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<li id="toc-Revival_and_modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_and_modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Revival and modern history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_and_modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganisation_of_religious_bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganisation_of_religious_bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reorganisation of religious bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganisation_of_religious_bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Kings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory_and_administrative_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory_and_administrative_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Territory and administrative subdivisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Territory_and_administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Territory and administrative subdivisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Territory_and_administrative_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard,_ensign_and_coat_of_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard,_ensign_and_coat_of_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Standard, ensign and coat of arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard,_ensign_and_coat_of_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Hanover</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkryk_Hannover" title="Koninkryk Hannover – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koninkryk Hannover" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="مملكة هانوفر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مملكة هانوفر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Hannover" title="Reino de Hannover – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reino de Hannover" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Hannover" title="Reinu de Hannover – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Hannover" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="هانوفر شاهلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هانوفر شاهلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_%C3%94ng-kok" title="Hannover Ông-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hannover Ông-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Каралеўства Гановер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каралеўства Гановер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кралство Хановер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кралство Хановер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouantelezh_Hannover" title="Rouantelezh Hannover – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouantelezh Hannover" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regne_de_Hannover" title="Regne de Hannover – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regne de Hannover" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoversk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovstv%C3%AD" title="Hannoverské království – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hannoverské království" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongeriget_Hannover" title="Kongeriget Hannover – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kongeriget Hannover" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigreich_Hannover" title="Königreich Hannover – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Königreich Hannover" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoveri_kuningriik" title="Hannoveri kuningriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hannoveri kuningriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βασίλειο του Αννόβερου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασίλειο του Αννόβερου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Hannover" title="Reino de Hannover – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Hannover" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C4%9Dlando_Hanovro" title="Reĝlando Hanovro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reĝlando Hanovro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoverko_Erresuma" title="Hannoverko Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hannoverko Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B1" title="پادشاهی هانوفر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی هانوفر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Hanovre" title="Royaume de Hanovre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Hanovre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keninkryk_Hannover" title="Keninkryk Hannover – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Keninkryk Hannover" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD" title="하노버 왕국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하노버 왕국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Hannover" title="Kerajaan Hannover – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Hannover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Hannover" title="Regno di Hannover – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Hannover" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8" title="ממלכת הנובר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ממלכת הנובר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ჰანოვერის სამეფო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანოვერის სამეფო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnum_Hannoveranum" title="Regnum Hannoveranum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Regnum Hannoveranum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoveri_Kir%C3%A1lys%C3%A1g" title="Hannoveri Királyság – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hannoveri Királyság" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кралство Хановер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кралство Хановер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC" title="കിങ്ഡം ഓഫ് ഹാനോവർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കിങ്ഡം ഓഫ് ഹാനോവർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="हानोफरचे राजतंत्र – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हानोफरचे राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DA%A4%D8%B1" title="مملكة هانوڤر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مملكة هانوڤر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_beraja_Hanover" title="Kerajaan beraja Hanover – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerajaan beraja Hanover" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%A4an%C3%B3ber_Monarquie" title="Ḥanóber Monarquie – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ḥanóber Monarquie" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Ханноверийн хаант улс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ханноверийн хаант улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninkrijk_Hannover" title="Koninkrijk Hannover – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koninkrijk Hannover" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keunenkriek_Hannover" title="Keunenkriek Hannover – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Keunenkriek Hannover" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="ハノーファー王国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハノーファー王国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_(stat)" title="Hannover (stat) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hannover (stat)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiaume_de_Hann%C3%B2ver" title="Reiaume de Hannòver – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Reiaume de Hannòver" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigriek_Hannover" title="Königriek Hannover – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Königriek Hannover" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kr%C3%B3lestwo_Hanoweru" title="Królestwo Hanoweru – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Królestwo Hanoweru" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Han%C3%B4ver" title="Reino de Hanôver – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino de Hanôver" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regatul_Hanovra" title="Regatul Hanovra – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regatul Hanovra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Ганновер (королевство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганновер (королевство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kingdom of Hanover" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannoverin_kuningaskunta" title="Hannoverin kuningaskunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hannoverin kuningaskunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Hannover" title="Kungariket Hannover – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Hannover" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ราชอาณาจักรฮันโนเฟอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชอาณาจักรฮันโนเฟอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D2%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Подшоҳии Ҳаннофер – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Подшоҳии Ҳаннофер" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannover_Krall%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Hannover Krallığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hannover Krallığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Ганноверське королівство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганноверське королівство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Hannover" title="Vương quốc Hannover – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Hannover" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A8%81%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="汉诺威王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="汉诺威王国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q164079#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Hanover</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Königreich Hannover</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1814–1866</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hanover_(1692).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hanover"><img alt="Flag of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/125px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/188px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg/250px-Flag_of_Hanover_1837-1866.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div><b>Top:</b> Flag (1814–1837);<br />Royal standard (1837–1866)<br /><b>Bottom:</b> Flag (1837–1866)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hanover"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/90px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/135px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Hanover"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Suscipere et Finire</i></span><br /><small>"To Undertake and Finish"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i>Heil dir, Hannover</i><br /><small>"Hail to you, Hanover"</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Hanover_(1815).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kingdom of Hanover in 1815"><img alt="The Kingdom of Hanover in 1815" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kingdom_of_Hanover_%281815%29.svg/250px-Kingdom_of_Hanover_%281815%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kingdom_of_Hanover_%281815%29.svg/375px-Kingdom_of_Hanover_%281815%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Kingdom_of_Hanover_%281815%29.svg/500px-Kingdom_of_Hanover_%281815%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The Kingdom of Hanover in 1815</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">State</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> (1814–1837)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a><br /><a href="/wiki/West_Low_German" class="mw-redirect" title="West Low German">West Low German</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (mainly <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1814–1820 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1820–1830 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1830–1837 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1837–1851 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1851–1866 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assembly_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover (page does not exist)">Assembly of the Kingdom of Hanover</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/German_revolutions_of_1848%E2%80%9349" class="mw-redirect" title="German revolutions of 1848–49">German revolutions</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 1848</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Prague_(1866)" title="Peace of Prague (1866)">Peace of Prague</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 August 1866</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Annexed by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1866</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_thaler" title="Hanoverian thaler">Hanoverian thaler</a><br /><small>(1814–1857)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_vereinsthaler" title="Hanoverian vereinsthaler">Hanoverian vereinsthaler</a><br /><small>(1857–1866)</small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Westphalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Hannover.svg/20px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Hannover.svg/30px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Hannover.svg/40px-Flagge_Preu%C3%9Fen_-_Provinz_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (February 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kingdom_of_Hanover#Dubious" title="Talk:Kingdom of Hanover">discuss</a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg/260px-Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg/390px-Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg/520px-Hannoversche_Bank_100_Taler_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>100 thaler banknote from 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Hanover</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königreich Hannover</i>) was established in October 1814 by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, with the restoration of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> to his Hanoverian territories after the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic era</a>. It succeeded the former <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Electorate of Hanover</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and joined 38 other sovereign states in the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> in June 1815. The kingdom was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a>, a cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Welf" title="House of Welf">House of Welf</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Personal_union_of_Great_Britain_and_Hanover" title="Personal union of Great Britain and Hanover">personal union with Great Britain</a> between 1714 and 1837. Since its monarch resided in London, a <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroy</a>, usually a younger member of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>, handled the administration of the Kingdom of Hanover. </p><p>The personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 upon the accession of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> because <a href="/wiki/Semi-Salic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Salic law">semi-Salic law</a> prevented females from inheriting the Hanoverian throne while a dynastic male was still alive. Her uncle <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a> thus became the ruler of Hanover. His only son succeeded him to the throne as <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a>. As he backed the losing side in the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, his kingdom was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a> in 1866 and ceased to exist as an independent kingdom, becoming the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>. In January 1871, along with the rest of Prussia, Hanover became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> upon the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a>. Briefly revived as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a> in 1946, the state was later merged with some smaller states to form the current state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover_(region)" title="History of Hanover (region)">History of Hanover (region)</a></div> <p>The territory of Hanover had earlier been a principality within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> before being elevated into an <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">electorate</a> in 1708, when Hanover was formed by union of the dynastic divisions of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a>, excepting the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a>. </p><p>After his accession in 1714, George Louis of the House of Hanover ascended the throne