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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Signs and symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Treatment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-traumatic_stress_disorder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Post-traumatic stress disorder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-traumatic_stress_disorder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Medication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nightmare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="كابوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كابوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AB%DC%90" title="ܟܒܘܫܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܒܘܫܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velea" title="Velea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Velea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%83%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8" title="দুঃস্বপ্ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুঃস্বপ্ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Немарасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Немарасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошмар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кошмар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwallhunvre" title="Gwallhunvre – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwallhunvre" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malson" title="Malson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Malson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_m%C5%AFra" title="Noční můra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Noční můra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunllef" title="Hunllef – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hunllef" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareridt" title="Mareridt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mareridt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albtraum" title="Albtraum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albtraum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95udusunen%C3%A4gu" title="Õudusunenägu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õudusunenägu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF)" title="Εφιάλτης (όνειρο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εφιάλτης (όνειρο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesadilla" title="Pesadilla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pesadilla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premson%C4%9Do" title="Premsonĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Premsonĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amesgaizto" title="Amesgaizto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amesgaizto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کابوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کابوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchemar" title="Cauchemar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cauchemar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtmerje" title="Nachtmerje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nachtmerje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesadelo" title="Pesadelo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pesadelo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%85%EB%AA%BD" title="악몽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="악몽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B2%D5%B1%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB" title="Մղձավանջ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մղձավանջ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87)" title="दुःस्वप्न (बुरे सपने) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुःस्वप्न (बुरे सपने)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C4%87na_mora" title="Noćna mora – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Noćna mora" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koshmaro" title="Koshmaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Koshmaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimpi_buruk" title="Mimpi buruk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mimpi buruk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martr%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Martröð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Martröð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubo" title="Incubo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Incubo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%98" title="סיוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סיוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="კოშმარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოშმარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1maras" title="Košmaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Košmaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошмар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кошмар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimpi_ngeri" title="Mimpi ngeri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mimpi ngeri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachtmerrie" title="Nachtmerrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nachtmerrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%82%AA%E5%A4%A2" title="悪夢 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="悪夢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareritt" title="Mareritt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mareritt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareritt" title="Mareritt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mareritt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koszmar_senny" title="Koszmar senny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Koszmar senny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesadelo" title="Pesadelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pesadelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co%C8%99mar" title="Coșmar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coșmar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошмар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кошмар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makthi" title="Makthi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Makthi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightmare" title="Nightmare – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nightmare" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaraw" title="Qaraw – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Qaraw" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%95" title="مێردەزمە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێردەزمە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bad dream" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nightmare_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nightmare (disambiguation)">Nightmare (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bad_dream_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bad dream (disambiguation)">Bad dream (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a>, a sleep disorder resulting in a state of panic.