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id="toc-South_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Liberia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Americas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The Americas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Argentina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Federal government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>State government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brunei" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brunei"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Brunei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brunei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuwait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuwait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kuwait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuwait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timor-Leste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timor-Leste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Timor-Leste</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timor-Leste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Estonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_See" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_See"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Holy See</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_See-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luxembourg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luxembourg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Luxembourg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luxembourg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-San_Marino" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#San_Marino"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>San Marino</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-San_Marino-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17.1</span> <span>Historical origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17.2</span> <span>Modern role</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Secretary of state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Щатски секретар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Щатски секретар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatssekret%C3%A4r" title="Staatssekretär – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Staatssekretär" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretario_de_Estado" title="Secretario de Estado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secretario de Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subministro" title="Subministro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Subministro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="استانداری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استانداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secr%C3%A9taire_d%27%C3%89tat" title="Secrétaire d'État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Secrétaire d'État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steatssekretaris" title="Steatssekretaris – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Steatssekretaris" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Estado" title="Secretaría de Estado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Secretaría de Estado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%ED%81%AC%EB%9F%AC%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%98%A4%EB%B8%8C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="세크러트리 오브 스테이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세크러트리 오브 스테이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Պետական քարտուղար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պետական քարտուղար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavni_tajnik" title="Državni tajnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Državni tajnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekretaris_negara" title="Sekretaris negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekretaris negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segretario_di_Stato" title="Segretario di Stato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Segretario di Stato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Мемлекеттік хатшы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мемлекеттік хатшы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valstyb%C4%97s_sekretorius" title="Valstybės sekretorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Valstybės sekretorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llamtitk%C3%A1r" title="Államtitkár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Államtitkár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setiausaha_Negara" title="Setiausaha Negara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Setiausaha Negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatssecretaris" title="Staatssecretaris – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Staatssecretaris" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statssekret%C3%A6r" title="Statssekretær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statssekretær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretari_d%27Estat" title="Secretari d'Estat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Secretari d'Estat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davlat_kotibi" title="Davlat kotibi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Davlat kotibi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret%C3%A1rio_de_Estado" title="Secretário de Estado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secretário de Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Статс-секретарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статс-секретарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State" title="Secretary of State – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secretary of State" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Државни секретар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Државни секретар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valtiosihteeri" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Secretary of state (disambiguation)">Secretary of state (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:20.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">the Politics series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive government</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_leader" title="Supreme leader">Supreme leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)" title="President (government title)">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_council_of_state" title="President of the council of state">President of the council of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">Dictator</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a></b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor">Chancellor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_(gubernatorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive (gubernatorial)">Chief executive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_minister" title="Chief minister">Chief minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister-president" title="Minister-president">Minister-president</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime minister</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Council_of_Ministers" title="President of the Council of Ministers">President of the Council of Ministers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_government" title="President of the government">President of the government</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_(government)" title="Cabinet (government)">Cabinet</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Government_formation" title="Government formation">Government formation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_collective_responsibility" title="Cabinet collective responsibility">Cabinet collective responsibility</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(collective_executive)" title="Ministry (collective executive)">Ministry</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_secretary" title="Cabinet secretary">Secretary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)" title="Ministry (government department)">Ministry</a></b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">State</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">Crown</a>)</li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secretary</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;;padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b>Other</b> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissary" title="Commissary">Commissary</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">Commissioner</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">Mayor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">Presidency</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aut_simul_stabunt_aut_simul_cadent" title="Aut