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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maternal_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maternal_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Maternal influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maternal_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_birth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_birth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>After birth</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-After_birth-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle After birth subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-After_birth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Infancy_and_childhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infancy_and_childhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Infancy and childhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infancy_and_childhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puberty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puberty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Puberty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puberty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adulthood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adulthood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Adulthood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adulthood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organ_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organ_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organ systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organ_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linear_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linear_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Linear growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linear_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Development of the human body</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontwikkeling_van_die_menslike_liggaam" title="Ontwikkeling van die menslike liggaam – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ontwikkeling van die menslike liggaam" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="تطور الإنسان (أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تطور الإنسان (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crecedera_humana" title="Crecedera humana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Crecedera humana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan%C4%B1n_inki%C5%9Faf%C4%B1" title="İnsanın inkişafı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnsanın inkişafı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rast_i_razvoj_ljudskog_organizma" title="Rast i razvoj ljudskog organizma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rast i razvoj ljudskog organizma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolupament_del_cos_hum%C3%A0" title="Desenvolupament del cos humà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desenvolupament del cos humà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontogeneze_%C4%8Dlov%C4%9Bka" title="Ontogeneze člověka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ontogeneze člověka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crecimiento_humano" title="Crecimiento humano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crecimiento humano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giza_gorputzaren_garapen" title="Giza gorputzaren garapen – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Giza gorputzaren garapen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تکوین بدن انسان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تکوین بدن انسان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9veloppement_humain_(biologie)" title="Développement humain (biologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Développement humain (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvemento_humano_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Desenvolvemento humano (bioloxía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Desenvolvemento humano (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մարդու զարգացում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարդու զարգացում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="मानव विकास (जीवविज्ञान) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मानव विकास (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviluppo_umano_(biologia)" title="Sviluppo umano (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sviluppo umano (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%93%D7%9D" title="התפתחות גוף האדם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפתחות גוף האדם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8B" title="Адамның дамуы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Адамның дамуы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDmogaus_am%C5%BEiaus_tarpsniai" title="Žmogaus amžiaus tarpsniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žmogaus amžiaus tarpsniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levensfase" title="Levensfase – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Levensfase" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="मनु विकासक्रम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मनु विकासक्रम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%92%E3%83%88%E3%81%AE%E7%99%BA%E9%81%94" title="ヒトの発達 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヒトの発達" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desenvolvimento_do_corpo_humano" title="Desenvolvimento do corpo humano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desenvolvimento do corpo humano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Развитие человека – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Развитие человека" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhvillimi_i_trupit_t%C3%AB_njeriut" title="Zhvillimi i trupit të njeriut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zhvillimi i trupit të njeriut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" title="Human development (biology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Human development (biology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B5_%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Онтогенетско развиће човека – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Онтогенетско развиће човека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humani_razvoj_(biologija)" title="Humani razvoj (biologija) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Humani razvoj (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="மனித வளர்ச்சியாக்கம் (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனித வளர்ச்சியாக்கம் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nsan_geli%C5%9Fimi_(biyoloji)" title="İnsan gelişimi (biyoloji) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İnsan gelişimi (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Розвиток людини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розвиток людини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%98%85%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人嘅成長 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="人嘅成長" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E6%88%90%E9%95%B7" title="人的成長 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人的成長" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2347178#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .human-growth-dev-sidebar .