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_Fuseli_(1741%E2%80%931825),_The_Nightmare,_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Henry_Fuseli_%281741%E2%80%931825%29%2C_The_Nightmare%2C_1781.jpg/220px-Henry_Fuseli_%281741%E2%80%931825%29%2C_The_Nightmare%2C_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Henry_Fuseli_%281741%E2%80%931825%29%2C_The_Nightmare%2C_1781.jpg/330px-Henry_Fuseli_%281741%E2%80%931825%29%2C_The_Nightmare%2C_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Henry_Fuseli_%281741%E2%80%931825%29%2C_The_Nightmare%2C_1781.jpg/440px-Henry_Fuseli_%281741%E2%80%931825%29%2C_The_Nightmare%2C_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1602" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nightmare" title="The Nightmare">The Nightmare</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Fuseli" title="Henry Fuseli">Henry Fuseli</a>, 1781) <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Nightmare</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleep Medicine">Sleep Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_stress" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>nightmare</b>, also known as a <b>bad dream</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-OEtymD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEtymD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an unpleasant <a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">dream</a> that can cause a strong emotional response from the mind, typically <a href="/wiki/Fear" title="Fear">fear</a> but also <a href="/wiki/Despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Despair">despair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anxiety" title="Anxiety">anxiety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disgust" title="Disgust">disgust</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sadness" title="Sadness">sadness</a>. The dream may contain situations of discomfort, psychological or physical terror, or <a href="/wiki/Panic" title="Panic">panic</a>. After a nightmare, a person will often awaken in a state of distress and may be unable to return to sleep for a short period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recurrent nightmares may require medical help, as they can interfere with sleeping patterns and cause <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>. </p><p>Nightmares can have physical causes such as sleeping in an uncomfortable position or having a fever, or psychological causes such as stress or anxiety. Eating before going to sleep, which triggers an increase in the body's metabolism and brain activity, can be a potential stimulus for nightmares.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prevalence of nightmares in children (5–12 years old) is between 20 and 30%, and for adults between 8 and 30%.<sup id="cite_ref-peter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common language, the meaning of <i>nightmare</i> has extended as a metaphor to many bad things, such as a bad situation or a scary monster or person. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>nightmare</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a> <span title="Old English (ca. 450-1100)-language text"><i lang="ang"><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a></i></span>, a mythological <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblin</a> who torments others with frightening dreams. The term has no connection with the Modern English word for a <a href="/wiki/Mare" title="Mare">female horse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>nightmare</i> is cognate with the Dutch term <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/nachtmerrie" class="extiw" title="nl:nachtmerrie">nachtmerrie</a></i></span> and German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albtraum" class="extiw" title="de:Albtraum">Nachtmahr</a></i></span> (dated). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_folklore">History and folklore</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">sorcerous</a> demons of Iranian mythology known as <a href="/wiki/Div_(mythology)" title="Div (mythology)">Divs</a> are likewise associated with the ability to afflict their victims with nightmares.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic folklore">Germanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavic_folklore" title="Slavic folklore">Slavic folklore</a> were thought to ride on people's chests while they sleep, causing nightmares.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Those with nightmares experience abnormal sleep architecture. The impact of having a nightmare during the night has been found to be very similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a>. This is thought to be caused by frequent <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_awakenings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal awakenings">nocturnal awakenings</a> and fear of falling asleep.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When awoken from <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">REM sleep</a> by a nightmare, the dreamer can usually recall the nightmare in detail. They may also awaken in a heightened state of distress, with an elevated heart rate or increased perspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nightmare_disorder" title="Nightmare disorder">Nightmare disorder</a> symptoms include repeated awakenings from the major sleep period or naps with detailed recall of extended and extremely frightening dreams, usually involving threats to survival, security, or self-esteem. The awakenings generally occur during the second half of the sleep period.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Sleep_Disorders" title="International Classification of Sleep Disorders">International Classification of Sleep Disorders</a>-Third Edition (ICSD-3), the nightmare disorder, together with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">REM sleep behaviour disorder</a> (RBD) and recurrent isolated <a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">sleep paralysis</a>, form the REM-related <a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">parasomnias</a> subcategory of the Parasomnias cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-sateia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sateia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nightmares may be idiopathic without any signs of psychopathology or associated with disorders like stress, anxiety, substance abuse, psychiatric illness or <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a> (>80% of PTSD patients report nightmares).<sup id="cite_ref-morgen_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morgen-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As regarding the dream content of the dreams they are usually imprinting negative emotions like sadness, fear or rage.<sup id="cite_ref-peter_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the clinical studies the content can include being chased, injury or death of others, falling, natural disasters or accidents. Typical dreams or recurrent dreams may also have some of these topics.