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The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 13:41, 28 February 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/129.79.197.85" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/129.79.197.85" data-mw-revid="1210817812"><bdi>129.79.197.85</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:129.79.197.85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:129.79.197.85 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Ruiz&diff=prev&oldid=1210817812" title="United States v. Ruiz">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Ruiz&direction=prev&oldid=1210817812" title="United States v. Ruiz">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">2002 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">United States v. Ruiz</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>United States v. Ruiz</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">536 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/536/622/case.html">622</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_536" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 536">more</a></i>)<div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Breyer, joined by Rehnquist, Stevens, O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Souter, Ginsburg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Concurrence</th><td class="infobox-data">Thomas</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Const. amend. XIV</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>United States v. Ruiz</b></i>, 536 U.S. 622 (2002), was a decision by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> in which the Court held that <i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Maryland" title="Brady v. Maryland">Brady v. Maryland</a></i> did not require prosecutors to disclose <a href="/wiki/Witness_impeachment" title="Witness impeachment">impeachment evidence</a> during plea bargaining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion">Opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Ruiz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Ruiz</i>, the defendant sought to vacate her sentence because a plea deal she had been offered, which she rejected, included a waiver of their right to impeachment information related to informants or witnesses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> granted the vacatur, finding that a plea is not voluntary unless the prosecution disclosed impeachment information to the defendant. This constituted a violation of the rule in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Brady&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States v. Brady (page does not exist)">United States v. Brady</a></i> that pleas have to be voluntarily, knowingly, and intelligently made.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit and gave three primary reasons for doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the Court stated that "impeachment information is special in relation to the <i>fairness of a trial,</i> not in respect to whether a plea is <i>voluntary."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> Second, the Court cited court precedent finding that voluntariness in the plea context did not require "complete knowledge of the relevant circumstances" on the part of the defendant.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the Court stated that such an obligation "could seriously interfere with the Government's interest in securing those guilty pleas that are factually justified, desired by defendants, and help to secure the efficient administration of justice."<i><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_developments">Subsequent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Ruiz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subsequent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because <i>Ruiz</i> referred to <i>Brady</i> disclosures as a "trial-related" right, it raised questions as to whether <i>Brady</i> required the disclosure of exculpatory evidence during plea bargaining.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2010, at least three circuit court of appeals relied upon <i>Ruiz</i> to hold that <i>Brady</i> did not.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the majority of courts have not expanded <i>Ruiz</i> further than its holding related to impeachment evidence, the debate about exculpatory evidence has continued in scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_v._Ruiz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>U.S. v. Ruiz</i>, 536 U.S. 622, 626-32 (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gabriella Castellano, <i>The "Critical Stage" of Plea-Bargaining and Disclosure of Exculpatory Evidence</i>, 65 N.Y.L. Sch. L. Rev. 105 =, 114 (2021)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenny Roberts, <i>Too Little, Too Late: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel, the Duty to Investigate, and Pretrial Discovery in Criminal Cases</i>, 31 Fordham Urb. L.J. 1097, 1141 (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wayne R. 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href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">criminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">due process</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Reasonable_doubt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reasonable_doubt" title="Reasonable doubt">Reasonable doubt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Leland_v._Oregon" title="Leland v. Oregon">Leland v. Oregon</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holland_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holland v. United States (page does not exist)">Holland v. United States</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leary_v._United_States" title="Leary v. United States">Leary v. United States</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_re_Winship" title="In re Winship">In re Winship</a></i> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cool_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cool v. United States (page does not exist)">Cool v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mullaney_v._Wilbur" title="Mullaney v. Wilbur">Mullaney v. Wilbur</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patterson_v._New_York" title="Patterson v. New York">Patterson v. New York</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taylor_v._Kentucky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taylor v. Kentucky (page does not exist)">Taylor v. Kentucky</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=County_Court_of_Ulster_Cty._v._Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen (page does not exist)">County