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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-NATO_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NATO_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>NATO membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NATO_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms_during_the_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms_during_the_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reforms during the 1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms_during_the_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Willy_Brandt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Willy_Brandt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Willy Brandt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Willy_Brandt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmut_Schmidt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmut_Schmidt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Helmut Schmidt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmut_Schmidt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helmut_Kohl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helmut_Kohl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Helmut Kohl</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helmut_Kohl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reunification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reunification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Reunification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reunification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Government and politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Government and politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denazification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denazification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Denazification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denazification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographical_distribution_of_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographical_distribution_of_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geographical distribution of government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographical_distribution_of_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Position_towards_East_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_towards_East_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Position towards East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_towards_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_miracle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_miracle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economic miracle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_miracle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_and_vital_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_and_vital_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Population and vital statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_and_vital_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_scene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_scene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Literary scene</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_scene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">West Germany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Duitsland" title="Wes-Duitsland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Duitsland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانيا الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألمانيا الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya_Occidental" title="Alemanya Occidental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alemanya Occidental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_d%27Alema%C3%B1a_(1949-1990)" title="República Federal d'Alemaña (1949-1990) – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="República Federal d'Alemaña (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almaniya_Federativ_Respublikas%C4%B1_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="Almaniya Federativ Respublikası (1949–1990) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Almaniya Federativ Respublikası (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باتی آلمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باتی آلمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Kauh" title="Jerman Kauh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Jerman Kauh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="পশ্চিম জার্মানি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম জার্মানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai-tek" title="Sai-tek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai-tek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%96_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Германіі (1949—1990) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Федэратыўная Рэспубліка Германіі (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Заходняя Нямеччына – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходняя Нямеччына" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Западна Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zapadna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Kevreadel_Alamagn_(1949-1990)" title="Republik Kevreadel Alamagn (1949-1990) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Kevreadel Alamagn (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanya_Occidental" title="Alemanya Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alemanya Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_N%C4%9Bmecko" title="Západní Německo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Německo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_yr_Almaen" title="Gorllewin yr Almaen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin yr Almaen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesttyskland" title="Vesttyskland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vesttyskland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ألمانيا لغربية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ألمانيا لغربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Bundesrepublik_Deutschland_(bis_1990)" title="Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (bis 1990) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (bis 1990)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Saksamaa" title="Lääne-Saksamaa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Saksamaa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δυτική Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτική Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemania_Occidental" title="Alemania Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alemania Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Germanio" title="Okcidenta Germanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Germanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Alemania" title="Mendebaldeko Alemania – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Alemania" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آلمان غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلمان غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesturt%C3%BDskland" title="Vesturtýskland – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Vesturtýskland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allemagne_de_l%27Ouest" title="Allemagne de l'Ouest – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allemagne de l'Ouest" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-D%C3%BAtsl%C3%A2n" title="West-Dútslân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="West-Dútslân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghearm%C3%A1in_Thiar" title="An Ghearmáin Thiar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghearmáin Thiar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ghermaan_Heear" title="Yn Ghermaan Heear – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ghermaan Heear" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%27_Ghearmailt_an_Iar" title="A' Ghearmailt an Iar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Ghearmailt an Iar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%BAblica_Federal_Alem%C3%A1_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="República Federal Alemá (1949–1990) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="República Federal Alemá (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%8F%85" title="서독 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서독" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yammacin_Jamus" title="Yammacin Jamus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yammacin Jamus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերմանիայի ֆեդերատիվ հանրապետություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գերմանիայի ֆեդերատիվ հանրապետություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिम जर्मनी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिम जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Germania" title="West-Germania – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="West-Germania" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jerman Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Occidental" title="Germania Occidental – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Germania Occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D0%BB%C3%A6%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ныгуылæн Герман – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ныгуылæн Герман" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestur-%C3%9E%C3%BDskaland" title="Vestur-Þýskaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestur-Þýskaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Ovest" title="Germania Ovest – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania Ovest" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גרמניה המערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמניה המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Kulon" title="Jerman Kulon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jerman Kulon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(1990_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%93%E1%83%94)" title="გერმანიის ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1990 წლამდე) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გერმანიის ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1990 წლამდე)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujerumani_ya_Magharibi" title="Ujerumani ya Magharibi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ujerumani ya Magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almanyaya_Rojava" title="Almanyaya Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Almanyaya Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_dl_Vest" title="Germania dl Vest – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Germania dl Vest" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_foederata_Germaniae_(1949-1990)" title="Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949-1990) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica foederata Germaniae (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumv%C4%81cija" title="Rietumvācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumvācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Vokietija" title="Vakarų Vokietija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Vokietija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubbrica_Feder%C3%A2_de_Germania" title="Repubbrica Federâ de Germania – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Repubbrica Federâ de Germania" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boondsrippubliek_Duitsland_(1949-1990)" title="Boondsrippubliek Duitsland (1949-1990) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Boondsrippubliek Duitsland (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Ovest" title="Germania Ovest – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Germania Ovest" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-N%C3%A9metorsz%C3%A1g" title="Nyugat-Németország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-Németország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Западна Германија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западна Германија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF" title="പശ്ചിമ ജർമ്മനി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പശ്ചിമ ജർമ്മനി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिम जर्मनी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्चिम जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90_(1949-1990)" title="გერმანიაშ ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1949-1990) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გერმანიაშ ფედერაციული რესპუბლიკა (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="المانيا الغربيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المانيا الغربيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerman_Barat" title="Jerman Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jerman Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Баруун Герман – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баруун Герман" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အနောက်ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အနောက်ဂျာမနီနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bondsrepubliek_Duitsland_(1949-1990)" title="Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (1949-1990) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Duutslaand" title="West-Duutslaand – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="West-Duutslaand" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="पश्चिम जर्मनी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पश्चिम जर्मनी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84" title="西ドイツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西ドイツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Tyskland" title="Vest-Tyskland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vest-Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Tyskland" title="Vest-Tyskland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vest-Tyskland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_de_l%27O%C3%A8st" title="Alemanha de l'Oèst – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Alemanha de l'Oèst" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniya_Federativ_Respublikasi_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (1949—1990) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Germaniya Federativ Respublikasi (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਜਰਮਨੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%8A%DA%81_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A" title="لوېديځ جرمني – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوېديځ جرمني" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republika_Federalna_Niemiec_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="Republika Federalna Niemiec (1949–1990) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Republika Federalna Niemiec (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemanha_Ocidental" title="Alemanha Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alemanha Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_de_Vest" title="Germania de Vest – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Germania de Vest" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunti_Alimanya" title="Kunti Alimanya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunti Alimanya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Сполкова републіка Нїмецько (1949—1990) – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сполкова републіка Нїмецько (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Федеративная Республика Германии (1949—1990) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федеративная Республика Германии (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blica_Federale_Tedesca" title="Repùblica Federale Tedesca – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Repùblica Federale Tedesca" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%A4%C3%A4st-D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsklound" title="Wääst-Düütsklound – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Wääst-Düütsklound" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjermania_Per%C3%ABndimore" title="Gjermania Perëndimore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjermania Perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmania_Ovest" title="Girmania Ovest – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Girmania Ovest" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="West Germany" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A9_Nemecko_(1949_%E2%80%93_1990)" title="Západné Nemecko (1949 – 1990) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západné Nemecko (1949 – 1990)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezna_republika_Nem%C4%8Dija_(1949%E2%80%931990)" title="Zvezna republika Nemčija (1949–1990) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezna republika Nemčija (1949–1990)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="ئەڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەڵمانیای ڕۆژاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Западна Немачка – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западна Немачка" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Njema%C4%8Dka" title="Zapadna Njemačka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Njemačka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Saksa" title="Länsi-Saksa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Saksa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4sttyskland" title="Västtyskland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västtyskland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanlurang_Alemanya" title="Kanlurang Alemanya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanlurang Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="மேற்கு செருமனி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு செருமனி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B_(1949-1990)" title="Германия Федератив Республикасы (1949-1990) – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Германия Федератив Республикасы (1949-1990)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเยอรมนีตะวันตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Ҷумҳурии Федеролии Олмон (1949—1990) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Федеролии Олмон (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Almanya" title="Batı Almanya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Almanya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1949%E2%80%941990)" title="Федеративна Республіка Німеччина (1949—1990) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федеративна Республіка Німеччина (1949—1990)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C" title="مغربی جرمنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی جرمنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zerm%C3%A0nia_%C3%92vest" title="Zermània Òvest – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Zermània Òvest" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Tây Đức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Đức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almagne_do_Co%C3%BBtchant" title="Almagne do Coûtchant – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Almagne do Coûtchant" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katundan_Alemanya" title="Katundan Alemanya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katundan Alemanya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="מערב דייטשלאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מערב דייטשלאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cw%E1%BB%8D%CC%80or%C3%B9n_J%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìwọ̀orùn Jẹ́mánì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7" title="西德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99%C5%A1iny%C5%A1t%C9%99_Almanij%C9%99" title="Həšinyštə Almanijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Həšinyštə Almanijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713750#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949–1990. For the western region of Germany, see <a href="/wiki/Old_states_of_Germany" title="Old states of Germany">Old states of Germany</a>. For the Federal Republic of Germany after the reunification in 1990, see <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name"><span style="line-height:1.33em;">Federal Republic of Germany</span></div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1949–1990<sup>(<a href="#fng">g</a>)</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of West Germany"><img alt="Flag of West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/125px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/188px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/250px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of West Germany">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of West Germany"><img alt="Coat of arms of West Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of West Germany"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gott_mit_uns" title="Gott mit uns">Gott mit uns</a></i></span><br />"God with us"<br />(1949–1962)<hr /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit</a></i></span><br />"Unity and Justice and Freedom"<br />(since 1962)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <br /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ich_hab_mich_ergeben" title="Ich hab mich ergeben">Ich hab mich ergeben</a></i></span><br />"I have surrendered myself"<br />(unofficial, 1949–1952)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="205" data-mwtitle="Ich_hab'_mich_ergeben.