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id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Paris_Peace_Conference_and_Treaty_of_Sèvres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Paris_Peace_Conference_and_Treaty_of_Sèvres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Sèvres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Paris_Peace_Conference_and_Treaty_of_Sèvres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds_in_Turkey_(Bakur)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds_in_Turkey_(Bakur)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kurds in Turkey (Bakur)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurds_in_Turkey_(Bakur)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds_in_Iraq_(Bashur)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds_in_Iraq_(Bashur)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kurds in Iraq (Bashur)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kurds_in_Iraq_(Bashur)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kurds in Iraq (Bashur) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kurds_in_Iraq_(Bashur)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Mandate_after_World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate_after_World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>British Mandate after World War I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate_after_World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>After the Gulf War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds_in_Syria_(Rojava)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds_in_Syria_(Rojava)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Kurds in Syria (Rojava)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurds_in_Syria_(Rojava)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds_in_Iran_(Rojhalat)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds_in_Iran_(Rojhalat)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kurds in Iran (Rojhalat)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kurds_in_Iran_(Rojhalat)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kurds in Iran (Rojhalat) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kurds_in_Iran_(Rojhalat)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Under_the_Qajar_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Qajar_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Under the Qajar Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Qajar_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Constitutional monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Revolutionary_Iran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Revolutionary_Iran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Post-Revolutionary Iran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Revolutionary_Iran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PJAK_insurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PJAK_insurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>PJAK insurrection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PJAK_insurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_and_nationalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_nationalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Women and nationalism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Women_and_nationalism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Women and nationalism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Women_and_nationalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Historical background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Kurdish dynasties and countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Kurdish dynasties and countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>20th-21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurds_in_the_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurds_in_the_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Kurds in the diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurds_in_the_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kurdish_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kurdish_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Kurdish population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kurdish_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kurdish nationalism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="قومية كردية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قومية كردية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismu_curdu" title="Nacionalismu curdu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nacionalismu curdu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdayet%C3%AE" title="Kurdayetî – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kurdayetî" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Κουρδικός εθνικισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κουρδικός εθνικισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_kurdo" title="Nacionalismo kurdo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nacionalismo kurdo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo_kurdu" title="Nazionalismo kurdu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazionalismo kurdu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ملی‌گرایی کردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ملی‌گرایی کردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_national_kurde" title="Mouvement national kurde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouvement national kurde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_kurdo" title="Nacionalismo kurdo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo kurdo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Kurdi" title="Nasionalisme Kurdi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalismo_curdo" title="Nazionalismo curdo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalismo curdo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdperwer%C3%AE" title="Kurdperwerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kurdperwerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_nacionalizmus" title="Kurd nacionalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kurd nacionalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Kurdi" title="Nasionalisme Kurdi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nasionalisme Kurdi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurd_millatichiligi" title="Kurd millatichiligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kurd millatichiligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_curdo" title="Nacionalismo curdo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nacionalismo curdo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Курдский национализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Курдский национализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="کوردایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوردایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Курдски национализам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Курдски национализам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdisk_nationalism" title="Kurdisk nationalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kurdisk nationalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCrt_milliyet%C3%A7ili%C4%9Fi" title="Kürt milliyetçiliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kürt milliyetçiliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Курдський націоналізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Курдський націоналізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="库尔德民族主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="库尔德民族主义" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/225px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Roj_emblem.svg/300px-Roj_emblem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurds" title="List of Kurds">List of Kurds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><b>Homeland</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Northern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Eastern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Southern Kurdistan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Diaspora</a></b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Belgium" title="Kurds in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Canadians" title="Kurdish Canadians">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Kurds" title="Caucasian Kurds">Caucasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Armenia" title="Kurds in Armenia">Armenia</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Azerbaijan" title="Kurds in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Georgia" title="Kurds in Georgia">Georgia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Denmark" title="Kurds in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Finland" title="Kurds in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece" title="Kurds in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews_in_Israel" title="Kurdish Jews in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Japan" title="Kurds in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Jordan" title="Kurds in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Kazakhstan" title="Kurds in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Lebanon" title="Kurds in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Norway" title="Kurds in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Palestine" title="Kurds in Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Pakistan" title="Kurds in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Russia" title="Kurds in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chechen_Kurds" title="Chechen Kurds">Chechnya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Sweden" title="Kurds in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Sudan" title="Kurds in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkmenistan" title="Kurds in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Ukraine" title="Kurds in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Kurds in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Kurdish_uprisings" title="Timeline of Kurdish uprisings">Timeline of Kurdish uprisings</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ancient</b><br /> </p> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Karduchian dynasties</span></dt> <dd><br /><a href="/wiki/Corduene" class="mw-redirect" title="Corduene">Corduene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zabdicene" title="Zabdicene">Zabdicene</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cyrtians" title="Cyrtians">Cyrtians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Moxoene" title="Moxoene">Moxoene</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Kayus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Kayus">Kayusids</a></li></ul> <p><b>Medieval</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor" title="Shahrizor">Shahrizor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Dasni" title="Mir Jafar Dasni">Mir Jafar Dasni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishanids">Aishanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisam" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisam">Daisam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddadids" title="Shaddadids">Shaddadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwanids_(Diyar_Bakr)" title="Marwanids (Diyar Bakr)">Marwanids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadhabani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhabani">Hadhabani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bitlis" title="Principality of Bitlis">Badlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardalan" title="Ardalan">Ardalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahdinan" title="Bahdinan">Badinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soran_Emirate" title="Soran Emirate">Soran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mokryan">Mokryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baban" title="Baban">Baban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Modern</b><br /> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simko_Shikak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Simko Shikak revolt">Simko Shikak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koçgiri Rebellion">Koçgiri Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ararat_rebellion" title="Ararat rebellion">Ararat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dersim_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dersim Rebellion">Dersim Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Ararat" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Republic of Ararat">Kurdish Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Anfal_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Anfal campaign">Al-Anfal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish Republic of Lachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurdistan" title="Syrian Kurdistan">Syrian Kurdistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newroz_as_celebrated_by_Kurds" title="Newroz as celebrated by Kurds">Celebrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_mythology" title="Kurdish mythology">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_historical_sites" title="List of Kurdish historical sites">Historical sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_literature" title="Kurdish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_music" title="Kurdish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_organisations" title="List of Kurdish organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_philosophers" title="List of Kurdish philosophers">Philosophers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language_(Zaza-Gorani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorani language (Zaza-Gorani)">Gorani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kurdistan" title="Religion in Kurdistan">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_among_Kurds" title="Spread of Islam among Kurds">Spread</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurds" title="Template:Kurds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurds" title="Template talk:Kurds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/260px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/390px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/520px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kurdistan" title="Flag of Kurdistan">Flag of Kurdistan</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_(1992).