<sup id="cite_ref-schredl_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schredl-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scientific research shows that nightmares may have many causes. In a study focusing on children, researchers were able to conclude that nightmares directly correlate with the stress in children's lives. Children who experienced the death of a family member or a close friend or know someone with a chronic illness have more frequent nightmares than those who are only faced with stress from school or stress from social aspects of daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study researching the causes of nightmares focuses on patients who have <a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">sleep apnea</a>. The study was conducted to determine whether or not nightmares may be caused by sleep apnea, or being unable to breathe. In the nineteenth century, authors believed that nightmares were caused by not having enough oxygen, therefore it was believed that those with sleep apnea had more frequent nightmares than those without it. The results actually showed that healthy people have more nightmares than sleep apnea patients.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study supports the hypothesis. In this study, 48 patients (aged 20–85 yrs) with <a href="/wiki/Obstructive_lung_disease" title="Obstructive lung disease">obstructive airways disease</a> (OAD), including 21 with and 27 without asthma, were compared with 149 sex- and age-matched controls without respiratory disease. OAD subjects with asthma reported approximately 3 times as many nightmares as controls or OAD subjects without asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evolutionary purpose of nightmares then could be a mechanism to awaken a person who is in danger. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">Lucid-dreaming</a> advocate <a href="/wiki/Stephen_LaBerge" title="Stephen LaBerge">Stephen LaBerge</a> has outlined a possible reason for how dreams are formulated and why nightmares occur. To LaBerge, a dream starts with an individual thought or scene, such as walking down a dimly lit street. Since dreams are not predetermined, the brain responds to the situation by either thinking a good thought or a bad thought, and the dream framework follows from there. If bad thoughts in a dream are more prominent than good thoughts, the dream may proceed to be a nightmare.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="cheese"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend_1905-02-25_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2113" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>A panel from the early 20th century comic <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_of_the_Rarebit_Fiend" title="Dream of the Rarebit Fiend">Dream of the Rarebit Fiend</a></i>, whose protagonist regularly suffers nightmares after eating cheese</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a view, possibly featured in the story <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, that eating <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> before sleep can cause nightmares, but there is little scientific evidence for this.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single, biased study conducted by the British Cheese Board in 2005 argued that consuming cheese could trigger more vivid dreams, but this study was not backed up with sufficient research, and contradicts existing studies which found that consuming dairy products is associated with better overall sleep quality.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severe nightmares are also likely to occur when a person has a <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>; these nightmares are often referred to as fever dreams. </p><p>Recent research has shown that frequent nightmares may precede the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Otaiku2022a_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaiku2022a-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otaiku2022b_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaiku2022b-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Otaiku2023_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Otaiku2023-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> seemed to have shared a belief that people frequently distressed by nightmares could be re-experiencing some stressful event from the past.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both perspectives on dreams suggest that therapy can provide relief from the dilemma of the nightmarish experience. </p><p>Halliday (1987) grouped treatment techniques into four classes. Direct nightmare interventions that combine compatible techniques from one or more of these classes may enhance overall treatment effectiveness:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_technique" title="Analytical technique">Analytic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">cathartic</a> techniques</li> <li>Storyline alteration procedures</li> <li>Face-and-conquer approaches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(psychology)" title="Desensitization (psychology)">Desensitization</a> and related behavioral techniques</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-traumatic_stress_disorder">Post-traumatic stress disorder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-traumatic stress disorder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recurring <a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">post-traumatic stress disorder</a> (PTSD) nightmares in which traumas are re-experienced respond well to a technique called imagery rehearsal. This involves dreamers coming up with alternative, mastery outcomes to the nightmares, mentally rehearsing those outcomes while awake and then reminding themselves at bedtime that they wish these alternative outcomes should the nightmares recur. Research has found that this technique not only reduces the occurrence of nightmares and insomnia<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15984916_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15984916-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also improves other daytime PTSD symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11476655_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11476655-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common variations of imagery rehearsal therapy (IRT) "relate to the number of sessions, duration of treatment, and the degree to which <a href="/wiki/Exposure_therapy" title="Exposure therapy">exposure therapy</a> is included in the protocol".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19444882_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19444882-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Medication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prazosin" title="Prazosin">Prazosin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">alpha-1 blocker</a>) appears useful in decreasing the number of nightmares and the distress caused by them in people with PTSD.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a> (atypical antipsychotic) at a dosage of 2 mg per day, has been shown in case series to remission of nightmares on the first night.<sup id="cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazodone" title="Trazodone">Trazodone</a> (antidepressant) has been shown in a case report to treat nightmares associated with a depressed patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Trials have included <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxetine" title="Paroxetine">paroxetine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">tetrahydrocannabinol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eszopiclone" title="Eszopiclone">eszopiclone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">Sodium oxybate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carvedilol" title="Carvedilol">carvedilol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p.