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Ich_hab%27_mich_ergeben.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/Ich_hab%27_mich_ergeben.ogg/Ich_hab%27_mich_ergeben.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_hab%27_mich_ergeben.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AIch_hab%27_mich_ergeben.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><hr /><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschlandlied</a></i></span><sup> (<a href="#fna">a</a>)</sup><br />"Song of Germany"<br />(1952–1990)<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="75" data-mwtitle="German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/German_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=da&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="da" label="dansk ‪(da)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AGerman_national_anthem_performed_by_the_US_Navy_Band.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-West_Germany_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Europe-West_Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Europe-West_Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Europe-West_Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Europe-West_Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Europe-West_Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Europe-West_Germany_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of West Germany (dark green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</p></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-West_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe-West_Germany.svg/250px-Europe-West_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe-West_Germany.svg/375px-Europe-West_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe-West_Germany.svg/500px-Europe-West_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of West Germany (dark green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dark grey)</p></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-West_Germany_(territorial_claims).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe-West_Germany_%28territorial_claims%29.svg/250px-Europe-West_Germany_%28territorial_claims%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe-West_Germany_%28territorial_claims%29.svg/375px-Europe-West_Germany_%28territorial_claims%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Europe-West_Germany_%28territorial_claims%29.svg/500px-Europe-West_Germany_%28territorial_claims%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000ff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Territory of West Germany</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#49c946ff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lands of the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany), claimed by West Germany until <a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972" title="Basic Treaty, 1972">1973</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c6debdff; color:;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> Lands of pre-1937 Germany that were annexed by <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, claimed by West Germany until <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">1972</a></div><br /><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show territorial claims</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a><sup>(<a href="#fnf">f</a>)</sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>See <a href="#Religion">Religion in West Germany</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>West German</li><li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of West Germany">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federal</a> parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1959 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1984–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a><sup>(<a href="#fnb">b</a>)</sup></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1949–1963 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1982–1990 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a><sup><a href="#fnc">c</a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">Bicameralism</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Formation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bonn%E2%80%93Paris_conventions" title="Bonn–Paris conventions">Bonn–Paris conventions</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 May 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 May 1955</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Saar_statute" title="Saar statute">Saar statute</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Creation of <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">EEC</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 March 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972" title="Basic Treaty, 1972">Basic Treaty</a> with the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">GDR</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1972</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_335" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 335">Admitted</a> to the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 1973</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Final Settlement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 September 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 October 1990<sup>(<a href="#fng">g</a>)</sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">248,717 km<sup>2</sup> (96,030 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of West Germany">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1950<sup>(<a href="#fnd">d</a>)</sup> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">50,958,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1970 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">61,001,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1990 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">63,254,000</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">254/km<sup>2</sup> (657.9/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1990 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">~$1.0 <a href="/wiki/Trillion" title="Trillion">trillion</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a></i></span><sup>(<a href="#fne">e</a>)</sup> (DM) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">DEM</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+1</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2</span> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Calling code</th><td class="infobox-data">+49</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="British occupation zone in Germany">British occupation zone in Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/American_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="American occupation zone in Germany">American occupation zone in Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/20px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/40px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="French occupation zone in Germany">French occupation zone in Germany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saar_%281947%E2%80%931956%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1"><span class="anchor" id="fna"></span>From 1952 to 1991, the official national anthem of Germany was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutschlandlied</i></span> in its entirety, but only the third stanza was to be sung at official events.<span style="font-size:120%"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li><li value="2"><span class="anchor" id="fnb"></span>Continued as President of the reunified Germany until 1994.</li><li value="3"><span class="anchor" id="fnc"></span>Continued as Chancellor of the reunified Germany until 1998.</li><li value="4"><span class="anchor" id="fnd"></span>Population statistics according to <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Statistical_Office_of_Germany" title="Federal Statistical Office of Germany">Federal Statistical Office of Germany</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevölkerungsstand_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevölkerungsstand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li value="5"><span class="anchor" id="fne"></span>In the state of <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a>, between January 1957 and July 1959, the <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French franc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saar_franc" title="Saar franc">Saar franc</a>.</li><li value="6"><span class="anchor" id="fnf"></span>At first, Bonn was referred to only as the provisional seat of government institutions, but from the early 1970s it was called the "federal capital" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundeshauptstadt</i></span>).</li><li value="7"><span class="anchor" id="fng"></span>The state did not cease to exist after <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a> but continued as the Federal Republic in an enlarged territory.</li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>West Germany</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the common English name for the <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><b>Federal Republic of Germany</b></a> from its formation on 23 May 1949 until its <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">reunification</a> with <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> on 3 October 1990. It is sometimes known as the <b>Bonn Republic</b> (German: <i lang="de">Bonner Republik</i>) after its capital city of <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, the western portion of Germany and the associated territory of <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a> were parts of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>. West Germany was formed as a political entity during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied occupation of Germany">Allied occupation of Germany</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, established from 12 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">states</a> formed in the three Allied zones of occupation held by the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. </p><p>At the onset of the Cold War, Europe was divided between the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern blocs</a>. Germany was divided into the two countries. Initially, West Germany claimed an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> for all of Germany, representing itself as the sole democratically reorganised continuation of the 1871–1945 <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three southwestern states of West Germany merged to form <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> in 1952, and the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> joined West Germany as a state in 1957 after it had been separated as the <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied-occupied Germany</a> by France (the separation had been not legal as it had not been recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>). In addition to the resulting ten states, West Berlin was considered an unofficial <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">de facto</i></span> eleventh state. While <i>de jure</i> not part of West Germany, for Berlin was under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a> (ACC), West Berlin politically aligned itself with West Germany and was directly or indirectly represented in its federal institutions. </p><p>The foundation for the influential position held by Germany today was laid during the economic miracle of the 1950s (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i></span>), when West Germany rose from the enormous destruction wrought by World War II to become the world's second-largest economy. The first chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, who remained in office until 1963, worked for a full alignment with the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> rather than neutrality, and secured membership in the military alliance. Adenauer was also a proponent of agreements that developed into the present-day <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G6</a> was established in 1975, there was no serious debate as to whether West Germany would become a member. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of the Eastern Bloc</a>, symbolised by the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">opening</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, both states took action to achieve <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>. <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> voted to dissolve and accede to the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">five post-war states</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span>) were reconstituted, along with the reunited <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, which ended its special status and formed an additional <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land</i></span>. They formally joined the federal republic on 3 October 1990, raising the total number of states from ten to sixteen, and ending the division of Germany. The reunited Germany is the direct continuation of the state previously informally called West Germany and not a new state, as the process was essentially a voluntary act of accession: the Federal Republic of Germany was enlarged to include the additional six states of the German Democratic Republic. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances such as the United Nations, NATO, <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming_conventions">Naming conventions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before reunification, Germany was divided between the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span> (Federal Republic of Germany; commonly known as West Germany) and the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Demokratische Republik</i></span> (DDR; German Democratic Republic; commonly known as East Germany). Reunification was achieved by accession (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Beitritt</i></span>) of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany, so <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i></span> became the official name of reunified Germany. </p><p>In East Germany, the terms <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westdeutschland</i></span> (West Germany) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">westdeutsche Bundesrepublik</i></span> (West German Federal Republic) were preferred during the 1950s and 1960s. This changed under its constitutional amendment in 1974, when the idea of a single German nation was abandoned by East Germany. As a result, it officially considered West Germans and West Berliners as foreigners. The initialism <i><a href="/wiki/BRD_(Germany)" title="BRD (Germany)">BRD</a></i> (FRG in English) began to prevail in East German usage in the early 1970s, beginning in the newspaper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a></i></span>. Other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> nations soon followed suit. </p><p>In 1965, the West German <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Intra-German_Relations" title="Minister of Intra-German Relations">Federal Minister of All-German Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mende" title="Erich Mende">Erich Mende</a>, had issued the "Directives for the Appellation of Germany", recommending avoiding the initialism BRD. On 31 May 1974, the heads of West German federal and state governments recommended always using the full name in official publications. From then on, West German sources avoided the abbreviated form, with the exception of left-leaning organizations which embraced it. In November 1979, the federal government informed the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> that the West German public broadcasters <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a> had agreed to refuse to use the initialism.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-2" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-2">ISO 3166-1 alpha-2</a> country code of West Germany was DE (for <i>Deutschland</i>, Germany), which has remained the country code of Germany after reunification. ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 codes are the most widely used country codes, and the DE code is notably used as a country identifier, extending the postal code and as the Internet's country code top-level domain <a href="/wiki/.de" title=".de">.de</a>. The less widely used <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1_alpha-3" title="ISO 3166-1 alpha-3">ISO 3166-1 alpha-3</a> country code of West Germany was DEU, which has remained the country code of reunified Germany. The now deleted codes for East Germany, on the other hand, were DD in ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and DDR in ISO 3166-1 alpha-3. </p><p>The colloquial term <i>West Germany</i> or its equivalent was used in many languages. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Westdeutschland</i></span> was also a widespread colloquial form used in German-speaking countries, usually without political overtones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Germany" title="Category:History of Germany">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of <span class="fn org label">Germany</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_LGBT_history_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of LGBT history in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Germany" title="Territorial evolution of Germany">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Germany" title="List of historic states of Germany">Historic states</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs" title="List of German monarchs">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_queens" title="List of German queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_empresses" title="List of Holy Roman empresses">Empresses</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_German_monarchs_in_1918" title="List of German monarchs in 1918">1918</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_German_monarchs" title="Family tree of German monarchs">Family tree</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Austria" title="List of rulers of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bavaria" title="List of rulers of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Saxony" title="List of rulers of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediatised_houses" title="Mediatised houses">Mediatised</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9An%C4%9Btice_culture" title="Únětice culture">Únětice culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdoms" title="Barbarian kingdoms">Barbarian kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany" title="Kingdom of Germany">Kingdom of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Eastward settlement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kleinstaaterei" title="Kleinstaaterei">Sectionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_mediatisation" title="German mediatisation">Mediatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zollverein" title="Zollverein">Zollverein</a></i></span></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1871–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1933</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1933–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Contemporary Germany</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation</a></li><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Former_eastern_territories_of_Germany" title="Former eastern territories of Germany">Ostgebiete</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1945–1949/1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1944–1950</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West</a>–<a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">New states</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="text-align:right;">1990</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1990%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Germany (1990–present)">Modern history</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 1990</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Template talk:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Germany_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Germany sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">History of Germany (1945–1990)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map-Germany-1945.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/220px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/330px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map-Germany-1945.svg/440px-Map-Germany-1945.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2966" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation zone borders</a> in Germany, early 1946. The territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>, under Polish and Soviet administration/annexation, are shown in cream, as is the detached <a href="/wiki/Saar_Protectorate" title="Saar Protectorate">Saar Protectorate</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a> was an American <a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">enclave</a> within the British zone. Berlin was a four-power area within the Soviet zone.