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist human-growth-dev-sidebar"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Human_development" title="Category:Human development">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human growth<br />and development</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/100px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/150px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg/200px-Views_of_a_Foetus_in_the_Womb_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="556" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gamete" title="Gamete">Gamete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging and early adulthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Old adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Biological milestones</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Childbirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_motor_skill#Learning_to_walk" title="Gross motor skill">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menopause" title="Menopause">Menopause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Development and psychology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_and_perinatal_psychology" title="Prenatal and perinatal psychology">Pre- and perinatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Infant and child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence#psychology" title="Adolescence">Adolescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_youth_development" title="Positive youth development">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturity_(psychological)" title="Maturity (psychological)">Maturity</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Developmental_stage_theories" title="Developmental stage theories">Developmental stage theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_systems_theory" title="Ecological systems theory">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erikson%27s_stages_of_psychosocial_development" title="Erikson's stages of psychosocial development">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosexual_development" title="Psychosexual development">Psychosexual development</a></li> <li><a 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data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_growth_and_development_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human growth and development sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Development of the human body</b> is the process of <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">maturity</a>. The process begins with <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a>, where an <a href="/wiki/Egg_cell" title="Egg cell">egg</a> released from the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovary</a> of a female is penetrated by a <a href="/wiki/Spermatozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatozoan">sperm cell</a> from a male. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> develops through <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell differentiation">cell differentiation</a>, and the resulting <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> then <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Implantation (human embryo)">implants</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, where the embryo continues development through a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetal stage</a> until <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a>. Further growth and development continues after birth, and includes both <a href="/wiki/Physical_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical development">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychological_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological development">psychological development</a> that is influenced by <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormonal">hormonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environmental</a> and other factors. This continues throughout <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>: through <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a> into <a href="/wiki/Adulthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulthood">adulthood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_birth">Before birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Human embryonic development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a></div> <p>Development before birth, or <b>prenatal development</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> <i> natalis</i> 'relating to birth') is the process in which a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, and later an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>, and then a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> develops during <a href="/wiki/Gestation" title="Gestation">gestation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Prenatal development</a> starts with <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">fertilization</a> and the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a>, the first stage in <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">embryonic development</a> which continues in fetal development until <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">birth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilization">Fertilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fertilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Human fertilization</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sperm-egg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg/220px-Sperm-egg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg/330px-Sperm-egg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Sperm-egg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Sperm fertilizing an egg</figcaption></figure> <p>Fertilization occurs when the sperm successfully enters the ovum's membrane. The <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> of the sperm are passed into the egg to form a unique genome. The egg becomes a <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> and the germinal stage of embryonic development begins. The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization, through the development of the early embryo, up until implantation. The germinal stage is over at about 10 days of gestation.<sup id="cite_ref-germinal_stage_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germinal_stage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> contains a full complement of <a href="/wiki/Genetic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic material">genetic material</a> with all the biological characteristics of a single human being, and develops into the embryo. Embryonic development has four stages: the <a href="/wiki/Morula" class="mw-redirect" title="Morula">morula</a> stage, the <a href="/wiki/Blastula" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastula">blastula</a> stage, the <a href="/wiki/Gastrula" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrula">gastrula</a> stage, and the <a href="/wiki/Neurula" title="Neurula">neurula</a> stage. Prior to implantation, the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> remains in a protein shell, the <a href="/wiki/Zona_pellucida" title="Zona pellucida">zona pellucida</a>, and undergoes a series of rapid mitotic cell divisions called <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">cleavage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TortoraG_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TortoraG-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A