-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag#In_folklore" title="Hag">Hag § In folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_and_terror" title="Horror and terror">Horror and terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_disorder" title="Nightmare disorder">Nightmare disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocnitsa" title="Nocnitsa">Nocnitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street" title="A Nightmare on Elm Street">A Nightmare on Elm Street</a></i>, 1984 film</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OEtymD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OEtymD_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/?term=nightmare">"nightmare"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=nightmare&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2F%3Fterm%3Dnightmare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span> Retrieved 11 July 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Psychiatric Association (2000), <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a>, 4th ed, TR, p. 631</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stephen, Laura (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070831193305/http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/nightmare.html">"Nightmares"</a>. Psychologytoday.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologytoday.com/conditions/nightmare.html">the original</a> on 31 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Nightmares&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologytoday.com%2Fconditions%2Fnightmare.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peter_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peter_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterPenzelJörg2007" class="citation book cs1">Peter, Helga; Penzel, Thomas; Jörg, Hermann Peter (2007). <i>Enzyklopädie der Schlafmedizin</i>. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28839-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-28839-8"><bdi>978-3-540-28839-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enzyklop%C3%A4die+der+Schlafmedizin&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=Springer+Medizin+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-28839-8&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Helga&rft.au=Penzel%2C+Thomas&rft.au=J%C3%B6rg%2C+Hermann+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiberman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Liberman" title="Anatoly Liberman">Liberman, Anatoly</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMiRc-JFIfMC&pg=PA87"><i>Word Origins And How We Know Them</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538707-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-538707-0"><bdi>978-0-19-538707-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Origins+And+How+We+Know+Them&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-538707-0&rft.aulast=Liberman&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMiRc-JFIfMC%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Iranica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Iranica_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/div">"DĪV, Volume VII, Fasc. 4"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>. 28 November 2011 [15 December 1995]. pp. 428–431<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=D%C4%AAV%2C+Volume+VII%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.pages=428-431&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdiv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjorvand and Lindeman (2007), pp. 719–720.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simor, Pé, et al. "Disturbed Dreaming and Sleep Quality: Altered Sleep Architecture in Subjects with Frequent Nightmares."European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 262.8 (2012): 687–96. ProQuest. Web. 24 April 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical-conditions/sleep/nighttime-sleep-behaviors/nightmares.html">"Nightmares"</a>. <i>stanfordhealthcare.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Last updated: 8 Jul 2020 ~ Less than a minute (17 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psychcentral.com/disorders/nightmare-disorder-symptoms/,%20https://psychcentral.com/disorders/nightmare-disorder-symptoms/">"Nightmare Disorder Symptoms"</a>. <i>psychcentral.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psychcentral.com&rft.atitle=Nightmare+Disorder+Symptoms&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft.aulast=Grohol&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=read%2C+Psy+D.+Last+updated%3A+8+Jul+2020+~+Less+than+a+minute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fdisorders%2Fnightmare-disorder-symptoms%2F%2C%2520https%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fdisorders%2Fnightmare-disorder-symptoms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sateia-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sateia_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSateia2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sateia, Michael J (2014). 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"Case Series Utilizing Exposure, Relaxation, and Rescripting Therapy: Impact on Nightmares, Sleep Quality, and Psychological Distress". <i>Behavioral Sleep Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 151–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15402010bsm0303_3">10.1207/s15402010bsm0303_3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15984916">15984916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5558629">5558629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Sleep+Medicine&rft.atitle=Case+Series+Utilizing+Exposure%2C+Relaxation%2C+and+Rescripting+Therapy%3A+Impact+on+Nightmares%2C+Sleep+Quality%2C+and+Psychological+Distress&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=151-157&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5558629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15984916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1207%2Fs15402010bsm0303_3&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft.au=Wright%2C+D.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11476655-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11476655_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowHollifieldJohnstonKoss2001" class="citation journal cs1">Krakow, B.; Hollifield, M.; Johnston, L.; Koss, M.; Schrader, R.; Warner, T. D.; Tandberg, D.; Lauriello, J.; McBride, L. (2001). "Imagery Rehearsal Therapy for Chronic Nightmares in Sexual Assault Survivors with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial". <i>JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association</i>. <b>286</b> (5): 537–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.286.5.537">10.1001/jama.286.5.537</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11476655">11476655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA%3A+The+Journal+of+the+American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Imagery+Rehearsal+Therapy+for+Chronic+Nightmares+in+Sexual+Assault+Survivors+with+Posttraumatic+Stress+Disorder%3A+A+Randomized+Controlled+Trial&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=537-45&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.286.5.537&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11476655&rft.aulast=Krakow&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Hollifield%2C+M.