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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Spanish_ruled_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Spanish_ruled_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>In Spanish ruled Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Spanish_ruled_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>In the Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Portuguese Empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portuguese_Empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Portuguese Empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle British Empire subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commonwealth_realms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commonwealth_realms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commonwealth realms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commonwealth_realms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_viceroyalties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_viceroyalties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other viceroyalties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_viceroyalties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other viceroyalties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_viceroyalties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>French colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_colonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_colonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Italian colonies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_colonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_of_Bosnia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_of_Bosnia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ban of Bosnia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_of_Bosnia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ban_of_Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ban_of_Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Ban of Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ban_of_Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_antecedents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_antecedents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ancient antecedents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_antecedents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-Western_counterparts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-Western_counterparts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Non-Western counterparts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Non-Western_counterparts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Non-Western counterparts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Non-Western_counterparts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Indian empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magadha_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magadha_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Magadha Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magadha_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Mughal Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Vietnamese Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_empires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_empires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Chinese empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Siam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Siam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Viceroy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83" title="نائب الملك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نائب الملك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virr%C3%A9i" title="Virréi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Virréi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitse-kral" title="Vitse-kral – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vitse-kral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="রাজপ্রতিনিধি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাজপ্রতিনিধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Вицекрал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вицекрал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicekralj" title="Vicekralj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vicekralj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virrei" title="Virrei – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Virrei" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADstokr%C3%A1l" title="Místokrál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Místokrál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaglaw" title="Rhaglaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhaglaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicekonge" title="Vicekonge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vicekonge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizek%C3%B6nig" title="Vizekönig – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vizekönig" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asekuningas" title="Asekuningas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Asekuningas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virrey" title="Virrey – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Virrey" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicre%C4%9Do" title="Vicreĝo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vicreĝo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9" title="نایب الملک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نایب الملک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-roi" title="Vice-roi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vice-roi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underkening" title="Underkening – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Underkening" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicerrei" title="Vicerrei – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vicerrei" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EC%99%95" title="부왕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부왕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF" title="वाइसरॉय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाइसरॉय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potkralj" title="Potkralj – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Potkralj" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizurai" title="Wizurai – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wizurai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicer%C3%A9" title="Viceré – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viceré" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A" title="משנה למלך – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משנה למלך" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მეფისნაცვალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეფისნაცვალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicerex" title="Vicerex – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vicerex" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AF" title="व्हाइसरॉय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हाइसरॉय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizurai" title="Wizurai – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wizurai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87" title="ဥပရာဇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥပရာဇ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onderkoning" title="Onderkoning – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Onderkoning" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%8B" title="副王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="副王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visekonge" title="Visekonge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Visekonge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visekonge" title="Visekonge – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Visekonge" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%8F" title="ਵਾਇਸਰਾਏ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਾਇਸਰਾਏ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicekr%C3%B3l" title="Wicekról – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wicekról" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-rei" title="Vice-rei – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vice-rei" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicerege" title="Vicerege – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vicerege" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirriy" title="Wirriy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wirriy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Viceroy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="وائسراء – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="وائسراء" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99" title="Вицекраљ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вицекраљ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicekralj" title="Vicekralj – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vicekralj" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Viceroy" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varakuningas" title="Varakuningas – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varakuningas" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicekung" title="Vicekung – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vicekung" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birey" title="Birey – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Birey" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Вице-патшалык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вице-патшалык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="อุปราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุปราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genel_vali" title="Genel vali – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Genel vali" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Віцекороль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Віцекороль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Phó vương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phó vương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3%EF%BC%88%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%98%E8%81%8C%EF%BC%89" title="总督（殖民地官职） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="总督（殖民地官职）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3" title="總督 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="總督" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B8%BD%E7%9D%A3_(%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%98%E8%81%B7)" title="總督 (殖民地官職) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="總督 (殖民地官職)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Representative of a monarch</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Viceroy (disambiguation)">Viceroy (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Viceregal" redirects here. For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Viceregal_(horse)" title="Viceregal (horse)">Viceregal (horse)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg/220px-Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg/330px-Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg/440px-Group_shot_after_appointment_of_Executive_Council_members_-_1_Feb_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cindy_Kiro" title="Cindy Kiro">Cindy Kiro</a> (centre), the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_New_Zealand" title="Governor-General of New Zealand">governor-general of New Zealand</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_New_Zealand" title="Executive Council of New Zealand">Executive Council</a> members in 2023, in front of the portrait of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>viceroy</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is an official who reigns over a <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. </p><p>The term derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> prefix <i>vice-</i>, meaning "in the place of" and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_language" title="Anglo-Norman language">Anglo-Norman</a> <i>roy</i> (<a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <i>roi</i>, <i>roy</i>), meaning "king". This denotes the position as one who acts on behalf of a king or monarch.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A viceroy's territory may be called a <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">viceroyalty</a>, though this term is not always applied. The <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> form is <i><b>viceregal</b></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> less often <i><b>viceroyal</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><b>vicereine</b></i> is sometimes used to indicate a female viceroy <i><a href="/wiki/Suo_jure" title="Suo jure">suo jure</a></i>, although <i>viceroy</i> can serve as a gender-neutral term.<sup id="cite_ref-vicereine_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicereine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vicereine is more commonly used to indicate a viceroy's wife, known as the <i><b>viceregal consort</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vicereine_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vicereine-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term has occasionally been applied to the <a href="/wiki/Governors-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors-general">governors-general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a>, who are <i>viceregal</i> representatives of the monarch. </p><p>The position of a viceroy is by royal appointment rather than a noble rank. An individual viceroy often also held a separate noble title, such as <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez,_1st_Viscount_of_Galveston" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston">Bernardo de Gálvez, 1st Viscount of Galveston</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of New Spain">Viceroy of New Spain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spanish_Empire">Spanish Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Spanish Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title was originally used by the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a>, where, beginning in the 14th century, it referred to the Spanish governors of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>. After the unification, at the end of the 15th century, later <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">kings of Spain</a> came to appoint numerous viceroys to rule over various parts of the increasingly vast <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> in Europe, the Americas, and overseas elsewhere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Spanish_ruled_Europe">In Spanish ruled Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In Spanish ruled Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europe, until the 18th century, the Habsburg crown appointed viceroys of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> during the brief period known as the Iberian Union, <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>. With the ascension of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> to the Spanish throne, the historic Aragonese viceroyalties were replaced by new <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captaincies general</a>. At the end of <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the Spanish monarchy was shorn of its Italian possessions. These Italian territories, however, continued to have viceroys under their new rulers for some time; Naples until 1734, Sicily until 1816 and Sardinia until 1848. </p> <dl><dd>See also:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Aragon" title="List of viceroys of Aragon">List of viceroys of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Valencia" title="List of viceroys of Valencia">List of viceroys of Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Catalonia" title="List of viceroys of Catalonia">List of viceroys of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Navarre" title="List of viceroys of Navarre">List of viceroys of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sardinia" title="List of viceroys of Sardinia">List of viceroys of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Sicily" title="List of viceroys of Sicily">List of viceroys of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Naples" title="List of viceroys of Naples">List of viceroys of Naples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_Americas">In the Americas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Americas were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Crown of Castile</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, the institution of viceroys was adapted to govern the highly populated and wealthy regions of the north overseas: <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a> (Mexico and Philippines) and the south overseas: <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> and South America. The viceroys of these two areas had oversight over the other provinces, with most of the North American, Central American, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">East Indian</a> areas supervised by the viceroy in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> and the South American ones by the viceroy in <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, (with the exception of most of today's <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, which was overseen by the high court, or <a href="/wiki/Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Audiencia of Santo Domingo</a> on the island of Hispaniola for most of the colonial period). These large administrative territories became known as <i>viceroyalties</i> (Spanish term: <i>virreinatos</i>). There were only two <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> viceroyalties until the 18th century, when the new <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon dynasty</a> established two additional viceroyalties to promote economic growth and new settlements on South America. New viceroyalties were created for <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> in 1717 (capital, <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">the Río de la Plata</a> in 1776 (capital, <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/220px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg/440px-Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela_y_S%C3%A1nchez_de_Arag%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_de_la_Pezuela,_1st_Marquis_of_Viluma" class="mw-redirect" title="Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquis of Viluma">Joaquín de la Pezuela</a>, penultimate <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">viceroy of Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The viceroyalties of the Spanish Americas and the Spanish East Indies were subdivided into smaller, autonomous units, the <i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">audiencias</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tribunal" title="Tribunal">tribunal</a> with the authority to judge), and the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy" title="Captaincy">captaincies general</a> (military districts), which in most cases became the bases for the independent countries of modern <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic America</a>. These units gathered the local provinces which could be governed by either a crown official, a <i><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">corregidor</a></i> (sometimes <i>alcalde mayor</i>) or by a <i><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">cabildo</a></i> or town council. Audiencias primarily functioned as superior judicial tribunals, but unlike their European counterparts, the New World audiencias were granted by law both administrative and legislative powers. Captaincies general were primarily military districts set up in areas with a risk of foreign or <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indian</a> attack, but the captains general were usually given political powers over the provinces under their command. Because the long distances to the viceregal capital would hamper effective communication, both audiencias and captains general were authorized to communicate directly with the crown through the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a>. The Bourbon Reforms introduced the new office of the <a href="/wiki/Intendant" title="Intendant">intendant</a>, which was appointed directly by the crown and had broad fiscal and administrative powers in political and military issues. </p><p>See also: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of the Indies">Viceroyalty of the Indies</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> (1535–1821) – <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Viceroyalty of Peru</a> (1542–1824) – <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Peru" title="List of viceroys of Peru">List of viceroys of Peru</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">Viceroyalty of New Granada</a> (1717–1819) – <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Granada" title="List of viceroys of New Granada">List of viceroys of New Granada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata</a> (1776–1814) – <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="List of viceroys of the Río de la Plata">List of viceroys of the Río de la Plata</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_Empire">Portuguese Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Portuguese Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1505 to 1896 <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a> – including, until 1752, all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia and Australasia – was governed alternatively by either a viceroy (Portuguese <i>vice-rei</i>) or governor and commission located in the capital of <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a>. The government started seven years after the discovery of sea route to India by <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a>, in 1505, under the first viceroy, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Almeida" title="Francisco de Almeida">Francisco de Almeida</a> (b.1450–d.1510). Initially, King <a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Manuel I of Portugal">Manuel I of Portugal</a> tried to distribute power with three governors in different areas of jurisdiction: a government covering the area and possessions in East Africa, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, overseeing up to <a href="/wiki/Cambay_State" title="Cambay State">Cambay</a> (Gujarat); a second one ruling the possessions in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (Hindustan) and <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>; and a third one from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a> to the Far East.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Governor <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> (1509–1515) centralized the post into a plenipotentiary office, which it remained after his tenure. The typical duration in office was usually three years, although powerful viceroys might extend their tenure; of the thirty-four governors of India in the 16th century, only six had longer mandates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Portuguese_India" title="List of governors of Portuguese India">List of governors of Portuguese India</a> (1505–1961)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During some periods of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>, between 1580 and 1640, the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">king of Spain</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">king of Portugal</a>, appointed <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_Portugal" title="List of viceroys of Portugal">viceroys to govern Portugal itself</a>, as the king had multiple realms throughout Europe and delegated his powers to various viceroys. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Portuguese colonization of the Americas">Portuguese colonization of the Americas</a></div> <p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a> in 1640, the governors of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Brazil</a> that were members of the Portuguese high nobility started to use the title of Viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil became a permanent <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a> in 1763, when the capital of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Brazil" title="State of Brazil">State of Brazil</a> (<i>Estado do Brasil</i>) was transferred from <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_III_of_England_(Order_of_the_Garter).