week after fertilization the embryo still has not grown in size, but hatches from the zona pellucida and adheres to the lining of the mother's <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. This induces a <a href="/wiki/Decidual_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Decidual reaction">decidual reaction</a>, wherein the uterine cells proliferate and surround the embryo thus causing it to become embedded within the uterine tissue. The embryo, meanwhile, proliferates and develops both into embryonic and extra-embryonic tissue, the latter forming the <a href="/wiki/Fetal_membranes" title="Fetal membranes">fetal membranes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a>. In humans, the embryo is referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> in the later stages of prenatal development. The transition from embryo to fetus is arbitrarily defined as occurring 8 weeks after fertilization. In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a set of progressively developing internal organs. A nearly identical process occurs in other species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embryonic_development">Embryonic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Embryonic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Human embryonic development</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Human embryonic development</a> refers to the development and formation of the human <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a>. It is characterised by the process of <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">cell division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> that occurs during the early stages of <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">development</a>. In biological terms, human development entails growth from a one-celled <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a> to an adult <a href="/wiki/Human_being" class="mw-redirect" title="Human being">human being</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">Fertilization</a> occurs when the <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> cell successfully enters and fuses with an egg cell (<a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ovum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-germinal_stage_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germinal_stage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genetic material of the sperm and egg then combine to form a single cell called a zygote and the germinal stage of <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a> commences. The embryonic stage covers the first eight weeks of development; at the beginning of the ninth week the embryo is termed a <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a>. </p><p>The germinal stage refers to the time from fertilization through the development of the early embryo until <a href="/wiki/Implantation_(human_embryo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Implantation (human embryo)">implantation</a> is completed in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. The germinal stage takes around 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-germinal_stage_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germinal_stage-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this stage, the zygote begins to divide, in a process called <a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">cleavage</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">blastocyst</a> is then formed and implanted in the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>. Embryonic development continues with the next stage of <a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">gastrulation</a>, when the three <a href="/wiki/Germ_layers" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ layers">germ layers</a> of the embryo form in a process called <a href="/wiki/Histogenesis" title="Histogenesis">histogenesis</a>, and the processes of <a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">neurulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">organogenesis</a> follow. </p><p>In comparison to the embryo, the fetus has more recognizable external features and a more complete set of developing organs. The entire process of embryonic development involves coordinated spatial and temporal changes in <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">gene expression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">cell growth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">cellular differentiation</a>. A nearly identical process occurs in other species, especially among <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fetal_development">Fetal development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fetal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></div> <p>A <b>fetus</b> is a stage in the human development considered to begin nine weeks after fertilization.<sup id="cite_ref-nursing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nursing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In biological terms, however, prenatal development is a continuum, with many defining features distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. A fetus is also characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in their final location. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prenatal_development_table.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prenatal_development_table.svg/770px-Prenatal_development_table.svg.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prenatal_development_table.svg/1155px-Prenatal_development_table.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Prenatal_development_table.svg/1540px-Prenatal_development_table.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1850" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Stages in <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">prenatal development</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maternal_influences">Maternal influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Maternal influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">Placenta</a></div> <p>The fetus and embryo develop within the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a>, an organ that sits within the pelvis of the <a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">mother</a>. The process the mother experiences whilst carrying the fetus or embryo is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">pregnancy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placenta</a> connects the developing <a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">fetus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterine</a> wall to allow nutrient uptake, thermo-regulation, waste elimination, and gas exchange via the mother's blood supply; to fight against internal infection; and to produce hormones which support pregnancy. The placenta provides oxygen and nutrients to growing fetuses and removes waste products from the fetus' blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of the uterus, and the fetus' <a href="/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a> develops from the placenta. These organs connect the mother and the fetus. Placentas are a defining characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Placental_mammal" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental mammal">placental mammals</a>, but are also found in <a href="/wiki/Marsupials" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupials">marsupials</a> and some non-mammals with varying levels of development.