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 4–11 February 1945 leaders from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> held the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> where future arrangements regarding post-war Europe and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Allied strategy against Japan in the Pacific</a> were negotiated. They agreed that the boundaries of Germany as at 31 December 1937 would be chosen as demarcating German national territory from German-occupied territory; all German annexations after 1937 were automatically null. Subsequently, and into the 1970s, the West German state was to maintain that these 1937 boundaries continued to be 'valid in international law', although the Allies had already agreed amongst themselves that the territories east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder-Neisse line</a> must be transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union in any peace agreement. The conference agreed that post-war Germany, minus these transfers, would be divided into <a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">four occupation zones</a>: a French Zone in the far west; a British Zone in the northwest; an American Zone in the south; and a Soviet Zone in the East. Berlin was separately divided into four zones. These divisions were not intended to dismember Germany, only to designate zones of administration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vogelsang_(West-Duitsland)._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa,_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vogelsang_%28West-Duitsland%29._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa%2C_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg/220px-Vogelsang_%28West-Duitsland%29._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa%2C_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vogelsang_%28West-Duitsland%29._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa%2C_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg/330px-Vogelsang_%28West-Duitsland%29._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa%2C_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Vogelsang_%28West-Duitsland%29._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa%2C_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg/440px-Vogelsang_%28West-Duitsland%29._Legeroefeningen_32e_regiment._Centuriontanks_en_infa%2C_Bestanddeelnr_050-0522.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="2209" /></a><figcaption>Dutch tanks, pictured in West Germany in 1956 as part of the large British and American-led foreign military presence in the country</figcaption></figure> <p>By the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a>, the four Allied Powers asserted joint sovereignty over "Germany as a whole", defined as the totality of the territory within the occupation zones. Former German areas east of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatian_Neisse" title="Lusatian Neisse">Neisse</a> and outside of 'Germany as a whole' were officially separated from German sovereignty in August 1945 and transferred from Soviet military occupation to Polish and Soviet (in the case of the territory of Kaliningrad) civil administration, their Polish and Soviet status to be confirmed at a final Peace Treaty. Following wartime commitments by the Allies to the governments-in-exile of Czechoslovakia and Poland, the Potsdam Protocols also agreed to the 'orderly and humane' transfer to Germany as a whole of the ethnic German populations in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary. Eight million German expellees and refugees eventually settled in West Germany. Between 1946 and 1949, three of the occupation zones began to merge. First, the British and American zones were combined into the quasi-state of <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Bizonia</a>. Soon afterwards, the French zone was included into <a href="/wiki/Bizone" title="Bizone">Trizonia</a>. Conversely, the Soviet zone became <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>. At the same time, new federal states (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span>) were formed in the Allied zones; replacing the geography of pre-Nazi German states such as the <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Baden" title="Republic of Baden">Republic of Baden</a>, which had derived ultimately from former independent German kingdoms and principalities. </p><p>In the dominant post-war narrative of West Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a> regime was characterised as having been a 'criminal' state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollings2015xxiv_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollings2015xxiv-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> illegal and illegitimate from the outset; while the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> was characterised as having been a 'failed' state,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollings2015xv_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollings2015xv-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose inherent institutional and constitutional flaws had been exploited by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> in his illegal seizure of dictatorial powers. Consequently, following the death of Hitler in 1945 and the subsequent capitulation of the German Armed Forces, the national political, judicial, administrative, and constitutional instruments of both Nazi Germany and the Weimar Republic were understood as entirely defunct, such that a new West Germany could be established in a condition of constitutional nullity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the new West Germany asserted its fundamental continuity with the 'overall' German state that was held to have embodied the unified German people since the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> of 1848, and which from 1871 had been represented within the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a>; albeit that this overall state had become effectively dormant long before 8 May 1945. </p><p>In 1949 with the continuation and aggravation of the Cold War (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#Start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a> of 1948–49), the two German states that had originated in the Western Allied and the Soviet Zones respectively became known internationally as West Germany and East Germany. Commonly known in English as <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, the former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="Soviet occupation zone in Germany">Soviet occupation zone in Germany</a>, eventually became the <i><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></i> or <i>GDR</i>. In 1990 West Germany and East Germany jointly signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> (also known as the "Two-plus-Four Agreement"); by which transitional status of Germany following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> was definitively ended and the Four Allied powers relinquished their joint residual sovereign authority for Germany as a whole including the area of West Berlin which had officially remained under Allied occupation for the purposes of international and GDR law (a status that the Western countries applied to Berlin as a whole despite the Soviets declaring the end of occupation of East Berlin unilaterally many decades before). The Two-plus-Four Agreement also saw the two parts of Germany confirm their post-war external boundaries as final and irreversible (including the 1945 transfer of former German lands east of the <a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Oder–Neisse line</a>), and the Allied Powers confirmed their consent to German Reunification. From 3 October 1990, after the reformation of the GDR's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span>, the East German states and East Berlin <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">joined the Federal Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NATO_membership">NATO membership</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NATO membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/170px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/255px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png/340px-Deutschland_Bundeslaender_1957.png 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>West Germany (blue) and West Berlin (yellow) after the accession of the Saarland in 1957 and before the five <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> from the GDR and East Berlin joined in 1990</figcaption></figure> <p>With territories and frontiers that coincided largely with the ones of old <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a> and the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a>, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded on 23 May 1949 under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Bonn%E2%80%93Paris_conventions" title="Bonn–Paris conventions">Bonn–Paris conventions</a>, whereby it obtained "the full authority of a sovereign state" on 5 May 1955 (although "full sovereignty" was not obtained until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Two Plus Four Agreement</a> in 1990).<sup id="cite_ref-Sovereignty_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former occupying Western troops remained on the ground, now as part of the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a> (NATO), which West Germany joined on 9 May 1955, promising to rearm itself soon.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>West Germany became a focus of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with its juxtaposition to <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, a member of the subsequently founded <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>. The former capital, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, had been divided into four sectors, with the Western Allies joining their sectors to form <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, while the Soviets held <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>. West Berlin was completely surrounded by East German territory and had suffered a Soviet blockade in 1948–49, which was overcome by the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#Start_of_the_Berlin_Airlift" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin airlift</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004,_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F078072-0004%2C_Konrad_Adenauer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> was a German statesman who served as the first <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in June 1950 led to U.S. calls to rearm West Germany to help defend Western Europe from the perceived Soviet threat. Germany's partners in the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a> proposed to establish a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_the_European_Defence_Community" title="Treaty establishing the European Defence Community">European Defence Community</a> (EDC), with an integrated army, navy and air force, composed of the armed forces of its member states. The West German military would be subject to complete EDC control, but the other EDC member states (<a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, France, Italy, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>) would cooperate in the EDC while maintaining independent control of their own armed forces. </p><p>Though the EDC treaty was signed (May 1952), it never entered into force. France's <a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullists</a> rejected it on the grounds that it threatened national sovereignty, and when the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">French National Assembly</a> refused to ratify it (August 1954), the treaty died. The French Gaullists and communists had killed the French government's proposal. Then other means had to be found to allow West German rearmament. In response, at the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Paris_Conferences" title="London and Paris Conferences">London and Paris Conferences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels" title="Treaty of Brussels">Brussels Treaty</a> was modified to include West Germany, and to form the <a href="/wiki/Western_European_Union" title="Western European Union">Western European Union</a> (WEU). West Germany was to be permitted to rearm (an idea many Germans rejected), and have full sovereign control of its military, called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr">Bundeswehr</a></i></span>. The WEU, however, would regulate the size of the armed forces permitted to each of its member states. Also, the German constitution prohibited any military action, except in the case of an external attack against Germany or its allies (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bündnisfall</i></span>). Also, Germans could reject military service on grounds of conscience, and serve for civil purposes instead.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three Western <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> retained occupation powers in Berlin and certain responsibilities for Germany as a whole. Under the new arrangements, the Allies stationed troops within West Germany for NATO defense, pursuant to stationing and status-of-forces agreements. With the exception of 55,000 French troops, Allied forces were under NATO's joint defense command. (France withdrew from the collective military command structure of NATO in 1966.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms_during_the_1960s">Reforms during the 1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reforms during the 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> was 73 years old when he became chancellor in 1949, and for this reason he was initially reckoned as a caretaker. However, he ruled for 14 years. The grand statesman of German postwar politics had to be dragged—almost literally—out of office in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spiegel_affair" title="Spiegel affair">Spiegel affair</a></div> <p>In October 1962 the weekly news magazine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i></span> published an analysis of the West German military defence. The conclusion was that there were several weaknesses in the system. Ten days after publication, the offices of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Spiegel</i></span> in Hamburg were raided by the police and quantities of documents were seized. Chancellor Adenauer proclaimed in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundestag</i></span> that the article was tantamount to high treason and that the authors would be prosecuted. The editor/owner of the magazine, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Augstein" title="Rudolf Augstein">Rudolf Augstein</a> spent some time in jail before the public outcry over the breaking of laws on freedom of the press became too loud to be ignored. The FDP members of Adenauer's cabinet resigned from the government, demanding the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Franz Josef Strauss</a>, Defence Minister, who had decidedly overstepped his competence during the crisis. Adenauer was still wounded by his brief run for president, and this episode damaged his reputation even further. He announced that he would step down in the fall of 1963. His successor was to be Ludwig Erhard.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1960s, the rate of economic growth slowed down significantly. In 1962 growth rate was 4.7% and the following year, 2.0%. After a brief recovery, the growth rate slowed again into a recession, with no growth in 1967. </p><p>A new coalition was formed to deal with this problem. Erhard stepped down in 1966 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a>. He led a <a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">grand coalition</a> between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD). This was important for the introduction of new <a href="/wiki/German_Emergency_Acts" title="German Emergency Acts">emergency acts</a>: the grand coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required for their ratification. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">freedom of movement</a> to be limited in case of a state of emergency. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rudi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rudi.jpg/170px-Rudi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Rudi.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a>, student leader</figcaption></figure> <p>During the time leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a>, the rising <a href="/wiki/West_German_student_movement" title="West German student movement">West German student movement</a>, a group calling itself <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Notstand der Demokratie</i></span> ("Democracy in Crisis") and members of the Campaign against Nuclear Armament. A key event in the development of open democratic debate occurred in 1967, when the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Shah of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>, visited West Berlin. Several thousand demonstrators gathered outside the Opera House where he was to attend a special performance. Supporters of the Shah (later known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jubelperser</i></span>), armed with staves and bricks attacked the protesters while the police stood by and watched. A demonstration in the centre was being forcibly dispersed when a bystander named <a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Benno_Ohnesorg" title="Killing of Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a> was shot in the head and killed by a plainclothes policeman. (It has now been established that the policeman, Kurras, was a paid spy of the East German security forces.) Protest demonstrations continued, and calls for more active opposition by some groups of students were made, which was declared by the press, especially the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a>-Zeitung</i></span> newspaper, as a massive disruption to life in Berlin, in a massive campaign against the protesters. Protests against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">US intervention in Vietnam</a>, mingled with anger over the vigour with which demonstrations were repressed led to mounting militance among the students at the universities in Berlin. One of the most prominent campaigners was a young man from East Germany called <a href="/wiki/Rudi_Dutschke" title="Rudi Dutschke">Rudi Dutschke</a> who also criticised the forms of capitalism that were to be seen in West Berlin. Just before Easter 1968, a young man tried to kill Dutschke as he bicycled to the student union, seriously injuring him. All over West Germany, thousands demonstrated against the Springer newspapers which were seen as the prime cause of the violence against students. Trucks carrying newspapers were set on fire and windows in office buildings broken.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraushaar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraushaar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wakes of these demonstrations, in which the question of America's role in Vietnam began to play a bigger role, came a desire among the students to find out more about the role of the parent-generation in the Nazi era. The proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">War Crimes Tribunal at Nuremberg</a> had been widely publicised in Germany but until a new generation of teachers, educated with the findings of historical studies, could begin to reveal the truth about the war and the crimes committed in the name of the German people, one courageous attorney, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bauer" title="Fritz Bauer">Fritz Bauer</a> patiently gathered evidence on the guards of the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Auschwitz</i></span> concentration camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Auschwitz_trials" title="Frankfurt Auschwitz trials">about twenty were put on trial in Frankfurt</a> in 1963. Daily newspaper reports and visits by school classes to the proceedings revealed to the German public the nature of the concentration camp system and it became evident that <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">Shoah</i></span></a> was of vastly greater dimensions than the German population had believed. (The term "Holocaust" for the systematic mass-murder of Jews first came into use in 1979, when a 1978 <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_(miniseries)" title="Holocaust (miniseries)">American mini-series with that name</a> was shown on West German television.) The processes set in motion by the Auschwitz trial reverberated decades later. </p><p>The calling in question of the actions and policies of government led to a new climate of debate. The issues of emancipation, colonialism, environmentalism and grass roots democracy were discussed at all levels of society. In 1979 the environmental party, the Greens, reached the 5% limit required to obtain parliamentary seats in the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Free Hanseatic City of Bremen</a> provincial election. Also of great significance was the steady growth of a <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">feminist movement</a> in which women demonstrated for equal rights. Until 1977, a married woman had to have the permission of her husband if she wanted to take on a job or open a bank account.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further reforms in 1979 to parental rights law gave equal legal rights to the mother and the father, abolishing the legal authority of the father.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parallel to this, a gay movement began to grow in the larger cities, especially in West Berlin, where homosexuality had been widely accepted during the twenties in the Weimar Republic. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RAF-Logo.svg/170px-RAF-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RAF-Logo.svg/255px-RAF-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/RAF-Logo.svg/340px-RAF-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anger over the treatment of demonstrators following the death of Benno Ohnesorg and the attack on Rudi Dutschke, coupled with growing frustration over the lack of success in achieving their aims led to growing militance among students and their supporters. In May 1968, three young people set fire to two department stores in Frankfurt; they were brought to trial and made very clear to the court that they regarded their action as a legitimate act in what they described as the "struggle against imperialism".<sup id="cite_ref-Kraushaar_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraushaar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The student movement began to split into different factions, ranging from the unattached liberals to the <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoists</a> and supporters of direct action in every form—the anarchists. Several groups set as their objective the aim of radicalising the industrial workers and taking an example from activities in Italy of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Brigades" title="Red Brigades">Red Brigades</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Brigate Rosse</i></span>), many students went to work in the factories, but with little or no success. The most notorious of the underground groups was the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> which began by making bank raids to finance their activities and eventually went underground having killed a number of policemen, several bystanders and eventually two prominent West Germans, whom they had taken captive in order to force the release of prisoners sympathetic to their ideas. In the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". The last action took place in 1993 and the group announced it was giving up its activities in 1998. Evidence that the groups had been infiltrated by German Intelligence undercover agents has since emerged, partly through the insistence of the son of one of their prominent victims, the State Counsel <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Buback" title="Siegfried Buback">Siegfried Buback</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Willy_Brandt">Willy Brandt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Willy Brandt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a></div> <p>In October 1969 Willy Brandt became chancellor. He maintained West Germany's close alignment with the United States and focused on strengthening <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> in western Europe, while launching the new policy of <i><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i> aimed at improving relations with Eastern Europe. Brandt was controversial on both the right wing, for his <i>Ostpolitik</i>, and on the left wing, for his support of American policies, including the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">right-wing authoritarian</a> regimes. The <a href="/wiki/Brandt_Report" title="Brandt Report">Brandt Report</a> became a recognised measure for describing the general <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">North-South divide</a> in world economics and politics between an affluent North and a poor South. Brandt was also known for his fierce <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communist</a> policies at the domestic level, culminating in the <i><a href="/wiki/Berufsverbot" title="Berufsverbot">Radikalenerlass</a></i> (Anti-Radical Decree) in 1972. In 1970, while visiting a memorial to the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> crushed by the Germans, Brandt unexpectedly knelt and meditated in silence, a moment remembered as the <a href="/wiki/Kniefall_von_Warschau" title="Kniefall von Warschau">Kniefall von Warschau</a>. </p><p>Brandt resigned as chancellor in 1974, after <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Guillaume" title="Günter Guillaume">Günter Guillaume</a>, one of his closest aides, <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_affair" title="Guillaume affair">was exposed</a> as an agent of the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> <a href="/wiki/Secret_service" title="Secret service">secret service</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmut_Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Helmut Schmidt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schmidt" title="Helmut Schmidt">Helmut Schmidt</a> (SPD) formed a coalition and he served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. <a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a>, a leading FDP official, became Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the European Community (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mounting external problems forced Schmidt to concentrate on foreign policy and limited the domestic reforms that he could carry out. The USSR upgraded its intermediate-range missiles, which Schmidt complained was an unacceptable threat to the balance of nuclear power, because it increased the likelihood of political coercion and required a western response. NATO responded in the form of its twin-track policy. The domestic reverberations were serious inside the SPD, and undermined its coalition with the FDP.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his major successes, in collaboration with French President <a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d%27Estaing" title="Valéry Giscard d'Estaing">Valéry Giscard d'Estaing</a>, was the launching of the <a href="/wiki/European_Monetary_System" title="European Monetary System">European Monetary System</a> (EMS) in April 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Helmut_Kohl">Helmut Kohl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Helmut Kohl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1982 the SPD–FDP coalition fell apart when the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> as Chancellor in a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a>. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, due to the entry into the Bundestag of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_90/The_Greens" title="Alliance 90/The Greens">Greens</a>, who received 5.6% of the vote. </p><p>In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. Kohl's CDU and its Bavarian sister party, the CSU, slipped from 48.8% of the vote in 1983 to 44.3%. The SPD fell to 37%; long-time SPD Chairman Brandt subsequently resigned in April 1987 and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Hans-Jochen_Vogel" title="Hans-Jochen Vogel">Hans-Jochen Vogel</a>. The FDP's share rose from 7% to 9.1%, its best showing since 1980. The Greens' share rose to 8.3% from their 1983 share of 5.6%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reunification">Reunification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reunification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_states_of_Germany" title="Old states of Germany">Old states of Germany</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">collapse of eastern bloc</a> in 1989, symbolised by the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>, there was a rapid move towards <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">a final settlement of the post-war special status of Germany</a>. Following democratic elections, East Germany declared its accession to the Federal Republic subject to the terms of the Unification Treaty between the two states; and then both West Germany and East Germany radically amended their respective constitutions in accordance with that Treaty's provisions. East Germany then dissolved itself, and its five post-war states (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span>) were reconstituted, along with the reunited Berlin which ended its special status and formed an additional <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Land</i></span>. They formally joined the Federal Republic on 3 October 1990, raising the number of states from 10 to 16, ending the division of Germany. The expanded Federal Republic retained West Germany's political culture and continued its existing memberships in international organisations, as well as its Western foreign policy alignment and affiliation to Western alliances like NATO and the European Union. </p><p>The official German reunification ceremony on 3 October 1990 was held at the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_building" title="Reichstag building"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span> building</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany#Federal_Chancellor_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany_(1949–present)" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a>, former Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> and many others. One day later, the parliament of the united Germany would assemble in an act of symbolism in the Reichstag building. </p><p>However, at that time, the role of Berlin had not yet been decided upon. Only after a fierce debate, considered by many as one of the most memorable sessions of parliament, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></i></span> concluded on 20 June 1991, with quite a slim majority, that both government and parliament should move to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government and politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political life in West Germany was remarkably stable and orderly. The <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a> era (1949–63) was followed by a brief period under <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Erhard" title="Ludwig Erhard">Ludwig Erhard</a> (1963–66) who, in turn, was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> (1966–69). All governments between 1949 and 1966 were formed by the united caucus of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian-Democratic Union</a> (CDU) and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">Christian Social Union</a> (CSU), either alone or in coalition with the smaller <a href="/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_(Germany)" title="Free Democratic Party (Germany)">Free Democratic Party</a> (FDP) or other right-wing parties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006,_Bonn,_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038505-0006%2C_Bonn%2C_Amtsantritt_Kabinett_Brandt_bei_Heinemann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Brandt cabinet of 1969 on the steps of President Heinemanns's residence in Bonn, the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Hammerschmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa Hammerschmidt">Villa Hammerschmidt</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Kiesinger's 1966–69 "Grand Coalition" was between West Germany's two largest parties, the CDU/CSU and the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD). This was important for the introduction of new emergency acts—the Grand Coalition gave the ruling parties the two-thirds majority of votes required to see them in. These controversial acts allowed basic constitutional rights such as freedom of movement to be limited in case of a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a>. </p><p>Leading up to the passing of the laws, there was fierce opposition to them, above all by the FDP, the rising <a href="/wiki/German_student_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="German student movement">German student movement</a>, a group calling itself <a href="/w/index.php?title=Notstand_der_Demokratie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notstand der Demokratie (page does not exist)">Notstand der Demokratie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuratorium_%E2%80%9ENotstand_der_Demokratie%E2%80%9C" class="extiw" title="de:Kuratorium „Notstand der Demokratie“">de</a>]</span> ("Democracy in a State of Emergency") and the <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labour unions</a>. Demonstrations and protests grew in number, and in 1967 the student <a href="/wiki/Benno_Ohnesorg" class="mw-redirect" title="Benno Ohnesorg">Benno Ohnesorg</a> was shot in the head by a policeman. The press, especially the <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">tabloid</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bild-Zeitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bild-Zeitung">Bild-Zeitung</a></i></span> newspaper, launched a campaign against the protesters. </p><p>By 1968, a stronger desire to confront the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> past had come into being. In the 1970s environmentalism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">anti-nationalism</a> became fundamental values among left-wing Germans. As a result, in 1979 <a href="/wiki/Alliance_%2790/The_Greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance '90/The Greens">the Greens</a> were able to reach the 5% minimum required to obtain parliamentary seats in the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Free Hanseatic City of Bremen</a> state election, and with the foundation of the national party in 1980 developed into one of the most politically successful green movements in the world. </p><p>Another result of the unrest in the 1960s was the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army_Faction" title="Red Army Faction">Red Army Faction</a> (RAF). The RAF was active from 1968, carrying out a succession of terrorist attacks in West Germany during the 1970s. Even in the 1990s, attacks were still being committed under the name <i>RAF</i>. The last action took place in 1993, and in 1998 the group announced it was ceasing activities. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F074398-0021_Kohl_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> in 1987</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1969 election, the SPD gained enough votes to form a coalition government with the FDP. SPD leader and Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> remained head of government until May 1974, when he resigned after the <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_affair" title="Guillaume affair">Guillaume affair</a>, in which a senior member of his staff was uncovered as a spy for the East German intelligence service, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a></i></span>. However, the affair is widely considered to have been merely a trigger for Brandt's resignation, not a fundamental cause. Instead, Brandt, dogged by scandal relating to alcohol and depression<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the economic fallout of the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a>, almost seems simply to have had enough. As Brandt himself later said, "I was exhausted, for reasons which had nothing to do with the process going on at the time".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finance Minister Helmut Schmidt (SPD) then formed a government, continuing the SPD–FDP coalition. He served as Chancellor from 1974 to 1982. Hans-Dietrich Genscher, a leading FDP official, was Vice Chancellor and Foreign Minister in the same years. Schmidt, a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> (EC) and the Atlantic alliance, emphasized his commitment to "the political unification of Europe in partnership with the USA". </p><p>The goals of SPD and FDP however drifted apart in the late 1970s and early 1980s. On 1 October 1982 the FDP joined forces with the CDU/CSU to elect CDU Chairman <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> as Chancellor in a <a href="/wiki/Constructive_vote_of_no_confidence" title="Constructive vote of no confidence">constructive vote of no confidence</a>. Following national elections in March 1983, Kohl emerged in firm control of both the government and the CDU. The CDU/CSU fell just short of an absolute majority, because of the entry into the Bundestag of the Greens, who received 5.6% of the vote. </p><p>In January 1987 the Kohl–Genscher government was returned to office, but the FDP and the Greens gained at the expense of the larger parties. The Social Democrats concluded that not only were the Greens unlikely to form a coalition, but also that such a coalition would be far from a majority. Neither condition changed until 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denazification">Denazification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Denazification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naumann_Circle" title="Naumann Circle">Naumann Circle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" title="List of companies involved in the Holocaust">List of companies involved in the Holocaust</a></div> <p>Denazification was an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> initiative to rid German politics, judiciary, society, culture, press and economy of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> ideology and personnel following the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. It was carried out by removing those who had been <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> or <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> members from positions of power and influence, by disbanding the organizations associated with Nazism, and by trying prominent Nazis for <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-taylor11_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taylor11-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was hugely unpopular in West Germany and was opposed by the new government of Konrad Adenauer.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951, several laws were passed granting amnesties and ending denazification. As a result, many people with a former Nazi past ended up again in the political apparatus of West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997189–190_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997189–190-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1951 and 1953, there was even an effort by a clandestine group of former Nazi functionaries, known as the <a href="/wiki/Naumann_Circle" title="Naumann Circle">Naumann Circle</a>, to infiltrate the Free Democratic Party (FDP) in order to lay the groundwork for an eventual return to power. Although this effort was exposed and disrupted, many former Nazis still attained positions of power and influence in the political system.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West German President (1974–1979) <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a> and Chancellor (1966–1969) <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Georg_Kiesinger" title="Kurt Georg Kiesinger">Kurt Georg Kiesinger</a> were both former members of the Nazi Party. Konrad Adenauer's <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Globke" title="Hans Globke">Hans Globke</a> had played a major role in drafting the antisemitic <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Race Laws</a> in Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, 77% of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Justice_and_Consumer_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Ministry of Justice and Consumer Protection">West German Ministry of Justice</a>'s senior officials were former Nazi Party members.