Court of Ulster Cty. v. Allen</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sandstrom_v._Montana" title="Sandstrom v. Montana">Sandstrom v. Montana</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jackson_v._Virginia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jackson v. Virginia (page does not exist)">Jackson v. Virginia</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murray_v._Carrier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murray v. Carrier (page does not exist)">Murray v. Carrier</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cage_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cage v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Cage v. Louisiana</a></i> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sullivan_v._Louisiana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sullivan v. Louisiana (page does not exist)">Sullivan v. Louisiana</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_v._Nebraska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor v. Nebraska (page does not exist)">Victor v. Nebraska</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlup_v._Delo" title="Schlup v. Delo">Schlup v. Delo</a></i> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Brady_disclosure" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Brady_disclosure" title="Brady disclosure"><i>Brady</i> disclosure</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brady_v._Maryland" title="Brady v. Maryland">Brady v. Maryland</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giglio_v._United_States" title="Giglio v. United States">Giglio v. United States</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i>Moore v. Illinois</i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Agurs" title="United States v. Agurs">United States v. Agurs</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=California_v._Trombetta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="California v. Trombetta (page does not exist)">California v. Trombetta</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bagley" title="United States v. Bagley">United States v. Bagley</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._Youngblood" title="Arizona v. Youngblood">Arizona v. Youngblood</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kyles_v._Whitley" title="Kyles v. Whitley">Kyles v. Whitley</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wood_v._Bartholomew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wood v. Bartholomew (page does not exist)">Wood v. Bartholomew</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strickler_v._Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strickler v. Greene (page does not exist)">Strickler v. Greene</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States v. Ruiz</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_v._Fisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois v. Fisher">Illinois v. Fisher</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banks_v._Dretke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banks v. Dretke (page does not exist)">Banks v. Dretke</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Youngblood_v._West_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Youngblood v. West Virginia">Youngblood v. West Virginia</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cone_v._Bell" title="Cone v. Bell">Cone v. Bell</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Cain" title="Smith v. Cain">Smith v. Cain</a></i> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mental_competence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adjudicative_competence" title="Adjudicative competence">Mental competence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_v._United_States_(1956)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop v. United States (1956) (page does not exist)">Bishop v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dusky_v._United_States" title="Dusky v. United States">Dusky v. United States</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pate_v._Robinson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pate v. Robinson (page does not exist)">Pate v. Robinson</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drope_v._Missouri" title="Drope v. Missouri">Drope v. Missouri</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riggins_v._Nevada" title="Riggins v. Nevada">Riggins v. Nevada</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medina_v._California&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medina v. California (page does not exist)">Medina v. California</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godinez_v._Moran" title="Godinez v. Moran">Godinez v. Moran</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Oklahoma" title="Cooper v. Oklahoma">Cooper v. Oklahoma</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sell_v._United_States" title="Sell v. United States">Sell v. United States</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_v._Edwards" title="Indiana v. Edwards">Indiana v. Edwards</a></i> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Prosecutorial_misconduct" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prosecutorial_misconduct" title="Prosecutorial misconduct">Prosecutorial misconduct</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mooney_v._Holohan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mooney v. Holohan (page does not exist)">Mooney v. Holohan</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hysler_v._Florida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hysler v. Florida (page does not exist)">Hysler v. Florida</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyle_v._Kansas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyle v. Kansas (page does not exist)">Pyle v. Kansas</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_York_ex_rel._Whitman_v._Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson (page does not exist)">New York ex rel. Whitman v. Wilson</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_v._Ragen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White v. Ragen (page does not exist)">White v. Ragen</a></i> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesarosh_v._United_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesarosh v. United States (page does not exist)">Mesarosh v. United States</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alcorta_v._Texas" title="Alcorta v. Texas">Alcorta v. Texas</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napue_v._Illinois" title="Napue v. Illinois">Napue v. Illinois</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McDonough_v._Smith" title="McDonough v. Smith">McDonough v. 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