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/260px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/390px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg/520px-Kurdish-inhabited_area_by_CIA_%281992%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurdish-inhabited_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish-inhabited areas">Kurdish-inhabited areas</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> (1992)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kurdish nationalism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <span lang="ku" dir="rtl">کوردایەتی</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Kurdish" title="Romanization of Kurdish">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Kurdish-language romanization"><i lang="ku-Latn">Kurdayetî</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'Kurdishness or Kurdism') is a <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political movement</a> which asserts that <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a> and espouses the creation of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Early_Kurdish_nationalism" title="Early Kurdish nationalism">Early Kurdish nationalism</a> had its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, within which Kurds were a significant ethnic group. With the <a href="/wiki/Partitioning_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Partitioning of the Ottoman Empire">partitioning of the Ottoman Empire</a>, its Kurdish-majority territories were divided between the newly formed states of Turkey, Iraq, and Syria, making Kurds a significant ethnic minority in each state. Kurdish nationalist movements have long been suppressed by Turkey and in the states of Iran, Iraq, and Syria, all of whom have fear of a potential independent Kurdistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Since the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Kurds">Iraqi Kurds</a> have pursued the goal of greater autonomy and even outright independence against the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi nationalist">Iraqi nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ba%27ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Ba'ath Party</a> regimes, which responded with brutal repression, including the massacre of 182,000 Kurds in the <a href="/wiki/Anfal_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal genocide">Anfal genocide</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a>, where Kurdish armed groups have fought against the state, has been ongoing since 1984. After the <a href="/wiki/1991_uprisings_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 uprisings in Iraq">1991 uprisings in Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> enforced the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_no-fly_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi no-fly zones">Iraqi no-fly zones</a> under resolution 688, which included over much of Iraqi Kurdistan, facilitating autonomy and self-government outside the control of the Iraqi government. After the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> that ousted Saddam Hussein, the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdistan Regional Government</a> was established, enjoying a great measure of self-governance but stopping short of full independence. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Kurdistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Kurdistan.png/170px-Ancient_Kurdistan.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Kurdistan.png/255px-Ancient_Kurdistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ancient_Kurdistan.png/340px-Ancient_Kurdistan.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>Kurdistan in an antique map.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurds" title="History of the Kurds">History of the Kurds</a></div> <p>Devastation from the war, as well as "looting and destruction of crops by Russian, Ottoman, and British [troops]... caused severe famine in the area".In such dire conditions, it was the central focus of all tribal leaders to rebuild their village/tribal infrastructure in order to provide for their own people. Major nationalist or political movements were not foremost in their minds; survival was the necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only chance that a Kurdish state would be formed was the revolt against the newly emerged <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Sheikh Ubeydullah">Sheikh Ubeydullah</a> but this was short lived, because the revolt was never strategic nor unified in a Kurdistan sense.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kurdish nationalist struggle first emerged in the late 19th century when a unified movement demanded the establishment of a Kurdish state. Revolts occurred sporadically, but only decades after the Ottoman centralist policies of the 19th century began did the first modern Kurdish nationalist movement emerge with an uprising led by a Kurdish landowner and head of the powerful Shemdinan family, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Ubeydullah" title="Sheikh Ubeydullah">Sheikh Ubeydullah</a>. " In 1880 Ubeydullah demanded political autonomy or outright independence for Kurds and the recognition of a Kurdistan state without interference from Turkish or Persian authorities."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising against <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Persia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was ultimately suppressed by the Ottomans, and Ubeydullah, along with other notables, was exiled to Istanbul. The Kurdish nationalist movement that emerged following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914-1918) and the 1922 end of the Ottoman Empire largely reacted to the changes taking place in mainstream Turkey, primarily the radical <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> (which the strongly <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> Kurds abhorred), centralization of authority (which threatened the power of local <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftains</a> and Kurdish autonomy), and rampant Turk <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnonationalism</a> in the new Turkish Republic (which obviously threatened to marginalize Kurds).<sup id="cite_ref-natali_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natali-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western powers (particularly the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>) fighting the Turks promised the Kurds that they would act as guarantors for Kurdish freedom,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a promise they subsequently broke. One particular organization, the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Elevation_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan">Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan</a> (Kürdistan Teali Cemiyeti) was central to the forging of a distinct Kurdish identity. It took advantage of period of political liberalization in during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Constitutional_Era" title="Second Constitutional Era">Second Constitutional Era</a> (1908–1920) of Turkey to transform a renewed interest in <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_culture" title="Kurdish culture">Kurdish culture</a> and language into a political nationalist movement based on ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-natali_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natali-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the start of the 20th century <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthropologist" title="Anthropologist">anthropologists</a> encouraged this emphasis on Kurds as a distinct ethnicity, suggesting that the Kurds were a European race (compared to the Asiatic Turks) based on physical characteristics and on the Kurdish language (which forms part of the Indo-European language-group).<sup id="cite_ref-laciner_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laciner-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these researchers had ulterior political motives (to sow dissent in the Ottoman Empire) their findings were embraced and still accepted today by many.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Kurdish_nationalism" title="Early Kurdish nationalism">Early Kurdish nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg/220px-Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg/330px-Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg/440px-Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres_1920.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1270" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Partitioning of Ottoman Turkey according to the aborted Treaty of Sèvres called for a Kurdistan state in southeastern Anatolia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdistan1920.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/220px-Kurdistan1920.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/330px-Kurdistan1920.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Kurdistan1920.png/440px-Kurdistan1920.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Provisions of the Treaty of Sèvres for an independent Kurdistan (in 1920). The Green territory representing a Kurdistan state with Diyarbakir (Amed) the capital of the Kurdish state.</figcaption></figure> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a>, Kurds' primary form of identification was religious with <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> being the top in the hierarchy (millet-i hakimiye).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Ottoman Empire embarked on a modernization and centralization campaign known as the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> (1829–1879), Kurdish regions retained much of their autonomy and tribal chiefs their power. The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> made little attempt to alter the traditional power structure of "segmented, <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian</a> Kurdish societies" – <a href="/wiki/Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">agha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">tribal chief</a>. Because of the Kurds' geographical position at the southern and eastern fringe of the empire and the mountainous <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of their territory, in addition to the limited transportation and communication system, agents of the state had little access to Kurdish provinces and were forced to make informal agreements with tribal chiefs. This bolstered the Kurds' authority and autonomy; for instance, the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> as a result did not have jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">religious law</a> in most Kurd regions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turks" title="Young Turks">Young Turks</a> come to power asserting a radical form of Turkish ethnic identity and closed Ottoman associations and non-Turkish schools. They launched a campaign of political oppression and resettlement against ethnic minorities – Kurds, <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, but in the wartime context they could not afford to antagonize ethnic minorities too much.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of World War I, Kurds still had the legal right to conduct their affairs in Kurdish, celebrate unique traditions, and identify themselves as a distinct ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Treaty of Sèvres">Treaty of Sèvres</a> signed in 1920 "suggested" an independent Kurdish and Armenian state but after the establishment of the Turkish Republic by a Turk ethnonationalist government which balked at the treaty, the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Lausanne Treaty</a> was signed which made no mention of the Kurds. The once politically unified Ottoman Kurdistan was then divided into the different administrative and political systems in Iraq, Turkey and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Paris_Peace_Conference_and_Treaty_of_Sèvres"><span id="The_Paris_Peace_Conference_and_Treaty_of_S.C3.A8vres"></span>The Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Sèvres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Paris Peace Conference and Treaty of Sèvres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Kurdish political party originated in the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish diaspora">Kurdish diaspora</a> rather than from within <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>. The organization known as <a href="/wiki/Xoyb%C3%BBn" title="Xoybûn">Khoybun</a> or in Kurdish <i>Xoybûn</i> (also known as the Kurdish League), or "Independence," was founded by a group of Kurdish intellectuals in Paris in 1918. These intellectuals saw the period following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> as ripe for organizing a movement aimed at securing a Kurdish nation-state out of the ruins of the recently defeated <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-borders_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-borders-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the cataclysm of World War I, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a> offered the opportunity for a new world. The optimism and idealism promoted by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> aimed for a lasting peace reinforced by an international framework and fraternity of states. The principle of self- determination from Point Twelve of Wilson's Fourteen Points instilled false confidence in minority populations of the Ottoman Empire that they would soon be able to choose their own paths as independent nation-states.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British found the Ottoman theater of the war much more difficult than they had imagined. At war's end, the British had a hard time maintaining troop concentrations in the Ottoman Empire. The cost of the war was enormous, and the politicians and population back in Britain sought to hasten troops' return home. The Allies' plans to carve up the Ottoman Empire were equally challenging to execute because the different peoples of the empire were seeking their own futures, rather than leaving outsiders or their old overlords to decide for them.