of Great Britain as <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, and Hanover was joined in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with Great Britain. In 1803, Hanover was conquered by the French and Prussian armies in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Treaties of Tilsit</a> in 1807 joined it to territories from Prussia and created the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Kingdom of Westphalia</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s youngest brother, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>. French control lasted until October 1813, when the territory was overrun by Russian <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Battle of Leipzig</a>, shortly thereafter, spelled the definitive end of the Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Client_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Client states">client states</a>, and the electorate was restored to the House of Hanover. </p><p>The terms of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1814 not only restored Hanover but also elevated it to an independent kingdom with its Prince-Elector, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> of the United Kingdom, as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a>. The new kingdom was also greatly expanded and became the fourth-largest state in the German Confederation (behind Prussia, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>) and the second-largest in northern Germany. </p><p>George III never visited the kingdom during his 60-year reign. Having succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> prior to the elevation of Hanover, it is unlikely that he ever understood that he had gained an additional kingship, and he took no role in its governance. Functional administration of Hanover was usually handled by a viceroy, which during the <a href="/wiki/British_Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="British Regency">later years of George III's reign</a> and the reigns of Kings <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a> from 1816 to 1837, was <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Adolph Frederick</a>, George III's youngest surviving son. When <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Unlike in Britain, semi-<a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> operated in Hanover, prohibiting the accession to the throne by a female if any male of the dynasty had survived. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a>, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne as King of Hanover. Adolph Frederick, the younger brother and long-time Viceroy, returned to Britain. Ernest Augustus had a personally-strained relationship with his niece Queen Victoria, and they frequently squabbled over family affairs. Domestically, his reign began with a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> as he tried to suspend parliament and nullify the written constitution of 1819. He also presided over the country during the turbulent <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>. </p><p>His son, <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a>, assumed the throne in 1851. In 1866, during the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, Hanover attempted to maintain a neutral position, along with some other member states of the <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>. Hanover's vote in favor of the mobilisation of Confederation troops against Prussia on 14 June 1866 prompted Prussia to declare war. The outcome of the war led to the dissolution of Hanover as an independent kingdom, which was <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> and became the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>. In 1871, along with the rest of Prussia, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. </p><p>After George V fled Hanover in 1866, he raised forces loyal to him in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Guelphic_Legion" title="Guelphic Legion">Guelphic Legion</a>. It was eventually disbanded in 1870. Nevertheless, George refused to accept the Prussian takeover of his realm and claimed he was still the legitimate king of Hanover. His only son, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover</a>, inherited the claim upon George's death in 1878. Ernest Augustus was also first in line to the throne of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Duchy of Brunswick</a>, whose rulers had been a junior branch of the House of Hanover. In 1884, that branch became extinct with the death of <a href="/wiki/William,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="William, Duke of Brunswick">William</a>, a distant cousin of Ernest Augustus. </p><p>Since Ernest Augustus refused to renounce his claim to annexed Hanover, the <a href="/wiki/Bundesrat_(German_Empire)" title="Bundesrat (German Empire)">Bundesrat</a> of the German Empire ruled that he would disturb the peace of the empire if he ascended the throne of Brunswick. As a result, Brunswick was ruled by a regency until 1913, when his son, also named <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Ernest Augustus</a>, married the German Emperor's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_Luise_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktoria Luise of Prussia">Princess Viktoria Luise</a> and swore allegiance to the German Empire. The Duke then renounced his claim to Brunswick in favour of his son, and the Bundesrat allowed the younger Ernest Augustus to take possession of Brunswick as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dowry</a> compensation for Hanover. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" title="German-Hanoverian Party">German-Hanoverian Party</a>, which at times supported <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secession</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a>, demanded a separate status for the province in the Reichstag. The party existed until banned by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_and_modern_history">Revival and modern history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revival and modern history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KrkHannover.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/260px-KrkHannover.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/390px-KrkHannover.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/KrkHannover.png/520px-KrkHannover.png 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Kingdom of Hanover, 1814-1866, recreated in 1946 as the State of Hanover</figcaption></figure> <p>With Prussia on the verge of official dissolution (1947), Hanoverian politicians in 1946 took advantage of the opportunity and advocated that the <a href="/wiki/Control_Commission_for_Germany_(British_Element)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control Commission for Germany (British Element)">Control Commission for Germany (British Element)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Commission_for_Germany_(British_Element)" class="extiw" title="de:Control Commission for Germany (British Element)">de</a>]</span> (CCG/BE) revive Hanoverian statehood, reconstituting the Prussian Province of Hanover as the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a>. The state saw itself in the tradition of the kingdom. </p><p>Its prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Wilhelm_Kopf" title="Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf">Hinrich Wilhelm Kopf</a>, played a central role when the state of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> was founded just a few months later by merging Hanover with several smaller states, with the city of Hanover as its capital. The former territory of Hanover makes up 85 percent of Lower Saxony and is the origin of its coat of arms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reorganisation_of_religious_bodies">Reorganisation of religious bodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reorganisation of religious bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_of_Hanover" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover">Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> church was the <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">state church</a> of the Kingdom of Hanover with the King being <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Summus_episcopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Summus episcopus">summus episcopus</a></i></span> (Supreme Governor of the Lutheran Church).