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Organogenesis - Wikipedia

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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_organ_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanism of organ formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_organ_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_organogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_organogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Plant organogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_organogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenese" title="Organogenese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Organogenese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="تخلق الأعضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تخلق الأعضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqanogenez" title="Orqanogenez – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orqanogenez" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogeneza" title="Organogeneza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Organogeneza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organog%C3%A8nesi" title="Organogènesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organogènesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenese" title="Organogenese – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Organogenese" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenees" title="Organogenees – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Organogenees" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organog%C3%A9nesis" title="Organogénesis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organogénesis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اندام‌زایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اندام‌زایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogen%C3%A8se" title="Organogenèse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Organogenèse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenesis" title="Organogenesis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Organogenesis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADff%C3%A6ramyndun" title="Líffæramyndun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Líffæramyndun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenesi" title="Organogenesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Organogenesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="ორგანოგენეზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორგანოგენეზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Органогенез – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Органогенез" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogenese" title="Organogenese – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Organogenese" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="動物の器官形成 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物の器官形成" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogeneza" title="Organogeneza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Organogeneza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organog%C3%AAnese" title="Organogênese – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Organogênese" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Органогенез – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Органогенез" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogen%C3%A9za_(embryogen%C3%A9za)" title="Organogenéza (embryogenéza) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Organogenéza (embryogenéza)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Органогенеза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Органогенеза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogeneza" title="Organogeneza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Organogeneza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organogeneesi" title="Organogeneesi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Organogeneesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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continues until <a href="/wiki/Birth" title="Birth">birth</a>. During organogenesis, the three <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a> formed from gastrulation (the <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a>) form the <a href="/wiki/Organ_(biology)#Viscera" title="Organ (biology)">internal organs</a> of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germ_layers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Germ_layers.jpg/590px-Germ_layers.jpg" decoding="async" width="590" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Germ_layers.jpg/885px-Germ_layers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Germ_layers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1117" data-file-height="264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">endoderm</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> produces tissue within the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thyroid" title="Thyroid">thyroid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> aids in the production of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">cardiac muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a>, tissues within the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a> produces tissues within the <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(skin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a> and aids in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> within the brain, and <a href="/wiki/Melanocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanocytes">melanocytes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The cells of each of the three germ layers undergo <a href="/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" title="Cellular differentiation">differentiation</a>, a process where less-specialized cells become more-specialized through the expression of a specific set of genes. Cell differentiation is driven by cell signaling cascades.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Differentiation is influenced by extracellular signals such as growth factors that are exchanged to adjacent cells which is called <a href="/wiki/Juxtacrine_signalling" title="Juxtacrine signalling">juxtracrine</a> signaling or to neighboring cells over short distances which is called <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signaling" title="Paracrine signaling">paracrine signaling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Intracellular signals – a cell signaling itself (<a href="/wiki/Autocrine_signaling" title="Autocrine signaling">autocrine signaling</a>) – also play a role in organ formation. These signaling pathways allow for cell rearrangement and ensure that organs form at specific sites within the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The organogenesis process can be studied using embryos and organoids.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organs_produced_by_the_germ_layers">Organs produced by the germ layers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogenesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Organs produced by the germ layers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Development_of_the_neural_tube.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Development_of_the_neural_tube.png/590px-Development_of_the_neural_tube.png" decoding="async" width="590" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Development_of_the_neural_tube.png 1.5x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Neural precursor cells fold and elongate to form the neural tube. Mesoderm cells condense to form a rod which will send out signals to redirect the ectoderm cells above. This fold along the neural tube sets up the vertebrate central nervous system.