a href="/wiki/Quadriceps_femoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadriceps femoris">quadriceps femoris</a> tendon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastus_lateralis_muscle" title="Vastus lateralis muscle">Vastus lateralis muscle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastus_medialis" title="Vastus medialis">Vastus medialis</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vena_cava,_inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cava, inferior">Vena cava, inferior</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vena_cava,_superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Vena cava, superior">Vena cava, superior</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">Ventricle</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventricle_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventricle system">Ventricle system</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venule" title="Venule">Venule</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virology" title="Virology">Virology</a> – is the study of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> – submicroscopic, parasitic particles of genetic material contained in a protein coat<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a> – and virus-like agents. It focuses on the following aspects of viruses: their structure, classification and evolution, their ways to infect and exploit <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> for reproduction, their interaction with host organism physiology and immunity, the diseases they cause, the techniques to isolate and culture them, and their use in research and therapy. Virology is considered to be a subfield of <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a> or of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">Visual acuity</a> – (VA), commonly refers to the clarity of <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">vision</a>, but technically rates an examinee's ability to recognize small details with precision. Visual acuity is dependent on optical and neural factors, i.e., (1) the sharpness of the retinal image within the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>, (2) the health and functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a>, and (3) the sensitivity of the interpretative faculty of the brain.<a href="#cite_note-Cline-322">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_cortex" title="Visual cortex">Visual cortex</a> – The visual cortex of the <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> is the area of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> that processes <a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">visual information</a>. It is located in the <a href="/wiki/Occipital_lobe" title="Occipital lobe">occipital lobe</a>. Sensory input originating from the <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a> travels through the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_geniculate_nucleus" title="Lateral geniculate nucleus">lateral geniculate nucleus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Thalamus" title="Thalamus">thalamus</a> and then reaches the visual cortex. The area of the visual cortex that receives the sensory input from the lateral geniculate nucleus is the primary visual cortex, also known as visual area 1 (V1), <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area" title="Brodmann area">Brodmann area</a> 17, or the striate cortex. The <a href="/wiki/Extrastriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Extrastriate">extrastriate</a> areas consist of visual areas 2, 3, 4, and 5 (also known as V2, V3, V4, and V5, or <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_18" title="Brodmann area 18">Brodmann area 18</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_19" title="Brodmann area 19">Brodmann area 19</a>).<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_field_test" title="Visual field test">Visual field test</a> – is an eye examination that can detect dysfunction in central and <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">peripheral vision</a> which may be caused by various medical conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pituitary_disease" title="Pituitary disease">pituitary disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumour" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain tumour">brain tumours</a> or other neurological deficits. Visual field testing can be performed clinically by keeping the subject's gaze fixed while presenting objects at various places within their <a href="/wiki/Visual_field" title="Visual field">visual field</a>. Simple manual equipment can be used such as in the tangent screen test or the <a href="/wiki/Amsler_grid" title="Amsler grid">Amsler grid</a>. When dedicated machinery is used it is called a perimeter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> – is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment using light in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> reflected by the objects in the <a href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment (biophysical)">environment</a>. This is different from <a href="/wiki/Visual_acuity" title="Visual acuity">visual acuity</a>, which refers to how clearly a person sees (for example "20/20 vision"). A person can have problems with visual perceptual processing even if they have 20/20 vision.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">Vital signs</a> – (also known as vitals) are a group of the four to six most important <a href="/wiki/Medical_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical signs">medical signs</a> that indicate the status of the body's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vital#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wikt:vital">vital</a> (life-sustaining) functions. These measurements are taken to help assess the general physical health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show progress toward recovery.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> The normal ranges for a person's vital signs vary with age, weight, gender, and overall <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> There are four primary vital signs: <a href="/wiki/Body_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Body temperature">body temperature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulse" title="Pulse">pulse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heart_rate" title="Heart rate">heart rate</a>), and breathing rate (<a href="/wiki/Respiratory_rate" title="Respiratory rate">respiratory rate</a>), often notated as BT, BP, HR, and RR. However, depending on the clinical setting, the vital signs may include other measurements called the "fifth vital sign" or "sixth vital sign". Vital signs are recorded using the <a href="/wiki/LOINC" title="LOINC">LOINC</a> internationally accepted standard coding system.<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a> – is a group of <a href="/wiki/Fat-soluble" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat-soluble">fat-soluble</a> <a href="/wiki/Secosteroid" title="Secosteroid">secosteroids</a> responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, and many other biological effects.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-ODS-2020-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norman_2008-330">[330]</a> In humans, the most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 (also known as <a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">cholecalciferol</a>) and vitamin D2 (<a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferol" title="Ergocalciferol">ergocalciferol</a>).<a href="#cite_note-NIH-ODS-2020-329">[329]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norman_2008-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bikle-331">[331]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrectomy" title="Vitrectomy">Vitrectomy</a> – is a surgery to remove some or all of the <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_humor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous humor">vitreous humor</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>. Anterior vitrectomy entails removing small portions of the vitreous humor from the front structures of the eye—often because these are tangled in an intraocular lens or other structures. Pars plana vitrectomy is a general term for a group of operations accomplished in the deeper part of the eye, all of which involve removing some or all of the vitreous humor—the eye's clear internal jelly.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_body" title="Vitreous body">Vitreous body</a> –</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a> –</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="W">W</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: W">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a> – is the part of the <a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">abdomen</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Rib_cage" title="Rib cage">rib cage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hips" class="mw-redirect" title="Hips">hips</a>. On people with slim bodies, the waist is the narrowest part of the <a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">torso</a>. The waistline refers to the horizontal line where the waist is narrowest, or to the general appearance of the waist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wart" title="Wart">Wart</a> – Warts are typically small, rough, hard growths that are similar in color to the rest of the skin. They typically do not result in other symptoms, except when on the bottom of the feet, where they may be painful. While they usually occur on the hands and feet, they can also affect other locations.