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geographical_distribution_of_government">Geographical distribution of government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Geographical distribution of government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In West Germany, most of the political agencies and buildings were located in Bonn, while the <a href="/wiki/DAX" title="DAX">German Stock Market</a> was located in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> which became the economic center. The judicial branch of both the German <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bundesverfassungsgericht</i></span>) and the highest Court of Appeals, were located in <a href="/wiki/Karlsruhe" title="Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe</a>. </p><p>The West German government was known to be much more <a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralised</a> than its <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialist</a> East German counterpart, the former being a <a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">federal state</a> and the latter a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary one</a>. Whilst East Germany was divided into 15 administrative districts (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Bezirke</i></span>), which were merely local branches of the national government, West Germany was divided into states (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span>) with independently elected state parliaments and control of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesrat of Germany">Bundesrat</a></i></span>, the second legislative chamber of the Federal Government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Position_towards_East_Germany">Position towards East Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Position towards East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017,_Erfurt,_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017%2C_Erfurt%2C_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017%2C_Erfurt%2C_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017%2C_Erfurt%2C_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017%2C_Erfurt%2C_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017%2C_Erfurt%2C_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F031406-0017%2C_Erfurt%2C_Treffen_Willy_Brandt_mit_Willi_Stoph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, 1970; the first time a Chancellor met a GDR prime minister</figcaption></figure> <p>The official position of West Germany concerning East Germany at the outset was that the West German government was the only democratically elected, and therefore the only legitimate, representative of the German people. According to the <a href="/wiki/Hallstein_Doctrine" title="Hallstein Doctrine">Hallstein Doctrine</a>, any country (with the exception of the USSR) that recognised the authorities of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> would not have diplomatic relations with West Germany. </p><p>In the early 1970s, Willy Brandt's policy of "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Neue <a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></i></span>" led to a form of mutual recognition between East and West Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1970)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1970)">Treaty of Moscow</a> (August 1970), the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Warsaw_(1970)" title="Treaty of Warsaw (1970)">Treaty of Warsaw</a> (December 1970), the <a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">Four Power Agreement on Berlin</a> (September 1971), the <a href="/wiki/Transit_Agreement_(1972)" title="Transit Agreement (1972)">Transit Agreement</a> (May 1972), and the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Treaty,_1972" title="Basic Treaty, 1972">Basic Treaty</a> (December 1972) helped to normalise relations between East and West Germany and led to both German states joining the United Nations. The Hallstein Doctrine was relinquished, and West Germany ceased to claim an <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_mandate" title="Exclusive mandate">exclusive mandate</a> for Germany as a whole. </p><p>Following the Ostpolitik, the West German view was that East Germany was a <i>de facto</i> government within a single German nation and a <i>de jure</i> state organisation of parts of Germany outside the Federal Republic. The Federal Republic continued to maintain that it could not within its own structures recognise the GDR <i>de jure</i> as a sovereign state under international law; while at the same time acknowledging that, within the structures of international law, the GDR was an independent sovereign state. By distinction, West Germany then viewed itself as being within its own boundaries, not only the <i>de facto</i> and <i>de jure</i> government, but also the sole <i>de jure</i> legitimate representative of a dormant "Germany as whole".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two Germanies relinquished any claim to represent the other internationally, which they acknowledged as necessarily implying a mutual recognition of each other as both capable of representing their own populations <i>de jure</i> in participating in international bodies and agreements, such as the United Nations and the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Final Act</a>. </p><p>This assessment of the Basic Treaty was confirmed in a decision of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a> in 1973;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKommers2012308_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKommers2012308-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>"... the German Democratic Republic is in the international-law sense a State and as such a subject of international law. This finding is independent of recognition in international law of the German Democratic Republic by the Federal Republic of Germany. Such recognition has not only never been formally pronounced by the Federal Republic of Germany but on the contrary repeatedly explicitly rejected. If the conduct of the Federal Republic of Germany towards the German Democratic Republic is assessed in the light of its détente policy, in particular the conclusion of the Treaty as de facto recognition, then it can only be understood as de facto recognition of a special kind. The special feature of this Treaty is that while it is a bilateral Treaty between two States, to which the rules of international law apply and which like any other international treaty possesses validity, it is between two States that are parts of a still existing, albeit incapable of action as not being reorganized, comprehensive State of the Whole of Germany with a single body politic."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The West German Constitution (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundgesetz</i></span>, "Basic Law") provided two articles for the unification with other parts of Germany: </p> <ul><li>Article 23 provided the possibility for other parts of Germany to join the Federal Republic (under the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany).</li> <li>Article 146 provided the possibility for unification of all parts of Germany under a new constitution.</li></ul> <p>After the peaceful revolution of 1989 in East Germany, the Volkskammer of the GDR on 23 August 1990 declared the accession of East Germany to the Federal Republic under Article 23 of the Basic Law and thus initiated the process of reunification, to come into effect on 3 October 1990. Nevertheless, the act of reunification itself (with its many specific terms and conditions; including fundamental amendments to the West German Basic Law) was achieved constitutionally by the subsequent Unification Treaty of 31 August 1990; that is through a binding agreement between the former GDR and the Federal Republic now recognising each another as separate sovereign states in international law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKommers2012309_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKommers2012309-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treaty was then voted into effect on 20 September 1990 by both the Volkskammer and the <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> by the constitutionally required two-thirds majorities; effecting on the one hand, the extinction of the GDR and the re-establishment of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">Länder</a></i></span> on the territory of East Germany; and on the other, the agreed amendments to the Basic Law of the Federal Republic. Amongst these amendments was the repeal of the very Article 23 in respect of which the GDR had nominally declared its postdated accession to the Federal Republic. </p><p>The two German states entered into a <a href="/wiki/Monetary_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetary union">currency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Customs_union" title="Customs union">customs union</a> in July 1990, and on 3 October 1990, the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> dissolved and the re-established <a href="/wiki/New_states_of_Germany" title="New states of Germany">five East German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span></a> (as well as a unified Berlin) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, bringing an end to the East–West divide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_miracle">Economic miracle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economic miracle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The West German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">Wirtschaftswunder</a></i></span> ("economic miracle", coined by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>) began in 1950. This improvement was sustained by the currency reform of 1948 which replaced the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a></i></span> with the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">Deutsche Mark</a></i></span> and halted rampant inflation. The Allied dismantling of the West German coal and steel industry finally ended in 1950. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006,_Wolfsburg,_VW_Autowerk,_K%C3%A4fer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F038788-0006%2C_Wolfsburg%2C_VW_Autowerk%2C_K%C3%A4fer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="503" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> – for many years the most successful car in the world – on the assembly line in Wolfsburg factory, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>As demand for consumer goods increased after World War II, the resulting shortage helped overcome lingering resistance to the purchase of German products. At the time Germany had a large pool of skilled and cheap labour, partly as a result of the flight and expulsion of Germans from Central and Eastern Europe, which affected up to 16.5 million Germans. This helped Germany to more than double the value of its exports during the war. Apart from these factors, hard work and long hours at full capacity among the population and in the late 1950s and 1960s extra labour supplied by thousands of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gastarbeiter" title="Gastarbeiter">Gastarbeiter</a></i></span> ("guest workers") provided a vital base for the economic upturn. This would have implications later on for successive German governments as they tried to assimilate this group of workers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the dropping of Allied reparations, the freeing of German intellectual property and the impact of the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> stimulus, West Germany developed one of the strongest economies in the world, almost as strong as before the Second World War. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Germany" title="Economy of East Germany">East German economy</a> showed a certain growth, but not as much as in West Germany, partly because of continued reparations to the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1952, West Germany became part of the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, which would later evolve into the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. On 5 May 1955 West Germany was declared to have the "authority of a sovereign state".<sup id="cite_ref-Sovereignty_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the United States">U.S. militaries</a> remained in the country, just as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Soviet Army</a> remained in East Germany. Four days after obtaining the "authority of a sovereign state" in 1955, West Germany joined NATO. The UK and the USA retained an especially strong presence in West Germany, acting as a deterrent in case of a Soviet invasion. In 1976 West Germany became one of the founding nations of the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Six">Group of Six</a> (G6). In 1973, West Germany—home to roughly 1.26% of the world's population—featured the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_by_past_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of regions by past GDP (PPP)">fourth largest GDP</a> of 944 billion (5.9% of the world total). In 1987 the FRG held a 7.4% share of total world production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_and_vital_statistics">Population and vital statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Population and vital statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Total population of West Germany from 1950 to 1990, as collected by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Statistisches_Bundesamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistisches Bundesamt">Statistisches Bundesamt</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bevölkerungsstand_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bevölkerungsstand-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="70pt">Average population (x 1000)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th width="70pt">Live births </th> <th width="70pt">Deaths </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change </th> <th width="70pt">Crude birth rate (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Crude death rate (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">Natural change (per 1000) </th> <th width="70pt">TFR </th></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <td> </td> <td>732 998</td> <td>588 331</td> <td>144 667 </td> <td>15.9</td> <td>12.7</td> <td>3.2</td> <td>1.89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947 </td> <td> </td> <td>781 421</td> <td>574 628</td> <td>206 793 </td> <td>16.6</td> <td>12.2</td> <td>4.4</td> <td>2.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948 </td> <td> </td> <td>806 074</td> <td>515 092</td> <td>290 982 </td> <td>16.7</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>2.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949 </td> <td> </td> <td>832 803</td> <td>517 194</td> <td>315 609 </td> <td>16.9</td> <td>10.5</td> <td>6.4</td> <td style="color: blue">2.14 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td>50 958 </td> <td>812 835</td> <td>528 747</td> <td>284 088 </td> <td>16.3</td> <td>10.6</td> <td>5.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>51 435 </td> <td>795 608</td> <td>543 897</td> <td>251 711 </td> <td>15.7</td> <td>10.8</td> <td>4.9</td> <td>2.06 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1952 </td> <td>51 864 </td> <td>799 080</td> <td>545 963</td> <td>253 117 </td> <td>15.7</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>5.0</td> <td>2.08 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1953 </td> <td>52 454 </td> <td>796 096</td> <td>578 027</td> <td>218 069 </td> <td>15.5</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>2.07 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1954 </td> <td>52 943 </td> <td>816 028</td> <td>555 459</td> <td>260 569 </td> <td>15.7</td> <td>10.7</td> <td>5.0</td> <td style="color: blue">2.12 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>53 518 </td> <td>820 128</td> <td>581 872</td> <td>238 256 </td> <td>15.7</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>4.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <td>53 340 </td> <td>855 887</td> <td>599 413</td> <td>256 474 </td> <td>16.1</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>4.8</td> <td style="color: blue">2.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td>54 064 </td> <td>892 228</td> <td>615 016</td> <td>277 212 </td> <td>16.6</td> <td>11.5</td> <td>5.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1958 </td> <td>54 719 </td> <td>904 465</td> <td>597 305</td> <td>307 160 </td> <td>16.7</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>5.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>55 257 </td> <td>951 942</td> <td>605 504</td> <td>346 438 </td> <td>17.3</td> <td>11.0</td> <td>6.3</td> <td style="color: blue">2.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>55 958 </td> <td>968 629</td> <td>642 962</td> <td>325 667 </td> <td>17.4</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>5.9</td> <td style="color: blue">2.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>56 589 </td> <td>1 012 687</td> <td>627 561</td> <td>385 126 </td> <td>18.0</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>6.9</td> <td style="color: blue">2.47 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1962 </td> <td>57 247 </td> <td>1 018 552</td> <td>644 819</td> <td>373 733 </td> <td>17.9</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>6.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td>57 865 </td> <td>1 054 123</td> <td>673 069</td> <td>381 054 </td> <td>18.4</td> <td>11.7</td> <td>6.7</td> <td style="color: blue">2.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1964 </td> <td>58 587 </td> <td>1 065 437</td> <td>644 128</td> <td>421 309 </td> <td>18.3</td> <td>11.1</td> <td>7.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>59 297 </td> <td>1 044 328</td> <td>677 628</td> <td>366 700 </td> <td>17.8</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>6.3</td> <td style="color: blue">2.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1966 </td> <td>59 793 </td> <td>1 050 345</td> <td>686 321</td> <td>364 024 </td> <td>17.8</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>6.2</td> <td style="color: blue">2.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1967 </td> <td>59 948 </td> <td>1 019 459</td> <td>687 349</td> <td>332 110 </td> <td>17.2</td> <td>11.6</td> <td>5.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1968 </td> <td>60 463 </td> <td>969 825</td> <td>734 048</td> <td>235 777 </td> <td>16.3</td> <td>12.3</td> <td>4.0</td> <td style="color: blue">2.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td>61 195 </td> <td>903 456</td> <td>744 360</td> <td>159 096 </td> <td>15.0</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>2.6</td> <td style="color: blue">2.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>61 001 </td> <td>810 808</td> <td>734 843</td> <td>75 965 </td> <td>13.4</td> <td>12.1</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.99 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>61 503 </td> <td>778 526</td> <td>730 670</td> <td>47 856 </td> <td>12.7</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>1.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td>61 809 </td> <td>701 214</td> <td>731 264</td> <td style="color: red">−30 050 </td> <td>11.3</td> <td>11.8</td> <td style="color: red">−0.5</td> <td>1.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td>62 101 </td> <td>635 663</td> <td>731 028</td> <td style="color: red">−95 395 </td> <td>10.3</td> <td>11.8</td> <td style="color: red">−1.5</td> <td>1.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td>61 991 </td> <td>626 373</td> <td>727 511</td> <td style="color: red">−101 138 </td> <td>10.1</td> <td>11.7</td> <td style="color: red">−1.6</td> <td>1.51 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>61 645 </td> <td>600 512</td> <td>749 260</td> <td style="color: red">−148 748 </td> <td>9.7</td> <td>12.1</td> <td style="color: red">−2.4</td> <td>1.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td>61 442 </td> <td>602 851</td> <td>733 140</td> <td style="color: red">−130 289 </td> <td>9.8</td> <td>11.9</td> <td style="color: red">−2.1</td> <td>1.46 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>61 353 </td> <td>582 344</td> <td>704 922</td> <td style="color: red">−122 578 </td> <td>9.5</td> <td>11.5</td> <td style="color: red">−2.0</td> <td>1.40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td>61 322 </td> <td>576 468</td> <td>723 218</td> <td style="color: red">−146 750 </td> <td>9.4</td> <td>11.8</td> <td style="color: red">−2.4</td> <td>1.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>61 439 </td> <td>581 984</td> <td>711 732</td> <td style="color: red">−129 748 </td> <td>9.5</td> <td>11.6</td> <td style="color: red">−2.1</td> <td>1.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td>61 658 </td> <td>620 657</td> <td>714 117</td> <td style="color: red">−93 460 </td> <td>10.1</td> <td>11.6</td> <td style="color: red">−1.5</td> <td>1.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>61 713 </td> <td>624 557</td> <td>722 192</td> <td style="color: red">−97 635 </td> <td>10.1</td> <td>11.7</td> <td style="color: red">−1.6</td> <td>1.43 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td>61 546 </td> <td>621 173</td> <td>715 857</td> <td style="color: red">−94 684 </td> <td>10.1</td> <td>11.6</td> <td style="color: red">−1.5</td> <td>1.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td>61 307 </td> <td>594 177</td> <td>718 337</td> <td style="color: red">−124 160 </td> <td>9.7</td> <td>11.7</td> <td style="color: red">−2.0</td> <td>1.33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td>61 049 </td> <td>584 157</td> <td>696 118</td> <td style="color: red">−111 961 </td> <td>9.5</td> <td>11.4</td> <td style="color: red">−1.9</td> <td>1.29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>61 020 </td> <td>586 155</td> <td>704 296</td> <td style="color: red">−118 141 </td> <td>9.6</td> <td>11.6</td> <td style="color: red">−2.0</td> <td style="color: red">1.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td>61 140 </td> <td>625 963</td> <td>701 890</td> <td style="color: red">−118 141 </td> <td>10.3</td> <td>11.5</td> <td style="color: red">−1.2</td> <td>1.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td>61 238 </td> <td>642 010</td> <td>687 419</td> <td style="color: red">−45 409 </td> <td>10.5</td> <td>11.3</td> <td style="color: red">−0.8</td> <td>1.37 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td>61 715 </td> <td>677 259</td> <td>687 516</td> <td style="color: red">−10 257 </td> <td>11.0</td> <td>11.2</td> <td style="color: red">−0.2</td> <td>1.41 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>62 679 </td> <td>681 537</td> <td>697 730</td> <td style="color: red">−16 193 </td> <td>11.0</td> <td>11.2</td> <td style="color: red">−0.2</td> <td>1.39 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td>63 726 </td> <td>727 199</td> <td>713 335</td> <td>13 864 </td> <td>11.5</td> <td>11.3</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>1.45 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Germany" title="Protestantism in Germany">Protestantism in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany">Protestant Church in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Germany">Roman Catholicism in Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Central Council of Jews in Germany">Central Council of Jews in Germany</a></div> <p>Religious affiliation in West Germany decreased from the 1960s onward.<sup id="cite_ref-fowid1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fowid1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious affiliation declined faster among Protestants than among Catholics, causing the Roman Catholic Church to overtake the EKD as the largest denomination in the country during the 1970s. </p> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in West Germany, 1970</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Church_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Church in Germany"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">EKD</i></span> Protestantism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DeepSkyBlue; width:49%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">49%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:44.