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, more attention was paid to the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> than to the Kurds. This was likely because the Armenians were primarily Christian, and thereby more prone to identify with the West and vice versa. The Kurds were considered complicit in the atrocities committed against the Armenians within the Ottoman Empire during the early stages of the war. Little attention was given to Kurdistan until after the war when the prevailing thought was a realignment of the Ottoman territories along the European model of nation-states in which Ottoman minorities each would govern their own people in their own territories. British Foreign Office documents of the time indicate a certainty of a future Armenian state, but leave out other parties such as the Kurds and the Assyrians. A sketch of the Draft Treaty of Peace between Turkey and the Allied Governments by Middle-Eastern Political Section of British Delegation and a map of the "Proposed Settlement of Turkey in Asia" depict various boundaries for Armenia, but make no mention of Kurdistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>U.S. President Woodrow Wilson went so far as to order a draft of boundaries for an Armenian state. This was the atmosphere going into the end of the war and into the peace conference. The horrors of the war pushed idealism to its extreme in the minds of some negotiators and some heads of states, while the reality on the ground was starkly different from their grand visions of a new world. Other statesmen, particularly Lloyd-George and Clemenceau, had imperial interests in mind rather than the international peace and reconciliation that Wilson professed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the surrender of the Ottoman Empire and the close of World War I, plans for the lands, resources, and people under former Ottoman jurisdiction were negotiated. While the U.K. and France were drawing their lines on the map of the Middle East, the Americans, whom they invited to take up mandates in Armenia and Kurdistan, refused to become involved on the ground. U.S. foreign policy appeared hesitant because policymakers feared the U.S become entangled in a colonial-style scheme that ran counter to U.S. ideals and taxpayer wishes. According to Tejirian, "the internationalism of the 1910s, which followed the first acquisitions of the 'American empire' after the Spanish-American War and led to U.S. entry into World War I, was followed by the isolationism of the 1920s, emphasized most dramatically by U.S. refusal to join the League of Nations." Lack of international sponsorship was a problem that would plague the Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Foreign Office's Political Intelligence Department presented British negotiators with a thorough study of the Ottoman Empire's lands and peoples before they attended negotiations in Paris. This document placed heavy emphasis on Armenia and commitments to the French and Arabs. The situation of Kurdistan was addressed with the statement, "We are thus committed to the partition of Kurdistan into three sections, in the two largest of which certain rights are secured to ourselves, the French, and the Arabs, but none to the Kurds." The study noted the strategic value of Kurdistan thus:</p><blockquote><p>The Power paramount in this country will command the strategic approaches to Mesopotamia and control the water supply of the eastern affluents of the Tigris, on which the irrigation of Mesopotamia largely depends. It is therefore essential that the paramount Power in Kurdistan and Mesopotamia should be the same; in other words, that Great Britain should have an exclusive position in Kurdistan as opposed to any other outside power. At the same time, the arguments against annexation apply even more strongly to Kurdistan than to Mesopotamia. It is desirable that the county (sic) should form an independent confederation of tribes and towns, and that His Majesty's Government should assume functions intermediate between the administrative assistance, amounting to direct responsibility for the conduct of government, which they intend to undertake in Mesopotamia, and the mere control of external relations, to which they propose to limit themselves in the case of the independent rulers of the Arabian Peninsula. In the hills British control should be exerted with the least direct intervention possible. In the lowlands bordering on Mesopotamia, where there are important oil-fields and other natural resources, it may have to approximate to the Mesopotamian pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The Kurdish representative at the Paris Peace Conference was General Muhammad Sharif Pasha. After the <a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> deposed <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdulhamid II</a> and sentenced Sharif Pasha to death, he fled the Ottoman Empire. Sharif Pasha had offered his services to the British at the beginning of the war, but his offer had been refused because the British did not anticipate their being engaged with operations in Kurdistan. He spent the war years in <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo" title="Monte Carlo">Monte Carlo</a> waiting for another opportunity. Despite his disappointment with the British, Sharif Pasha reestablished his contact with the British near the end of the war. In 1918, he began communicating with Sir Percy Cox, the head of British forces in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, to discuss establishing British protection over an autonomous Kurdistan. He argued for similar arrangements in Mesopotamia and elsewhere, describing something akin to the mandate system. He also argued for a British sponsored committee aimed at reconciling relations between the Kurds and the Armenians. Kurdish nationalist organizations nominated Sharif Pasha as their representative at the Paris Peace Conference because of his strategic views and high level contacts within the British government.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Paris, Sharif Pasha carefully laid out Kurdish claims to territory and constructed an argument for Kurdish independence. His claims were based on areas where Kurds constituted the dominant population. He included the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Empire">Persian Empire</a>'s Kurdish territories in addition to Ottoman lands. His inclusion of the Persian Kurdish lands was merely to make a point that the Kurds were a large nation spanning a large area, thereby worthy of a homeland free from the outside interference that had often plagued Kurdistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Delegates representing the Kurds, the Armenians, and the Assyrians presented claims to territory and independence. <a href="/wiki/Boghos_Nubar" title="Boghos Nubar">Bughos Nubar</a>, the chief Armenian delegate, had confided to Sir Louis Mallet of the British Delegation fears that the Allies were "abandoning Armenia to her fate." He worried about French ambition in Armenia, and sought British and US recognition for Armenian independence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sharif Pasha and Bughos Nubar agreed to support each other's bid for independence even if there were disagreements as to the particulars of territory. The two presented overlapping claims and criticized each other's demands, but the scheme worked. The negotiators were convinced that both the Kurds and the Armenians deserved homelands in the new Middle East, and granted provisions for statehood and <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> in the resulting Treaty of Sèvres.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sharif Pasha grew frustrated with the Allies over his sidelining in negotiations and with the Kurdish League over his agreement with the Armenians, and eventually resigned his post. Following his marginalization, Sharif produced a pamphlet outlining the justification for Kurdistan's territories. He began with historical claims to the lands, noting many academic works on the geography of Kurdistan and taking care to distinguish between Kurdish and Armenian lands. His argument against the Armenian claims in Kurdistan is that greater Armenia is not "the ethnical cradle of their race." In an unusual turn in his case, Sharif asserts that the Armenians in Kurdistan came as émigrés, abandoning agriculture in Armenia for urban life in Kurdistan. Sharif further accuses the European powers and Turkey of conspiracy against the Kurds by inventing Armenian history in Kurdish lands. He likely made this last statement out of anger from being sidelined at the conference. Nevertheless, Sharif Pasha made a difference in that his case for a Kurdish homeland was written into the peace treaty. The "Kurdistan" specified in the treaty did not include all of the Kurdish territories, but it contained a large portion of Ottoman Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some groups formerly under Ottoman dominion desired reclamation of lands they perceived as their own. Greek irredentism gained the support of the British, thus enabling them to land Greek forces at <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">Izmir</a>. However, the Greeks became too covetous toward the Turks, and found themselves on the retreat before Turkish retaliation near the plateau of <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. The Turks had found a new nationalist leader. The fall of the Ottoman Empire and its Sultanate was certain.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurds_in_Turkey_(Bakur)"><span id="Kurds_in_Turkey_.28Bakur.29"></span>Kurds in Turkey (Bakur)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kurds in Turkey (Bakur)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Kurdistan" title="Turkish Kurdistan">Turkish Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)</a></div> <p>The Treaty of Sèvres represented to the Turks. This new treaty made no direct mention of the Kurds or Kurdistan, rather Ottoman Kurdistan was divided among Turkey and the two Arab states to the south, Iraq and Syria, which were under British and French mandates respectively. The following sections are a brief glimpse of the Kurds' activities in Turkey and Iraq after the division of territories between the two states.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the enforcement of laws such as Article 57 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkish Constitution of 1982</a> which outlaws "any activity harmful to national unity and territorial integrity of the Turkish Republic", Kurdish civic rights can be constrained within the context of a Constitution guaranteeing equality without acknowledging them as a distinct group.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Equal citizenship rights were enshrined in Turkey's <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Constitution_of_1921" title="Turkish Constitution of 1921">1920 Provisional Constitution</a>. Article 8 asserted that the country was composed of both Turks and Kurds but under the law they would be treated as common citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-Natali_2005_73_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natali_2005_73-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 1923 formation of the Republic of Turkey marked the beginning of continuing period of reduced civic rights for Kurds. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Caliphate</a> was abolished a year later as well as all public expressions and institutions of Kurdish identity. Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>, newspapers, religious fraternal organizations, and associations were shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To give an example of the early republican government's attitude towards the citizenship rights of Kurds, Law No. 1850 was introduced after popular revolts, giving after-the-fact legal sanction to civilians and military personnel who killed Kurds during the revolt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Kurdish regions were placed under martial law and the use of the Kurdish language, dress, folklore, and names prohibited. It was this continued repression that led to reemergence of Kurdish nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunes_2012_15_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunes_2012_15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period the primary goal of the movement was to resolve its grievances with the Turkish government through legitimate channels. These attempts were heavily suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunes_2012_15_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunes_2012_15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_general_election,_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turkish_general_election%2C_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_%28Turkey%29_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg/220px-Turkish_general_election%2C_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_%28Turkey%29_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turkish_general_election%2C_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_%28Turkey%29_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg/330px-Turkish_general_election%2C_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_%28Turkey%29_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Turkish_general_election%2C_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_%28Turkey%29_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg/440px-Turkish_general_election%2C_2015_-_Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_%28Turkey%29_Celebration_-_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Pro-Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">HDP</a> supporters celebrating election results in Istanbul, 8 June 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Civic rights were temporarily improved with the Turkish Constitution of 1961 which allowed freedom of expression, the press, and association for Kurds. The 1964 Political Parties Act criminalized Kurdish political parties and the acknowledgment of the existence of different languages and races in Turkey. The 1972 Law of Association further restricted rights to association and political organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The failure to address the Kurdish grievances throughout the 1960s and 1970s led to alternate avenues of resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunes_2012_15_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunes_2012_15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1984 the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Workers Party">Kurdistan Workers Party</a> (PKK) started a <a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">guerrilla insurgency</a> against the Turkish Republic. The PKKs insurgency continued to be a violent insurgency until the lasting ceasefire in 1999. Throughout this period there was a significant loss of life in addition to many social and political changes.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunes_2012_1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunes_2012_1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Law 2932 was repealed and the Kurdish language was allowed for informal speech and music but not for political or education purposes or in the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year a new Anti-Terror bill was passed which defined terrorism as "any kind of action with the aim of changing characteristics of the Republic" essentially criminalizing Kurdish political <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">activism</a> and many basic forms of expression.