<a href="#cite_note-auto7-332">[332]</a> One or many warts may appear. They are not <a href="/wiki/Cancerous" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancerous">cancerous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IQ2014-333">[333]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weber_test" title="Weber test">Weber test</a> – is a screening <a href="/wiki/Test_for_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Test for hearing">test for hearing</a> performed with a tuning fork.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a> It can detect <a href="/wiki/Unilateral_hearing_loss" title="Unilateral hearing loss">unilateral (one-sided)</a> <a href="/wiki/Conductive_hearing_loss" title="Conductive hearing loss">conductive hearing loss</a> (middle ear hearing loss) and unilateral <a href="/wiki/Sensorineural_hearing_loss" title="Sensorineural hearing loss">sensorineural hearing loss</a> (inner ear hearing loss). The test is named after <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Weber" title="Ernst Heinrich Weber">Ernst Heinrich Weber</a> (1795–1878). Conductive hearing ability is mediated by the middle ear composed of the ossicles: the <a href="/wiki/Malleus" title="Malleus">malleus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Incus" title="Incus">incus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Stapes" title="Stapes">stapes</a>. Sensorineural hearing ability is mediated by the inner ear composed of the cochlea with its internal basilar membrane and attached cochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII). The outer ear consisting of the pinna, ear canal, and ear drum or tympanic membrane transmits sounds to the middle ear but does not contribute to the conduction or sensorineural hearing ability save for hearing transmissions limited by cerumen impaction (wax collection in the ear canal). The Weber test has had its value as a screening test questioned in the literature.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16434632-336">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%E2%80%93Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome">Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome</a> – (WKS) is the combined presence of <a href="/wiki/Wernicke_encephalopathy" title="Wernicke encephalopathy">Wernicke encephalopathy</a> (WE) and alcoholic <a href="/wiki/Korsakoff_syndrome" title="Korsakoff syndrome">Korsakoff syndrome</a>. Due to the close relationship between these two disorders, people with either are usually diagnosed with WKS as a single syndrome. It mainly causes vision changes, <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a> and impaired memory.<a href="#cite_note-Medline771-338">[338]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area" title="Wernicke's area">Wernicke's area</a> – also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> that are linked to speech, the other being <a href="/wiki/Broca%27s_area" title="Broca's area">Broca's area</a>. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to Broca's area, which is involved in the production of language. It is traditionally thought to reside in <a href="/wiki/Brodmann_area_22" title="Brodmann area 22">Brodmann area 22</a>, which is located in the <a href="/wiki/Superior_temporal_gyrus" title="Superior temporal gyrus">superior temporal gyrus</a> in the dominant cerebral hemisphere, which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of <a href="/wiki/Right-handed" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-handed">right-handed</a> individuals and 60% of left-handed individuals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiplash_(medicine)" title="Whiplash (medicine)">Whiplash</a> – is a non-medical term describing a range of <a href="/wiki/Injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Injuries">injuries</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">neck</a> caused by or related to a sudden distortion of the neck<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_motion#Flexion_and_extension" title="Anatomical terms of motion">extension</a>,<a href="#cite_note-340">[340]</a> although the exact injury mechanisms remain unknown. The term "whiplash" is a <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialism</a>. "Cervical acceleration–deceleration" (CAD) describes the mechanism of the injury, while the term "whiplash associated disorders" (WAD) describes the injury sequelae and symptoms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_blood_cell" title="White blood cell">White blood cell</a> – White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> that are involved in protecting the body against both <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from <a href="/wiki/Multipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipotent">multipotent</a> cells in the <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Hematopoietic_stem_cell" title="Hematopoietic stem cell">hematopoietic stem cells</a>. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">lymphatic system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_matter" title="White matter">White matter</a> – refers to areas of the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (CNS) that are mainly made up of <a href="/wiki/Myelin" title="Myelin">myelinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axons</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Nerve_tract" title="Nerve tract">tracts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> Long thought to be passive tissue, white matter affects <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a> and brain functions, modulating the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>, acting as a <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> and coordinating communication between different brain regions.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_memory" title="Working memory">Working memory</a> – is a cognitive system with a limited capacity that can <a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">hold information</a> temporarily.<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> Working memory is important for reasoning and the guidance of decision-making and behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Executive_functions-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-NHM-Cognitive_Control-346">[346]</a> Working memory is often used synonymously with <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a>, but some theorists consider the two forms of memory distinct, assuming that working memory allows for the manipulation of stored information, whereas short-term memory only refers to the short-term storage of information.<a href="#cite_note-Executive_functions-345">[345]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-347">[347]</a> Working memory is a theoretical concept central to <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>, neuropsychology, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a> – In <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, the wrist is variously defined as 1) the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpus</a> or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hand</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Behnke-76-348">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-485-349">[349]</a> (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">carpus</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore-485-349">[349]</a> and; (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the <a href="/wiki/Metacarpus" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacarpus">metacarpus</a> or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints.<a href="#cite_note-Behnke-77-350">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baratz-391-351">[351]</a> This region also includes the <a href="/wiki/Carpal_tunnel" title="Carpal tunnel">carpal tunnel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_snuff_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical snuff box">anatomical snuff box</a>, bracelet lines, the <a href="/wiki/Flexor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Flexor retinaculum of the hand">flexor retinaculum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Extensor_retinaculum_of_the_hand" title="Extensor retinaculum of the hand">extensor retinaculum</a>. As a consequence of these various definitions, fractures to the carpal bones are referred to as carpal fractures, while fractures such as <a href="/wiki/Distal_radius_fracture" title="Distal radius fracture">distal radius fracture</a> are often considered fractures to the wrist.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="X">X</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: X">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xanthoma" title="Xanthoma">Xanthoma</a> – A xanthoma (pl. xanthomas or xanthomata) (condition: xanthomatosis), from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ξανθός (xanthós) 'yellow', is a deposition of yellowish <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>-rich material that can appear anywhere in the body in various disease states.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews-352">[352]</a> They are cutaneous manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Lipidosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipidosis">lipidosis</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a> accumulate in large <a href="/wiki/Foam_cell" title="Foam cell">foam cells</a> within the skin.