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regional <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Protestantism)" title="Consistory (Protestantism)">consistories</a> supervised church and clergy. These were in <a href="/wiki/Aurich" title="Aurich">Aurich</a>, a simultaneously Lutheran and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> consistory dominated by Lutherans (for <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>) and the Lutheran consistories in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> (for the former Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg proper), in <a href="/wiki/Ilfeld" title="Ilfeld">Ilfeld</a> (for the <a href="/w/index.php?title=County_of_Hohenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="County of Hohenstein (page does not exist)">County of Hohenstein</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafschaft_Hohnstein" class="extiw" title="de:Grafschaft Hohnstein">de</a>]</span>, a Hanoverian <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains), in <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> (for the former <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Otterndorf" title="Otterndorf">Otterndorf</a> (existed 1535–1885 for the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Hadeln" class="mw-redirect" title="Land of Hadeln">Land of Hadeln</a>) as well as in <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> (existed 1650–1903, until 1885 for the former <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> proper without Hadeln, then including the complete <a href="/wiki/Stade_(region)" title="Stade (region)">Stade region</a>). A <a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(ecclesiastical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superintendent (ecclesiastical)">general superintendent</a> chaired each consistory. </p><p>In 1848, the Lutheran parishes were democratised by the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_(church_polity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbytery (church polity)">presbyteries</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Kirchenvorstände</i>, singular <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kirchenvorstand</i></span>; literally: <i>church boards</i>), elected by all major male parishioners and chairing each congregation in co-operation with the <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>, being before the sole chairman. This introduction of presbyteries was somewhat revolutionary in the rather hierarchically structured Lutheran church. </p><p>In 1864, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Lichtenberg" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Lichtenberg">Carl Lichtenberg</a>, Hanoverian minister of education, cultural and religious affairs (1862–65), persuaded the <i>Ständeversammlung</i> (lit. <i>Estates Assembly</i>, the Hanoverian parliament) to pass a new law as to the constitution of the Lutheran church. The constitution provided a state <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> (parishioners' parliament, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Landessynode</i>). But its first session only materialised in 1869 when, after the 1866 <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussian</a> annexation of the Kingdom of Hanover, the Hanoverian Lutherans desired a representative body separate from Prussian rule, though it was restricted to Lutheran matters only. </p><p>After the Prussian conquest in 1866, on 19 September 1866, the day before the official Prussian annexation took place and with the last <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">summus episcopus</i></span>, King George V of Hanover, in exile, the Kingdom's six consistories joined to form today's still-existing church body, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical-Lutheran_Church_of_Hanover" title="Evangelical-Lutheran Church of Hanover">Lutheran State Church of Hanover</a>. An all-Hanoverian consistory, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landeskonsistorium</i></span> (state consistory), was formed with representatives from the regional consistories. </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> congregations in formerly-Prussian East Frisia had a common roof organisation with the Lutherans there ("Coetus") and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed churches">Reformed Church</a> in the former <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim" title="County of Bentheim">County of Bentheim</a>, then being the state church, had fully established church bodies for Bentheim only (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Königlich-Großbrittanisch-Hannoverscher Ober-Kirchenrath</i>, English: <span lang="en">Royal British-Hanoverian Supreme Church Council</span>), the Calvinist congregations elsewhere in Hanover were in a somewhat sorry state. Though some Calvinist congregations of <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> origin were organised in the <i>Lower Saxon Confederation</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Niedersächsische Konföderation</i>). The Lutheran church being the state church of Hanover also supervised the Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> parishes outside East Frisia and Bentheim. In 1848 the new Hanoverian law also provided for presbyteries in these Calvinist parishes, which exactly fit the presbyterian structure of Calvinism.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> formed an overall minority in Hanover, but regionally majorities in the former prince-bishoprics. By the annexations in 1803 and 1814 Hanover had become a state of three Christian denominations. In 1824, Hanover and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> thus agreed to integrate diaspora parishes which were located in prevailingly Protestant areas, until then supervised by the Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Vicariate_of_Northern_Germany" title="Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Germany">Vicariate Apostolic of the Nordic Missions</a>, into the existing dioceses of the former prince-bishoprics, whose diocesan territories were thus extended into the diaspora areas. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> lived all over Hanover in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a>. Until 1806, they were not allowed to reside in some areas. By the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">French</a> annexations in 1807 and 1810, all-male inhabitants in later restituted Hanover became Westphalian or French citizens of equal rights. On 17 March 1808, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I">Napoléon Bonaparte</a> restricted the rights of Jews in the French-annexed territory by his so-called <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Infamous_Decree" title="Infamous Decree">décret infâme</a></i></span>. The Jewish congregations became subject to French regional <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">Jewish consistories</a> or the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Westphalian_Consistory_of_the_Israelites&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites (page does not exist)">Royal Westphalian Consistory of the Israelites</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:הקונסיסטוריה היהודית של וסטפליה">he</a>]</span>, respectively. In 1813, when Hanover resumed independence and sovereignty, its government deprived the Jews their legal equality. Arguing it was the French or Westphalian state and not Hanover, which had <a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">emancipated the Jews</a>, the government took the decisions of the German Confederation on the rights of the Jews, in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Smidt" title="Johann Smidt">Johann Smidt</a>'s manipulated formulation, as the legal grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, Hanover finally granted equal rights to Jews and promoted to build up Jewish congregations, where this did not already happen earlier, and a superstructure of four regional <a href="/wiki/Landesrabbiner" title="Landesrabbiner">land-rabbinates</a>. These were the <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a> Land-Rabbinate (Aurich and Osnabrück regions), the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanover_Land-Rabbinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanover Land-Rabbinate (page does not exist)">Hanover Land-Rabbinate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrabbinat_Hannover" class="extiw" title="de:Landrabbinat Hannover">de</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Hanover_(region)" title="Hanover (region)">Hanover</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(region)" title="Lüneburg (region)">Lüneburg regions</a>), the Hildesheim Land-Rabbinate (Hildesheim region and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clausthal_Mountain_Captaincy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clausthal Mountain Captaincy (page does not exist)">Clausthal Mountain Captaincy</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berghauptmannschaft_Clausthal" class="extiw" title="de:Berghauptmannschaft Clausthal">de</a>]</span>), and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stade_Land-Rabbinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stade Land-Rabbinate (page does not exist)">Stade Land-Rabbinate</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landrabbinat_Stood" class="extiw" title="nds:Landrabbinat Stood">nds</a>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Stade_(region)" title="Stade (region)">Stade region</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many diaspora areas Jews regarded this a progress and a burden alike, because of the implied financial burden for <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbis</a> and religion teacher, <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cheder" title="Cheder">schools</a>. The local authorities now requested that the Jewish congregations establish synagogues and Jewish education for the pupils. The <a href="/wiki/Rabbi#The_role_of_the_rabbi_in_the_last_200_years" title="Rabbi">land-rabbins</a>, chairing the land-rabbinates, simultaneously fulfilled religious and state functions, like supervising Jewish elementary schools and the teaching of Jewish religion in all schools. The Kingdom of Hanover was thus one of the few states within the German Confederation, where rabbins held a similar semi-state authoritative position as to Jews as did, e.g., Lutheran clergy towards Lutherans.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kings">Kings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></div> <p>In 1813, George III was restored to his Hanoverian territories, and in October 1814, they were constituted as the independent <b>Kingdom of Hanover</b> at the Congress of Vienna. The <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> ended in 1837 on the accession of Queen Victoria because the succession laws in Hanover, based on <a href="/wiki/Semi-Salic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-Salic law">semi-Salic law</a>, prevented a female inheriting the title if there was a surviving male heir. In the United Kingdom, a male took precedence only over his own sisters. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Portrait </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Lifespan </th> <th>Reign began </th> <th>Reign ended </th> <th>Succession </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/100px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Allan_Ramsay_-_King_George_III_in_coronation_robes_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2433" data-file-height="3801" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a></b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Georg III</i>.</small></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">4 June 1738 –<br />29 January 1820<br />(aged 81)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">12 October 1814</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">29 January 1820</span> </td> <td>Previously Prince Elector of Hanover from 1760 to 1806. </td> <td>George III was mentally incapacitated during these years, and his constitutional powers were exercised by his eldest son, George Augustus Frederick (the future George IV), as <a href="/wiki/Regency_era" title="Regency era">Regent</a>. In Hanover, his youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a>, officiated as Viceroy from 1816. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:George_IV_1821_color.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/George_IV_1821_color.jpg/100px-George_IV_1821_color.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/George_IV_1821_color.jpg/150px-George_IV_1821_color.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/George_IV_1821_color.jpg/200px-George_IV_1821_color.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1029" data-file-height="1501" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Georg IV</i>.</small></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">12 August 1762 –<br />26 June 1830<br />(aged 67)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">29 January 1820</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">26 June 1830</span> </td> <td>Son of George III. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">Prince regent</a> 1811–1820, represented in Hanover by his brother, the Duke of Cambridge, as Viceroy </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_IV_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_IV_crop.jpg/100px-William_IV_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_IV_crop.jpg/150px-William_IV_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/William_IV_crop.jpg/200px-William_IV_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1217" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Wilhelm IV</i>.</small></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">21 August 1765 –<br />20 June 1837<br />(aged 71)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">26 June 1830</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">20 June 1837</span> </td> <td>Son of George III  •  Younger brother of George IV. </td> <td>Last monarch to rule both Hanover and the United Kingdom, represented in Hanover by his brother, the Duke of Cambridge, as Viceroy </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst_August_von_Hannover_(1771-1851),_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ernst_August_von_Hannover_%281771-1851%29%2C_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg/100px-Ernst_August_von_Hannover_%281771-1851%29%2C_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ernst_August_von_Hannover_%281771-1851%29%2C_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg/150px-Ernst_August_von_Hannover_%281771-1851%29%2C_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ernst_August_von_Hannover_%281771-1851%29%2C_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg/200px-Ernst_August_von_Hannover_%281771-1851%29%2C_by_Edmund_Koken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="3526" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">Ernest Augustus</a></b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ernst August</i>.</small></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">5 June 1771 –<br />18 November 1851<br />(aged 80)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">20 June 1837</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">18 November 1851</span> </td> <td>Son of George III  •  Younger brother of George IV and William IV. </td> <td>The accession of Queen Victoria separated the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover, and the latter passed to her uncle. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GeorgeVHannover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GeorgeVHannover.jpg/100px-GeorgeVHannover.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GeorgeVHannover.jpg/150px-GeorgeVHannover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/GeorgeVHannover.jpg/200px-GeorgeVHannover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="665" /></a></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">George V</a></b><br /><small><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Georg V</i>.