&rft.au=Johnston%2C+L.&rft.au=Koss%2C+M.&rft.au=Schrader%2C+R.&rft.au=Warner%2C+T.+D.&rft.au=Tandberg%2C+D.&rft.au=Lauriello%2C+J.&rft.au=McBride%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19444882-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19444882_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuWagnerVan_MaleWhitehead2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lu, M.; Wagner, A.; Van Male, L.; Whitehead, A.; Boehnlein, J. (2009). "Imagery rehearsal therapy for posttraumatic nightmares in U.S. Veterans". <i>Journal of Traumatic Stress</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 236–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjts.20407">10.1002/jts.20407</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19444882">19444882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Traumatic+Stress&rft.atitle=Imagery+rehearsal+therapy+for+posttraumatic+nightmares+in+U.S.+Veterans&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=236-239&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fjts.20407&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19444882&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+A.&rft.au=Van+Male%2C+L.&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+A.&rft.au=Boehnlein%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Solh2018" class="citation journal cs1">El-Solh, AA (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6263296">"Management of nightmares in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder: current perspectives"</a>. <i>Nature and Science of Sleep</i>. <b>10</b>: 409–420. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNSS.S166089">10.2147/NSS.S166089</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6263296">6263296</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30538593">30538593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+and+Science+of+Sleep&rft.atitle=Management+of+nightmares+in+patients+with+posttraumatic+stress+disorder%3A+current+perspectives.&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=409-420&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6263296%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30538593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FNSS.S166089&rft.aulast=El-Solh&rft.aufirst=AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6263296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p.-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waltman_Shearer_Moore_p._29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltmanShearerMoore2018" class="citation journal cs1">Waltman, Scott H.; Shearer, David; Moore, Bret A. (11 October 2018). "Management of Post-Traumatic Nightmares: a Review of Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments Since 2013". <i>Current Psychiatry Reports</i>. <b>20</b> (12). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11920-018-0971-2">10.1007/s11920-018-0971-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1523-3812">1523-3812</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30306339">30306339</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52958432">52958432</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Psychiatry+Reports&rft.atitle=Management+of+Post-Traumatic+Nightmares%3A+a+Review+of+Pharmacologic+and+Nonpharmacologic+Treatments+Since+2013&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft.issn=1523-3812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52958432%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30306339&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11920-018-0971-2&rft.aulast=Waltman&rft.aufirst=Scott+H.&rft.au=Shearer%2C+David&rft.au=Moore%2C+Bret+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nightmare&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnchBrowmanMitlerWalsh1988" class="citation book cs1">Anch, A. M.; Browman, C. P.; Mitler, M. M.; Walsh, J. K. (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sleepscientificp00anch"><i>Sleep: A Scientific Perspective</i></a></span>. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-812918-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-812918-7"><bdi>978-0-13-812918-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleep%3A+A+Scientific+Perspective&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-13-812918-7&rft.aulast=Anch&rft.aufirst=A.+M.&rft.au=Browman%2C+C.+P.&rft.au=Mitler%2C+M.+M.&rft.au=Walsh%2C+J.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsleepscientificp00anch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2004" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, J. C. (2004). "The Nightmare". <i><a href="/wiki/JAMA_Psychiatry" title="JAMA Psychiatry">Archives of General Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>61</b> (5): 439–40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchpsyc.61.5.439">10.1001/archpsyc.61.5.439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123487">15123487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+General+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Nightmare&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=439-40&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchpsyc.61.5.439&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15123487&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusserMouton2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Husser, J.-M.; Mouton, A., eds. (2010). <i>Le Cauchemar dans les sociétés antiques. Actes des journées d'étude de l'UMR 7044 (15–16 Novembre 2007, Strasbourg)</i> (in French). Paris: De Boccard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Cauchemar+dans+les+soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+antiques.+Actes+des+journ%C3%A9es+d%27%C3%A9tude+de+l%27UMR+7044+%2815%E2%80%9316+Novembre+2007%2C+Strasbourg%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=De+Boccard&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1951" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Ernest (1951). <i>On the Nightmare</i>. W W Norton & Company Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-912-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-912-6"><bdi>978-0-87140-912-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Nightmare&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Company+Incorporated&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-912-6&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2001" class="citation journal cs1">Forbes, D.; et al. (2001). "Brief Report: Treatment of Combat-Related Nightmares Using Imagery Rehearsal: A Pilot Study". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Traumatic_Stress" title="Journal of Traumatic Stress">Journal of Traumatic Stress</a></i>. <b>14</b> (2): 433–442. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011133422340">10.1023/A:1011133422340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11469167">11469167</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44630028">44630028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Traumatic+Stress&rft.atitle=Brief+Report%3A+Treatment+of+Combat-Related+Nightmares+Using+Imagery+Rehearsal%3A+A+Pilot+Study&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=433-442&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44630028%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11469167&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011133422340&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2003" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asdreams.org/magazine/articles/seigel_nightmares.htm">"A mini-course for clinicians and trauma workers on posttraumatic nightmares"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+mini-course+for+clinicians+and+trauma+workers+on+posttraumatic+nightmares&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asdreams.org%2Fmagazine%2Farticles%2Fseigel_nightmares.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2004" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Sarah (2004). <i>Painting the Dark Side : Art and the Gothic Imagination in Nineteenth-Century America</i>. Ahmanson-Murphy Fine Are Imprint. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23821-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23821-3"><bdi>978-0-520-23821-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Painting+the+Dark+Side+%3A+Art+and+the+Gothic+Imagination+in+Nineteenth-Century+America&rft.series=Ahmanson-Murphy+Fine+Are+Imprint&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23821-3&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport-Hines1999" class="citation book cs1">Davenport-Hines, Richard (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicfourhundre00dave"><i>Gothic: Four Hundred Years of Excess, Horror, Evil and Ruin</i></a></span>. North Point Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gothicfourhundre00dave/page/160">160–61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86547-544-1"><bdi>978-0-86547-544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic%3A+Four+Hundred+Years+of+Excess%2C+Horror%2C+Evil+and+Ruin&rft.pages=160-61&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-86547-544-1&rft.aulast=Davenport-Hines&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgothicfourhundre00dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2009" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Anne (2009). <i>What To Do When Dreams Go Bad: A Practical Guide to Nightmares</i>. Serpentine Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887590-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887590-04-4"><bdi>978-1-887590-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+To+Do+When+Dreams+Go+Bad%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Nightmares&rft.pub=Serpentine+Media&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-887590-04-4&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonsHughes1985" class="citation book cs1">Simons, Ronald C.; Hughes, Charles C., eds. (1985). <i>Culture-Bound Syndromes</i>. Springer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture-Bound+Syndromes&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1997" class="citation book cs1">Sagan, Carl (1997). <i>The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demon-Haunted+World%3A+Science+as+a+Candle+in+the+Dark&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoalson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Coalson, Bob (1995). "Nightmare help: Treatment of trauma survivors with PTSD". <i><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy_(journal)" title="Psychotherapy (journal)">Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training</a></i>. <b>32</b> (3): 381–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-3204.32.3.381">10.1037/0033-3204.32.3.381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychotherapy%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+Practice%2C+Training&rft.atitle=Nightmare+help%3A+Treatment+of+trauma+survivors+with+PTSD&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=381-388&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-3204.32.3.381&rft.aulast=Coalson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319134910/http://www.nightmares.info/nightmares.htm">"Nightmares? Bad Dreams, or Recurring Dreams? Lucky You!"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nightmares.info/nightmares.htm">the original</a> on 19 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nightmares%3F+Bad+Dreams%2C+or+Recurring+Dreams%3F+Lucky+You%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nightmares.info%2Fnightmares.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalliday1987" class="citation journal cs1">Halliday, G. (1987). "Direct psychological therapies for nightmares: A review". <i><a href="/wiki/Clinical_Psychology_Review" title="Clinical Psychology Review">Clinical Psychology Review</a></i>. <b>7</b> (5): 501–523. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0272-7358%2887%2990041-9">10.1016/0272-7358(87)90041-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Psychology+Review&rft.atitle=Direct+psychological+therapies+for+nightmares%3A+A+review&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=501-523&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0272-7358%2887%2990041-9&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoctorShiromoto2010" class="citation book cs1">Doctor, Ronald M.; Shiromoto, Frank N., eds. (2010). "Imagery Rehearsal Therapy (IRT)". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoftr0000doct"><i>The Encyclopedia of Trauma and Traumatic Stress Disorders</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoftr0000doct/page/148">148</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6764-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-6764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imagery+Rehearsal+Therapy+%28IRT%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Trauma+and+Traumatic+Stress+Disorders&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-6764-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaoftr0000doct&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1976" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Mercer (1976). <i>There's a Nightmare in My Closet</i>. [New York]: Puffin Pied Piper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=There%27s+a+Nightmare+in+My+Closet&rft.place=%5BNew+York%5D&rft.pub=Puffin+Pied+Piper&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Mercer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreKraków2010" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, Bret A.; Kraków, Barry (2010). "Imagery rehearsal therapy: An emerging treatment for posttraumatic nightmares in veterans". <i>Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy</i>. <b>2</b> (3): 232–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0019895">10.1037/a0019895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Trauma%3A+Theory%2C+Research%2C+Practice%2C+and+Policy&rft.atitle=Imagery+rehearsal+therapy%3A+An+emerging+treatment+for+posttraumatic+nightmares+in+veterans&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=232-238&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0019895&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Bret+A.