<a href="#cite_note-Andrews-352">[352]</a> They are associated with <a href="/wiki/Hyperlipidemia" title="Hyperlipidemia">hyperlipidemias</a>, both primary and secondary types.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Y">Y</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Y">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaws" title="Yaws">Yaws</a> – is a tropical <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a> and joints caused by the <a href="/wiki/Spirochete" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochete">spirochete</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> <a href="/wiki/Treponema_pallidum" title="Treponema pallidum">Treponema pallidum</a> pertenue.<a href="#cite_note-Mit2013-353">[353]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mit2012-354">[354]</a> The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, 2 to 5 centimeters in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-Mit2013-353">[353]</a> The center may break open and form an <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mit2013-353">[353]</a> This initial skin lesion typically heals after three to six months.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-355">[355]</a> After weeks to years, joints and bones may become painful, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue" title="Fatigue">fatigue</a> may develop, and new skin lesions may appear.<a href="#cite_note-Mit2013-353">[353]</a> The skin of the <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">palms</a> of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-355">[355]</a> The bones (especially those of the nose) may become misshapen.<a href="#cite_note-auto8-355">[355]</a> After five years or more large areas of skin may die, leaving a scar.<a href="#cite_note-Mit2013-353">[353]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">Yellow fever</a> – is a <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> disease of typically <a href="/wiki/Acute_(medicine)" title="Acute (medicine)">short duration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-356">[356]</a> In most cases, symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chills" title="Chills">chills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loss_of_appetite" class="mw-redirect" title="Loss of appetite">loss of appetite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, muscle pains particularly in the back, and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-356">[356]</a> Symptoms typically improve within five days.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-356">[356]</a> In about 15% of people, within a day of improving the fever comes back, abdominal pain occurs, and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> damage begins causing <a href="/wiki/Yellow_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow skin">yellow skin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-356">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> If this occurs, the risk of bleeding and <a href="/wiki/Kidney_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidney problems">kidney problems</a> is increased.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-356">[356]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Z">Z</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Z">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zellweger_spectrum_disorders" title="Zellweger spectrum disorders">Zellweger spectrum disorders</a> – are a group of <a href="/wiki/Rare_disease" title="Rare disease">rare disorders</a> that create the same disease process.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> The subdivisions of this spectrum are <a href="/wiki/Hyperpipecolic_acidemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperpipecolic acidemia">hyperpipecolic acidemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Infantile_Refsum_disease" title="Infantile Refsum disease">Infantile Refsum disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_adrenoleukodystrophy" title="Neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy">neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy</a> (NALD), and <a href="/wiki/Zellweger_syndrome" title="Zellweger syndrome">Zellweger syndrome</a>. It can also be referred to as Peroxisomal Biogenesis Disorders, Zellweger Syndrome Spectrum, NALD, Cerebrohepatorenal Syndrome, and ZSS.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> It can affect many body organs, including the <a href="/wiki/Kidneys" class="mw-redirect" title="Kidneys">kidneys</a>, eyes, and hearing.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> It is named after <a href="/wiki/Hans_Zellweger" title="Hans Zellweger">Hans Zellweger</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zika_virus" title="Zika virus">Zika virus</a> – (ZIKV) (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈziːkə/</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈzɪkə/</a><a href="#cite_note-Pronunciation-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-eid14-362">[362]</a>) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a> <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Flaviviridae" title="Flaviviridae">Flaviviridae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MaloneHoman2016-363">[363]</a> It is <a href="/wiki/Mosquito-borne_disease" title="Mosquito-borne disease">spread</a> by daytime-active <a href="/wiki/Aedes" title="Aedes">Aedes</a> mosquitoes, such as <a href="/wiki/A._aegypti" class="mw-redirect" title="A. aegypti">A. aegypti</a> and <a href="/wiki/A._albopictus" class="mw-redirect" title="A. albopictus">A. albopictus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MaloneHoman2016-363">[363]</a> Its name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ziika_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziika Forest">Ziika Forest</a> of Uganda, where the virus was first isolated in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-SikkaChattu2016-364">[364]</a> Zika virus shares a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Dengue_virus" title="Dengue virus">dengue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow fever virus">yellow fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_encephalitis_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese encephalitis virus">Japanese encephalitis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Nile_virus" title="West Nile virus">West Nile</a> viruses.<a href="#cite_note-SikkaChattu2016-364">[364]</a> Since the 1950s, it has been known to occur within a narrow equatorial belt from Africa to Asia. <a href="/wiki/2007_Yap_Islands_Zika_virus_outbreak" title="2007 Yap Islands Zika virus outbreak">From 2007</a> to 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit">[update]</a>, the virus spread eastward, <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Zika_virus_outbreaks_in_Oceania" title="2013–2014 Zika virus outbreaks in Oceania">across the Pacific Ocean</a> to the Americas, leading to the <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_Zika_virus_epidemic" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic">2015–2016 Zika virus epidemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[365]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoonosis" title="Zoonosis">Zoonosis</a> – A zoonosis (plural zoonoses, or zoonotic diseases) is an <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious disease</a> caused by a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> (an infectious agent, such as a <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prion" title="Prion">prion</a>) that has <a href="/wiki/Cross-species_transmission" title="Cross-species transmission">jumped</a> from a non-human animal (usually a <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a>) to a human.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-sgc-368">[368]</a> Typically, the first infected human transmits the infectious agent to at least one other human, who, in turn, infects others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomatic_bone" title="Zygomatic bone">Zygomatic bone</a> – In the <a href="/wiki/Human_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Human skull">human skull</a>, the zygomatic bone (cheekbone or malar bone) is a paired <a href="/wiki/Irregular_bone" title="Irregular bone">irregular bone</a> which articulates with the <a href="/wiki/Maxilla" title="Maxilla">maxilla</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_bone" title="Temporal bone">temporal bone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sphenoid_bone" title="Sphenoid bone">sphenoid bone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a>. It is situated at the upper and lateral part of the face and forms the prominence of the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheek</a>, part of the lateral wall and floor of the <a href="/wiki/Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">orbit</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Temporal_fossa" title="Temporal fossa">temporal fossa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Infratemporal_fossa" title="Infratemporal fossa">infratemporal fossa</a>. It presents a malar and a temporal surface; four <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">processes</a> (the frontosphenoidal, orbital, maxillary, and temporal), and four borders.