simul stabunt aut simul cadent"><i>simul simul</i></a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Cohabitation_(government)" title="Cohabitation (government)">cohabitational</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_governments" title="List of national governments">National governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#eee;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Executive" title="Template:Executive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Executive" title="Template talk:Executive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Executive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Executive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The title <b>secretary of state</b> or <b>state's secretary</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is commonly used for senior or mid-level posts in <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">governments</a> around the world. The role varies between countries, and in some cases there are multiple <b>secretaries of state</b> in the country's system of governing the country. </p><p>In many countries, a secretary of state is a senior or mid-level post. It is usually a politically appointed position, although in some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, it can be filled by a member of the executive bureaucracy (civil service) as a political appointment (equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary" title="Permanent secretary">permanent secretary</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, the administrative body of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal secretary of state">cardinal secretary of state</a> coordinates all the departments of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> (and is in that respect equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of state">United States secretary of state</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> while in most of the individual <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. states</a> the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">secretary of state</a> is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions, often including overseeing elections, tasks which would be exercised by <a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">interior ministers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interior_secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior secretary">secretaries</a> in most other nations. </p><p>The term secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">originated in early 17th century England</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orange_Free_State">Orange Free State</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Orange Free State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a> (1854–1902) the Secretary of State was the original title of the main administrative officer of the State, who worked closely with both the <a href="/wiki/State_President_of_the_Orange_Free_State" title="State President of the Orange Free State">State President</a> as head of state and head of government, and his cabinet, and with the <a href="/wiki/Volksraad_(Orange_Free_State)" title="Volksraad (Orange Free State)">Volksraad</a>, the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>. The title of State Secretary was replaced by that of Government Secretary soon after the formation of the state apparatus and was thereafter never used again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese-speaking_African_countries">Portuguese-speaking African countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Portuguese-speaking African countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The organization of the governments of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tome_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" class="mw-redirect" title="São Tome and Príncipe">São Tome and Príncipe</a> closely mirrors the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Portuguese government model</a>. Thus, in these countries, a Secretary of State (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">secretário de Estado</i>) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Usually, the secretaries of State do not participate in the council of ministers. </p><p>In Mozambique, the role of vice-minister (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">vice-ministro</i>) exists as an intermediate government rank between those of minister and Secretary of State. The role of vice-minister also exists in the Government of Angola, but it is junior to that of Secretary of State. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_African_Republic">South African Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: South African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> the Secretary of State was the main administrative officer of the State, working closely with both the <a href="/wiki/State_President" class="mw-redirect" title="State President">State President</a> as head of state and head of government, and the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberia">Liberia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liberia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, from 1847 until 1972, the Secretary of State was the head of the Department of State and the chief foreign policy officer of the republic, responsible for conducting diplomacy and implementing the nation's foreign affairs. The title was abolished in 1972 and replaced with the new nomenclature, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Liberia)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Liberia)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>. Throughout most of Liberia's history, holders of that office usually went on to become president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Americas">The Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Secretary of State (Secretario de Estado) in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> (federal government) is a high official with the same rank of a Minister, who is responsible directly to the President. The position must be distinguished from a "Secretary", a lower position, responsible to a Minister. </p><p>The official responsible for foreign policy is called Minister of Foreign Affairs (Ministro de Relaciones Exteriores) or "Chancellor" (Canciller). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, a Secretary of State (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">secretário de Estado</i> or <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">secretário estadual</i></span>) – commonly referred simply as "Secretary" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">secretário</i>) is one of the government members of each of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">Brazilian states</a>, subordinate to the respective <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Brazilian_state_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current Brazilian state governors">State Governor</a>. At state level, the Brazilian secretaries of State have functions similar to those of the Ministers of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Federal Government</a>. </p><p>At federal level, the officer responsible for foreign affairs, a position equivalent to that of the United States Secretary of State, is the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Cabinet">Canadian Cabinet</a> used to have a Secretary of State for External Affairs who acted as the country's <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Minister">Foreign Minister</a>, but this position was abolished in 1993 and a new position of <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a> was created. From 1867 to 1993, there was also a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Canada" title="Secretary of State for Canada">Secretary of State for Canada</a> who was a Cabinet minister whose duties varied over time but who was responsible for the Department of Secretary of State until the position was abolished. Since 1993, some junior ministers have been styled <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (Canada)">Secretary of State</a>, and assigned in specific policy areas to assist Cabinet ministers. However, these junior ministers are not themselves members of Cabinet. A similar role is played by <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (Canada)">Ministers of State</a>, however Ministers are members of the cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> a secretary of state is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Executive_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Executive