</figcaption></figure><p>The endoderm is the inner most germ layer of the embryo which gives rise to gastrointestinal and respiratory organs by forming epithelial linings and organs such as the liver, lungs, and pancreas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The mesoderm or middle germ layer of the embryo will form the blood, heart, kidney, muscles, and connective tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The ectoderm or outermost germ layer of the developing embryo forms epidermis, the brain, and the nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_organ_formation">Mechanism of organ formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogenesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Mechanism of organ formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While each germ layer forms specific organs, in the 1820s, embryologist <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Christian_Pander" title="Heinz Christian Pander">Heinz Christian Pander</a> discovered that the germ layers cannot form their respective organs without the cellular interactions from other tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In humans, internal organs begin to develop within 3–8 weeks after fertilization. The <a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">germ layers</a> form organs by three processes: folds, splits, and condensation.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Folds form in the germinal sheet of cells and usually form an enclosed tube which you can see in the development of vertebrates neural tube. Splits or pockets may form in the germinal sheet of cells forming vesicles or elongations. The lungs and glands of the organism may develop this way.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>A primary step in organogenesis for chordates is the development of the <a href="/wiki/Notochord" title="Notochord">notochord</a>, which induces the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Neural_plate" title="Neural plate">neural plate</a>, and ultimately the <a href="/wiki/Neural_tube" title="Neural tube">neural tube</a> in vertebrate development. The development of the neural tube will give rise to the brain and spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Vertebrates develop a <a href="/wiki/Neural_crest" title="Neural crest">neural crest</a> that differentiates into many structures, including bones, muscles, and components of the <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">central nervous system</a>. Differentiation of the ectoderm into the neural crest, neural tube, and surface ectoderm is sometimes referred to as neurulation and the embryo in this phase is the neurula. The <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> of the body forms from a split of the mesoderm along the <a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">somite axis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plant_organogenesis">Plant organogenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogenesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Plant organogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In plants, organogenesis occurs continuously and only stops when the plant dies. In the <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoot</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Shoot_apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoot apical meristem">shoot apical meristems</a> regularly produce new lateral organs (<a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flowers</a>) and lateral branches. In the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">root</a>, new <a href="/wiki/Lateral_root" title="Lateral root">lateral roots</a> form from weakly differentiated internal tissue (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>-pole <a href="/wiki/Pericycle" title="Pericycle">pericycle</a> in the model plant <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i>). <i>In vitro</i> and in response to specific cocktails of hormones (mainly <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cytokinin" title="Cytokinin">cytokinins</a>), most plant tissues can de-differentiate and form a mass of dividing <a href="/wiki/Cell_potency" title="Cell potency">totipotent</a> stem cells called a <a href="/wiki/Callus_(cell_biology)" title="Callus (cell biology)">callus</a>. Organogenesis can then occur from those cells. The type of organ that is formed depends on the relative concentrations of the hormones in the medium. Plant organogenesis can be induced in tissue culture and used to regenerate plants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogenesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">Ectoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">Embryogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endoderm" title="Endoderm">Endoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_development" title="Eye development">Eye development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrulation" title="Gastrulation">Gastrulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">Germ layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_line_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Germ line development">Germ line development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonadogenesis">Gonadogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_development" title="Heart development">Heart development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histogenesis" title="Histogenesis">Histogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb_development" title="Limb development">Limb development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_cell_types_derived_from_the_germ_layers" title="List of human cell types derived from the germ layers">List of human cell types derived from the germ layers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">Mesoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">Morphogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organoid" title="Organoid">Organoid</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogenesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilbertBarresi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gilbert, S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&amp;rft.atitle=Animal+development+%E2%80%93+Embryonic+induction&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fanimal-development%2FEmbryonic-induction%23ref526397&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganogenesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=956783940&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=10&amp;minto=1">"Plant and Soil Sciences eLibrary"</a>. <i>passel.unl.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=passel.unl.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Plant+and+Soil+Sciences+eLibrary&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpassel.unl.edu%2Fpages%2Finformationmodule.php%3Fidinformationmodule%3D956783940%26topicorder%3D3%26maxto%3D10%26minto%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrganogenesis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Organogenesis&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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disc">Bilaminar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoblast" title="Hypoblast">Hypoblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiblast" title="Epiblast">Epiblast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Week 3 <br />(<a href="/wiki/Trilaminar_blastocyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilaminar blastocyst">Trilaminar</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Germ_layer" title="Germ layer">Germ layers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">Mesoderm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_mesoderm" title="Axial mesoderm">Axial mesoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraxial_mesoderm" title="Paraxial mesoderm">Paraxial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somite" title="Somite">Somite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somitomere" title="Somitomere">Somitomere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_plate_mesoderm" title="Lateral plate mesoderm">Lateral plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intraembryonic_coelom" title="Intraembryonic coelom">Intraembryonic coelom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splanchnopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme">Splanchnopleuric mesenchyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatopleuric_mesenchyme" title="Somatopleuric 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