</small></span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">27 May 1819 –<br />12 June 1878<br />(aged 59)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">18 November 1851</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap">20 September 1866</span> </td> <td>Son of Ernest Augustus. </td> <td>Hanover was <a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">annexed</a> by Prussia in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory_and_administrative_subdivisions">Territory and administrative subdivisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Territory and administrative subdivisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG/220px-BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG/330px-BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG/440px-BadIburgGrenzsteinKgrHannoverundPreu%C3%9Fen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A border marker of Hanover</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> instituted a territorial adjustment between Hanover and Prussia to form more contiguous borders. Hanover increased its area substantially, gaining the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Frisia" title="East Frisia">East Frisia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a>, the Lower <a href="/wiki/County_of_Lingen" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Lingen">County of Lingen</a> and the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Prince-Bishopric of Münster</a>. Hanover also annexed territories that had previously been ruled in personal union by its Elector, such as the Duchies of <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Bentheim" title="County of Bentheim">County of Bentheim</a>. It lost those parts of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Saxe-Lauenburg</a> to the northeast of the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, which was assigned in personal union to <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, except the <a href="/wiki/Amt_Neuhaus" title="Amt Neuhaus">Amt Neuhaus</a>. Further small <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclaves</a> in the east were lost. </p><p>Hanover comprised a number of territories, which had been <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Estate" title="Imperial Estate">Imperial Estates</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Their respective governments, now called provincial governments, were organised according to partially very old traditions, including different levels of <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estate</a> participation in rule. In 1823, the kingdom was reorganised into <i>high-bailiwicks</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Landdrosteien</i>, singular: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Landdrostei</i></span>), each led by a <i>high-bailiff</i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landdrost#In_19th_century_Hanover" title="Landdrost">Landdrost</a></i>) according to unitary standards, doing away with the inherited provincial peculiarities. </p><p>The high-bailiwicks were subdivided into bailiwicks (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Ämter</i>, singular <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Amt</i></span>), presided by a bailiff (<i><a href="/wiki/Amtmann" title="Amtmann">Amtmann</a></i>, plural <i><a href="/wiki/Amtleute" class="mw-redirect" title="Amtleute">Amtleute</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high-bailiwicks, named after their capitals, were the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aurich_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aurich (region) (page does not exist)">Aurich</a>, comprising former East Frisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_(region)" title="Hanover (region)">Hanover</a>, comprising about the former <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Calenberg" title="Principality of Calenberg">Principality of Calenberg</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hildesheim_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hildesheim (region) (page does not exist)">Hildesheim</a>, comprising the former Brunswick-Lüneburg <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Grubenhagen" title="Principality of Grubenhagen">Principality of Grubenhagen</a> and the former <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg_(region)" title="Lüneburg (region)">Lüneburg</a>, comprising the former Brunswick-Lüneburg <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_L%C3%BCneburg" title="Principality of Lüneburg">Principality of Lüneburg</a> and the remainder of Saxe-Lauenburg areas</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osnabr%C3%BCck_(region)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osnabrück (region) (page does not exist)">Osnabrück</a>, comprising the former County of Bentheim, the former Lower County of Lingen, and the former <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stade_(region)" title="Stade (region)">Stade</a>, comprising the former Duchies of Bremen-Verden</li></ul> <p>The Hanoverian subdivisions into high-bailiwicks and bailiwicks remained unchanged until 1 April 1885, when they were replaced by Prussian-style provinces (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirke</a></i></span>) and districts (<i><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Prussia" title="Districts of Prussia">Kreise</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Leineschloss_Leine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Leine Palace"><img alt="The Leine Palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Leineschloss_Leine.jpg/120px-Leineschloss_Leine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Leineschloss_Leine.jpg/180px-Leineschloss_Leine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Leineschloss_Leine.jpg/240px-Leineschloss_Leine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Leineschloss" title="Leineschloss">Leine Palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Unbekannt,_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen,_c1708..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Herrenhausen Castle and Gardens"><img alt="Herrenhausen Castle and Gardens" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Unbekannt%2C_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen%2C_c1708..jpg/120px-Unbekannt%2C_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen%2C_c1708..jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Unbekannt%2C_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen%2C_c1708..jpg/180px-Unbekannt%2C_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen%2C_c1708..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Unbekannt%2C_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen%2C_c1708..jpg/240px-Unbekannt%2C_Maison_de_Plaisir_d%27Herrenhausen%2C_c1708..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1951" data-file-height="1611" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herrenhausen" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenhausen">Herrenhausen</a> Castle and Gardens</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Celle Castle"><img alt="Celle Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg/120px-Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg/180px-Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg/240px-Das_Schloss_in_Celle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1064" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Celle_Castle" title="Celle Castle">Celle Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marienburg Castle, present seat of the Princes of Hanover"><img alt="Marienburg Castle, present seat of the Princes of Hanover" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg/120px-Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg/180px-Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg/240px-Panoramaaufnahme_Schloss_Marienburg_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Marienburg_Castle_(Hanover)" title="Marienburg Castle (Hanover)">Marienburg Castle</a>, present seat of the Princes of Hanover</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Ernest Augustus by George Dawe"><img alt="Portrait of Ernest Augustus by George Dawe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG/97px-Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG/146px-Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG/194px-Ernest_Augustus_I_of_Hanover.PNG 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_the_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Portrait of the Duke of Cumberland">Portrait of Ernest Augustus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/George_Dawe" title="George Dawe">George Dawe</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Army">Army</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army" title="Hanoverian Army">Hanoverian Army</a></div> <p>The Kingdom of Hanover maintained an army after the Napoleonic Wars. In 1832, King William IV of Hanover and the United Kingdom issued his troops with <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> uniforms, but they differed slightly from their original British versions. When the personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 and Ernst August ascended to the crown of Hanover, he replaced their uniforms with <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Army" title="Prussian Army">Prussian Army</a>-style ones, which included the <a href="/wiki/Pickelhaube" title="Pickelhaube">pickelhaube</a> spiked helmet for his Guard Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1866 