Cabinet">Mexican Executive Cabinet</a> who responds to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">president of the Republic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Federal_government">Federal government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Federal government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a></div> <p>In the United States <i>federal</i> government, "Secretary of State" refers to the official responsible for executing the non-military and non-homeland security aspects of foreign policy, the analogue of the foreign secretary or <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a> of a country that has one or the other. The U.S. secretary of state is head of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>. The secretary of state is responsible for the administration of United States embassies and their subsidiary units throughout the world. </p><p>The U.S. secretary of state has the power to remove any foreign diplomat from U.S. soil for any reason. </p><p>Six secretaries of state became presidents (<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>) and five won <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prizes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frank_Kellogg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Kellogg">Frank Kellogg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Hull" title="Cordell Hull">Cordell Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>). </p><p>The now long-established terms "Department ..." and "Secretary of State" were preceded (for two months following the effective date of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a>) by the narrower title <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a> and the corresponding departmental name; the change reflected the addition of some miscellaneous domestic responsibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-HistorianFAQ_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistorianFAQ-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position is widely regarded as the most senior in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">presidential line of succession</a> the secretary of state falls first among Cabinet officers, and fourth overall. The secretary of state is also, in <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(diplomacy)" title="Protocol (diplomacy)">protocol</a>, the first Cabinet member in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">order of precedence</a>, immediately preceding any former presidents and former first ladies, who are followed by the rest of the Cabinet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="State_government">State government</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(U.S._state_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State (U.S. state government)">Secretary of State (U.S. state government)</a></div> <p>In most of the individual <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, the Secretary of State is an administrative officer responsible for certain governmental functions. The specific powers and duties of this office depend on the constitution and laws of the particular state, but they often include responsibility for overseeing elections within the state. In the state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_Oregon" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State of Oregon">secretary of state</a> is an elected office that acts as the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">lieutenant governor</a> in other states among many other duties. In three states (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>), the position is called "<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Commonwealth_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Secretary of the Commonwealth (disambiguation)">Secretary of the Commonwealth</a>", since these states as well as Kentucky are called "<a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_(U.S._state)" title="Commonwealth (U.S. state)">commonwealth</a>" instead of "state". In <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, this office is called the "<a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_State_of_Connecticut" title="Secretary of the State of Connecticut">Secretary of <i>the</i> State</a>". In three states (<a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>), there is no secretary of state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brunei">Brunei</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Brunei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_of_Brunei" title="State Secretary of Brunei">State Secretary of Brunei</a></div> <p>The State Secretary (<i>Setiausaha Kerajaan</i>) was established to support the Menteri Besar in overseeing Brunei's administrative functions. The position was specifically reserved for <a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Malay Muslims</a> and required nomination by the Sultan. Under the 1959 Constitution, the State Secretary became the principal officer managing <a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">internal administrative affairs</a>, ensuring departmental coordination and policy consultation. The State Secretary also held a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cabinet_Ministers" title="Council of Cabinet Ministers">Council of Ministers</a> and worked alongside other key officials like the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Brunei" title="Attorney General of Brunei">Attorney General</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_and_Economy_(Brunei)" title="Ministry of Finance and Economy (Brunei)">State Financial Officer</a> to implement the Sultan’s executive authority. Additionally, in legal matters involving government personnel, documents signed by the State Secretary, such as those certifying employment details, were accepted as conclusive evidence in court. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the Minister-Secretary of State (<i>Menteri Sekretaris Negara</i>) is a Government official of Ministerial rank who heads the Ministry of State Secretariat. The Minister-Secretary of State gives technical and administrative assistance to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Indonesia" title="Vice President of Indonesia">Vice President</a> in running State affairs. In the President's case, the Minister-Secretary of State also provides assistance for the President in his role as Commander-in-chief of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Armed_Forces" title="Indonesian National Armed Forces">Indonesian National Armed Forces</a>. In addition, the State Secretary provides the President and Vice President with their reports, coordinates household matters and protocols, as well as assisting in the drafting of <a href="/wiki/Bill_(proposed_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill (proposed law)">bills</a> and/or Governmental regulations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuwait">Kuwait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Kuwait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kuwaiti Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Sabah_Al-Salem_Al-Sabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Al-Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah">Muhammad Al-Sabah Al-Salem Al-Sabah</a>, is in charge of international relations of Kuwait, and all Kuwaiti representatives abroad. Al-Sabah is a member of the cabinet of ministers, and reports directly to <a href="/wiki/Sabah_Al-Ahmad_Al-Jaber_Al-Sabah" title="Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah">Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah</a>, The Emir of Kuwait. He is also in charge of all the diplomatic representatives in <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_to_the_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Secretary to the Government">Chief Secretary to the Government</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, Chief Secretary to the Government is the Malaysian secretary of state. </p><p>However, every state in Malaysia have their own State Secretary, except federal territories. Secretary of State is the member of the State Executive Council, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertua_Negeri" title="Yang di-Pertua Negeri">Governor</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>) or the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> (except in <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Besar_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan">Yang DiPertuan Besar</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a>, appointed by the (Raja of Perlis). The State Secretary is the head of the public service in his/her state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Timor-Leste"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Portuguese model</a>, in the Government of <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a>, a Secretary of State (<i>Sekretáriu Estadu</i> in <a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a>, <i>Secretário de Estado</i> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>) is a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. Despite being members of the Government, the Secretaries of State usually do not participate in the Council of Ministers, unless they are specially summoned for and, in this case, without right to vote. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belgium">Belgium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, a secretary of state in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> is a junior minister who is responsible to a minister or to the prime minister. For example, <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Van_Quickenborne" title="Vincent Van Quickenborne">Vincent Van Quickenborne</a> was a secretary of state charged with the simplification of the administration, and in this role he was accountable to the <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a>. The title "secretary of state" was created because the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Belgium" title="Constitution of Belgium">constitution of Belgium</a> explicitly limits the number of ministers to fifteen (seven <a href="/wiki/French-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="French-speaking">French-speaking</a> ministers and seven <a href="/wiki/Dutch-speaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-speaking">Dutch-speaking</a> ministers, with the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Belgium" title="Prime Minister of Belgium">prime minister</a> being officially "linguistically neutral").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, appointing people as secretaries of state allows the government to circumvent this constitutional limitation. See <a href="/wiki/Federal_Government_of_Belgium#Incumbent_government" title="Federal Government of Belgium">Current list of secretaries of states for Belgian Federal Government</a>. </p><p>There are also three secretaries of state in the <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_Government_of_the_Brussels-Capital_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics and Government of the Brussels-Capital Region"> government of the Brussels-Capital Region</a>, one of whom has to be Flemish. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonia">Estonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Estonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The secretary of state (<i>Riigisekretär</i>) directs the <a href="/wiki/Riigikantselei" title="Riigikantselei">Government Office</a>. Its mission is to support the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Estonia" title="Government of Estonia">Government of Estonia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Estonia" title="Prime Minister of Estonia">Prime Minister of Estonia</a> in policy drafting and implementation. It also supports any <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Ministers without portfolio</a> and helps to ensure good governance. The first Secretary of State was <a href="/wiki/Karl_Terras" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Terras">Karl Terras</a>. Before the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Baltic States">Soviet re-occupation</a> in 1944, the State Secretary went <a href="/wiki/Estonian_government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian government in exile">into exile</a> until the position came back to <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A state secretary (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>: <i lang="fi">valtiosihteeri</i>), is the highest official below each minister. Ministers, who lead ministries (government departments), comprise the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a>. Each state secretary is appointed for the term of the minister and is responsible to the minister. </p><p>This is a new arrangement; during the introduction of this model, a secretary was called "political state secretary" (<span title="Finnish-language text"><i lang="fi">poliittinen valtiosihteeri</i></span>). In contrast, previously only two ministries, Ministries of Finance and Foreign Affairs, used to have state secretaries, who were permanently appointed. One such example is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raimo_Sailas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raimo Sailas (page does not exist)">Raimo Sailas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimo_Sailas" class="extiw" title="fi:Raimo Sailas">fi</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, a Secretary of State (<i>Secrétaire d'État</i>) is a junior minister, responsible to a minister or the Prime Minister. It is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a> title given to a senior French cabinet minister of particular importance. </p><p>Under the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancien_R%C3%A9gime)" title="Secretary of State (Ancien Régime)">Secretaries of State</a> were Crown officers whose responsibilities were similar to those of today's <a href="/wiki/French_government_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="French government ministers">governmental ministers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_State_Secretary" title="Parliamentary State Secretary">Parliamentary State Secretary</a></div> <p>The German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatssekretär</i></span> is a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Beamter" title="Beamter">Beamter</a></i></span> (civil servant) who ranks second only to the minister in a state or federal ministry, so the position is equivalent to that of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_secretary" title="Permanent secretary">Permanent secretary</a> in the United Kingdom, not to that of a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)"> U.K. Secretary of State</a>. While officially it is not a political office, often it is assigned by appointment based on political criteria such as party affiliation,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than by career progression as a civil servant. Nevertheless, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatssekretäre</i></span> function as the administrative heads of ministries. They depend on the full confidence of their respective ministers and can at any time be posted into provisional retirement with their pension paid in full. This happens usually when the government or the minister changes. <i>De facto</i> such a provisional retirement is lifelong. </p><p>A special case is the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_State_Secretary" title="Parliamentary State Secretary">Parliamentary State Secretary</a> (<i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär</i></span></i>), who is a member of parliament who is appointed to a ministry as a <i>Staatssekretär</i>; in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Office_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Office (Germany)">German Foreign Office</a> and the <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellery" title="German Chancellery">German Chancellery</a> the official title is <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Staatsminister</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Minister of State</a>). Critics claim that parliamentary secretaries of state are usually given little to no influence and responsibility within their ministry, all the while drawing very generous pay due to receiving two salaries, both as a secretary of state and as a member of parliament. For example, when interviewed in 2005 about his post as a parliamentary minister of state in the German Foreign Office (1998–2002) during an <a href="/wiki/German_Visa_Affair_2005" class="mw-redirect" title="German Visa Affair 2005"> investigation into visa abuse</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludger_Volmer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludger Volmer (page does not exist)">Ludger Volmer</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludger_Volmer" class="extiw" title="de:Ludger Volmer">de</a>]</span> claimed that he had been cut off from the workflow within the ministry, and called the <i>Staatsminister</i> office an "<i>Unding</i>" (absurdity). </p><p>In 1998, chancellor <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Gerhard Schröder">Gerhard Schröder</a> introduced the new office of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Government_Commissioner_for_Culture_and_the_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media (page does not exist)">Federal Government Commissioner for Culture and the Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Beauftragter der Bundesregierung für Kultur und Medien</i>) at the formal rank of a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parlamentarischer Staatssekretär</i></span>, hence the office is usually called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kulturstaatsminister</i></span> ("State Minister of Culture") for short – although some of the incumbents did not hold a seat in parliament. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=German_Parliamentary_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Media&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="German Parliamentary Commission for Culture and the Media (page does not exist)">German Parliamentary Commission for Culture and the Media</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausschuss_f%C3%BCr_Kultur_und_Medien" class="extiw" title="de:Ausschuss für Kultur und Medien">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ausschuss für Kultur und Medien</i>) serves in place of a proper ministry for this department. Since 1998, the office of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kulturstaatsminister</i></span> has been held by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Naumann" title="Michael Naumann">Michael Naumann</a> (1998–2001), <a href="/wiki/Julian_Nida-R%C3%BCmelin" title="Julian Nida-Rümelin">Julian Nida-Rümelin</a> (2001–2002), <a href="/wiki/Christina_Weiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Christina Weiss">Christina Weiss</a> (2002–2005), <a href="/wiki/Bernd_Neumann" title="Bernd Neumann">Bernd Neumann</a> (2005–2013), <a href="/wiki/Monika_Gr%C3%BCtters" title="Monika Grütters">Monika Grütters</a> (2013–2021) and <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Roth" title="Claudia Roth">Claudia Roth</a> (since 2021). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greece, the title "Secretary of State" (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Γραμματεύς της Επικρατείας</span>) was used only intermittently during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Greek state">modern Greek state</a>. It was first employed for the head of the cabinet under the governorship of <a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Kapodistrias" title="Ioannis Kapodistrias">Ioannis Kapodistrias</a>, a post held successively by <a href="/wiki/Spyridon_Trikoupis" title="Spyridon Trikoupis">Spyridon Trikoupis</a> (1828–29) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolaos_Spiliadis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolaos Spiliadis (page does not exist)">Nikolaos Spiliadis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Νικόλαος Σπηλιάδης">el</a>]</span> (1829–31). It was then abandoned, until used instead of the title of "Minister" (Υπουργός) for the cabinet members in the 1835–37 <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Josef_Ludwig_von_Armansperg" title="Cabinet of Josef Ludwig von Armansperg">Cabinet of Josef Ludwig von Armansperg</a>, with Armansperg being designated "Chief Secretary of State" (Αρχιγραμματεύς της Επικρατείας). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_See">Holy See</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Holy See"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Secretary_of_State" title="Cardinal Secretary of State">Secretary of State of His Holiness The Pope</a>, or Cardinal Secretary of State, presides over the <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Vatican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretariat of State (Vatican)">Secretariat of State</a>, which is the most important <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, as it organizes, makes appointments to, and directs the activities of the other dicasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Pastor_Bonus_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pastor_Bonus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The secretariat is also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>'s foreign relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Pastor_Bonus_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pastor_Bonus-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During a <a href="/wiki/Sede_vacante" title="Sede vacante">sede vacante</a>, the former Secretary of State (the appointment expires when the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> dies or resigns) assumes some of the functions of the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> as a part of a temporary commission.<sup id="cite_ref-Universi_Dominici_Gregis_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universi_Dominici_Gregis-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Luxembourg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourgian</a> Secretaries of State (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">secrétaire d'Etat</i>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourgish language">Luxembourgish</a>: <i lang="lb">Staatssekretär(in)</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Staatssekretär(in)</i>) are members of the cabinet, and are ranked below ministers. They are given specific briefs, covering the same briefs as the ministers, and help to assist their respective ministers to perform their functions. They often hold more than one brief or assist more than one minister. In the <a href="/wiki/Juncker-Asselborn_Ministry_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Juncker-Asselborn Ministry I">first Juncker-Asselborn cabinet</a>, there was one Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/Octavie_Modert" title="Octavie Modert">Octavie Modert</a>, who is responsible for Relations with Parliament; Agriculture, Viticulture, and Rural Development; and Culture, Higher Education, and Research. There had been two in the previous cabinet, and three between 1984 and 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in France and Belgium, a <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Netherlands)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Netherlands)">State Secretary</a> in the Netherlands is a junior minister who is responsible to a Cabinet Minister or the Prime Minister. Some of them may, in specific circumstances, call themselves Minister when visiting a foreign country. Each State Secretary has a certain portfolio, which is different to their Cabinet Minister to split up the responsibilities and relieve the workload. </p><p>The top civil servant in a government department is called Secretary-General <i>(secretaris-generaal)</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Norway)" title="State Secretary (Norway)">State Secretary (Norway)</a></div> <p>A <i>statssekretær</i> in Norway plays more or less the same role as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">French</a> or <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State#Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Swedish equivalent</a>. Secretaries of State are connected to specific <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_ministries" title="List of Norwegian ministries">ministry</a>, and serve as a <i>de facto</i> vice minister. However, the State Secretary cannot attend a <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(Norway)" title="Council of State (Norway)">Council of State</a> and the only minister is constitutionally responsible for all the <i>statssekretær'</i>s decisions in office. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, a secretary of State (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i>secretário de Estado</i>, masculine; <i>secretária de Estado</i>, feminine; <i>secretários de Estado</i>, plural) is a junior minister, of intermediate rank between that of cabinet minister and that of under-secretary of State. Although having the Constitutional status of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Portugal" title="Government of Portugal">Government members</a>, the secretaries of State do not usually participate in the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet of Portugal">Council of Ministers</a>, unless summoned for certain meetings and, in those cases, without right to vote. They act merely as deputies of ministers, having only the powers delegated to them by their ministers or directly by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Portugal" title="Prime Minister of Portugal">prime minister</a>. </p><p>Until the reorganization of the Portuguese Public Administration structure in 2004, it was common for a secretary of State to be in charge of a secretariat of State (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">secretaria de Estado</i>), a Government department with a status below that of a ministry. A secretariat of State could be organized as a division of a ministry or occasionally be directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. For example, from 1987 to 1995, a Secretariat of State for the Culture existed directly subordinate to the Prime Minister. Despite this type of department no longer officially existing in the organization of the Portuguese Government, it is still common usage for the portfolio of a secretary of State to be colloquially referred to as a "secretariat of State". </p><p>Historically, since the 17th century, the title of "secretary of State" was used to designate the heads of the Government departments of Portugal. In the 19th century, the title of "minister" started to be used, the official complete title of each of the ministers becoming "minister and secretary of State" of a given portfolio until <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">the end of the Monarchy in 1910</a>. From them on, the title "minister" completely replaced that of "secretary of State" (with the exception of the brief <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a> that existed during 1918, in which the ministers were re-titled "secretaries of State"). In 1958, the title of "secretary of State" was reintroduced to designate the then created role of a junior minister, subordinate to a cabinet minister. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Devolved_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved government">devolved governments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Autonomous Regions</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>), cabinet members are called "Regional Secretary" of a given portfolio (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Secretário Regional</i>), and the head of the cabinet is titled "President of the Regional Government" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">Presidente do Governo Regional</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The position of State Secretary (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Статс-секретарь</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Stats-sekretar</i></span> or <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Государственный секретар</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gosudarstvennyj sekretar</i></span>) has existed at certain periods of time. Boris Yeltsin revived the post in 1991. </p> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> State secretaries of the Russian Empire (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Государственные секретари Российской империи</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Gosudarstvennye sekretari Rossijskoj imperii</i></span>) operated in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Chancellery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Chancellery (page does not exist)">State Chancellery</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Государственная канцелярия">ru</a>]</span> from 1810 to 1917. <ul><li>Count <a href="/wiki/Karl_Nesselrode" title="Karl Nesselrode">Karl Nesselrode</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary">State Secretary</a> in 1814,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Foreign Minister from 1816 to 1856</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._de_Freigang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. de Freigang (page does not exist)">M. de Freigang</a> sometime in the 1820–1828 time period <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a> 1903–1905<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Burbulis" title="Gennady Burbulis">Gennady Burbulis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gosudarstvennyj_sekretar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosudarstvennyj sekretar (page does not exist)">Gosudarstvennyj sekretar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%A0" class="extiw" title="ru:Государственный секретарь РСФСР">ru</a>]</span> May to November 1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Karasin" title="Grigory Karasin">Grigory Karasin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Статс-секретарь-Заместитель министра иностранных дел Российской Федерации</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Stats-sekretar-Zamestitel ministra inostrannykh del Rossijskoj Federatsii</i></span> 2005–2019</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="San_Marino">San Marino</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: San Marino"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Republic of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> a Secretary of State is a senior Cabinet Minister in charge of a State Department. The Secretary of State is a member of the Council of Ministers (<i>Congresso di Stato</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In present-day organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish government">Spanish Government</a> a <i>Secretario de Estado</i> is a junior minister. Each ministry may have one or several Secretaries of State. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_International_Cooperation" title="Secretary of State for International Cooperation">Secretary of State for Latin America</a> works for the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Cooperation_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation (Spain)">Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation</a>. </p><p>From 1715 to 1834 the <i><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(Ancient_Regime_in_Spain)" title="Secretary of State (Ancient Regime in Spain)">Secretarios de Estado y del Despacho</a></i> were the heads of different government departments. The Secretary of State usually served as Chief Minister (See <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Spain" title="List of prime ministers of Spain">List of prime ministers of Spain</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_(Sweden)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Secretary (Sweden)">State Secretary (Sweden)</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, a State Secretary (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Statssekreterare</i>) is a political appointee, second in rank to the Minister (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Statsråd</i>) in charge of the ministry. Unlike ministers, state secretaries are not members of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden#Cabinet_government" title="Government of Sweden">cabinet</a>. Typically, there is one State Secretary assigned for each minister in the cabinet, and two for the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">prime minister</a>. For historical reasons, the <a href="/wiki/State_Secretary_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Sweden)" title="State Secretary for Foreign Affairs (Sweden)">State Secretary in the Ministry for Foreign Affairs</a> has another title (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: <i lang="sv">Kabinettssekreterare</i>, in English literally "Cabinet Secretary"). State secretaries tend to, more often than the ministers do, hail from a fixed civil servant background or a professional background relevant to the area of responsibility that belongs to their respective ministries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> federal administration, secretaries of state are the most senior career officials. The title is conferred by the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Federal Council">Swiss Federal Council</a> on heads of federal offices whose duties entail independent interaction with senior foreign authorities (cf. article 46 of the Government and Administration Organisation Act<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In practice, the function of a secretary of state is the same as in France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_origin">Historical origin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Historical origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State (England)</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>, before 1660, an office entitled <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> came into being near the end of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a> (1558–1603), the usual title before that having been King's Clerk, King's Secretary, or Principal Secretary. From 1540 there were sometimes two such secretaries. </p><p>From 1660 there were always two secretaries of state, between whom oversight of foreign affairs was divided on a geographical basis while domestic affairs were shared: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Secretary">Northern Secretary</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Secretary">Southern Secretary</a>. In 1707, England and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> were merged into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, and there was a third <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland" title="Secretary of State for Scotland">Secretary of State for Scotland</a> until 1746. A third <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for the Colonies">Secretary of State for the Colonies</a> existed from 1768. In 1782 a system reform resulted in reverting to having two secretaries of state: a <a href="/wiki/Home_Secretary" title="Home Secretary">Home Secretary</a> (including colonial affairs) and a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs (UK)"> Foreign Secretary</a>, with the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War" title="Secretary of State for War"> third for War</a> from 1794. The title of <a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary">Under Secretary</a> came into use over the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> was formed by the union of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> in 1801. By a gradual process between then and the 1960s, most of the ministers of the British cabinet became secretaries of state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_role">Modern role</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Modern role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(United_Kingdom)" title="Secretary of State (United Kingdom)">Secretary of State (United Kingdom)</a></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, a secretary of state is a senior <a href="/wiki/Political_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Political minister"> minister</a>, normally in charge of a <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_United_Kingdom_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Departments of the United Kingdom Government"> government department</a>. Secretaries of state are appointed directly by the <a href="/wiki/Monarch_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarch of the United Kingdom"> Monarch</a> on the advice of the Prime Minister, and are responsible, along with other Cabinet members, for the collective government of the United Kingdom. There are a number of secretaries of state, each of whom are formally titled "<b>His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for ...</b>"; legislation generally refers only to "the Secretary of State".<sup id="cite_ref-cabinetmanual_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cabinetmanual-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This and many other government and judiciary titles are often capitalized in government documents in violation of the much more common rule in English to capitalize titles only before a name (see e.g. Chicago Manual of Style, 17th ed., 2017, sec. 8.19, 8.22), when it in fact becomes part of the name. Therefore lowercase spelling is the first or only variant recorded in some major dictionaries such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=secretary+of+state+&submit.x=0&submit.y=0">American Heritage Dictionary</a>, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/judiciary">Oxford Online Dictionaries</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.infoplease.com/secretary-of-state">Random House Dictionary</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HistorianFAQ-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HistorianFAQ_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/about/faq/state-department-history">"Frequently asked questions – Office of the Historian"</a>. Office of the Historian, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+asked+questions+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Historian%2C+United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fabout%2Ffaq%2Fstate-department-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/government/federal_authorities/federal_government">"The federal government | Belgium.be"</a>. <i>www.belgium.be</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.belgium.be&rft.atitle=The+federal+government+%26%23124%3B+Belgium.be&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belgium.be%2Fen%2Fabout_belgium%2Fgovernment%2Ffederal_authorities%2Ffederal_government&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigikantselei.ee/?id=397">"Avaleht | Riigikantselei"</a>. <i>www.riigikantselei.ee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.riigikantselei.ee&rft.atitle=Avaleht+%26%23124%3B+Riigikantselei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigikantselei.ee%2F%3Fid%3D397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachVeit2017" class="citation web cs1">Bach, Tobias; Veit, Sylvia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/mux041">"The Determinants of Promotion to High Public Office in Germany: Partisan Loyalty, Political Craft, or Managerial Competencies?"</a>. <i>Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmux041">10.1093/jopart/mux041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Public+Administration+Research+and+Theory&rft.atitle=The+Determinants+of+Promotion+to+High+Public+Office+in+Germany%3A+Partisan+Loyalty%2C+Political+Craft%2C+or+Managerial+Competencies%3F&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmux041&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft.au=Veit%2C+Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjopart%2Fmux041&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pastor_Bonus-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pastor_Bonus_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pastor_Bonus_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1988" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (28 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html">"Pastor Bonus"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pastor+Bonus&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1988-06-28&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_19880628_pastor-bonus-roman-curia_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universi_Dominici_Gregis-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Universi_Dominici_Gregis_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1996" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html">"Universi Dominici Gregis"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universi+Dominici+Gregis&rft.pub=The+Holy+See&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Fapost_constitutions%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_apc_22021996_universi-dominici-gregis_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedlex.admin.ch/eli/cc/1997/2022_2022_2022/de">"Fedlex"</a>. <i>www.fedlex.admin.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fedlex.admin.ch&rft.atitle=Fedlex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fedlex.admin.ch%2Feli%2Fcc%2F1997%2F2022_2022_2022%2Fde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSainty1973" class="citation book cs1">Sainty, J. C. (1973). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol2/pp1-21#h3-0008"><i>Office-Holders in Modern Britain: Volume 2 - Officials of the Secretaries of State 1660-1782</i></a>. University of London. pp. 1–21 – via British History Online. <q>At the Restoration [in 1660] the practice of appointing two Secretaries of State, which was well established before the Civil War, was resumed. Apart from the modifications which were made necessary by the occasional existence of a third secretaryship, the organisation of the secretariat underwent no fundamental change from that time until the reforms of 1782 which resulted in the emergence of the Home and Foreign departments. ... English domestic affairs remained the responsibility of both Secretaries throughout the period. In the field of foreign affairs there was a division into a Northern and a Southern Department, each of which was the responsibility of one Secretary. The distinction between the two departments emerged only gradually. It was not until after 1689 that their names passed into general currency. Nevertheless the division of foreign business itself can, in its broad outlines, be detected in the early years of the reign of Charles II. ... The first question to be considered in the light of the memorandum of 1684 is the origin of the office of Under Secretary. It should be emphasised in this connection that the term 'Under Secretary', although found in use as early as 1672, (fn. 28) passed only gradually into general currency.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Office-Holders+in+Modern+Britain%3A+Volume+2+-+Officials+of+the+Secretaries+of+State+1660-1782&rft.pages=1-21&rft.pub=University+of+London&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Sainty&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Foffice-holders%2Fvol2%2Fpp1-21%23h3-0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cabinetmanual-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cabinetmanual_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426232549/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/cabinet-draft-manual.pdf">"Draft Cabinet Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cabinet Office. 14 December 2010. p. 42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/sites/default/files/resources/cabinet-draft-manual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+Cabinet+Manual&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cabinet+Office&rft.date=2010-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinetoffice.gov.