</li> <li>Zonular dialysis – Deficient support of the lenticular capsule of the eye by the <a href="/wiki/Zonules_of_Zinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonules of Zinn">Zonules of Zinn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="text-align:center;"><div role="navigation" id="toc" class="toc plainlinks" aria-labelledby="tocheading" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <div id="toctitle" class="toctitle" style="text-align:center;display:inline-block;">Contents: </div> <div style="margin:auto; display:inline-block;"> <ul><li><a href="#A">A</a></li> <li><a href="#B">B</a></li> <li><a href="#C">C</a></li> <li><a href="#D">D</a></li> <li><a href="#E">E</a></li> <li><a href="#F">F</a></li> <li><a href="#G">G</a></li> <li><a href="#H">H</a></li> <li><a href="#I">I</a></li> <li><a href="#J">J</a></li> <li><a href="#K">K</a></li> <li><a href="#L">L</a></li> <li><a href="#M">M</a></li> <li><a href="#N">N</a></li> <li><a href="#O">O</a></li> <li><a href="#P">P</a></li> <li><a href="#Q">Q</a></li> <li><a href="#R">R</a></li> <li><a href="#S">S</a></li> <li><a href="#T">T</a></li> <li><a href="#U">U</a></li> <li><a href="#V">V</a></li> <li><a href="#W">W</a></li> <li><a href="#X">X</a></li> <li><a href="#Y">Y</a></li> <li><a href="#Z">Z</a></li> <li><a href="#See_also">See also</a></li> <li><a href="#References">References</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes" title="List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes">List of medical roots, suffixes and prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bones_of_the_human_skeleton" title="List of bones of the human skeleton">List of bones of the human skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nerves_of_the_human_body" title="List of nerves of the human body">List of nerves of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skeletal_muscles_of_the_human_body" title="List of skeletal muscles of the human body">List of skeletal muscles of the human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terms_of_location" title="Anatomical terms of location">Anatomical terms of location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_terminology" title="Anatomical terminology">Anatomical terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of diseases">List of diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_College_Admission_Test" title="Medical College Admission Test">Medical College Admission Test</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/aarskog-scott-syndrome">"Aarskog-Scott syndrome"</a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. Chapter 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955869-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955869-8"><bdi>978-0-19-955869-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025013217/https://books.google.com/books?id=as46WowY_usC&pg=PT123">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breast+cancer&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=Chapter+13&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955869-8&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Christobel&rft.au=Jassal%2C+Sunil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Das46WowY_usC%26pg%3DPT123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11734839-87"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11734839_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantalupoHopkins2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cantalupo C, Hopkins WD (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2043144">"Asymmetric Broca's area in great apes"</a>. Nature. 414 (6863): 505. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Natur.414..505C">2001Natur.414..505C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35107134">10.1038/35107134</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2043144">2043144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11734839">11734839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Asymmetric+Broca%27s+area+in+great+apes&rft.volume=414&rft.issue=6863&rft.pages=505&rft.date=2001-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2043144%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11734839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35107134&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001Natur.414..505C&rft.aulast=Cantalupo&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+WD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2043144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Netter-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Netter_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetter2014" class="citation book cs1">Netter, Frank H. 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Annu Rev Psychol. 64: 135–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-113011-143750">10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4084861">4084861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23020641">23020641</a>. <q>WM (holding information in mind and manipulating it) is distinct from short-term memory (just holding information in mind). They cluster onto separate factors in factor analyses of children, adolescents, and adults (Alloway et al. 2004, Gathercole et al. 2004). They are linked to different neural subsystems. WM relies more on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, whereas maintaining information in mind but not manipulating it [as long as the number of items is not huge (suprathreshold)] does not need involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (D'Esposito et al. 1999, Eldreth et al. 2006, Smith & Jonides 1999). Imaging studies show frontal activation only in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex for memory maintenance that is not suprathreshold. WM and short-term memory also show different developmental progressions; the latter develops earlier and faster.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Psychol&rft.atitle=Executive+functions&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=135-168&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4084861%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23020641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-psych-113011-143750&rft.au=Diamond+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4084861&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHM-Cognitive_Control-346"><a href="#cite_ref-NHM-Cognitive_Control_346-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009" class="citation book cs1">Malenka RC, Nestler EJ, Hyman SE (2009). "Chapter 13: Higher Cognitive Function and Behavioral Control". In Sydor A, Brown RY (eds.). Molecular Neuropharmacology: A Foundation for Clinical Neuroscience (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 313–321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-148127-4"><bdi>978-0-07-148127-4</bdi></a>. <q> • Executive function, the cognitive control of behavior, depends on the prefrontal cortex, which is highly developed in higher primates and especially humans.  • Working memory is a short-term, capacity-limited cognitive buffer that stores information and permits its manipulation to guide decision-making and behavior. ... working memory may be impaired in ADHD, the most common childhood psychiatric disorder seen in clinical settings ... ADHD can be conceptualized as a disorder of executive function; specifically, ADHD is characterized by reduced ability to exert and maintain cognitive control of behavior. Compared with healthy individuals, those with ADHD have diminished ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent responses to stimuli (impaired response inhibition) and diminished ability to inhibit responses to irrelevant stimuli (impaired interference suppression). ... Early results with structural MRI show thinning of the cerebral cortex in ADHD subjects compared with age-matched controls in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, areas involved in working memory and attention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13%3A+Higher+Cognitive+Function+and+Behavioral+Control&rft.btitle=Molecular+Neuropharmacology%3A+A+Foundation+for+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=313-321&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Medical&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-07-148127-4&rft.aulast=Malenka&rft.aufirst=RC&rft.au=Nestler%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hyman%2C+SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan-347"><a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_347-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan,_Nelson2008" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Nelson (2008). "Chapter 20 What are the differences between long-term, short-term, and working memory?". Essence of Memory. Progress in Brain Research. Vol. 169. pp. 323–338. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2807%2900020-9">10.1016/S0079-6123(07)00020-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-53164-3"><bdi>978-0-444-53164-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2657600">2657600</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18394484">18394484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+20+What+are+the+differences+between+long-term%2C+short-term%2C+and+working+memory%3F&rft.btitle=Essence+of+Memory&rft.series=Progress+in+Brain+Research&rft.pages=323-338&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2657600%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18394484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0079-6123%2807%2900020-9&rft.isbn=978-0-444-53164-3&rft.au=Cowan%2C+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Behnke-76-348"><a href="#cite_ref-Behnke-76_348-0">^</a> Behnke 2006, p. 76. "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones." </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-485-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore-485_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore-485_349-1">b</a> Moore 2006, p. 485. "The wrist (carpus), the proximal segment of the hand, is a complex of eight carpal bones. The carpus articulates proximally with the forearm at the wrist joint and distally with the five metacarpals. The joints formed by the carpus include the wrist (radiocarpal joint), intercarpal, carpometacarpal and intermetacarpal joints. Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the rows of carpals glide on each other [...] " </li> <li id="cite_note-Behnke-77-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Behnke-77_350-0">^</a> Behnke 2006, p. 77. "With the large number of bones composing the wrist (ulna, radius, eight carpas, and five metacarpals), it makes sense that there are many, many joints that make up the structure known as the wrist." </li> <li id="cite_note-Baratz-391-351"><a href="#cite_ref-Baratz-391_351-0">^</a> Baratz 1999, p. 391. "The wrist joint is composed of not only the radiocarpal and distal radioulnar joints but also the intercarpal articulations." </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews-352">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_352-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Andrews_352-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames,_William_D.Berger,_Timothy_G.2006" class="citation book cs1">James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-2921-6"><bdi>978-0-7216-2921-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrews%27+Diseases+of+the+Skin%3A+clinical+Dermatology&rft.pub=Saunders+Elsevier&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6&rft.au=James%2C+William+D.&rft.au=Berger%2C+Timothy+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mit2013-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mit2013_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mit2013_353-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mit2013_353-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mit2013_353-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mit2013_353-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitjà_OAsiedu_KMabey_D2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mitjà O; Asiedu K; Mabey D (2013). 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The Lancet. 381 (9868): 763–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2962130-8">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62130-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23415015">23415015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208791874">208791874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Yaws&rft.volume=381&rft.issue=9868&rft.pages=763-73&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208791874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23415015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2962130-8&rft.au=Mitj%C3%A0+O&rft.au=Asiedu+K&rft.au=Mabey+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mit2012-354"><a href="#cite_ref-Mit2012_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitjà_OHays_RRinaldi_ACMcDermott_R2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mitjà O; Hays R; Rinaldi AC; McDermott R; Bassat Q (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis444">"New treatment schemes for yaws: the path toward eradication"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 55 (3): 406–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis444">10.1093/cid/cis444</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22610931">22610931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=New+treatment+schemes+for+yaws%3A+the+path+toward+eradication&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=406-412&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcis444&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22610931&rft.au=Mitj%C3%A0+O&rft.au=Hays+R&rft.au=Rinaldi+AC&rft.au=McDermott+R&rft.au=Bassat+Q&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcid%252Fcis444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto8-355">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_355-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_355-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto8_355-2">c</a> "Yaws Fact sheet N°316". World Health Organization. February 2014. Archived from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 27 February 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_356-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_356-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_356-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_356-4">e</a> "Yellow fever Fact sheet N°100". World Health Organization. May 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 23 February 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully2014" class="citation book cs1">Scully, Crispian (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZXdAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA572">Scully's Medical Problems in Dentistry</a>. 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Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 29 March 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO" class="citation web cs1">WHO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/zoonoses/en/">"Zoonoses"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103010751/http://www.who.int/topics/zoonoses/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015. 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Retrieved 16 August 2019. <q>Zoonoses are infectious diseases which jump from an animal host or reservoir into humans.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=science.gc.ca&rft.atitle=A+glimpse+into+Canada%27s+highest+containment+laboratory+for+animal+health%3A+The+National+Centre+for+Foreign+Animal+Diseases&rft.date=2018-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.gc.ca%2Feic%2Fsite%2F063.nsf%2Feng%2F97704.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAielloRampatAfflittoDin2023" class="citation journal cs1">Aiello, F; Rampat, R; Afflitto, G Gallo; Din, N; Mandal, N; Maurino, V (7 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.practiceupdate.com/content/characteristics-and-outcomes-of-patients-with-zonular-dialysis-who-underwent-cataract-surgery/147261">"Zonular dialysis and cataract surgery: results from a UK tertiary eye care referral centre"</a>. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 59 (2): 67–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcjo.2022.12.001">10.1016/j.jcjo.2022.12.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36627103">36627103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Ophthalmology&rft.atitle=Zonular+dialysis+and+cataract+surgery%3A+results+from+a+UK+tertiary+eye+care+referral+centre&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-72&rft.date=2023-01-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jcjo.2022.12.001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36627103&rft.aulast=Aiello&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Rampat%2C+R&rft.au=Afflitto%2C+G+Gallo&rft.au=Din%2C+N&rft.au=Mandal%2C+N&rft.au=Maurino%2C+V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.practiceupdate.com%2Fcontent%2Fcharacteristics-and-outcomes-of-patients-with-zonular-dialysis-who-underwent-cataract-surgery%2F147261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Guideline2009" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080819203455/http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign101.pdf">"British Guideline on the Management of Asthma"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/British_Thoracic_Society" title="British Thoracic Society">British Thoracic Society</a>. 2012 [2008]. SIGN 101. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign101.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2008-08-19. Retrieved 2008-08-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Thoracic+Society&rft.atitle=British+Guideline+on+the+Management+of+Asthma&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sign.ac.uk%2Fpdf%2Fsign101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapandji1982" class="citation book cs1">Kapandji, Ibrahim Adalbert (1982). The Physiology of the Joints: Volume One Upper Limb (5th ed.). New York: Churchill Livingstone.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physiology+of+the+Joints%3A+Volume+One+Upper+Limb&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Churchill+Livingstone&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kapandji&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim+Adalbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarieb2004" class="citation book cs1">Marieb, Elaine N (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humananatomyphys0006mari">Human Anatomy & Physiology</a> (Sixth ed.). Pearson PLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-20413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-20413-4"><bdi>978-0-321-20413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.edition=Sixth&rft.pub=Pearson+PLC&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-321-20413-4&rft.aulast=Marieb&rft.aufirst=Elaine+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumananatomyphys0006mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNHLBI_Guideline2007" class="citation web cs1">National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/guidelines-for-diagnosis-management-of-asthma">"Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Heart_Lung_and_Blood_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="National Heart Lung and Blood Institute">National Heart Lung and Blood Institute</a>. EPR-3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+the+Diagnosis+and+Management+of+Asthma&rft.pub=National+Heart+Lung+and+Blood+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.au=National+Asthma+Education+and+Prevention+Program&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhlbi.nih.gov%2Fhealth-topics%2Fguidelines-for-diagnosis-management-of-asthma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalastangaSoames2012" class="citation book cs1">Palastanga, Nigel; Soames, Roger (2012). Anatomy and Human Movement: Structure and Function (6th ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780702040535" title="Special:BookSources/9780702040535"><bdi>9780702040535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatomy+and+Human+Movement%3A+Structure+and+Function&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780702040535&rft.aulast=Palastanga&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft.au=Soames%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtLanz2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Hans-Martin; Lanz, Ulrich (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L7a1tkBU8eMC">Surgical Anatomy of the Hand</a>. Thieme. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58890-007-4"><bdi>978-1-58890-007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surgical+Anatomy+of+the+Hand&rft.pub=Thieme&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58890-007-4&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Hans-Martin&rft.au=Lanz%2C+Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7a1tkBU8eMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlossary+of+medicine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li>ENT</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_systems_and_organs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Template talk:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_systems_and_organs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human systems and organs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_systems_and_organs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">Musculoskeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skeleton" title="Human skeleton">Skeletal system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpal_bones" title="Carpal bones">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">Collar bone</a> (clavicle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">Thigh bone</a> (femur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">Fibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">Humerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metacarpal_bones" title="Metacarpal bones">Metacarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metatarsal_bones" title="Metatarsal bones">Metatarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossicles" title="Ossicles">Ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone">Phalanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">Radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skull#Humans" title="Skull">Skull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(skeleton)" title="Tarsus (skeleton)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">Tibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">Ulna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rib" title="Rib">Rib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternum" title="Sternum">Sternum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">Cartilage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">Joints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibrous_joint" title="Fibrous joint">Fibrous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartilaginous_joint" title="Cartilaginous joint">Cartilaginous joint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synovial_joint" title="Synovial joint">Synovial joint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscular_system" title="Muscular system">Muscular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoracic_diaphragm" title="Thoracic diaphragm">Diaphragm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Cardiovascular system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>peripheral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">Artery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Vein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_vessel" title="Lymphatic vessel">Lymphatic vessel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lymphatic_system" title="Lymphatic system">Lymphatic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>primary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">Bone marrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymus" title="Thymus">Thymus</a></li></ul></li> <li>secondary <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">Spleen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph_node" title="Lymph node">Lymph node</a></li></ul></li> <li>CNS equivalent <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glymphatic_system" title="Glymphatic system">Glymphatic system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">Brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinal_cord" title="Spinal cord">Spinal cord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">Nerve</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensory system">Sensory system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatic_nervous_system" title="Somatic nervous system">Somatic system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Tissue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Integumentary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_tissue" title="Subcutaneous tissue">Subcutaneous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">Mammary gland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Haematopoietic_system" title="Haematopoietic system">Haematopoietic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myeloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Myeloid">Myeloid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Myeloid immune system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">Lymphoid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">Lymphoid immune system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Upper_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx#Nasopharynx" title="Pharynx">Nasopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Larynx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract#Lower_respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">Trachea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">Bronchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">Lung</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">Salivary gland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li>upper GI <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Oropharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharynx" title="Pharynx">Laryngopharynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">Esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">Stomach</a></li></ul></li> <li>lower GI <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appendix_(anatomy)" title="Appendix (anatomy)">Appendix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine#Structure" title="Large intestine">Colon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">accessory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">Liver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biliary_tract" title="Biliary tract">Biliary tract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">Pancreas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Urinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">Kidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ureter" title="Ureter">Ureter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Bladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethra" title="Urethra">Urethra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_reproductive_system" title="Human reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Male_reproductive_system" title="Male reproductive system">Male</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate" title="Prostate">Prostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">Testicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminal vesicle">Seminal vesicle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_reproductive_system" title="Female reproductive system">Female</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">Uterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">Vagina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">Ovary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pituitary_gland" title="Pituitary gland">Pituitary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineal_gland" title="Pineal gland">Pineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">Thyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_gland" title="Parathyroid gland">Parathyroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">Adrenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancreatic_islets" title="Pancreatic islets">Islets of Langerhans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_regional_anatomy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Template talk:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_regional_anatomy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human regional anatomy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_regional_anatomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_body#Regional_groups" title="Human body">Human regional anatomy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_head" title="Human