<sup id="cite_ref-Pou92_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pou92-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homology</a> of such structures in various <a href="/wiki/Viviparity" title="Viviparity">viviparous organisms</a> is debatable, and in invertebrates such as <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a>, is <a href="/wiki/Analogy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogy (biology)">analogous</a> at best. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_birth">After birth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After birth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infancy_and_childhood">Infancy and childhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infancy and childhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Child development stages</a></div> <p><b>Childhood</b> is the age span ranging from birth to <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental psychology</a>, childhood is divided up into the developmental stages of <a href="/wiki/Toddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Toddle">toddlerhood</a> (learning to walk), <a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">early childhood</a> (play age), middle childhood (school age), and adolescence (puberty through post-puberty). Various childhood factors could affect a person's attitude formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Prepubescence <ul><li>Neonate (newborn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a> (baby)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Play age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">Elementary school</a> age, may coincide with <a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">preadolescence</a> (preteen)</li></ul></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Child_development_stages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Child_development_stages.svg/800px-Child_development_stages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Child_development_stages.svg/1200px-Child_development_stages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Child_development_stages.svg/1600px-Child_development_stages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption>Approximate outline of development periods in <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tanner_stages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanner stages">Tanner stages</a> can be used to approximately judge a child's age based on physical development. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>For North American, Indo-Iranian (India, Iran) and European girls </th> <th>For North American, Indo-Iranian (India, Iran) and European boys </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelarche" title="Thelarche">Thelarche</a> (breast development) <br />age 10½ (8–13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</a> (pubic hair) <br />age 11 (8½–13½)</li> <li>Growth spurt <br />age 11¼ (10–12½)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">Menarche</a> (first menstrual bleeding) <br />age 12½ (10½–14½)</li> <li>Wisdom tooth eruption<br />age 15½ (14–17)</li> <li>Adult <a href="/wiki/Human_height" title="Human height">height</a> reached <br />age 15½ (14–17)</li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonadarche" title="Gonadarche">Gonadarche</a> (testicular enlargement) <br />age 11½ (9½–13½)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pubarche" title="Pubarche">Pubarche</a> (pubic hair) <br />age 12 (10–14)</li> <li>Growth spurt <br />age 13 (11–15)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermarche" title="Spermarche">Spermarche</a> (first ejaculation) <br />age 13 (11–15)</li> <li>Wisdom tooth eruption <br />age 17 (15–19)</li> <li>Completion of growth <br />age 17 (15–19)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puberty">Puberty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Puberty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></div> <p><b>Puberty</b> is the process of physical changes through which a <a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">child</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">body</a> matures into an <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adult</a> body capable of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. It is initiated by <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> signals from the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> in a girl, the <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> in a boy. In response to the signals, the gonads produce hormones that stimulate <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and the growth, function, and transformation of the brain, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_hair_growth" title="Human hair growth">hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Breast" title="Breast">breasts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">sex organs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (biology)">Physical growth</a>—height and weight—accelerates in the first half of puberty and is completed when an adult body has been developed. Until the maturation of their reproductive capabilities, the pre-pubertal physical differences between boys and girls are the external sex organs. </p><p>On average, girls begin puberty around ages 10–11 and end puberty around 15–17; boys begin around ages 11–12 and end around 16–17.<sup id="cite_ref-Kail_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kail-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pamf.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pamf.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pamf.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pamf.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Puberty_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puberty-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marshall17677_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall17677-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major landmark of puberty for females is <a href="/wiki/Menarche" title="Menarche">menarche</a>, the onset of menstruation, which occurs on average between ages 12 and 13;<sup id="cite_ref-Tanner_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-U.S._menarche_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-U.S._menarche-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Canadian_menarche_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canadian_menarche-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UK_menarche_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_menarche-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for males, it is the first <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">ejaculation</a>, which occurs on average at age 13.<sup id="cite_ref-Jorgensen_&_Keiding_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jorgensen_&_Keiding-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 21st century, the average age at which children, especially girls, reach puberty is lower compared to the 19th century, when it was 15 for girls and 16 for boys.