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 laws were further liberalized allowing Kurdish-language broadcasts and other restrictions, including the giving of Kurdish names to infants have been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurds_in_Iraq_(Bashur)"><span id="Kurds_in_Iraq_.28Bashur.29"></span>Kurds in Iraq (Bashur)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kurds in Iraq (Bashur)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png/300px-KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png/450px-KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png/600px-KDP_and_PUK_controlled_areas_of_Kurdistan.png 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>KDP and PUK controlled areas of Kurdistan after the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate_after_World_War_I">British Mandate after World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British Mandate after World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After World War I Iraq came under a British mandate. Many Kurds did try to establish an independent Kurdish state but they failed, declaring the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a>. To avoid unrest, the British granted the northern Kurdish region considerable autonomy and recognized their nationalist claims. They even tried to institutionalize Kurdish ethnic identity in the 1921 Provisional Iraqi Constitution which stated that Iraq was composed of two ethnic groups with equal rights, Arabs and Kurds, and enshrined the equal legal status of the Kurdish language with <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. The mandate government divided the country into two separate regions, one Arab, one Kurdish in administrative policy and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Natali_2005_28_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natali_2005_28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two policies emerged regarding Kurds in Iraq: one for non-tribal urban dwellers and one for rural tribal population meant to discourage urban migration. The government institutionalized advantages for rural Kurds – tribes had special <a href="/wiki/Legal_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal jurisdiction">legal jurisdiction</a>, tax benefits, and informally guaranteed seats in parliament. In addition, they were exempt from two of the strongest facets of the modern state; they had their own schools and were outside the jurisdiction of national courts. This privileged position lasted into the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-Natali_2005_28_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natali_2005_28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdish rights were further entrenched in 1932 by the Local Languages Law, a condition of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> (undoubtedly under British influence) being that to join, Iraq had to enact constitutional protection for the Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=9_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Political rights were fairly open in the interwar years as continued British internal interference and a series of weak government prevented any one movement from dominating national politics prevented the creation of a formal exclusionary citizenship. However, later the central governments <a href="/wiki/Nation-building" title="Nation-building">nation-building</a> strategy centered around a secular conception of national identity based upon a sentiment of Iraqi unity (al-wadha al-iraqiyya) with the government dominated by Sunni <a href="/wiki/Arabist" title="Arabist">Arabists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Natali_2005_28_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natali_2005_28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this new framework, as non-Arabs, the Kurds would experience unwelcome changes in status.<sup id="cite_ref-Natali_2005_28_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Natali_2005_28-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s demonstrated a pattern. The new Arabist leader would assert his belief in the Kurds as distinct and equal ethnic group in Iraq with political rights. For instance, the Constitution of 1960 claims "Kurds and Arabs are partners within this nation. The Constitution guarantees their rights within the framework of the Iraqi republic". Once successful at consolidating their power they would repress Kurdish political rights, militarize Kurdish regions, ban nationalist political parties, destroy Kurdish villages, and forcibly impose resettlement (especially in petroleum-rich areas).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, from late 1961 onwards there was near constant strife in Iraqi Kurdistan.<sup id="cite_ref-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=9_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=9-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major development was made when the Iraqi government and Kurdish leaders signed the 1970 Peace Agreement. It promised Kurdish self-rule, recognition of the bi-national character of Iraq, political representation in the central government, extensive official language rights, the freedom of association and organization, and several other concessions aimed at restoring full civic rights to the Kurdish population.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to come into effect within four years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Gulf_War">After the Gulf War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the Gulf War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pre-referendum,_pro-Kurdistan,_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil,_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg/220px-Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg/330px-Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg/440px-Pre-referendum%2C_pro-Kurdistan%2C_pro-independence_rally_in_Erbil%2C_Kurdistan_Region_of_Iraq_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Pro-independence rally in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, Iraqi Kurdistan, 22 September 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> an autonomous "safe haven" was established in Northern Iraq under UN with <a href="/wiki/U.S._Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> and British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> air protection. Under the democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>, citizens experienced <a href="/wiki/Civic_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic rights">civic rights</a> never previously enjoyed. <a href="/wiki/Students%27_union" title="Students' union">Student unions</a>, <a href="/wiki/NGO" class="mw-redirect" title="NGO">NGOs</a>, and women's organizations emerged as forces in a new <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civic society</a> and institutionalized tolerance for the region's own ethnic, religious, and language minorities, e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraqi Turkmen</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a> and the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, the Kurdish population has found itself drawn back into Iraq with promises of autonomy and citizenship based on a federal, ethnically inclusive model with strong <a href="/wiki/Minority_rights" title="Minority rights">minority rights</a> and guarantees against discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coming after the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2005 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">2005 Kurdistan Region independence referendum</a> voted 98.98% in favor of independence, the new <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Constitution">Iraqi Constitution</a> adopted in 2005 grants governmental autonomy to the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a>, establishes Kurdish as an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> alongside Arabic, acknowledges the national rights of the Kurdish people, and promises equality of citizens regardless of race or religion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Kurdish military forced helped defeat <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)">Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)</a> and gained territory, including Kirkuk and surrounding oil fields.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/2017_Kurdistan_Region_independence_referendum" title="2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum">2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum</a> took place on September 25, with 92.73% voting in favor of independence. This triggered a <a href="/wiki/2017_Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">military operation</a> in which the Iraqi government retook control of Kirkuk and surrounding areas, and forced the KRG to annul the referendum.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kurds represent a minority people of Iraq, with a language, culture and identity distinct and separate from the Arab majority. For much of the past century those traditions have been marginalised and the interests of the Kurds sidelined.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam</a> years there was a deliberate process of persecution and "<a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Arabization_campaigns_in_North_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq">Arabisation</a>" of Kurdish areas, culminating in the late 1980s with the <a href="/wiki/Anfal_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Anfal genocide">Anfal campaign</a> that destroyed thousands of villages and killed huge numbers of civilians. The <a href="/wiki/Halabja_chemical_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Halabja chemical attack">chemical weapons attack on Halabja</a> in March 1988 killed as many as 5,000 in a day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In recent years the threat posed by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> and the important role played by Kurdish <a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a> soldiers in ground operations assisting the coalition against the Islamist extremists. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1974 the weaker Law of Autonomy in the Area of Kurdistan was actually implemented with much weaker citizenship protections and conflict soon resumed. The 1980s, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, were a particularly low point for Kurdish rights within Iraq. Approximately 500,000 Kurdish civilians were sent to detention camps in southern and eastern Iraq and the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_armed_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi armed forces">Iraqi armed forces</a> razed villages and hamlets in and near the battle area. It is also during this time that the Iraqi military used <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapons">chemical weapons</a> on Kurdish towns.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurds_in_Syria_(Rojava)"><span id="Kurds_in_Syria_.28Rojava.29"></span>Kurds in Syria (Rojava)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Kurds in Syria (Rojava)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a></div> <p>Many Kurds consider the Kurdish-majority regions of northern and northeastern Syria to be <a href="/wiki/Western_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Kurdistan">Western Kurdistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>: <i>Rojavaye Kurdistane</i>) and seek political autonomy within Syria (akin to <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>) or outright independence as part of an independent <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png/225px-Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png/338px-Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png/450px-Q.N_Hassaka_Supporters_of_Kurdish_National_Council_demonstrating_in_Qamishli_11_13_2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Supporters of the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> demonstrate against the education policy of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qamishli" title="Qamishli">Qamishli</a>, November 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>After the failed <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Said_rebellion" title="Sheikh Said rebellion">Sheikh Said rebellion</a>, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Northern Kurds</a> fled their homes to live among the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Kurds" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Kurds">Syrian Kurds</a> of Western Kurdistan in the <a href="/wiki/French_Mandate_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French Mandate of Syria">French Mandate of Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the Mandate, Kurds and other minorities enjoyed privileges denied to the Sunni Arab majority. The French authorities facilitated minority independence movements, as well as recruited and trained minorities for its local militias, as part of a <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_1992_122_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_1992_122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The repression of Kurdish civic rights began with the independence of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arab_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arab Republic">Syrian Arab Republic</a> in 1946. It escalated with the short-lived unification of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> as the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a> in 1958, partly in response to more vocal Kurdish demands for democracy, recognition as an ethnic group, and complaints that the state police and military academies were closed to Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_1992_122_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall_1992_122-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 120,000 Kurds (40% of the Syrian Kurd population) were stripped of their citizenship in the 1962 Census when the government claimed they were, in fact, Turks and Iraqis illegally residing in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=13_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=13-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stripped of their nationality, these now <a href="/wiki/Statelessness" title="Statelessness">stateless</a> Kurds still found themselves subject to its obligations through <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">military</a>. The Kurdish language and cultural expressions were banned. In 1962, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian government">Syrian government</a> announced its <a href="/wiki/Arab_Belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Belt">Arab Belt</a> plan (later renamed "plan for establishment of model state farms"), intended to forcibly expel the Kurdish population from a 350 km long, 10 to 15 km deep strip of land along Syria's northeast border and replaced them with Arab settlers, and which was partially implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=13_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harv|Short|McDermott|1981|p=13-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no change in policy under the new <a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ba'athist">Ba'athist</a> regime post-1963. It refused to implement its program of land reforms that was benefiting Arab peasants in areas Kurds would predominantly benefit until 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1970s on there was a relaxation of official treatment of Kurds, but the late 1980s saw renewed widespread denial of Syrian citizenship status to Syrian Kurds, especially in refusing national <a href="/wiki/Identity_document" title="Identity document">identity documents</a> such as passports.