head">Head</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Face" title="Face">Face</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forehead" title="Forehead">Forehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">Cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin" title="Chin">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyebrow" title="Eyebrow">Eyebrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">Nose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip" title="Lip">Lip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongue" title="Tongue">Tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_tooth" title="Human tooth">Tooth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandible" title="Mandible">Mandible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occipital_bone" title="Occipital bone">Occiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalp" title="Scalp">Scalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_(anatomy)" title="Temple (anatomy)">Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neck" title="Neck">Neck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat" title="Throat">Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nape" title="Nape">Nape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torso" title="Torso">Torso</a> (Trunk)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdomen" title="Abdomen">Abdomen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waist" title="Waist">Waist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midriff" title="Midriff">Midriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel" title="Navel">Navel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_column" title="Vertebral column">Vertebral column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_back" title="Human back">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorax" title="Thorax">Thorax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">Breast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">Nipple</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvis" title="Pelvis">Pelvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">Genitalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">Penis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">Scrotum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulva" title="Vulva">Vulva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_anus" title="Human anus">Anus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arm" title="Arm">Arm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">Shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axilla" title="Axilla">Axilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow" title="Elbow">Elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm" title="Forearm">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">Wrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">Hand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger" title="Finger">Finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Fingernail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">Thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_finger" title="Index finger">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_finger" title="Middle finger">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_finger" title="Ring finger">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_finger" title="Little finger">Little</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_leg" title="Human leg">Leg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">Buttocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip" title="Hip">Hip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thigh" title="Thigh">Thigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knee" title="Knee">Knee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_(leg)" title="Calf (leg)">Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot" title="Foot">Foot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ankle" title="Ankle">Ankle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heel" title="Heel">Heel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">Toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">Toenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_(foot)" title="Sole (foot)">Sole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template talk:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glossaries of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture" title="Glossary of agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture" title="Glossary of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_calculus" title="Glossary of calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cell_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research" title="Glossary of clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms" title="Glossary of computer hardware terms">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_developmental_biology" title="Glossary of developmental biology">Developmental and reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology" title="Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology">Genetics and evolutionary biology</a></li> <li>Cellular and molecular biology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0%E2%80%93L)" title="Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)">0–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Geography <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A%E2%80%93M)" title="Glossary of geography terms (A–M)">A–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)">N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms" title="Glossary of Arabic toponyms">Arabic toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms" title="Glossary of Hebrew toponyms">Hebrew toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikonyms_in_Western_and_South_Asia" title="Oikonyms in Western and South Asia">Western and South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_machine_vision" title="Glossary of machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics" title="Glossary of areas of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nanotechnology" title="Glossary of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" title="Glossary of probability and statistics">Probability and statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_computing" title="Glossary of quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_virology" title="Glossary of virology">Virology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&oldid=1259280314">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glossary_of_medicine&oldid=1259280314</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_20th_edition_of_Gray%27s_Anatomy_(1918)" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_medicine" title="Category:Glossaries of medicine">Glossaries of medicine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glossaries_of_science" title="Category:Glossaries of science">Glossaries of science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page 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[\"CITEREFBagaiThavendiranathanDetsky2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahna2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaskinSperberPrice2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassariKoea2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBermanLangevinWittDubner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBikle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlumenfeld2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolAarntzenPotsOlde_Nordkamp2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoronBoulpaep2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyd2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Guideline2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrotherton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownWickhamMcAndrewHuang2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnsIliffe2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurtonChestertonDavenport2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButtaroTrybulskiPolgar-BaileySandberg-Cook2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFC._Dugdale2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallahan_D.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCantalupoHopkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaroline2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChancellorYoshimura2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChangLowenstein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenCohrsStertmannBozsak2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenSchumacher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChhajer2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurchillGudgel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCiccocioppoKruzliakCangemiPohanka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClineHofstetterGriffin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCowan,_Nelson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrawford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond_A2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDolenšekRupnikStožer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_Fields2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEccles_R2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdgarDawesO\u0026#039;Mullane2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEliasBengelsdorf1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmak2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvengårdSchacterleKomaroff1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFasano_A2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFehrenbachHerring2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFField2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFieldRajakulendran2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineIonitaLohr2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherAcevedoArzimanoglouBogacz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFossen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGBD_2013_Mortality_and_Causes_of_Death_Collaborators2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldfinger1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoss1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrad,_Frank_P.