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This can be due to any number of factors, including improved nutrition resulting in rapid body growth, increased weight and fat deposition,<sup id="cite_ref-Guillette_2006_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guillette_2006-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or exposure to <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">endocrine disruptors</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Xenoestrogen" title="Xenoestrogen">xenoestrogens</a>, which can at times be due to food consumption or other environmental factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mouritsen_2010_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mouritsen_2010-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puberty which starts earlier than usual is known as <a href="/wiki/Precocious_puberty" title="Precocious puberty">precocious puberty</a>, and puberty which starts later than usual is known as <a href="/wiki/Delayed_puberty" title="Delayed puberty">delayed puberty</a>. </p><p>Notable among the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologic</a> changes in size, shape, composition, and functioning of the pubertal body, is the development of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">secondary sex characteristics</a>, the "filling in" of the child's body; from girl to woman, from boy to man.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What exactly does "filling in" involve, for female and for male bodies? What are the secondary sex characteristics? (October 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adulthood">Adulthood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adulthood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Biologically, an adult is a human or other organism that has reached sexual maturity. In human context, the term adult has additional meanings associated with social and legal concepts. In contrast to a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">legal minor</a>, a legal adult is a person who has attained the age of majority and is therefore regarded as independent, self-sufficient, and responsible. The typical age of legal majority is 18 years in most contexts, although the definition of majority may vary by legal rights and country. </p><p>Human adulthood encompasses psychological adult development. Definitions of adulthood are often inconsistent and contradictory; an adolescent may be biologically an adult and display adult behavior but still be treated as a child if they are under the legal age of majority. Conversely, a legal adult may possess none of the maturity and responsibility that is supposed to define them; the mental and physical development and maturity of an individual has been proven to be greatly influenced by their life circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organ_systems">Organ systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Organ systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">Organogenesis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid blue;background:misty-rose;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Development of <a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">organ systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system" title="Development of the nervous system">Nervous system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_digestive_system" title="Development of the digestive system">Digestive system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">Reproductive system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_urinary_system" title="Development of the urinary system">Urinary system</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_endocrine_system" title="Development of the endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Human development</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fetal_circulation" title="Fetal circulation">Circulatory system</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organ_system_development" title="Template:Organ system development"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organ_system_development" title="Template talk:Organ system development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organ_system_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organ system development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Human <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)" title="Organ (biology)">organs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organ_system" title="Organ system">organ systems</a> develop in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis">organogenesis</a>. This begins in the third week of embryonic development, when the gastrula forms three distinct <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>. The ectoderm will eventually develop into the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">outer layer of skin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_nervous_system_in_humans" title="Development of the nervous system in humans">nervous system</a>. The mesoderm will form <a href="/wiki/Myogenesis" title="Myogenesis">skeletal muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haematopoiesis" title="Haematopoiesis">blood cells</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_reproductive_system" title="Development of the reproductive system">reproductive system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_urinary_system" title="Development of the urinary system">urinary system</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> of the torso. The endoderm will develop into the <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tracts</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linear_growth">Linear growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Linear growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During childhood, the bones undergo a complex process of elongation that occurs in a specific area called the <a href="/wiki/Epiphyseal_growth_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphyseal growth plates">epiphyseal growth plates</a> (EGP). This process is regulated by various <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> and factors, including the growth hormone, vitamin D, and others. These hormones promote the production of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), which plays a key role in the formation of new bone cells. Adequate <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_intake" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrient intake">nutrient intake</a> is essential for the production of these hormones, which are critical for proper bone growth. However, a lack of proper nutrition can hinder this process and result in <a href="/wiki/Stunted_growth" title="Stunted growth">stunted growth</a>. </p><p>Linear growth takes place in the epiphyseal growth plates (EGP) of long bones.<sup id="cite_ref-Gat-Yablonski_G_p_M_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat-Yablonski_G_p_M-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the growth plate, <a href="/wiki/Chondrocyte" title="Chondrocyte">chondrocytes</a> proliferate, hypertrophy and secrete cartilage extracellular matrix. New cartilage is subsequently remodeled into bone tissue, causing bones to grow longer.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linear growth is a complex process regulated by the growth hormone (GH) – insulin-like growth factor-1 (<a href="/wiki/Insulin-like_growth_factor_1" title="Insulin-like growth factor 1">IGF-1</a>) axis, the thyroxine/triiodothyronine axis, androgens, estrogens, vitamin D, glucocorticoids and possibly leptin.