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">44.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other & Unaffiliated</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:LightGrey; width:6.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.4%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:60pt;">Year </th> <th style="width:120pt;">EKD Protestant [%] </th> <th style="width:120pt;">Roman Catholic [%] </th> <th style="width:120pt;">Muslim [%] </th> <th style="width:120pt;">None/other [%]<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pollack_Rosta_West_2017_p._76_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pollack_Rosta_West_2017_p._76-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1950 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">44.1 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td> <td style="text-align:right;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42.9 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture of Germany</a></div> <p>In many aspects, German culture continued in spite of the dictatorship and wartime. Old and new forms coexisted next to each other, and the American influence, already strong in the 1920s, grew.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_scene">Literary scene</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Literary scene"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides the interest in the older generation of writers, new authors emerged on the background of the experiences of war and after war period. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Borchert" title="Wolfgang Borchert">Wolfgang Borchert</a>, a former soldier who died young in 1947, is one of the best known representatives of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%BCmmerliteratur" title="Trümmerliteratur">Trümmerliteratur</a></i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a> is considered an observer of the young Federal Republic from the 1950s to the 1970s, and caused some political controversies because of his increasingly critical view on society.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" title="Frankfurt Book Fair">Frankfurt Book Fair</a> (and its <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize_of_the_German_Book_Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize of the German Book Trade">Peace Prize of the German Book Trade</a>) soon developed into a regarded institution. Exemplary for West Germany's literature are – among others – <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/The_German_Lesson" title="The German Lesson">The German Lesson</a></i>) and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a> (with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum" title="The Tin Drum">The Tin Drum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flounder" title="The Flounder">The Flounder</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_football_WC_1974_deutsche_bundespost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Stamp_football_WC_1974_deutsche_bundespost.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="248" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Postage stamps commemorating the <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974 World Cup</a> held in West Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 20th century, association football became the largest sport in Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Germany_national_football_team" title="Germany national football team">Germany national football team</a>, established in 1900, continued its tradition based in the Federal Republic of Germany, winning the <a href="/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1954 FIFA World Cup">1954 FIFA World Cup</a> in a stunning upset dubbed the <a href="/wiki/1954_FIFA_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 FIFA World Cup Final">miracle of Bern</a>. Earlier, the German team was not considered part of the international top. The <a href="/wiki/1974_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1974 FIFA World Cup">1974 FIFA World Cup</a> was held in West German cities and West Berlin. After having been beaten by their East German counterparts in the first round, the team of the <a href="/wiki/German_Football_Association" title="German Football Association">German Football Association</a> won the cup again, defeating the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> 2–1 in the final. With the process of unification in full swing in the summer of 1990, the Germans won a third World Cup, with players that had been capped for East Germany not yet permitted to contribute. European championships have been won too, in 1972 and 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After both <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games of 1936</a> had been held in Germany, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a>. These were also the first summer games in which the East Germans showed up with the separate flag and anthem of the GDR. Since the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Germany_at_the_Olympics" title="Germany at the Olympics">Germany at the Olympics</a> had been represented by a united team led by the pre-war German NOC officials as the IOC had denied East German demands for a separate team. At the <a href="/wiki/1956_Summer_Olympics" title="1956 Summer Olympics">1956 Summer Olympics</a>, the Olympic teams of West Germany, East Germany, and Saarland were merged to represent Germany together. Four years earlier Saarland had attended as separate teams while East Germany had not attended. After 1956, 1962, and 1964; East Germany competed in the Summer Olympics as a separate member of the IOC. </p><p>The 800-page <i>Doping in Germany from 1950 to today</i> study details how the West German government helped fund a wide-scale <a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">doping</a> programme.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> West Germany encouraged and covered up a culture of doping across many sports for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As in 1957, when the Saarland acceded, East German sport organisations ceased to exist in late 1990 as their subdivisions and their members joined their Western counterparts. Thus, the present German organisations and teams in football, Olympics and elsewhere are identical to those that had been informally called "West German" before 1991. The only differences were a larger membership and a different name used by some foreigners. These organisations and teams in turn mostly continued the traditions of those that represented Germany before the Second World War, and even the First World War, thus providing a century-old continuity despite political changes. On the other hand, the separate East German teams and organisations were founded in the 1950s; they were an episode lasting less than four decades, yet quite successful in that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>West Germany played 43 matches at the European Championships, more than any other national team.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 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href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Westdeutschland</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvɛstˌdɔʏtʃlant]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/De-Westdeutschland.ogg\/De-Westdeutschland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Westdeutschland.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/De-Westdeutschland.ogg/De-Westdeutschland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Westdeutschland.ogg" title="File:De-Westdeutschland.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; officially the <b>Federal Republic of Germany</b> (<b>FRG</b>; German: <i lang="de">Bundesrepublik Deutschland</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdɔʏtʃlant]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/58\/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg\/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/58/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg/De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Bundesrepublik_Deutschland.ogg" title="File:De-Bundesrepublik Deutschland.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">BRD</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˌbeːʔɛʁˈdeː]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c4\/De-BRD.ogg\/De-BRD.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-BRD.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c4/De-BRD.ogg/De-BRD.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-BRD.ogg" title="File:De-BRD.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovereignty-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Detlef Junker of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_University" title="Heidelberg University">Heidelberg University</a></i></span> states "In the October 23, 1954, Paris Agreements, Adenauer pushed through the following laconic wording: 'The Federal Republic shall accordingly [after termination of the occupation regime] have the full authority of a sovereign state over its internal and external affairs.' If this was intended as a statement of fact, it must be conceded that it was partly fiction and, if interpreted as wishful thinking, it was a promise that went unfulfilled until 1990. The Allies maintained their rights and responsibilities regarding Berlin and Germany as a whole, particularly the responsibility for future reunification and a future peace treaty".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Applegate, Celia (ed.). <i>Music and German National Identity</i>. University of Chicago Press. 2002. p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205175152/http://www.bundesregierung.de/Bundesregierung/-,8394/Nationalhymne.htm">"Fehler"</a>. <i>bundesregierung.de</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bundesregierung.de/Bundesregierung/-,8394/Nationalhymne.htm">the original</a> on 5 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundesregierung.de&rft.atitle=Fehler&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesregierung.de%2FBundesregierung%2F-%2C8394%2FNationalhymne.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bevölkerungsstand-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bevölkerungsstand_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bevölkerungsstand_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/Indikatoren/LangeReihen/Bevoelkerung/lrbev03.html">Bevölkerungsstand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231041/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/Indikatoren/LangeReihen/Bevoelkerung/lrbev03.html">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Bonn Republic — West German democracy, 1945–1990,</i> Anthony James Nicholls, Longman, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Germany/Ostpolitik-and-reconciliation-1969">"Germany"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (Online ed.)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGermany%2FOstpolitik-and-reconciliation-1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in general: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605033550/https://www.bundestag.de/dokumente/analysen/2009/abkuerzung_brd.pdf">Stefan Schmidt, "Die Diskussion um den Gebrauch der Abkürzung «BRD»"</a>, in: <i>Aktueller Begriff</i>, Deutscher Bundestag – Wissenschaftliche Dienste (ed.), No. 71/09 (4 September 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollings2015xxiv-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollings2015xxiv_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollings2015">Collings (2015)</a>, p. xxiv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollings2015xv-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollings2015xv_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollings2015">Collings (2015)</a>, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJutta_Limbach" class="citation cs2">Jutta Limbach, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220115032/https://www.law.hku.hk/ccpl/Docs/JuttaLimbach.pdf"><i>How a constitution can safeguard democracy:The German Experience</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Goethe-Institut, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.hku.hk/ccpl/Docs/JuttaLimbach.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+a+constitution+can+safeguard+democracy%3AThe+German+Experience&rft.pub=Goethe-Institut&rft.au=Jutta+Limbach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.hku.hk%2Fccpl%2FDocs%2FJuttaLimbach.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Detlef Junker (editor), Translated by Sally E. Robertson, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511192180&ss=exc">The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221838/http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780511192180&ss=exc">Archived</a> 23 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, A Handbook Volume 1, 1945–1968 Series: <i>Publications of the <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Institutes" title="German Historical Institutes">German Historical Institutes</a></i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-511-19218-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-511-19218-5">0-511-19218-5</a>. See Section "The Presence of the Past" paragraph 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan1961" class="citation journal cs1">Kaplan, Lawrence S. (1961). "NATO and Adenauer's Germany: Uneasy Partnership". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_(journal)" title="International Organization (journal)">International Organization</a></i>. <b>15</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">618–</span>629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300010663">10.1017/S0020818300010663</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155025137">155025137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=NATO+and+Adenauer%27s+Germany%3A+Uneasy+Partnership&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E618-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818300010663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155025137%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Reed Jr, <i>Germany and NATO</i> (National Defense University, 1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a264257.pdf">Online</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Glenn Gray, "Adenauer, Erhard, and the Uses of Prosperity." <i><a href="/wiki/German_Politics_and_Society" title="German Politics and Society">German Politics and Society</a></i> 25.2 (2007): 86–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred C. Mierzejewski, <i>Ludwig Erhard: A Biography</i> (Univ of North Carolina Press, 2005) p 179. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120073119/ludwig-erhard-a-biography">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065325/https://www.questia.com/library/120073119/ludwig-erhard-a-biography">Archived</a> 12 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraushaar-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraushaar_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraushaar_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolfgang Kraushaar, <i>Frankfurter Schule und Studentenbewegung</i>, vol. 2 <i>Dokumente</i>, Rogner und Bernhard, 1998 Dokument Nr. 193, p. 356</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornelius_Grebe2010" class="citation book cs1">Cornelius Grebe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416053908/http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-531-91924-9"><i>Reconciliation Policy in Germany 1998–2008, Construing the 'Problem' of the Incompatibility of Paid Employment and Care Work</i></a>. Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-531-91924-9">10.1007/978-3-531-91924-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-531-91924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-531-91924-9"><bdi>978-3-531-91924-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-531-91924-9">the original</a> on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2017</span>. <q>However, the 1977 reform of marriage and family law by Social Democrats and Liberals formally gave women the right to take up employment without their spouses' permission. This marked the legal end of the 'housewife marriage' and a transition to the ideal of 'marriage in partnership'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconciliation+Policy+in+Germany+1998%E2%80%932008%2C+Construing+the+%27Problem%27+of+the+Incompatibility+of+Paid+Employment+and+Care+Work&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Sozialwissenschaften&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-531-91924-9&rft.isbn=978-3-531-91924-9&rft.au=Cornelius+Grebe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%252F978-3-531-91924-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Comparative Law: Historical Development of the Civil Law Tradition in Europe, Latin America, and East Asia</i>, by John Henry Merryman, David Scott Clark, John Owen Haley, p. 542</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenso2011" class="citation news cs1">Denso, Christian (13 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2011/32/Buback-Tragoedie">"RAF: Gefangen in der Geschichte"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508122346/http://www.zeit.de/2011/32/Buback-Tragoedie">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=RAF%3A+Gefangen+in+der+Geschichte&rft.date=2011-08-13&rft.aulast=Denso&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F2011%2F32%2FBuback-Tragoedie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_OtteJürgen_Greve2000" class="citation book cs1">Max Otte; Jürgen Greve (2000). <i>A rising middle power?: German foreign policy in transformation, 1989–1999</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+rising+middle+power%3F%3A+German+foreign+policy+in+transformation%2C+1989%E2%80%931999&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Max+Otte&rft.au=J%C3%BCrgen+Greve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Fischer, "Von Der 'Regierung Der Inneren Reformen' zum 'Krisenmanagement': Das Verhältnis Zwischen Innen- und Aussenpolitik in der Sozial-Liberalen Ära 1969–1982". ["From the 'government of internal reforms' to 'crisis management': the relationship between domestic and foreign policy in the social-liberal era, 1969–82"] <i>Archiv für Sozialgeschichte</i> (January 2004), Vol. 44, pp. 395–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Story, "The launching of the EMS: An analysis of change in foreign economic policy." <i>Political Studies</i> 36.3 (1988): 397–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bwbs.de/Beitraege/130.html">Talk by Hans-Jochen Vogel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901014759/http://www.bwbs.de/Beitraege/130.html">Archived</a> 1 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on 21 October 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregor Schöllgen: <i>Willy Brandt. Die Biographie</i>. Propyläen, Berlin 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-549-07142-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-549-07142-6">3-549-07142-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">quoted in: Gregor Schöllgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zeit.de/2003/40/P-Schreiber?page=all"><i>Der Kanzler und sein Spion.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113174538/http://www.zeit.de/2003/40/P-Schreiber?page=all">Archived</a> 13 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> In: <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a></i> 2003, Vol. 40, 25 September 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor11-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taylor11_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Frederick (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exorcisinghitler0000tayl"><i>Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exorcisinghitler0000tayl/page/253">253–254</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408822128" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408822128"><bdi>978-1408822128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exorcising+Hitler%3A+The+Occupation+and+Denazification+of+Germany&rft.pages=253-254&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1408822128&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexorcisinghitler0000tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoda2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_J.W._Goda" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman J.W. Goda">Goda, Norman J. W.</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talesfromspandau00goda/page/101"><i>Tales from Spandau: Nazi Criminals and the Cold War</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/talesfromspandau00goda/page/101">101–149</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86720-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tales+from+Spandau%3A+Nazi+Criminals+and+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=101-149&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86720-7&rft.au=Goda%2C+Norman+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftalesfromspandau00goda%2Fpage%2F101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997189–190-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997189–190_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997">Zentner & Bedürftig 1997</a>, pp. 189–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/der-naumann-kreis/"><i>Der Naumann-Kreis</i></a> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/">Zukunft braucht Erinnerung</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tetens, T.H. <i>The New Germany and the Old Nazis</i>, New York: Random House, 1961 pages 37–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/10/germanys-post-war-justice-ministry-was-infested-with-nazis-prote/">"Germany's post-war justice ministry was infested with Nazis protecting former comrades, study reveals"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. 