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edward_III_of_England_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.jpg/220px-Edward_III_of_England_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edward_III_of_England_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.jpg/330px-Edward_III_of_England_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Edward_III_of_England_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.jpg/440px-Edward_III_of_England_%28Order_of_the_Garter%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>"Roy" <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a>, King of England. <i><a href="/wiki/Bruges_Garter_Book" title="Bruges Garter Book">Bruges Garter Book</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_India" title="Governor-General of India">Governor-General of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_India" title="List of governors-general of India">List of governors-general of India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">Presidencies and provinces of British India</a></div> <p>Following adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1858" title="Government of India Act 1858">Government of India Act 1858</a>, which transferred control of India from the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> to the <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">British Crown</a>, the Governor-General as representing the Crown became known as the Viceroy. The designation <i>Viceroy</i>, although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Lord Canning</a> as "first viceroy and governor-general", none of the warrants appointing his successors referred to them as <i>viceroys</i>, and the title, which was frequently used in warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was basically one of ceremony used in connection with the state and social functions of the sovereign's representative. The governor-general continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The viceroys reported directly to the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">secretary of state for India</a> in London and were advised by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_India" title="Council of India">Council of India</a>. They were largely unencumbered in the exercise of their authority and were among the most powerful men on earth in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> eras, ruling over an entire <a href="/wiki/Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcontinent">subcontinent</a> with a large military force at their disposal in the form of the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a>, viceroys shared some limited aspects of their authority with the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Central Legislative Assembly</a>, one of the first steps in the establishment of Indian <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">home rule</a>. This process was accelerated by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> and ultimately led to the independence of <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> as <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a> in 1947. Both countries finally severed complete ties with Britain when they became <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republics</a> – India as a <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> republic in 1950 and Pakistan as an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> in 1956. </p><p>Alongside the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_India" title="Commander-in-Chief, India">Commander-in-Chief, India</a>, the viceroy was the public face of the British presence in India, attending to many ceremonial functions as well as political affairs. As the representative of the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_India" title="Emperor of India">emperors and empress of India</a>, who were also the kings and queens of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>, the viceroy served as the grand master of the two principal <a href="/wiki/Order_of_chivalry" title="Order of chivalry">orders of chivalry</a> of British India: the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Order of the Star of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Indian_Empire" title="Order of the Indian Empire">Order of the Indian Empire</a>. During the office's history, the governors-general of India were based in two cities: <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> until 1911 and New Delhi afterwards. Additionally, whilst Calcutta was the capital of India,<sup id="cite_ref-capitalofIndia_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capitalofIndia-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the viceroys spent the summer months at <a href="/wiki/Shimla" title="Shimla">Simla</a>. The two historic residences of the viceroys still stand: the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Viceroy's House</a> in New Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Raj_Bhavan,_Kolkata" title="Raj Bhavan, Kolkata">Government House</a> in Kolkata. They are used today as the official residences of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_West_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of West Bengal">governor of West Bengal</a>, respectively. The portraits of the governors-general still hang in a room on the ground floor of the Presidential Palace, one of the last vestiges of both the viceroys and the British Raj.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable governors-general of India include <a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Warren Hastings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Lord Cornwallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_4th_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto">The Earl of Minto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a>. Lord Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of India,<sup id="cite_ref-ViceroyofIndia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ViceroyofIndia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but continued on as the first governor-general of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Ireland" title="Lord Lieutenant of Ireland">lords lieutenant of Ireland</a> were often referred to as <i>viceroy</i> after 1700 until 1922, even though the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> had been merged in 1801 into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commonwealth_realms">Commonwealth realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Commonwealth realms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_current_viceregal_representatives_of_the_Crown" title="List of current viceregal representatives of the Crown">List of current viceregal representatives of the Crown</a></div> <p>The term has occasionally been applied to the <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governors-general</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Gough Whitlam</a> in 1973 told the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a>: "The Governor-General is the viceroy of the Queen of Australia".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Australia_Act_1986" title="Australia Act 1986">Australia Act 1986</a> also provide that all royal powers in Australia, except the actual appointment of the governor-general and the governors, are exercisable by the viceregal representatives. The noun <i>viceroy</i> is rarely used, but the adjective <i>viceregal</i> is standard usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Russian_Empire">Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>Namestnik</b></i> (Russian: <span lang="ru">наме́стник</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Russian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[nɐˈmʲesʲnʲɪk]</a></span>) was an official position in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. It can be translated as "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (in the broadest sense of the word) or <i>in place <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/appointment" class="extiw" title="wikt:appointment">appointee</a></i>. The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-M.E._Sharpe_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.E._Sharpe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>In the 8th–16th centuries, <i>namestniks</i> (more correctly <i><a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">knyaz</a> namestniks</i>, or "knyaz deputies") were in charge of local administration. In particular, they ruled <a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">uyezds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 18th–20th centuries, a <i>namestnik</i> was a person in charge of <b>namestnichestvo</b>, with <a href="/wiki/Plenipotentiary" title="Plenipotentiary">plenipotentiary</a> powers. The latter has traditionally been translated as "<a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">viceroyalty</a>" and <i>namestnik</i> as "viceroy" or "<a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">vicegerent</a>" (or, as a common