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GH is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in response to hypothalamic, pituitary and circulating factors. It affects growth by binding to receptors in the EGP,<sup id="cite_ref-Gat-Yablonski_G_p_M_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gat-Yablonski_G_p_M-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inducing production and release of IGF-1 by the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IGF-1 has six binding proteins (IGFBPs), exhibiting different effects on body tissues, where <a href="/wiki/IGFBP3" title="IGFBP3">IGFBP-3</a> is most abundant in human circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IGF-1 initiates growth through differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, and regulates release of GH from the pituitary through feedback mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GH/IGF-1 axis is responsive to dietary intake and infections. The endocrine system seems to allow for rapid growth only when the organism is able to consume sufficient amounts of nutrients and signaling from key nutrients such as amino acids and zinc to induce production of IGF-1 is present.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time inflammation and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may cause GH resistance and a decrease in circulating IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 which in turn reduces endochondrial ossification and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the EGP appears to conserve much growth capacity to allow for catch-up growth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerns have been raised about associations between catch-up growth and increased risk of non-communicable diseases in adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a large study based on 5 birth cohorts in Brazil, Guatemala, India, the Philippines and South Africa, faster linear growth at 0–2 years was associated with improvements in adult stature and school performance, but also an increased likelihood of overweight (mainly related to lean mass) and a slightly elevated blood pressure in young adulthood.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auxology" title="Auxology">Auxology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">Developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">Human body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-history_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Life-history theory">Life-history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth-related_terms" title="List of youth-related terms">List of youth-related terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_anatomy" title="Outline of human anatomy">Outline of human anatomy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Development_of_the_human_body&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" title="creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg/80px-Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg/120px-Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg/160px-Creative_Commons_by-sa_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="15" /></a></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oda.oslomet.no/oda-xmlui/handle/10642/7102">text</a> by Marianne Sandsmark Morseth available under the <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by-sa/3.0/">CC BY-SA 3.0</a> license.</i> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThe_Editors_of_Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body/Basic-form-and-development">"Human body/Basic form and development"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191031154930/https://www.britannica.com/science/human-body/Basic-form-and-development">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Human+body%2FBasic+form+and+development&rft.au=The+Editors+of+Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fhuman-body%2FBasic-form-and-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-germinal_stage-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-germinal_stage_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-germinal_stage_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-germinal_stage_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/germinal+stage">"Germinal stage"</a>. <i>Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition</i>. Elsevier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428005411/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/germinal+stage">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mosby%27s+Medical+Dictionary%2C+8th+edition.&rft.atitle=Germinal+stage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com%2Fgerminal%2Bstage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TortoraG-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TortoraG_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTortoraDerrickson2012" class="citation book cs1">Tortora, G; Derrickson, B (2012). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesanatom00tort_737"><i>Principles of anatomy & physiology</i></a></span> (13th. ed.). Wiley. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesanatom00tort_737/page/n1218">1183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470-91777-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470-91777-0"><bdi>978-0470-91777-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+anatomy+%26+physiology&rft.pages=1183&rft.edition=13th.&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0470-91777-0&rft.aulast=Tortora&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Derrickson%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesanatom00tort_737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nursing-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nursing_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klossner, N. Jayne, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B47OVg25g-QC&dq=fetal+stage+begins&pg=PA103">Introductory Maternity Nursing</a> (2005): "The fetal stage is from the beginning of the 9th week after fertilization and continues until birth"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanpregnancy.org/duringpregnancy/fetaldevelopment1.htm">"First Trimester"</a>. <i>American Pregnancy Association</i>. 1 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090423022520/http://www.americanpregnancy.org/duringpregnancy/fetaldevelopment1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Pregnancy+Association&rft.atitle=First+Trimester&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanpregnancy.org%2Fduringpregnancy%2Ffetaldevelopment1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pou92-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pou92_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pough <i>et al.</i> 1992. Herpetology: Third Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall:Pearson Education, Inc., 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Students_Macmillan_1981_page_173_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Macmillan Dictionary for Students</i> Macmillan, Pan Ltd. (1981), page 173. Retrieved 2010-7-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kail-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kail_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKailCavanaugh_JC2010" class="citation book cs1">Kail, RV; Cavanaugh JC (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296"><i>Human Development: A Lifespan View</i></a> (5th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cengage_Learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage Learning">Cengage Learning</a>. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0495600374" title="Special:BookSources/978-0495600374"><bdi>978-0495600374</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110011825/https://books.google.com/books?id=E-n5E7oyCgoC&pg=PA296">Archived</a> from the original on January 10, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Development%3A+A+Lifespan+View&rft.pages=296&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0495600374&rft.aulast=Kail&rft.aufirst=RV&rft.au=Cavanaugh+JC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE-n5E7oyCgoC%26pg%3DPA296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pamf.org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pamf.org_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"For girls, puberty begins around 10 or 11 years of age and ends around age 16. Boys enter puberty later than girls-usually around 12 years of age-and it lasts until around age 16 or 17." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pamf.org/parenting-teens/health/growth-development/pre-growth.html">"Teenage Growth & Development: 11 to 14 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Medical_Foundation" title="Palo Alto Medical Foundation">Palo Alto Medical Foundation</a>/pamf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405141025/http://www.pamf.org/parenting-teens/health/growth-development/pre-growth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teenage+Growth+%26+Development%3A+11+to+14+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamf.org%2Fparenting-teens%2Fhealth%2Fgrowth-development%2Fpre-growth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pamf.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pamf.org_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pamf.org/parenting-teens/health/growth-development/growth.html">"Teenage Growth & Development: 15 to 17 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Medical_Foundation" title="Palo Alto Medical Foundation">Palo Alto Medical Foundation</a>/pamf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180317214045/http://www.pamf.org/parenting-teens/health/growth-development/growth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Teenage+Growth+%26+Development%3A+15+to+17+Years&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pamf.org%2Fparenting-teens%2Fhealth%2Fgrowth-development%2Fgrowth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Puberty-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Puberty_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130924134845/http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/puberty-and-adolescence">"Puberty and adolescence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Maryland">University of Maryland</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/puberty-and-adolescence">the original</a> on 2013-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puberty+and+adolescence&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumm.edu%2Fhealth%2Fmedical%2Fency%2Farticles%2Fpuberty-and-adolescence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall17677-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marshall17677_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall (1986), pp. 176–177<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanner_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tanner, 1990.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._menarche-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-U.S._menarche_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonDallalMust2003" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson SE, Dallal GE, Must A (April 2003). "Relative weight and race influence average age at menarche: results from two nationally representative surveys of US girls studied 25 years apart". <i>Pediatrics</i>. <b>111</b> (4 Pt 1): 844–850. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.111.4.844">10.1542/peds.111.4.844</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12671122">12671122</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Relative+weight+and+race+influence+average+age+at+menarche%3A+results+from+two+nationally+representative+surveys+of+US+girls+studied+25+years+apart&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=4+Pt+1&rft.pages=844-850&rft.date=2003-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.111.4.844&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12671122&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Dallal%2C+GE&rft.au=Must%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadian_menarche-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Canadian_menarche_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-SahabArdernHamadehTamim2010" class="citation journal cs1">Al-Sahab B, Ardern CI, Hamadeh MJ, Tamim H (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001737">"Age at menarche in Canada: results from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children & Youth"</a>. <i>BMC Public Health</i>. <b>10</b>: 736. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-10-736">10.1186/1471-2458-10-736</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3001737">3001737</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21110899">21110899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Age+at+menarche+in+Canada%3A+results+from+the+National+Longitudinal+Survey+of+Children+%26+Youth&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=736&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3001737%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21110899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-10-736&rft.aulast=Al-Sahab&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Ardern%2C+CI&rft.au=Hamadeh%2C+MJ&rft.au=Tamim%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3001737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_menarche-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UK_menarche_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton-Fairley" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton-Fairley, Diana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009065351/http://vstudentworld.yolasite.com/resources/final_yr/gynae_obs/Hamilton%20Fairley%20Obstetrics%20and%20Gynaecology%20Lecture%20Notes%202%20Ed.pdf"><i>Obstetrics and Gynaecology</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lecture Notes (Second ed.). Blackwell Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vstudentworld.yolasite.com/resources/final_yr/gynae_obs/Hamilton%20Fairley%20Obstetrics%20and%20Gynaecology%20Lecture%20Notes%202%20Ed.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Obstetrics+and+Gynaecology&rft.series=Lecture+Notes&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.aulast=Hamilton-Fairley&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvstudentworld.yolasite.com%2Fresources%2Ffinal_yr%2Fgynae_obs%2FHamilton%2520Fairley%2520Obstetrics%2520and%2520Gynaecology%2520Lecture%2520Notes%25202%2520Ed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jorgensen_&_Keiding-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jorgensen_&_Keiding_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jorgensen & Keiding 1991.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (October 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2010" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (2010-06-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100614195534/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7824699/Girls-now-reaching-puberty-before-10-a-year-sooner-than-20-years-ago.html">"Girls now reaching puberty before 10—a year sooner than 20 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health/healthnews/7824699/Girls-now-reaching-puberty-before-10-a-year-sooner-than-20-years-ago.html">the original</a> on 2010-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Girls+now+reaching+puberty+before+10%E2%80%94a+year+sooner+than+20+years+ago&rft.date=2010-06-13&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fhealth%2Fhealthnews%2F7824699%2FGirls-now-reaching-puberty-before-10-a-year-sooner-than-20-years-ago.