&rft.au=Krak%C3%B3w%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANightmare" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192692" class="extiw" title="d:Q192692">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F51.5">F51.5</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=xxx">xxx</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/111487009">111487009</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dreams_and_oneirology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dreaming" title="Template:Dreaming"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dreaming" title="Template talk:Dreaming"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dreaming" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dreaming"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dreams_and_oneirology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">Dreams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oneirology" title="Oneirology">oneirology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">Dream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneiros" title="Oneiros">Oneiros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_speech" title="Dream speech">Dream speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recurring_dream" title="Recurring dream">Recurring dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_awakening" title="False awakening">False awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interobject" title="Interobject">Interobject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_character" title="Dream character">Dream character</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">Lucid dream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-lucid_dream" title="Pre-lucid dream">Pre-lucid dream</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nightmare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epiales" title="Epiales">Epiales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_terrors" class="mw-redirect" title="Night terrors">Night terrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiety_dream" title="Anxiety dream">Anxiety dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_disorder" title="Nightmare disorder">Nightmare disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking">Sleepwalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepwalk-driving" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepwalk-driving">Sleepdriving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleep</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">Hypnagogia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGO_waves" title="PGO waves">PGO waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">Rapid eye movement sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnopompia" title="Hypnopompia">Hypnopompia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Therapy and<br />interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneiromancy" title="Oneiromancy">Oneiromancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_spouse" title="Spirit spouse">Spirit spouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_guide" title="Dream guide">Dream guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneironautics" title="Oneironautics">Oneironautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychonautics" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_nidra" title="Yoga nidra">Yoga nidra</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dream_interpretation" title="Dream interpretation">Dream interpretation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_dream_interpretation" title="Psychoanalytic dream interpretation">Psychoanalytic dream interpretation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_imagination" title="Embodied imagination">Embodied imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_imagery" title="Guided imagery">Guided imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_dictionary" title="Dream dictionary">Dream dictionary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_dreams" title="Cognitive neuroscience of dreams">Cognitive neuroscience of dreams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thought_recording_and_reproduction_device" title="Thought recording and reproduction device">Thought recording and reproduction device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activation-synthesis_hypothesis" title="Activation-synthesis hypothesis">Activation-synthesis hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dreamwork" title="Dreamwork">Dreamwork</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_art" title="Dream art">Dream art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_incubation" title="Dream incubation">Dream incubation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_sharing" title="Dream sharing">Dream sharing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_induction" title="Sleep induction">Sleep induction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneirogen" title="Oneirogen">Oneirogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Dreams" title="On Dreams">On Dreams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneirocritica" title="Oneirocritica">Oneirocritica</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpretation_of_Dreams_(Antiphon)" title="Interpretation of Dreams (Antiphon)">Interpretation of Dreams</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sleep_and_sleep_disorders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sleep" title="Template:Sleep"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sleep" title="Template talk:Sleep"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sleep" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sleep"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sleep_and_sleep_disorders" class="nowrap" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sleep" title="Sleep">Sleep</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">sleep disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stages of <a href="/wiki/Sleep_cycle" title="Sleep cycle">sleep cycles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Rapid eye movement sleep">Rapid eye movement (REM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-rapid_eye_movement_sleep" title="Non-rapid eye movement sleep">Quiescent sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow-wave_sleep" title="Slow-wave sleep">Slow-wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalography" title="Electroencephalography">Brain waves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_wave" title="Alpha wave">Alpha wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_wave" title="Beta wave">Beta wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_wave" title="Delta wave">Delta wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma_wave" title="Gamma wave">Gamma wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-complex" title="K-complex">K-complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_wave" title="Mu wave">Mu rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGO_waves" title="PGO waves">PGO waves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensorimotor_rhythm" title="Sensorimotor rhythm">Sensorimotor rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_spindle" title="Sleep spindle">Sleep spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_wave" title="Theta wave">Theta wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_disorder" title="Sleep disorder">Sleep disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist nowrapitems" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_pathology" title="Oral