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, Syrian government forces have abandoned many Kurdish-populated areas, leaving the Kurds to fill the power vacuum and govern these areas autonomously.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria</a> (AANES) was originally based in predominantly Kurdish areas, it has come to encompass much of <i>Arabistan</i> to the south. The AANES disavows nationalism, seeking the <a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalisation of Syria">federalisation of Syria</a> instead. The most influential Kurdish nationalist group in Syria is the <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a>, which is affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> in Iraqi Kurdistan.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurds_in_Iran_(Rojhalat)"><span id="Kurds_in_Iran_.28Rojhalat.29"></span>Kurds in Iran (Rojhalat)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kurds in Iran (Rojhalat)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></div> <p>The similarity between Kurdish and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">culture</a> compared to the Turks and Arabs, the more equal population balance between the ethnic majority Persians and ethnic minorities like the Kurds has resulted in a somewhat different citizenship experience for Iranian Kurds, as such most seek autonomy rather than independence.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Qajar_Empire">Under the Qajar Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Under the Qajar Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iranian group identification and social order was based on religious identification with <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, the dominant sect. While the majority of Kurds are Sunni, in Iran they were roughly evenly split between Sunnis, Shias, and Shia splinter groups like the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufis</a>. Because of this preoccupation with religion over ethnicity, in practice Kurds were treated as part of the majority and enjoyed extensive citizenship rights. Unlike the Ottoman Empire, this social order was maintained while the imperial system declined and modern Iranian identity was forged by a reform movement in the late 19th century to the benefit of Kurds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under this regime, Sunni and Shia Kurds held a privileged position as Muslims. Unlike the other minorities, <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Armenians, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> and others, they had the right to work in <a href="/wiki/Food_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Food production">food production</a> and buy <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a>. They also benefited from the tuyal <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a> system which favoured Muslims. This advantage allowed Kurds to establish strong control over food production and land.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notable absence of ethnic restrictions on holding government office allowed Kurdish tribal leaders and notables to purchase office and establish a strong Kurdish presence in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian politics">Iranian politics</a> without having to culturally assimilate or deny ethnicity. This political presence was bolstered because the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar Empire">Qajars</a> appointed many tribal chiefs to government positions in exchange for internal security assurances.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this system many Kurds reached prominent military, political, and diplomatic positions.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exceptional in Iran during the 19th century and early 20th was that the nationalist reform movement did not develop a radical, exclusionary, ethnic-based conception of nationality but developed an Iranian identity that did not define itself as ethnically <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Constitutional monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a></div> <p>The existing beneficial social framework changed with the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> in 1925. Similar to other states, he tried to nation-build by creating an exclusionary nationality based on a secular, ethnically Persian Iranian identity and repress the cultural expressions and equal status of ethnic minorities. These minorities, including the Kurds were coerced into accepting Persian culture and many were arrested for speaking the Kurdish language.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Kurds were afforded a special position in the official state ethnic-based nationalism because of their cultural similarity to the Persians and their non-Arab ethnicity. Also, the distribution of seats in the <a href="/wiki/Majlis" title="Majlis">Majlis</a> (parliament) was based on religion, not ethnicity, the Kurds were able to exercise greater political power than non-Muslim minorities like the Armenians and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state's system of military conscription and centralized education served to integrate urban Kurdish populations but the majority remained rural.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> withdrawal from Kurdish regions (where they had encouraged autonomous Kurdish government as the <a href="/wiki/Mahabad_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabad Republic">Mahabad Republic</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a> banned some Kurdish political parties, expressions of cultural identity ended the open political party system and ruled by firman.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958 there was a marked liberalization which allowed the activities of Kurdish cultural organizations and student associations but still limited political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other countries the Kurds were free to publish cultural and historical information in their own language.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with massive investment and military aid from the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western world</a>, in the 1950s and 1960s Iran became a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a> which clamped down on many civil rights.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Revolutionary_Iran">Post-Revolutionary Iran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-Revolutionary Iran"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, some Kurdish groups (chiefly the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan</a>) allied with Iranian leftist and communist groups against <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a>'s government. The <a href="/wiki/1979_Kurdish_rebellion_in_Iran" title="1979 Kurdish rebellion in Iran">Kurdish rebellion for autonomy in 1979</a> was forcibly suppressed by Tehran, with thousands of Kurdish rebels and civilians killed as a result.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The new <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a> government developed a new exclusionary conception of nationalism based on very conservative Shia Islam. Once Khomeini consolidated power he expelled Sunni Kurds from government office, placed restrictions on freedom of expression, and militarized Kurdish regions as part of the war with Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still compared to other countries Kurds were still allowed limited publications, to celebrate holidays, wear traditional dress, and use Kurdish (except as a language of instruction). Significant improvements were made in 1997 whereby the government allowed a profusion of Kurdish language in media, although some of these publications were later restricted.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PJAK_insurrection">PJAK insurrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: PJAK insurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict</a></div> <p>The Iranian government has been facing a low-level guerrilla warfare against the ethnic secessionist Kurdish guerrilla group <a href="/wiki/Party_for_a_Free_Life_in_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan">Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan</a> (PJAK) since 2004. PJAK is closely affiliated with the Kurdish militant group <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK) operating against <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_and_nationalism">Women and nationalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Women and nationalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kurdish women have been at the forefront of resistance, participating in armed struggles, grassroots organizing, and civil society initiatives. Their contributions have been instrumental in building a cohesive and inclusive nationalist movement that acknowledges the intersectionality of struggles and recognizes the need for an equitable society. Women have actively engaged in the nationalist struggle, demanding not only Kurdish rights but also challenging the patriarchal structures within their own communities. Kurdish women have consistently advocated for gender equality, emphasizing the need to address both national and gender-based oppressions simultaneously. Their activism has reshaped the understanding of nationalism, intertwining it with feminist perspectives and emphasizing the importance of inclusivity and empowerment for all.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been documented by Western travellers and historians that Kurdish women historically have experienced greater freedoms than other women in the Middle East. Kurdish women would ride on horseback, wield swords, wear colorful clothes, have their hair uncovered, and dance hand in hand with men.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurdish society was mostly patriarchal before the late 20th century, however many cases of women rising to prominence, and power which has been attributed to their relative freedom and respectability in society.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some examples of women in positions of power include Asenath Barzani, Khanzade Sultan, Black Lady Fatima, Perikhan Khatun, and Adela Khanim amongst others.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asenath_Barzani" title="Asenath Barzani">Asenath Barzani</a> was the first female rabbi in pre-modern Jewish history who became the first female head of Yeshiva.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khanzade Sultan commanded an army of forty to fifty thousand in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kara_Fatima_Khanum" title="Kara Fatima Khanum">Black Lady Fatima</a>, as the chief of her tribe, commanded her four thousand horsemen into war on her Arabian thoroughbred in the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perikhan Khatun was the renowned chieftain of the Raman tribe, whose son Émin, who was also a chieftain, was known by his mother’s name as Émin ê Perikhan (Émin of Perikhan), rather than his father’s name.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lady_Adela" title="Lady Adela">Adela Khanum</a> was the ruler of Halabja, and the chieftain of the Jaff tribe, one of the most powerful Kurdish tribes at the beginning of the 20th century. Even <a href="/wiki/Osman_Pasha_Jaff" title="Osman Pasha Jaff">Osman Pasha Jaff</a> was referred to as Adela Khanim’s husband. She has many contributions to Halabja, but also to foreign diplomacy that she is remembered by. Not only did she revitalize Halabja economically and established law and order, but she is also known as the “Princess of the Brave” by the British for accepting British captives as refugees within her house. Adela Khanim was unchallenged until her death.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some districts of Kurdistan, it was fairly common for women to rule, to the point where it was explicitly referred to in the records of Ottoman customary law.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>The historical openness to female leaders in Kurdish societies has been attributed as a catalyser for the contemporary standing of Kurdish women as equals in society and their feminist revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Throughout the 20th century, Kurdish women actively participated in nationalist movements, advocating for the rights and recognition of the Kurdish people. They played vital roles in various aspects against state oppression, including military and guerrilla movements, cultural preservation, social mobilization and political activism. </p><p>During the 20th century, Kurdish women actively participated in cultural and social organizations that aimed to promote Kurdish identity and nationalism. Examples are the "Society for the Advancement of Kurdish Women, that was formed in 1919 in Istanbul, and was the first organization formed by Kurdish women.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a>, a short-lived Kurdish state established in Iran in 1946, where women were encouraged to participate in public life. The Republic promoted women's active involvement in political activities and education, fostering greater gender equality within the Kurdish nationalist movement.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Present day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg/220px-Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg/330px-Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg/440px-Woman_life_freedom_Richmondhill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>"Jin Jiyan Azadi" protest sign</figcaption></figure> <p>In today's Kurdish nationalism, women have powerful positions in both politics and the military. They oppose gender stereotypes and promote gender equality. Women have key roles and make up a sizeable share of the PKK and Kurdish political organizations' ranks thanks to their adoption of inclusive policies. Kurdish women actively participate in politics, serve in the armed forces, and fight for progressive laws in places like Rojava (Syria). Their participation represents a fundamental shift in public attitudes as well as a persistent battle for women's rights within the Kurdish nationalism movement.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Amnesty International's yearly human rights report, the enduring problem of pervasive discrimination faced by Iranian ethnic minorities, including Kurds, limits their opportunities for education, employment, and adequate housing. For this reason Kurdish identity and women's rights have become central to the resisting movement, with Kurdish women in Iran bravely challenging oppressive conditions, state violence, and the hijab regulations. They demand freedom from repression, patriarchy, and the right to determine their own choices. The protests feature chants such as "Women, life and freedom" ("Jin Jiyan Azadi"), echoing the Kurdish Freedom Movement's call for women's liberation.