10 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223605/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/10/10/germanys-post-war-justice-ministry-was-infested-with-nazis-prote/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+post-war+justice+ministry+was+infested+with+Nazis+protecting+former+comrades%2C+study+reveals&rft.date=2016-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2016%2F10%2F10%2Fgermanys-post-war-justice-ministry-was-infested-with-nazis-prote%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuint1991" class="citation cs2">Quint, Peter E (1991), <i>The Imperfect Union; Constitutional Structures for German Unification</i>, Princeton University Press, p. 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperfect+Union%3B+Constitutional+Structures+for+German+Unification&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Quint&rft.aufirst=Peter+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKommers2012308-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKommers2012308_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKommers2012">Kommers (2012)</a>, p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=589"><i>Texas Law: Foreign Law Translations 1973</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Texas">University of Texas</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220152049/https://law.utexas.edu/transnational/foreign-law-translations/german/case.php?id=589">archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Texas+Law%3A+Foreign+Law+Translations+1973&rft.pub=University+of+Texas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.utexas.edu%2Ftransnational%2Fforeign-law-translations%2Fgerman%2Fcase.php%3Fid%3D589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKommers2012309-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKommers2012309_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKommers2012">Kommers (2012)</a>, p. 309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_H_Childs" class="mw-redirect" title="David H Childs">David H Childs</a> and Jeffrey Johnson, West Germany: Politics And Society, Croom Helm, 1982 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJUOAAAAQAAJ&q=West+Germany+-+politics+and+society">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160519121934/https://books.google.com/books?id=PJUOAAAAQAAJ&dq=West+Germany+-+politics+and+society&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=Ga1ab-mhef&sig=SQ_14UMa9GfjbECQA7pXF0RSe_Y&hl=en&ei=eO7uSouhMof6-Abkt8juCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBEQ6AEwAA">Archived</a> 19 May 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiersch1992" class="citation book cs1">Giersch, Herbert (1992). <i>The fading miracle : four decades of market economy in Germany</i>. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-35351-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-35351-3"><bdi>0-521-35351-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24065456">24065456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fading+miracle+%3A+four+decades+of+market+economy+in+Germany&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24065456&rft.isbn=0-521-35351-3&rft.aulast=Giersch&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsbewegung/ZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html">"Zusammenfassende Übersichten – Eheschließungen, Geborene und Gestorbene 1946 bis 2015"</a>. <i>DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811064452/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsbewegung/ZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DESTATIS+%E2%80%93+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.atitle=Zusammenfassende+%C3%9Cbersichten+%E2%80%93+Eheschlie%C3%9Fungen%2C+Geborene+und+Gestorbene+1946+bis+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FPublikationen%2FThematisch%2FBevoelkerung%2FBevoelkerungsbewegung%2FZusammenEheschliessungenGeboreneGestorbene.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables_/lrbev03.html">"Population by area in 1,000"</a>. <i>DESTATIS – Statistisches Bundesamt</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811063442/https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/SocietyState/Population/CurrentPopulation/Tables_/lrbev03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DESTATIS+%E2%80%93+Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.atitle=Population+by+area+in+1%2C000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FEN%2FFactsFigures%2FSocietyState%2FPopulation%2FCurrentPopulation%2FTables_%2Flrbev03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fowid1-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fowid1_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FOWID, Religionszugehörigkeit Bevölkerung 1970–2011 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fowid.de/fileadmin/datenarchiv/Religionszugehoerigkeit/Religionszugehoerigkeit_Bevoelkerung_1970_2011.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015230431/http://fowid.de/fileadmin/datenarchiv/Religionszugehoerigkeit/Religionszugehoerigkeit_Bevoelkerung_1970_2011.pdf">Archived</a> 15 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; PDF-Datei; 173 kB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Includes <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> outside the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">EKD</i></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pollack_Rosta_West_2017_p._76-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pollack_Rosta_West_2017_p._76_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollackRostaWest2017" class="citation book cs1">Pollack, D.; Rosta, G.; West, D. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xfU-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76"><i>Religion and Modernity: An International Comparison</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880166-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-880166-5"><bdi>978-0-19-880166-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Modernity%3A+An+International+Comparison&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-880166-5&rft.aulast=Pollack&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Rosta%2C+G.&rft.au=West%2C+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxfU-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.boell.org/en/2014/06/02/impact-first-world-war-and-its-implications-europe-today">"The Impact of the First World War and Its Implications for Europe Today | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Brussels office – European Union"</a>. <i>Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heinrich-B%C3%B6ll-Stiftung&rft.atitle=The+Impact+of+the+First+World+War+and+Its+Implications+for+Europe+Today+%7C+Heinrich+B%C3%B6ll+Stiftung+%7C+Brussels+office+%E2%80%93+European+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.boell.org%2Fen%2F2014%2F06%2F02%2Fimpact-first-world-war-and-its-implications-europe-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUEFA.com" class="citation web cs1">UEFA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/seasons/1972/">"Season 1972 | UEFA EURO 1972"</a>. <i>UEFA.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UEFA.com&rft.atitle=Season+1972+%7C+UEFA+EURO+1972&rft.au=UEFA.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fuefaeuro%2Fhistory%2Fseasons%2F1972%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUEFA.com" class="citation web cs1">UEFA.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/history/seasons/1980/">"Season 1980 | UEFA EURO 1980"</a>. <i>UEFA.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UEFA.com&rft.atitle=Season+1980+%7C+UEFA+EURO+1980&rft.au=UEFA.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uefa.com%2Fuefaeuro%2Fhistory%2Fseasons%2F1980%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eu.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2013/08/03/report-west-germany-systematically-doped-athletes-olympics/2615323/">"Report: West Germany systematically doped athletes"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. 3 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Report%3A+West+Germany+systematically+doped+athletes&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feu.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2013%2F08%2F03%2Freport-west-germany-systematically-doped-athletes-olympics%2F2615323%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/09/sports/west-germany-engaged-in-sports-doping-in-1970s-study-says.html">"Study Says West Germany Engaged in Sports Doping"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 8 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Study+Says+West+Germany+Engaged+in+Sports+Doping&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F09%2Fsports%2Fwest-germany-engaged-in-sports-doping-in-1970s-study-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/20130805-doping-rife-among-west-german-athletes-decades-says-report">"Report exposes decades of West German doping"</a>. <i>France 24</i>. 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Report+exposes+decades+of+West+German+doping&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2F20130805-doping-rife-among-west-german-athletes-decades-says-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/sports/west-germany-cultivated-doping-culture-among-athletes-report-1.1363590">"West Germany cultivated doping culture among athletes: report"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=West+Germany+cultivated+doping+culture+among+athletes%3A+report&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2Fwest-germany-cultivated-doping-culture-among-athletes-report-1.1363590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenday2013" class="citation book cs1">Glenday, Craig (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/257"><i>Guinness World Records 2014</i></a>. 2013 Guinness World Records Limited. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/257">257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908843-15-9"><bdi>978-1-908843-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2014&rft.pages=257&rft.pub=2013+Guinness+World+Records+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-908843-15-9&rft.aulast=Glenday&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fguinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7%2Fpage%2F257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbrahamHouseman1994" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, Katharine G.; Houseman, Susan N. (1994). "Does employment protection inhibit labor market flexibility? Lessons from Germany, France, and Belgium". In Rebecca M. Blank (ed.). <i>Social Protection versus Economic Flexibility: Is There a Trade-Off?</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-05678-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-05678-3"><bdi>0-226-05678-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Does+employment+protection+inhibit+labor+market+flexibility%3F+Lessons+from+Germany%2C+France%2C+and+Belgium&rft.btitle=Social+Protection+versus+Economic+Flexibility%3A+Is+There+a+Trade-Off%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-226-05678-3&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=Katharine+G.&rft.au=Houseman%2C+Susan+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdagh1996" class="citation book cs1">Ardagh, John (1996). <i>Germany and the Germans</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140252668" title="Special:BookSources/9780140252668"><bdi>9780140252668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Germans&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780140252668&rft.aulast=Ardagh&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanister2002" class="citation book cs1">Banister, David (2002). <i>Transport Planning</i>. Spon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415261715" title="Special:BookSources/9780415261715"><bdi>9780415261715</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+Planning&rft.pub=Spon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415261715&rft.aulast=Banister&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezelgaBrandon1991" class="citation book cs1">Bezelga, Artur; Brandon, Peter S. (1991). <i>Management, Quality and Economics in Building</i>. Spon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780419174707" title="Special:BookSources/9780419174707"><bdi>9780419174707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Management%2C+Quality+and+Economics+in+Building&rft.pub=Spon&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780419174707&rft.aulast=Bezelga&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft.au=Brandon%2C+Peter+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2003" class="citation book cs1">Blackburn, Robin (2003). <i>Banking on Death: or, Investing in Life: the History and Future of Pensions</i>. Verso Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859844090" title="Special:BookSources/9781859844090"><bdi>9781859844090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Banking+on+Death%3A+or%2C+Investing+in+Life%3A+the+History+and+Future+of+Pensions&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781859844090&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunthal1994" class="citation book cs1">Braunthal, Gerard (1994). <i>The German Social Democrats since 1969: a Party in Power and Opposition</i>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813315355" title="Special:BookSources/9780813315355"><bdi>9780813315355</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Social+Democrats+since+1969%3A+a+Party+in+Power+and+Opposition&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780813315355&rft.aulast=Braunthal&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallaghan2000" class="citation book cs1">Callaghan, John T. (2000). <i>The Retreat of Social Democracy</i>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719050312" title="Special:BookSources/9780719050312"><bdi>9780719050312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Retreat+of+Social+Democracy&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780719050312&rft.aulast=Callaghan&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollings2015" class="citation book cs1">Collings, Justin (2015). <i>Democracy's Guardian: A History of the German Federal Constitutional Court</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy%27s+Guardian%3A+A+History+of+the+German+Federal+Constitutional+Court&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Collings&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookeGash2007" class="citation cs2">Cooke, Lynn Prince; Gash, Vanessa (2007), "Panacea or Pitfall? Women's Part-time Employment and Marital Stability in West Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States", <i>GeNet Working Paper</i>, Gender Equality Network</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeNet+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=Panacea+or+Pitfall%3F+Women%27s+Part-time+Employment+and+Marital+Stability+in+West+Germany%2C+the+United+Kingdom+and+the+United+States&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Lynn+Prince&rft.au=Gash%2C+Vanessa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlatzer1992" class="citation book cs1">Glatzer, Wolfgang (21 August 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyWtQkfScAEC"><i>Recent Social Trends in West Germany, 1960–1990</i></a>. International Research Group on the Comparative Charting of Social Change in Advanced Industrial Societies. McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773509092" title="Special:BookSources/9780773509092"><bdi>9780773509092</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recent+Social+Trends+in+West+Germany%2C+1960%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=1992-08-21&rft.isbn=9780773509092&rft.aulast=Glatzer&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyWtQkfScAEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuberStephens2001" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Evelyne; Stephens, John D. (2001). <i>Development and Crisis of the Welfare State. Parties and Policies in Global Markets</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226356471" title="Special:BookSources/9780226356471"><bdi>9780226356471</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Development+and+Crisis+of+the+Welfare+State.+Parties+and+Policies+in+Global+Markets&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780226356471&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Evelyne&rft.au=Stephens%2C+John+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2012" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Gisela (2012). <i>Contemporary Western European Feminism</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415636810" title="Special:BookSources/9780415636810"><bdi>9780415636810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Western+European+Feminism&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780415636810&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKommers1997" class="citation book cs1">Kommers, Donald P. (1997). <i>The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822318385" title="Special:BookSources/9780822318385"><bdi>9780822318385</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Jurisprudence+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780822318385&rft.aulast=Kommers&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKommers2012" class="citation book cs1">Kommers, Donald P. (2012). <i>The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany</i> (3rd ed.). Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822352662" title="Special:BookSources/9780822352662"><bdi>9780822352662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutional+Jurisprudence+of+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780822352662&rft.aulast=Kommers&rft.aufirst=Donald+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane1985" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Peter (1985). <i>Europe Since 1945: an Introduction</i>. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780389205753" title="Special:BookSources/9780389205753"><bdi>9780389205753</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+Since+1945%3A+an+Introduction&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780389205753&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton1999" class="citation book cs1">Patton, David F. (1999). <i>Cold War Politics in Postwar Germany</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312213619" title="Special:BookSources/9780312213619"><bdi>9780312213619</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+War+Politics+in+Postwar+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780312213619&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotthoffMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Potthoff, Heinrich; Miller, Susanne (2006). <i>The Social Democratic Party of Germany 1848–2005</i>. Translated by Martin Kane. Dietz Verlag J. H. W. Nachf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783801203658" title="Special:BookSources/9783801203658"><bdi>9783801203658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Democratic+Party+of+Germany+1848%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=Dietz+Verlag+J.+H.+W.+Nachf.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9783801203658&rft.aulast=Potthoff&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft.au=Miller%2C+Susanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2002" class="citation book cs1">Power, Anne (2002). <i>Hovels to High Rise: State Housing in Europe Since 1850</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415089357" title="Special:BookSources/9780415089357"><bdi>9780415089357</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hovels+to+High+Rise%3A+State+Housing+in+Europe+Since+1850&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415089357&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPridham1977" class="citation book cs1">Pridham, Geoffrey (1977). <i>Christian Democracy in Western Germany: the CDU/CSU in Government and Opposition 1945–1976</i>. Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780856645082" title="Special:BookSources/9780856645082"><bdi>9780856645082</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Democracy+in+Western+Germany%3A+the+CDU%2FCSU+in+Government+and+Opposition+1945%E2%80%931976&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780856645082&rft.aulast=Pridham&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfers1998" class="citation book cs1">Schäfers, Bernhard (1998). <i>The State of Germany Atlas</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415188265" title="Special:BookSources/9780415188265"><bdi>9780415188265</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+of+Germany+Atlas&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780415188265&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fers&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheffer2008" class="citation book cs1">Scheffer (2008). <i>Burned Bridge: How East and West Germans Made the Iron Curtain</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781109097603" title="Special:BookSources/9781109097603"><bdi>9781109097603</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burned+Bridge%3A+How+East+and+West+Germans+Made+the+Iron+Curtain&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781109097603&rft.au=Scheffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="No such book with this ISBN and year; there is this title in 2011 from OUP, ISBN 9780199737048, with a full name 'Edith Scheffer'. (October 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheweNordhornSchenke1972" class="citation book cs1">Schewe, Dieter; Nordhorn, Karlhugo; Schenke, Klaus (1972). <i>Survey of Social Security in the Federal Republic of Germany</i>. Translated by Frank Kenny. Bonn: Federal Minister for Labour and Social Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Social+Security+in+the+Federal+Republic+of+Germany&rft.place=Bonn&rft.pub=Federal+Minister+for+Labour+and+Social+Affairs&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Schewe&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.au=Nordhorn%2C+Karlhugo&rft.au=Schenke%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiek2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schiek, Dagmar (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/201a12e0-6839-4777-8b69-2e6e68bd46ed">"Agency work – from marginalisation towards acceptance? Agency work in EU social and employment policy and the 'implementation' of the draft directive on agency work into German law"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/German_Law_Journal" title="German Law Journal">German Law Journal</a></i> (PDF). <b>5</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1233–</span>1257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS2071832200013195">10.1017/S2071832200013195</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141058426">141058426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Agency+work+%E2%80%93+from+marginalisation+towards+acceptance%3F+Agency+work+in+EU+social+and+employment+policy+and+the+%27implementation%27+of+the+draft+directive+on+agency+work+into+German+law&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1233-%3C%2Fspan%3E1257&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS2071832200013195&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141058426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schiek&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2F201a12e0-6839-4777-8b69-2e6e68bd46ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilviaStolpe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Silvia, Stephen J.; Stolpe, Michael (2007). "Health Care and Pension Reforms". <i>AICGS Policy Report</i> (PDF). <b>30</b>. American Institute for Contemporary German Studies, Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933942-08-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933942-08-7"><bdi>978-1-933942-08-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AICGS+Policy+Report&rft.atitle=Health+Care+and+Pension+Reforms&rft.volume=30&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933942-08-7&rft.aulast=Silvia&rft.aufirst=Stephen+J.&rft.au=Stolpe%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThelen1991" class="citation book cs1">Thelen, Kathleen Ann (1991). <i>Union of Parts: Labor Politics in Postwar Germany</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801425868" title="Special:BookSources/9780801425868"><bdi>9780801425868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+of+Parts%3A+Labor+Politics+in+Postwar+Germany&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780801425868&rft.aulast=Thelen&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomka2004" class="citation book cs1">Tomka, Béla (2004). <i>Welfare in East and West: Hungarian Social Security in an International Comparison, 1918–1990</i>. Akademie-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783050038711" title="Special:BookSources/9783050038711"><bdi>9783050038711</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welfare+in+East+and+West%3A+Hungarian+Social+Security+in+an+International+Comparison%2C+1918%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Akademie-Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9783050038711&rft.aulast=Tomka&rft.aufirst=B%C3%A9la&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonPampel2002" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, John B.; Pampel, Fred C. (2002). <i>Old-Age Security in Comparative Perspective</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195068597" title="Special:BookSources/9780195068597"><bdi>9780195068597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old-Age+Security+in+Comparative+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780195068597&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Pampel%2C+Fred+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsford1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilsford, David, ed. (1995). <i>Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: a Biographical Dictionary</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313286230" title="Special:BookSources/9780313286230"><bdi>9780313286230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Leaders+of+Contemporary+Western+Europe%3A+a+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780313286230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2007" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Heinrich August (2007). Sager, Alexander (ed.). <i>Germany: The Long Road West, Volume II: 1933–1990</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-926598-5"><bdi>978-0-19-926598-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+The+Long+Road+West%2C+Volume+II%3A+1933%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-926598-5&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann, eds. (1997) [1991]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich">The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80793-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80793-0"><bdi>978-0-306-80793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80793-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWest+Germany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Bark, Dennis L., and David R. Gress. <i>A History of West Germany Vol 1: From Shadow to Substance, 1945–1963</i> (1992); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16787-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16787-7">978-0-631-16787-7</a>; vol 2: <i>Democracy and Its Discontents 1963–1988</i> (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16788-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-16788-4">978-0-631-16788-4</a></li> <li>Berghahn, Volker Rolf. <i>Modern Germany: society, economy, and politics in the twentieth century</i> (1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/heb.01673">ACLS E-book online</a></li> <li>Hanrieder, Wolfram F. <i>Germany, America, Europe: Forty Years of German Foreign Policy</i> (1989) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-04022-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-04022-9">0-300-04022-9</a></li> <li>Henderson, David R. "German Economic Miracle." <i>The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</i> (2008).</li> <li>Jarausch, Konrad H. <i>After Hitler: Recivilizing Germans, 1945–1995</i> (2008)</li> <li>Junker, Detlef, ed. <i>The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War</i> (2 vol 2004), 150 short essays by scholars covering 1945–1990</li> <li>MacGregor, Douglas A. <i>The Soviet-East German Military Alliance</i>, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1989.</li> <li>Main, Steven J. "The Soviet Occupation of Germany. Hunger, Mass Violence and the Struggle for Peace, 1945–1947." <i>Europe-Asia Studies</i> (2014) 66#8 pp. 1380–1382.</li> <li>Maxwell, John Allen. "Social Democracy in a Divided Germany: Kurt Schumacher and the German Question, 1945–52." PhD dissertation, West Virginia University, 1969.</li> <li>Merkl, Peter H. ed. <i>The Federal Republic of Germany at Fifty</i> (1999)</li> <li>Mierzejewski, Alfred C. <i>Ludwig Erhard: A Biography</i> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120073119/ludwig-erhard-a-biography">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065325/https://www.questia.com/library/120073119/ludwig-erhard-a-biography">Archived</a> 12 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Pruys, Karl Hugo . <i>Kohl: Genius of the Present : A Biography of Helmut Kohl</i> (1996)</li> <li>Schwarz, Hans-Peter. <i>Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution and Reconstruction</i> (2 vol., 1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T4vQw1RNkQ8C">excerpt and text search vol 2</a>; also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11134689">full text vol 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628211509/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=11134689">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/98804131">full text vol 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628222415/http://www.questia.com/read/98804131">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Smith, Gordon, ed, <i>Developments in German Politics</i> (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1266-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1266-2">0-8223-1266-2</a>, broad survey of reunified nation</li> <li>Smith, Helmut Walser, ed. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Modern German History</i> (2011) pp. 593–753.</li> <li>Weber, Jurgen. <i>Germany, 1945–1990</i> (Central European University Press, 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120210024250/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=115015309">online edition</a></li> <li>Williams, Charles. <i>Adenauer: The Father of the New Germany</i> (2000) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/106754929/adenauer-the-father-of-the-new-germany">Online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412065327/https://www.questia.com/library/106754929/adenauer-the-father-of-the-new-germany">Archived</a> 12 April 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beate Ruhm Von Oppen, ed. <i>Documents on Germany under Occupation, 1945–1954</i> (Oxford University Press, 1955) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/407620/documents-on-germany-under-occupation-1945-1954">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:West_Germany" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:West Germany">West Germany</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germany_articles683" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germany_topics" title="Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germany_topics" title="Template talk:Germany topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germany_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germany topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germany_articles683" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General <br /> History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_German_history" title="Timeline of German history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Germany" title="Historiography of Germany">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Germany" title="Military history of Germany">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">List of early Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Huns" title="History of the Huns">History of the Huns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_peoples" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_War" title="Cimbrian War">Cimbrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_campaigns_in_Germania_(12_BC_%E2%80%93_AD_16)" title="Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)">Roman campaigns in Germania (12 BC – AD 16)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars" title="Marcomannic Wars">Marcomannic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(410)" title="Sack of Rome (410)">Sack of Rome (410)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingian dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Germany in the early modern period">Early modern period, 1500–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th-century_history_of_Germany" title="18th-century history of Germany">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%931849" title="German revolutions of 1848–1849">German revolutions of 1848–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Constitution" title="Frankfurt Constitution">Frankfurt Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_during_World_War_I" title="History of Germany during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_guilt_question" title="War guilt question">War guilt question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Revolution of 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#World_War_II" title="Nazi Germany">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Allied occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Flight and expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">Divided Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">West Germany</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_since_1990" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germany since 1990">History of Germany since 1990</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Prussia">History of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brandenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brandenburg">History of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cologne_War" title="Cologne War">Cologne War</a>, 1583–1588</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden_Revolution" title="Baden Revolution">Baden Revolution</a>, 1848</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Germany" title="Geography of Germany">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Germany">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Districts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Germany" title="List of cities and towns in Germany">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Germany" title="List of earthquakes in Germany">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Germany" title="Geology of Germany">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Germany" title="List of islands of Germany">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Germany" title="List of lakes of Germany">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_Germany" title="Category:Mountains of Germany">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rivers_of_Germany" title="Category:Rivers of Germany">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Bundesrat" title="German Bundesrat">Bundesrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeswehr" title="Bundeswehr"><i>Bundeswehr</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(military)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Germany" title="Judiciary of Germany">Court system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Germany" title="Federal Government of Germany">Federal Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Germany" title="Human rights in Germany">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Germany" title="Intersex rights in Germany">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Germany">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Germany" title="Transgender rights in Germany">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Germany" title="Law of Germany">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Germany" title="Law enforcement in Germany">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobbying_in_Germany" title="Lobbying in Germany">Lobbying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Germany" title="Agriculture in Germany">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Germany" title="Automotive industry in Germany">Automobile industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Germany" title="Banking in Germany">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundesbank" title="Deutsche Bundesbank">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_German_Chemical_Triangle" title="Middle German Chemical Triangle">Chemical Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Germany" title="Energy in Germany">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Germany" title="List of exports of Germany">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="List of German states by GDP">German states by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelstand" title="Mittelstand"><i>Mittelstand</i> companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Germany" title="Science and technology in Germany">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Stock_Exchange" title="Frankfurt Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Germany" title="Taxation in Germany">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Germany" title="Tourism in Germany">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Germany" title="Transport in Germany">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Germany" title="Rail transport in Germany">Rail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare in Germany">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Germany" title="Category:Society of Germany">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Germany" title="Crime in Germany">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Germany" title="Corruption in Germany">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Germany" title="Demographics of Germany">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_Germany" title="Drug policy of Germany">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Germany" title="Education in Germany">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Germany" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Germany">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Germany" title="Healthcare in Germany">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Germany" title="Homelessness in Germany">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Germany" title="Immigration to Germany">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Germany" title="Irreligion in Germany">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of German states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturism_in_Germany" title="Naturism in Germany">Naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Germany" title="Pensions in Germany">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Germany" title="Pornography in Germany">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Germany" title="Prostitution in Germany">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Germany" title="Racism in Germany">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues in Germany">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Germany" title="Trade unions in Germany">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Germany" title="Architecture of Germany">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_art" title="German art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arts_in_Germany" title="Category:Arts in Germany">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_Germany" title="Category:Dance in Germany">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_fashion" title="German fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Germany" title="Category:Festivals in Germany">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Germany" title="List of libraries in Germany">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Germany" title="Internet in Germany">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Germany">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany" title="Music of Germany">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Germany" title="Names of Germany">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_philosophy" title="German philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Germany" title="Sport in Germany">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany" title="Television in Germany">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Germany" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Germany">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Germany" title="Outline of Germany">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Germany" title="Bibliography of Germany">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany" title="Category:Germany">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1964" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713750#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1964" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713750#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4011889-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80125937">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862214n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11862214n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561601">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Germania occidentale <Repubblica Federale Tedesca>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UFIV072455">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Německá spolková republika"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131478&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/pm13388751v258j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007559778105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516273806706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00361767?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026358786">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046564">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&oldid=1276192366">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Germany&oldid=1276192366</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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