they wore a more <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Austrian_Army_(1806%E2%80%931867)" title="Imperial Austrian Army (1806–1867)">Austrian style of uniform</a>, with only the guard corps keeping the Prussian one. During the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hanoverian_Army" title="Hanoverian Army">Hanoverian Army</a> fought and defeated the Prussians during its march south towards Austria, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1866)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1866)">Battle of Langensalza</a>. However, it was later surrounded and forced to surrender to Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard,_ensign_and_coat_of_arms"><span id="Standard.2C_ensign_and_coat_of_arms"></span>Standard, ensign and coat of arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standard, ensign and coat of arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the personal union with the United Kingdom ended in 1837 with the accession of Queen Victoria, Hanover kept the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">British royal arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">standard</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The flag charts by Colter and Johnson suggest the Royal Standard only displayed the Saxon Steed after 1837 (May 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, only introducing a new Crown, after the British model. The centre of this coat of arms and royal standard included the original arms of Hanover, which consisted of the two lions of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a>, the rampant lion with hearts of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> and the horse of Hanover, surmounted by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire">Imperial Crown of the Holy Roman Empire</a> for the Holy Roman office of Archbannerbearer/<a href="/wiki/Archtreasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Archtreasurer">Archtreasurer</a>. As Hanover no longer was ruled by the British monarchs, the arms of Hanover was simultaneously removed from the British coat of arms and royal standard, so it was no longer identical with that of the Kingdom of Hanover. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1816%E2%80%931837).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal standard of Hanover, 1816–1837"><img alt="Royal standard of Hanover, 1816–1837" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816%E2%80%931837%29.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816%E2%80%931837%29.svg/180px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816%E2%80%931837%29.svg/240px-Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281816%E2%80%931837%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal standard of Hanover, 1816–1837</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Hanover, 1837"><img alt="Coat of arms of Hanover, 1837" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Hanover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Hanover, 1837</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_(1801-1866).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil ensign of Hanover[11][12]"><img alt="Civil ensign of Hanover[11][12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281801-1866%29.svg/120px-Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281801-1866%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281801-1866%29.svg/180px-Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281801-1866%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281801-1866%29.svg/240px-Civil_Ensign_of_Hannover_%281801-1866%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Civil ensign of Hanover<sup id="cite_ref-Colton_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hanover_(1692).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal standard of Hanover after 1837[11][12]"><img alt="Royal standard of Hanover after 1837[11][12]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Hanover_%281692%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal standard of Hanover after 1837<sup id="cite_ref-Colton_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colton-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hanover">History of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphic_Legion" title="Guelphic Legion">Guelphic Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_German_Legion" title="King's German Legion">King's German Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleindeutsche_L%C3%B6sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutsche Lösung">Kleindeutsche Lösung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Hanover" title="State of Hanover">State of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hanover" title="King of Hanover">King of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">House of Hanover</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Hanover&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFW._Frizzell2007" class="citation book cs1">W. Frizzell, Robert (2007). <i>Independent Immigrants: A Settlement of Hanoverian Germans in Western Missouri</i>. University of Missouri Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826266095" title="Special:BookSources/9780826266095"><bdi>9780826266095</bdi></a>. <q>The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover, the official church of the kingdom</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independent+Immigrants%3A+A+Settlement+of+Hanoverian+Germans+in+Western+Missouri&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780826266095&rft.aulast=W.+Frizzell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">known formally as the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Frizzell2007" class="citation book cs1">W. Frizzell, Robert (2007). <i>Independent Immigrants: A Settlement of Hanoverian Germans in Western Missouri</i>. University of Missouri Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826266095" title="Special:BookSources/9780826266095"><bdi>9780826266095</bdi></a>. <q>The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover, the official church of the kingdom</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Independent+Immigrants%3A+A+Settlement+of+Hanoverian+Germans+in+Western+Missouri&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780826266095&rft.aulast=W.+Frizzell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">But only in 1882 — long after the Prussian annexation of Hanover — the inappropriate supervision by Lutheran consistorials ended, when the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Reformed_Church_%E2%80%93_Synod_of_Reformed_Churches_in_Bavaria_and_Northwestern_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Reformed Church – Synod of Reformed Churches in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany">Evangelical Reformed Church of the Province of Hanover</a> emerged, comprising all the Calvinist congregations in the prevailingly Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Hanover" title="Province of Hanover">Province of Hanover</a>. The simultaneously Lutheran and Calvinist consistory in Aurich was made the consistory of that church body, becoming an exclusively Calvinist body only in 1922, following the constitutional reorganisation of the church bodies after the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> had decreed the separation of church and state in 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the final revision of the decisions of the Congress of Vienna on the rights of the Jews, Smidt — unauthorised and unconsented by the other parties — had changed the text from "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them "in" the confederal states", by replacing a single word, which ensued serious consequences, into: "The confessors of Jewish faith are preserved the rights already conceded to them "by" the confederal states." cf. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Graetz" title="Heinrich Graetz">Heinrich Graetz</a>, <i>Geschichte der Juden von den ältesten Zeiten bis auf die Gegenwart</i>: 11 vols., Leipzig: Leiner, 1900, vol. 11: 'Geschichte der Juden vom Beginn der Mendelssohnschen Zeit (1750) bis in die neueste Zeit (1848)', p. 317. Emphasis not in the original. Reprint of the edition last time revised by the author himself: Berlin: arani, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7605-8673-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7605-8673-2">3-7605-8673-2</a>. In the German original: "Es werden den Bekennern des jüdischen Glaubens die denselben "in" ["von", respectively] den einzelnen Bundesstaaten bereits eingeräumten Rechte erhalten."