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2Fcabinet-draft-manual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecretary+of+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretary_of_state&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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aria-labelledby="Common_types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_government_ministers_and_ministries" title="Template talk:Types of government ministers and ministries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_prime_minister" title="Deputy prime minister">Deputy prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_minister" title="First minister">First minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_First_Minister_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Deputy First Minister (disambiguation)">Deputy First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier" title="Premier">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Office of the President (disambiguation)">Office of the president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_department" title="Cabinet department">Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker / President of the assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(government)" title="Minister (government)">Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of state">Minister of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_minister" title="Deputy minister">Deputy minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undersecretary" title="Undersecretary">Undersecretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_secretary" title="Parliamentary secretary">Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defence / <br /> foreign affairs /<br />public safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_defence" title="Ministry of defence">Ministry of defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_foreign_affairs" title="Ministry of foreign affairs">Ministry of foreign affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_minister" title="Immigration minister">Immigration minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interior_ministry" title="Interior ministry">Interior ministry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_development_minister" title="International development minister">International development minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_European_Affairs_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for European Affairs (disambiguation)">Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics/<br />infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_minister" title="Commerce minister">Commerce minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_economy" title="Ministry of the economy">Ministry of the economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_finance" title="Ministry of finance">Ministry of finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Industry minister">Industry minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of infrastructure">Ministry of infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_trade_and_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of trade and industry">Ministry of trade and industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of transport">Ministry of transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment / <br />natural resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_minister" title="Energy minister">Energy minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_energy" title="Ministry of energy">Ministry of energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_minister" title="Environment minister">Environment minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of electricity">Ministry of electricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_petroleum" title="Ministry of petroleum">Ministry of petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_water_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of water resources">Ministry of water resources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of culture">Ministry of culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_minister" title="Education minister">Education minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_education_and_culture" title="Ministry of education and culture">Ministry of education and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">Health minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_department" title="Health department">Ministry of health</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_minister" title="Information minister">Information minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_minister" title="Housing minister">Housing minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_authority" title="Housing authority">Ministry of housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_justice" title="Ministry of justice">Ministry of justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_labour" title="Minister of labour">Minister of labour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of labour">Ministry of labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_minister" title="Regional minister">Regional minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministry of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_minister" title="Tourism minister">Tourism minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_home_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of home affairs">Ministry of home affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_religious_affairs" title="Ministry of religious affairs">Ministry of religious affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_science" title="Ministry of science">Ministry of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social affairs">Ministry of social affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of social security">Ministry of social security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Veterans_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Veterans (disambiguation)">Minister for Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of women">Ministry of women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Women_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minister for Women (disambiguation)">Minister for women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">Minister without portfolio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_vice_presidents_and_designated_acting_presidents" title="List of current vice presidents and designated acting presidents">Vice presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of current heads of state and government">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_deputy_prime_ministers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current deputy prime ministers">Deputy prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_presidents_of_legislatures" title="List of current presidents of legislatures">Presidents of assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_agriculture_ministries" title="List of agriculture ministries">Agriculture ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_climate_change" title="List of ministers of climate change">Climate change ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministries_of_communications" title="List of ministries of communications">Communications ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_defence_ministers" title="List of current defence ministers">Defence ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_education_ministries" title="List of education ministries">Education ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_of_the_environment" title="List of ministers of the environment">Environment ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_ministries" title="List of environmental ministries">Environment ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_finance_ministers" title="List of current finance ministers">Finance ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_foreign_ministers" title="List of current foreign ministers">Foreign ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Forest ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_health_departments_and_ministries" title="List of health departments and ministries">Health ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Mental_Health" title="Minister of Mental Health">mental health</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_interior_ministers" title="List of current interior ministers">Interior ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_works_ministries" title="List of public works ministries">Public works ministries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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