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries">Notable Kurdish dynasties and countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable Kurdish dynasties and countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the realm of Kurdish nationalism, the term "Kurdistan" refers back to the 11th-century Seljuk chronicles.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanning various eras, a multitude of influential <a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, chiefdoms, and regions associated with the Kurdish state</a> emerged, shaping the narrative of Kurdish nationalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid dynasty</a> (1171–1341)<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th-21st_century">20th-21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th-21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_state_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Kurdish state (1918–1919)">Kurdish State</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a> (1921–1924 and 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a> "Red Kurdistan" (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a> (1927–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a> (1946–1947)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurds_in_the_diaspora">Kurds in the diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Kurds in the diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An academic source published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> has stated: "Kurdish nationalists in the diaspora, as long-distance nationalist actors, have played a crucial role in the development of Kurdish nationalism both inside and outside the region. They strongly hold on to a Kurdish identity and promote the territoriality of this unified nation. In line with the contemporary international normative framework, they use the rhetoric of suffering, the incidents of human rights abuses and their right to statehood to influence the way host states, other states, international organizations, scholars, journalists and the international media perceive their case and the actions of their home states. They promote the idea that Kurdistan is one country artificially divided among regional states and that this dividedness is the source of Kurdish suffering."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kurdish_population">Kurdish population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Kurdish population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_population" title="Kurdish population">Kurdish population</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Turkey" title="Kurds in Turkey">Kurds in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iraq" title="Kurds in Iraq">Kurds in Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds in Syria</a></div> <p>Accurate population figures for the Kurds are hard to establish for several reasons: several countries in the region do not break out Kurdish population in their censuses; competing political agendas seek to either maximize or minimize the size of the Kurdish population; different counting methods may include or exclude groups such as <a href="/wiki/Zazas" title="Zazas">Zazas</a>; both Iraq and Syria have suffered war and civil disturbance in recent years; and high population growth among Kurdish communities means that figures become outdated quickly.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The figures below are the best recent estimates available from apparently independent sources. </p> <ul><li>Turkey: Research in 2010 indicated a population of 13.26 million Kurds living in Turkey, 18.3% of the overall population of 72.553 million.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iran: Approximately 6.7–8.2 million Kurds live in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AtlasA-Z_Iran_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AtlasA-Z_Iran-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CIAonline_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAonline-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Iraq: 5.6–8.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Syria: 1.6 million-2.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Kurdistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Kurdistan" title="Portal:Kurdistan">Kurdistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Kurdish people">History of the Kurdish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Islamism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish Islamism">Kurdish Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_of_Kurdish_people_in_Turkey" title="Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey">Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biji_Kurdistan" title="Biji Kurdistan">Biji Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Modern_History_of_the_Kurds" title="A Modern History of the Kurds">A Modern History of the Kurds</a> by David McDowall</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Armenians were able to gain their own state</i>. 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Bjork, vol. 1-4, Oxford – New York 2010, Oxford University Press"</a>. <i>Vox Patrum</i>. <b>56</b>: <span class="nowrap">673–</span>675. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31743%2Fvp.4256">10.31743/vp.4256</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2719-3586">2719-3586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox+Patrum&rft.atitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages%2C+ed.+by+Robert+E.+Bjork%2C+vol.+1-4%2C+Oxford+%E2%80%93+New+York+2010%2C+Oxford+University+Press.&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E673-%3C%2Fspan%3E675&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31743%2Fvp.4256&rft.issn=2719-3586&rft.aulast=Gro%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.31743%2Fvp.4256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_6165">"AYYUBIDS"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_6165">10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_6165</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AYYUBIDS&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2330-4804_eiro_com_6165&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F2330-4804_eiro_com_6165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaya2020" class="citation book cs1">Kaya, Zeynep N. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRzhDwAAQBAJ"><i>Mapping Kurdistan: Territory, Self-Determination and Nationalism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-47469-6"><bdi>978-1-108-47469-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mapping+Kurdistan%3A+Territory%2C+Self-Determination+and+Nationalism&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-108-47469-6&rft.aulast=Kaya&rft.aufirst=Zeynep+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRzhDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122110447/http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf"><i>Kürt Meselesini Yeniden Düşenmek</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Turkish), Konda, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.konda.com.tr/tr/raporlar/2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%BCrt+Meselesini+Yeniden+D%C3%BC%C5%9Fenmek&rft.pub=Konda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.konda.com.tr%2Ftr%2Fraporlar%2F2010_12_KONDA_Kurt_Meselesini_Yeniden_Dusunmek.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statoids.com/uir.html">"Iran Provinces"</a>. <i>statoids.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statoids.com&rft.atitle=Iran+Provinces&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statoids.com%2Fuir.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtlasA-Z_Iran-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AtlasA-Z_Iran_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoareParrish2010" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Ben; Parrish, Margaret, eds. (1 March 2010). "Country Factfiles — Iran". <i>Atlas A–Z</i> (Fourth ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a> Publishing. p. 238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-5862-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-5862-5"><bdi>978-0-7566-5862-5</bdi></a>. <q>Population: 74.2 million; Religions: Shi'a Muslim 93%, Sunni Muslim 6%, other 1%; Ethnic Mix: Persian 50%, Azari 24%, other 10%, Kurd 8%, Lur and Bakhtiari 8%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Country+Factfiles+%E2%80%94+Iran&rft.btitle=Atlas+A%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=London&rft.pages=238&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Publishing&rft.date=2010-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-5862-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAonline-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAonline_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510200259/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/"><i>World Factbook</i></a> (Online ed.). Langley, Virginia: US <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-8133">1553-8133</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/">the original</a> on 10 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Langley%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=US+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1553-8133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span> A rough estimate in this edition has populations of 14.3 million in Turkey, 8.2 million in Iran, about 5.6 to 7.4 million in Iraq, and less than 2 million in Syria, which adds up to approximately 28–30 million Kurds in Kurdistan or adjacient regions. CIA estimates are as of August 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> – Turkey: Kurdish 18%, of 81.6 million; Iran: Kurd 10%, of 81.82 million; Iraq: Kurdish 15%-20%, of 37.01 million, Syria: Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%, of 17.01 million.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010020140">"World Factbook"</a>. <i>The SHAFR Guide Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim010020140">10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010020140</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+SHAFR+Guide+Online&rft.atitle=World+Factbook&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim010020140&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim010020140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483345727.n893">"Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook Country Comparisons"</a>, <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of World Poverty</i>, 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781483345727.n893">10.4135/9781483345727.n893</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4570-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4833-4570-3"><bdi>978-1-4833-4570-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2023</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency+World+Factbook+Country+Comparisons&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+World+Poverty&rft.place=2455+Teller+Road%2C+Thousand+Oaks+California+91320&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications%2C+Inc&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781483345727.n893&rft.isbn=978-1-4833-4570-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4135%2F9781483345727.n893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Arin, Kubilay Yado, Turkey and the Kurds – From War to Reconciliation? UC Berkeley Center for Right Wing Studies Working Paper Series, March 26, 2015.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/11674094/Turkey_and_the_Kurds_From_War_to_Reconciliation">https://www.academia.edu/11674094/Turkey_and_the_Kurds_From_War_to_Reconciliation</a></li> <li>Behrendt, Günter Max (1993). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707003719/http://max-behrendt.de/texte/dissertation/titel-und-inhalt.html">Nationalismus in Kurdistan</a></i>. Hamburg, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89173-029-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-89173-029-2">3-89173-029-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGürbey1996" class="citation book cs1">Gürbey, Gülistan (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00olso/page/9">"The development of the Kurdish Nationalism Movement in Turkey"</a></span>. In Robert W. Olson (ed.). <i>The Kurdish Nationalist Movement in the 1990s: Its Impact on Turkey and the Middle East</i>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kurdishnationali00olso/page/9">9–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-0896-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-0896-9"><bdi>0-8131-0896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+Kurdish+Nationalism+Movement+in+Turkey&rft.btitle=The+Kurdish+Nationalist+Movement+in+the+1990s%3A+Its+Impact+on+Turkey+and+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=9-37&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8131-0896-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCrbey&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BClistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkurdishnationali00olso%2Fpage%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall1992" class="citation book cs1">McDowall, David (1992). <i>The Kurds: A Nation Denied</i>. London: Minority Rights Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds%3A+A+Nation+Denied&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McDowall&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatali2005" class="citation book cs1">Natali, Denise (2005). <i>The Kurds and the State: Evolving National Identity in Iraq, Turkey, And Iran</i>. NY: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-3084-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-3084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds+and+the+State%3A+Evolving+National+Identity+in+Iraq%2C+Turkey%2C+And+Iran&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-3084-5&rft.aulast=Natali&rft.aufirst=Denise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShortMcDermott1981" class="citation book cs1">Short, M.; McDermott, A. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6W26AAAAIAAJ"><i>The Kurds</i></a>. Minority Rights Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kurds&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=McDermott%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6W26AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKurdish+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurdish_nationalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cfr.org/timeline/kurds-quest-independence">The Kurds' Quest for Independence - a timeline by the Council on Foreign Relations</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Template talk:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict#Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Movements_of_regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Europe349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Europe" title="List of active separatist movements in Europe">Movements</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless</a> <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Albania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_secession_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Proposed secession of Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_identity" title="Istrian identity">Istrian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">Turkish Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Greek Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Ålandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">North Catalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_independence_movement" title="South Tyrolean independence movement">South Tyrolean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Macedonia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moldova</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasz%C3%ABbsk%C3%B4_Jednota" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaszëbskô Jednota">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">Free City of Danzig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania%E2%80%93Banat_League" title="Transylvania–Banat League">Transylvania–Banat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serbia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonese_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonese nationalism">Leonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcian_nationalism" title="Murcian nationalism">Murcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sweden</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Party" title="Scania Party">Scania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-level_NUTS_of_the_European_Union" title="First-level NUTS of the European Union">First-level NUTS of the European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Asia293" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Template:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Template talk:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless_nationalism_in_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stateless nationalism in Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regionalism,_separatism_and_stateless_nationalism_in_Asia293" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">Regionalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">stateless nationalism</a> in Asia</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_separatist_movements_in_Asia" title="List of active separatist movements in Asia">List of active separatist movements in Asia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Turkestan_Movement" title="Southern Turkestan Movement">South Turkestani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Republic_of_Lachin" title="Kurdish Republic of Lachin">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh-Mughan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic">Talysh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bashu</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_independence" title="Hong Kong independence">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_independence" title="Macau independence">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Southern Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_National_Party" title="Shanghai National Party">Shanghainese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cyprus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Cypriot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjaria">Adjarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Javakhk_Democratic_Alliance" title="United Javakhk Democratic Alliance">Javakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Manipur" title="Insurgency in Manipur">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">West Papuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Azerbaijan_National_Awakening_Movement" title="Southern Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement">South Azerbaijani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmeneli" title="Turkmeneli">Turkmeneli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh%E2%80%93Russian_ethnic_conflicts" title="Kazakh–Russian ethnic conflicts">North Kazakhstan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malaysia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Sovereignty_Movement" title="Sarawak Sovereignty Movement">Sarawak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zogam" title="Zogam">Chin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokang" title="Kokang">Kokang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_National_Liberation_Army" title="Mon National Liberation Army">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27ang_National_Liberation_Army" title="Ta'ang National Liberation Army">Palaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Conflict in Rakhine State (2016–present)">Rakhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_people#Shan_nationalism" title="Shan people">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa_State" title="Wa State">Wa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiriyat" title="Kashmiriyat">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philippines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_People%27s_Republic" title="Crimean People's Republic">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_nationalism" title="Manchurian nationalism">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatifi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Patani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Eastern Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Western Armenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vietnam</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degar_Central_Highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Degar Central Highlands">Montagnard</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%90%C3%AAga" class="extiw" title="vi:Nhà nước Đêga">vi</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Movement" title="Southern Movement">South Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kurdish_organisations400" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kurdish_organisations" title="Template talk:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish_organisations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kurdish organisations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kurdish_organisations400" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_organisations" title="List of Kurdish organisations">Kurdish organisations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yezidi_National_Union_ULE" title="Yezidi National Union ULE">Yezidi National Union (ULE)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komala_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Komala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komalah_(CPI)" title="Komalah (CPI)">Komalah (CPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran</a> (KDP-I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_(Iran)" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party (Iran)">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Party" title="Kurdistan Freedom Party">Kurdistan Freedom Party</a> (PAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Free_Life_Party" title="Kurdistan Free Life Party">Kurdistan Free Life Party</a> (PJAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Iranian_Kurdistan_Struggle" title="Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle">Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipay_Rizgari" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipay Rizgari">Sipay Rizgari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Call_and_Reform_Organization" title="Iranian Call and Reform Organization">Iranian Call and Reform Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_United_Front" title="Kurdish United Front">Kurdish United Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peshmerga" title="Peshmerga">Peshmerga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Protection_Force" title="Êzîdxan Protection Force">Êzîdxan Protection Force</a> (HPŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Resistance_Units" title="Sinjar Resistance Units">Sinjar Resistance Units</a> (YBŞ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan_Women%27s_Units" title="Êzîdxan Women's Units">Êzîdxan Women's Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asay%C3%AE%C5%9Fa_%C3%8Az%C3%AEdxan%C3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Asayîşa Êzîdxanê">Asayîşa Êzîdxanê</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badr_Organization#Structure" title="Badr Organization">Fayli Kurd Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Party_for_the_Independence_of_Kurdistan" title="Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan">Action Party for the Independence of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_National_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic National Union of Kurdistan">Democratic National Union of Kurdistan</a> (YNDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Patriotic_Alliance_of_Kurdistan" title="Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan">Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan</a> (DPAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_Change" class="mw-redirect" title="Movement for Change">Gorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Fayli_Grouping_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq">Islamic Fayli Grouping in Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Islamic Group">Kurdistan Islamic Group</a> (IGK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (IMK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Tribal_Association" title="Kurdish Tribal Association">Kurdish Tribal Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq">Communist Party of Kurdistan – Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Conservative_Party" title="Kurdistan Conservative Party">Kurdistan Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party">Kurdistan Democratic Party</a> (KDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_%E2%80%93_Progressive_Front" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front">Kurdistan Democratic Party – Progressive Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Solution_Party" title="Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party">Kurdistan Democratic Solution Party</a> (PÇDK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Union" title="Kurdistan Islamic Union">Kurdistan Islamic Union</a> (KIU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Generation_Movement" title="New Generation Movement">New Generation Movement</a> (NG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_List" title="Kurdistan List">Kurdistan List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Revolutionary_Party" title="Kurdistan Revolutionary Party">Kurdistan Revolutionary Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Socialist_Democratic_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party">Kurdistan Socialist Democratic Party</a> (KSDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Toilers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Toilers' Party">Kurdistan Toilers' Party</a> (KZP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Union_of_Kurdistan" title="Patriotic Union of Kurdistan">Patriotic Union of Kurdistan</a> (PUK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_and_Reform_List" title="Service and Reform List">Service and Reform List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shursh" title="Shursh">Shursh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Political_parties17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Party_(Lebanon)" title="Kurdish Democratic Party (Lebanon)">Kurdish Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezgari_Party" title="Rezgari Party">Rezgari Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Saladin_Brigade" title="Descendants of Saladin Brigade">Descendants of Saladin Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Protection_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Protection Units">People's Protection Units</a> (YPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Protection_Units" title="Women's Protection Units">Women's Protection Units</a> (YPJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabhat_al-Akrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabhat al-Akrad">Kurdish Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Political parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Council" title="Kurdish National Council">Kurdish National Council</a> (KNC-ENKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Supreme_Committee" title="Kurdish Supreme Committee">Kurdish Supreme Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_National_Alliance_in_Syria" title="Kurdish National Alliance in Syria">Kurdish National Alliance in Syria</a> (HNKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party_of_Syria" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria">Kurdistan Democratic Party of Syria</a> (KDP-S)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Political_Union" title="Kurdish Democratic Political Union">Kurdish Democratic Political Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Democratic_Unity_Party" title="Kurdish Democratic Unity Party">Kurdish Democratic Unity Party</a> (PYDKS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_a_Democratic_Society" title="Movement for a Democratic Society">Movement for a Democratic Society</a> (TEV-DEM)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">Kurdistan Workers' Party</a> (PKK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Hezbollah" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Hezbollah">Kurdish Hizbollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Defence_Forces" title="People's Defence Forces">People's Defence Forces</a> (HPG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Women%27s_Units" title="Free Women's Units">Free Women's Units</a> (YJA-STAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Freedom_Hawks" title="Kurdistan Freedom Hawks">Kurdistan Freedom Hawks</a> (TAK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YDG-H" title="YDG-H">Patriotic Revolutionary Youth Movement</a> (YDG-H)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units" title="Civil Protection Units">Civil Protection Units</a> (YPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Protection_Units-Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Protection Units-Women">Civil Protection Units-Women</a> (YPS-Jin)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:11em"><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Political_Movement_in_Turkey" title="Kurdish Political Movement in Turkey">Political parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kurdistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Kurdistan">Communist Party of Kurdistan</a> (KKP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democracy Party (Turkey)">Democracy