and maxillofacial pathology">Anatomical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruxism" title="Bruxism">Bruxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_breathing" title="Mouth breathing">Mouth breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_apnea" title="Sleep apnea">Sleep apnea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catathrenia" title="Catathrenia">Catathrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Central hypoventilation syndrome">Central hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_hypoventilation_syndrome" title="Obesity hypoventilation syndrome">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstructive_sleep_apnea" title="Obstructive sleep apnea">Obstructive sleep apnea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_breathing" title="Periodic breathing">Periodic breathing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snoring" title="Snoring">Snoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dyssomnia" title="Dyssomnia">Dyssomnia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_daytime_sleepiness" title="Excessive daytime sleepiness">Excessive daytime sleepiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersomnia" title="Hypersomnia">Hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">Insomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleine%E2%80%93Levin_syndrome" title="Kleine–Levin syndrome">Kleine–Levin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">Narcolepsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiopathic_hypersomnia" title="Idiopathic hypersomnia">Idiopathic hypersomnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_eating_syndrome" title="Night eating syndrome">Night eating syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturia" title="Nocturia">Nocturia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_state_misperception" title="Sleep state misperception">Sleep state misperception</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height: 1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm_sleep_disorder" title="Circadian rhythm sleep disorder">Circadian rhythm<br />disorders</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Advanced sleep phase disorder">Advanced sleep phase disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_alternating_pattern" title="Cyclic alternating pattern">Cyclic alternating pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delayed_sleep_phase_disorder" title="Delayed sleep phase disorder">Delayed sleep phase disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irregular_sleep%E2%80%93wake_rhythm" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular sleep–wake rhythm">Irregular sleep–wake rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_lag" title="Jet lag">Jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-24-hour_sleep%E2%80%93wake_disorder" title="Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder">Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_work_sleep_disorder" title="Shift work sleep disorder">Shift work sleep disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Parasomnia" title="Parasomnia">Parasomnia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nightmare_disorder" title="Nightmare disorder">Nightmare disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_terror" title="Night terror">Night terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_limb_movement_disorder" title="Periodic limb movement disorder">Periodic limb movement disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_eye_movement_sleep_behavior_disorder" title="Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder">Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepwalking" title="Sleepwalking">Sleepwalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_driving" title="Sleep driving">Sleep driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep-talking" title="Sleep-talking">Sleep-talking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Benign phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream" title="Dream">Dreams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucid_dream" title="Lucid dream">Lucid dreams</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploding_head_syndrome" title="Exploding head syndrome">Exploding head syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnic_jerk" title="Hypnic jerk">Hypnic jerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnagogia" title="Hypnagogia">Hypnagogia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sleep_onset" title="Sleep onset">Sleep onset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnopompia" title="Hypnopompia">Hypnopompia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_inertia" title="Sleep inertia">Sleep inertia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">Somnolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_clitoral_tumescence" title="Nocturnal clitoral tumescence">Nocturnal clitoral tumescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_penile_tumescence" title="Nocturnal penile tumescence">Nocturnal penile tumescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Treatment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_diary" title="Sleep diary">Sleep diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_hygiene" title="Sleep hygiene">Sleep hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_induction" title="Sleep induction">Sleep induction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypnosis" title="Hypnosis">Hypnosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullaby" title="Lullaby">Lullaby</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somnology" title="Somnology">Somnology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polysomnography" title="Polysomnography">Polysomnography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sleep_medicine" title="Behavioral sleep medicine">Behavioral sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_study" title="Sleep study">Sleep study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melatonin" title="Melatonin">Melatonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Neuroscience of sleep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily 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procrastination">Procrastination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedtime_story" title="Bedtime story">Story</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphasic_and_polyphasic_sleep" class="mw-redirect" title="Biphasic and polyphasic sleep">Biphasic and polyphasic sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronotype" title="Chronotype">Chronotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_object" title="Comfort object">Comfort object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_diary" title="Dream diary">Dream diary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsleep" title="Microsleep">Microsleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nap" title="Nap">Nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightwear" title="Nightwear">Nightwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_nap" title="Power nap">Power nap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_wind_(sleep)" title="Second wind (sleep)">Second wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siesta" title="Siesta">Siesta</a></li> <li><a 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