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jörg Schneider, <i>Die jüdische Gemeinde in Hildesheim: 1871—1942</i>, Hildesheim: Stadtarchiv, 2003, (=Schriftenreihe des Stadtarchivs und der Stadtbibliothek Hildesheim / Stadtarchiv und Stadtbibliothek Hildesheim; vol. 31), p. 3; simultaneously: Göttingen, Univ., Diss., 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-931987-11-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-931987-11-6">3-931987-11-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">After the Prussian annexation the constitution of Hanover's four land-rabbinates came under threat to be abolished, because in Prussia proper the government hindered as much as possible the establishment of nationwide Jewish organisations, let alone such which it would grant official recognition. In the end, Prussia respected the existing Hanoverian land-rabbinate constitution, which continued to exist — modified according to the separation of state and religion in 1919 by the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar constitution">Weimar constitution</a> — until the Nazi Reich's government <i>de facto</i> abolished the constitution in 1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This translation follows Jakob Heinrich Kaltschmidt, <i>Neues vollständiges Wörterbuch der englischen und deutschen Sprache nebst einem kurzen Abrisse der englischen und der deutschen Sprachlehre</i> (English: <span lang="en">A new and complete Dictionary of the English and German Languages with two Sketches of Grammar</span>, 6th, rev. and enriched ed., Leipsic: Otto Holtze, 1890, p. 283. No ISBN</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">König, Lutz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koenigreich-hannover.de/ukindex2.html">Kingdom of Hanover - German Civil War 1866</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">König, Lutz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koenigreich-hannover.de/ukindex2.html">Kingdom of Hanover - German Civil War 1866</a>. Retrieved 3 April 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Colton-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colton_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colton_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColton" class="citation web cs1">Colton, J. H. <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:National_Flags_by_J._H._Colton.jpg">"National Flags"</a>. J. H. Colton<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Flags&rft.pub=J.+H.+Colton&rft.aulast=Colton&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3ANational_Flags_by_J._H._Colton.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Alvin Jewett. <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Johnson%27s_New_Chart_of_National_Emblems_2,_1868.jpg">"Johnson's New Chart of National Emblems"</a>. Alvin Jewett Johnson<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Johnson%27s+New+Chart+of+National+Emblems&rft.pub=Alvin+Jewett+Johnson&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alvin+Jewett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AJohnson%2527s_New_Chart_of_National_Emblems_2%2C_1868.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKingdom+of+Hanover" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Template talk:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States of the German Confederation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_of_the_German_Confederation_(1815–1866)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/States_of_the_German_Confederation" title="States of the German Confederation">States of the German Confederation</a> (1815–1866)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Empires</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deutscher_Bund.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the German Confederation"><img alt="Map of the German Confederation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/175px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/263px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Deutscher_Bund.svg/350px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electorates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hesse" title="Electorate of Hesse">Hesse-Kassel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Grand duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Hesse-Darmstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg">Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Weimar-Eisenach</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Duchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Limburg_(1839%E2%80%931867)" title="Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867)">Limburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1839)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Ascania" title="House of Ascania">Anhalt (Ascania)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Anhalt" title="Duchy of Anhalt">Anhalt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Bernburg" title="Anhalt-Bernburg">Bernburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-Dessau" title="Anhalt-Dessau">Dessau</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1863)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anhalt-K%C3%B6then" title="Anhalt-Köthen">Köthen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1847)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Altenburg">Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Coburg-Saalfeld</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Coburg-Gotha</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Gotha-Altenburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Hildburghausen" title="Saxe-Hildburghausen">Hildburghausen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1826)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen">Meiningen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesse-Homburg" title="Hesse-Homburg">Hesse-Homburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Lippe" title="Principality of Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Schaumburg-Lippe" title="Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe">Schaumburg-Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldeck_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Waldeck (state)">Waldeck and Pyrmont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County_of_Reuss" title="Imperial County of Reuss">Reuss</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuss-Ebersdorf</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Lobenstein" title="Reuss-Lobenstein">Reuss-Lobenstein</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1824)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Ebersdorf" title="Reuss-Ebersdorf">Reuß-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf </a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1824-1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Gera" title="Principality of Reuss-Gera">Reuss-Gera <small>(Junior Line)</small></a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(from 1848)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Reuss-Greiz" title="Principality of Reuss-Greiz">Reuss-Greiz <small>(Elder Line)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuss-Schleiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuss-Schleiz">Reuss-Schleiz</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1848)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Hechingen" title="Hohenzollern-Hechingen">Hechingen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen" title="Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen">Sigmaringen</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(until 1850)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Schwarzburg" title="House of Schwarzburg">Schwarzburg</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt" title="Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt">Rudolstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzburg-Sondershausen" title="Schwarzburg-Sondershausen">Sondershausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Free cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_(state)" title="Bremen (state)">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Frankfurt" title="Free City of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Free_and_Hanseatic_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="History of the Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> partially</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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