Party</a> (DEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">Democratic People's Party</a> (DEHAP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Society_Party" title="Democratic Society Party">Democratic Society Party</a> (DTP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Regions_Party" title="Democratic Regions Party">Democratic Regions Party</a> (DBP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Cause_Party" title="Free Cause Party">Free Cause Party</a> (HÜDA PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Democracy_Party" title="Freedom and Democracy Party">Freedom and Democracy Party</a> (ÖZDEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Equality_Party" title="Freedom and Equality Party">Freedom and Equality Party</a> (ÖZEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Communities_Union" title="Kurdistan Communities Union">Kurdistan Communities Union</a> (KCK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Islamic_Movement_(Turkey)" title="Kurdistan Islamic Movement (Turkey)">Kurdistan Islamic Movement</a> (HİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Islamic Party of Kurdistan">Islamic Party of Kurdistan</a> (PİK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Democratic_Party/North" title="Kurdistan Democratic Party/North">Kurdistan Democratic Party/North</a> (KDP/Bakur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Democracy_Party_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace and Democracy Party (Turkey)">Peace and Democracy Party</a> (BDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Democratic_Party_(Turkey)" title="Peoples' Democratic Party (Turkey)">Peoples' Democratic Party</a> (HDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_Party" title="People's Democracy Party">People's Democracy Party</a> (HADEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Equality_and_Democracy_Party" title="Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party">Peoples' Equality and Democracy Party</a> (DEM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Labor_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Labor Party">People's Labor Party</a> (HEP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan">Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan</a> (PŞK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Freedoms_Party" title="Rights and Freedoms Party">Rights and Freedoms Party</a> (HAK-PAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Rise_of_Kurdistan" title="Society for the Rise of Kurdistan">Society for the Rise of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xoyb%C3%BBn" title="Xoybûn">Xoybûn</a> (CSK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Vanguard_Party_of_Kurdistan" title="Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan">Workers Vanguard Party of Kurdistan</a> (PPKK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kurdish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kingdom of Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistansky_Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistansky Uyezd">Kurdistansky Uyezd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ararat" title="Republic of Ararat">Republic of Ararat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Kurdistan Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Administration_of_North_and_East_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria">Rojava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kurdish_dynasties_and_countries" title="List of Kurdish dynasties and countries">List of Kurdish dynasties and countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan-nationalist_concepts113" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Template talk:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan-nationalist concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan-nationalist_concepts113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalist concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanticism" title="Atlanticism">Atlanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_Confederation_plan" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan Confederation plan">Afghan-Pakistani unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Slavism" title="Austro-Slavism">Austro-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgaria_and_Romania" title="Union of Bulgaria and Romania">Bulgarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada-USA unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_reunification" title="Central American reunification">Centralamericanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands-Indonesia_Union" title="Netherlands-Indonesia Union">Dutch-Indonesian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian%E2%80%93Finnish_federation" title="Estonian–Finnish federation">Estonian-Finnish unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent_Plan" title="Fertile Crescent Plan">Fertile Crescent unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaucho_traditionalism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaucho traditionalism (page does not exist)">Gaucho traditionalism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradicionalismo_ga%C3%BAcho" class="extiw" title="pt:Tradicionalismo gaúcho">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Yugoslav_confederation" title="Greek–Yugoslav confederation">Greek-Yugoslavian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Hungary_and_Romania" title="Union of Hungary and Romania">Hungarian-Romanian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Confederation" title="Indo-Pakistani Confederation">Indian-Pakistani Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isratin" title="Isratin">Israeli-Palestinian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latinoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latinoamericanism (page does not exist)">Latinoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraci%C3%B3n_latinoamericana" class="extiw" title="es:Integración latinoamericana">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenoturkism" title="Hellenoturkism">Hellenoturkism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispanoamericanism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hispanoamericanism (page does not exist)">Hispanoamericanism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanoamericanismo" class="extiw" title="es:Hispanoamericanismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_East_European_States" title="League of East European States">League of East European States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">Romanian-Moldovan unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_African_States" title="Union of African States">Union of African States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Federation" title="Mali Federation">Mali Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahel-Benin_Union" title="Sahel-Benin Union">Sahel-Benin Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Americanism" title="Pan-Americanism">Pan-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Andinism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Andinism (page does not exist)">Pan-Andinism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panandinismo" class="extiw" title="es:Panandinismo">es</a>]</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Ecuador,_Peru_and_Bolivia" title="United Kingdom of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia">Ecuadorian-Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peruvian-Bolivian_unionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peruvian-Bolivian unionism (page does not exist)">Peruvian-Bolivian unionism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionismo_peruano-boliviano" class="extiw" title="es:Unionismo peruano-boliviano">es</a>]</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Federation" title="Arab Federation">Hashemite unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_States" title="United Arab States">United Arab States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Republic" title="United Arab Republic">United Arab Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Arab_Republics" title="Federation of Arab Republics">Federation of Arab Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libyan-Syrian_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libyan-Syrian Union (page does not exist)">Libyan-Syrian Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Islamic_Republic" title="Arab Islamic Republic">Arab Islamic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Hussein%27s_federation_plan" title="King Hussein's federation plan">Jordania-Palestine unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_Republics_(1972)" title="Union of Arab Republics (1972)">Union of Arab Republics (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">Iraq-Kuwait unionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caribbean" title="Pan-Caribbean">Pan-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Caucasianism" title="Pan-Caucasianism">Pan-Caucasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Pan-Celticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-Europeanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Europe" title="Federal Europe">European unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Pan-Finnicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ugric_languages" title="Ugric languages">Pan-Ugrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_federalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberian federalism">Pan-Iberism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Pan-Indianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Pan-Iranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">Pan-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Pan-Latinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Pan-Mongolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Pan-Oceanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Czechoslovak_confederation" title="Polish–Czechoslovak confederation">Polish-Czechoslovak unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reintegrationism" title="Reintegrationism">Reintegrationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Pan-Serbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan-Tatarism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pan-Tatarism (page does not exist)">Pan-Tatarism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="ru:Пантатаризм">ru</a>; <a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" class="extiw" title="tt:Пантатаризм">tt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Rattachism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Rhodesia_and_Nyasaland" title="Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland">Rhodesia-Nyasaland unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">Soviet reunificationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Switzerland#Proposals_for_expansion" title="Territorial evolution of Switzerland">Switzerland expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian Turanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abya_Yala" title="Abya Yala">Abya Yala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Africa" title="United States of Africa">African federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rapprochement" title="Great Rapprochement">Anglo-American unificationism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillean_Confederation" title="Antillean Confederation">Antillean Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Federation" title="Balkan Federation">Balkan Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltoscandia" title="Baltoscandia">Baltoscandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Unionism in the United Kingdom">British unionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Federation" title="Imperial Federation">Imperial Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_movement" title="Cascadia movement">Cascadia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossackia" title="Cossackia">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Danubian_Confederation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danubian Confederation (page does not exist)">Danubian Confederation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donauf%C3%B6deration" class="extiw" title="de:Donauföderation">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalisation_of_the_European_Union" title="Federalisation of the European Union">Federalisation of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Greater Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Caribbean Antilles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies_Federation" title="West Indies Federation">West Indies Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-British_Union" title="Franco-British Union">Franco-British Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gran_Colombia" title="Gran Colombia">Gran Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Greater Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification of Albania and Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Greater Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Greater Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Greater Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Greater China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Greater Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_nationalism" title="Eritrean nationalism">Eritrean national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_nationalism" title="Ethiopian nationalism">Ethiopian national identity nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia irredenta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Greater Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Greater Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Iraq">Greater Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Greater Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_imperialism_under_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian imperialism under Fascism">Greater Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Greater Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Greater Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Greater Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Greater Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Norway">Greater Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Palestine">Greater Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portugaliza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portugaliza (page does not exist)">Greater Portugal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugaliza" class="extiw" title="pt:Portugaliza">pt</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Greater Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Greater Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Greater Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Greater Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Greater Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil 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