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADevelopment+of+the+human+body" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guillette_2006-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guillette_2006_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilletteConardLaresAguilar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Guillette EA, Conard C, Lares F, Aguilar MG, McLachlan J, Guillette LJ (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1392245">"Altered breast development in young girls from an agricultural environment"</a>. <i>Environ. 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Lancet 2013; 382(9891): 525–34.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_development" title="Template talk:Human development"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_development" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human development"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Development_of_the_human_body" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Development of the human body</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Before birth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development" title="Prenatal development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">Embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetus" title="Fetus">Fetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestational_age_(obstetrics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestational age (obstetrics)">Gestational age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Birth and after</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">Birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">Stages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_development" title="Early childhood development">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">Puberty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_development" title="Adult development">Adult development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ageing" title="Ageing">Ageing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senescence" title="Senescence">Senescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Early years <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">Infant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toddler" title="Toddler">Toddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood" title="Early childhood">Early childhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">Childhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child" title="Child">Child</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preadolescence" title="Preadolescence">Preadolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">Adolescence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_adulthood_and_early_adulthood" title="Emerging adulthood and early adulthood">Emerging adulthood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">Adulthood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_adult" title="Young adult">Young adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_age" title="Middle age">Middle adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_age" title="Old age">Elder adult</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dying" title="Dying">Dying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Age of majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_embryonic_development_in_the_first_three_weeks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embryology" title="Template:Embryology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embryology" title="Template talk:Embryology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embryology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Embryology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_embryonic_development_in_the_first_three_weeks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_embryonic_development" title="Human embryonic development">Human embryonic development</a> in the first three weeks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_fertilization" title="Human fertilization">Fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oocyte_activation" title="Oocyte activation">Oocyte activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">Zygote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleavage_(embryo)" title="Cleavage (embryo)">Cleavage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastomere" title="Blastomere">Blastomere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morula" class="mw-redirect" title="Morula">Morula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavitation_(embryology)" title="Cavitation (embryology)">Cavitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocoel" title="Blastocoel">Blastocoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocyst" title="Blastocyst">Blastocyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_cell_mass" title="Inner cell mass">Inner cell mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophoblast" title="Trophoblast">Trophoblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 2 <br />(<a href="/wiki/Bilaminar_embryonic_disc" title="Bilaminar embryonic disc">Bilaminar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoblast" title="Hypoblast">Hypoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiblast" title="Epiblast">Epiblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 3 <br />(<a href="/wiki/Trilaminar_blastocyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilaminar blastocyst">Trilaminar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">Germ layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archenteron" title="Archenteron">Archenteron</a>/<a href="/wiki/Primitive_streak" title="Primitive streak">Primitive streak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_pit" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive pit">Primitive pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_node" title="Primitive node">Primitive node</a>/<a href="/wiki/Blastopore" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastopore">Blastopore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_groove" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive groove">Primitive groove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">Gastrula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">Gastrulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional specification">Regional specification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">Ectoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surface_ectoderm" title="Surface ectoderm">Surface ectoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroectoderm" title="Neuroectoderm">Neuroectoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Somatopleuric mesenchyme">Somatopleuric mesenchyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurulation" title="Neurulation">Neurulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">Neural crest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">Endoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splanchnopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme">Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">Mesoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_mesoderm" title="Axial mesoderm">Axial mesoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxial_mesoderm" title="Paraxial mesoderm">Paraxial</a> <ul><li><a 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