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithsKhanduja2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffithsMillerSuzukiLewontin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayBacaltchukStefanoKashyap2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeikkinenJärvinen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenry_Gray1918\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeroldBentleyVossoughi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodos2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuberKnottnerusGreenHorst2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHugh_Tyndale-BiscoeMarilyn_Renfree1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuiCarrCameronDavenport2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusbyKoletzkoKorponay-SzabóMearin2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHylandVaracallo2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInsurance_Institute_for_Highway_Safety\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJadad_AR,_O\u0026#039;Grady_L:_How_should_health_be_defined?2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames,_William_D.Berger,_Timothy_G.2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonas_KeilerMarko_SchulzeHost_ClaassenAndreas_Wree2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJungAnhHuh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaji2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKandel2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapandji1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramMoudouniDroupyAbd-Almasad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatherine2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitabchiUmpierrezMilesFisher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleinmannKimYee2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKongFowler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKooijSahamiMeijerBuskens2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulowski1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKulowski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLand2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanda2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLippert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLote2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudersThompsonToga2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahadevan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalenkaNestlerHyman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloneHomanCallahanGlasspool-Malone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManbachiHoiWassermanLakatta2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarianne_J._LegatoJohn_P._Bilezikian2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarieb2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarieb2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_L._Latash2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínezGandurGolanó2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarvalee_H._Wake1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMather\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatonHopkinsMcLaughlinJohnson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatonJean_HopkinsCharles_William_McLaughlinSusan_Johnson1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMatonJean_HopkinsCharles_William_McLaughlinSusan_Johnson1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcPartlandKlin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehrjardi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeliefvan_HallArensOssendorp2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMescher2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilner1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiquel_Porta2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitjà_OAsiedu_KMabey_D2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitjà_OHays_RRinaldi_ACMcDermott_R2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyaharaYokomuroTakahashiKimura1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyake,_A.Shah,_P.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore,_Keith_L.Dalley,_Arthur_F.Agur,_Anne_M._R.2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMooreDalleyAgur2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMugunthanDoustKurzGlasziou2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMungerWuShen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNHLBI_Guideline2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNMgDD2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNedorost2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNetter2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewnham2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Loughlin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;RahillyMüller1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgawaOka2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalastangaSoames2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPierceSollidayAsofsky1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhoadesPflanzer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichetteBardin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieger,_R.Michaelis,_A.Green,_M.M.1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomer,_Alfred_SherwoodParsons,_Thomas_S.1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRostami_NejadHogg-KollarsIshaqRostami2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantulli_G._MD2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersJassal2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger_N2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidtLanz2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScottAhmedScottKothari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScully2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSepulvedaMarlinYoshidaUllrich2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanthi_MendisPekka_PuskaBo_NorrvingWorld_Health_Organization2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSikkaChattuPopliGalwankar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingerTalan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSroubekKellyLi2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStandring2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStandringBorley2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefanatos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarneyHan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorMarandi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonuttiBizzaro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTortoraGrabowski2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy_L._KivellPierre_LemelinBrian_G._RichmondDaniel_Schmitt2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrivedi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTse2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelutDestrieuxKakou1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVilenskyRobertsonSuarez-Quian2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillaniSarkizovaHacohen2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVunjak-NovakovicTandonGodierMaidhof2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWahidAttia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker-SmithMurch1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWang2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebMD2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitingRugg2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidmaier_E_PRaff_HStrang_KT2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsTaunton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingerd1811\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWingerd1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitt2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfRapoportSchweizer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolfeKluenderLevi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolffFleshmanBeckPemberton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhukovsky2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZoni-BerissoLercariCarazzaDomenicucci2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFdel_Castillo2012\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 10,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Bull\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 90,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 96,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 111,\n [\"Compact ToC\"] = 17,\n [\"Convert\"] = 8,\n [\"DorlandsDict\"] = 5,\n [\"Ety\"] = 1,\n [\"Free access\"] = 1,\n [\"Glossaries of science and engineering\"] = 1,\n [\"Gray's\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Human regional anatomy\"] = 1,\n [\"Human system and organs\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 4,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"MeSH name\"] = 1,\n [\"Medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"MedlinePlusEncyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"PMID\"] = 4,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Vanchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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