blunder, "viceregent"). For example, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Semyonovich_Vorontsov" title="Mikhail Semyonovich Vorontsov">Mikhail Vorontsov</a> was <i>namestnik</i> of <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> (1823–44) and of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> (1844–1854). Sometimes the term is confused with <i><a href="/wiki/Governor_general" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor general">governor general</a></i> (генерал-губернатор). For example, during Vorontsov's term of office in Bessarabia, seven governor-generals were in, and at the same time he held the office of governor general of <a href="/wiki/Novorossiya" title="Novorossiya">Novorossiya</a>. The following <i>namestniks</i> existed under the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a> emperors of Russia:<sup id="cite_ref-M.E._Sharpe_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M.E._Sharpe-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland#Government" title="Congress Poland">Congress Kingdom of Poland</a></b>, while under the emperors of Russia as kings (styled <i>tsar</i>; 20 June 1815 – 5 November 1916), had only one viceroy, 9 December 1815 – 1 December 1830: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Constantine_Pavlovich_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia">Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov</a> (1779–1831)<sup id="cite_ref-passed_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-passed-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Viceroyalty_(1844-1881)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Viceroyalty (1844-1881)">Viceroyalty of the Caucasus</a></b> – <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; first under governors in Tbilisi 1802–1844) had viceroys of Transcaucasia.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroyalty_of_the_Far_East&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Viceroyalty of the Far East (page does not exist)">Viceroyalty of the Far East</a></b>, lasted from July 30, 1903, to June 8, 1905, with <a href="/wiki/Yevgeni_Ivanovich_Alekseyev" title="Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev">Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev</a> being the sole office holder.</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Russia">Paul I</a>'s 1799 formation of the <a href="/wiki/Russian-American_Company" title="Russian-American Company">Russian-American Company</a> obviated viceroys in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian colonization of the Americas">colonization of the northwestern New World</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroyalties_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire">List of viceroyalties of the Russian Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_viceroyalties">Other viceroyalties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other viceroyalties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Viceroy" title="Special:EditPage/Viceroy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_colonies">French colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: French colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, in present Canada, had a single governor: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>: 24 July 1534 – 15 January 1541</li></ul> <p>Thereafter it had <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General_of_New_France" title="Lieutenant General of New France">lieutenants-general</a> and viceroys: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_de_la_Roque_de_Roberval" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-François de la Roque de Roberval">Jean François de la Rocquet, sieur de Roberval</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 – 1560): 15 January 1541 – September 1543)</li> <li><i>interregnum</i> September 1543 – 3 January 1578</li> <li>Troilus de Mesgouez, marquis de la Roche-Mesgouez (died February 1606): viceroy from 3 January 1578, lieutenant-general from 12 January 1598</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Biencourt_de_Poutrincourt_et_de_Saint-Just" title="Jean de Biencourt de Poutrincourt et de Saint-Just">Jean de Biencourt, sieur de Poutrincourt, baron de St. Just</a> (1557–1615): February 1606 – 1614</li></ul> <p>Next were a series of <i>viceroys</i> (resident in France) from 8 October 1611 to 1672. Later there were governors and governors-general. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/President_of_France" title="President of France">president of France</a> retains, <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_officio" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex officio">ex officio</a></i>, the title of <a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince</a> in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">microstate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> (a post previously occupied by the king of France) and continues to send a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Representatives_of_the_Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Representatives of the Co-Princes of Andorra">personal representative</a>, a <i>de facto</i> viceroy to rule on their behalf (as does their co-ruler, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Urgell" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Urgell">Bishop of Urgell</a>). </p><p>The French position of "adjunct <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9partement" class="mw-redirect" title="Département">département</a> director, delegate for the sea and coast of the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Pyrenees" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Pyrenees">Atlantic Pyrenees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Landes_(department)" title="Landes (department)">Landes</a>" carries the title of "viceroy of <a href="/wiki/Pheasant_Island" title="Pheasant Island">Pheasant Island</a>". Pheasant Island is a French-Spanish condominium on the river <a href="/wiki/Bidasoa" title="Bidasoa">Bidasoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Richardot_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richardot-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRMG1721017V_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRMG1721017V-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_colonies">Italian colonies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italian colonies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a></div> <p>In Italian <i>viceré</i>: The highest colonial representatives in the "federation" of <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">Italian East Africa</a> (six provinces, each under a governor; together <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">Somaliland</a>) were no longer styled <i>high commissioner</i>, but <i>viceroy and governor-general</i> from 5 May 1936, when Italian forces occupied the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>), until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies. </p><p>On 7 April 1939, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italy invaded</a> the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albanian Kingdom</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>). As <b>viceré of Albania</b> of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> were the Marchese <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Jacomoni" title="Francesco Jacomoni">Francesco Jacomoni</a> di San Savino and after his departure General <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Pariani" title="Alberto Pariani">Alberto Pariani</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_of_Bosnia">Ban of Bosnia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ban of Bosnia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ban of Bosnia">Ban of Bosnia</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ban_Bori%C4%87" title="Ban Borić">Ban Borić</a> was the first ruler and viceroy of Bosnia, appointed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_II_of_Hungary" title="Géza II of Hungary">Géza II of Hungary</a> by 1154. His war affairs are documented as he fought several notable battles.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He also maintained ties with knights <a href="/wiki/Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Templar">Templar</a> and donated lands in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> to their order.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His own biological brother Dominic was on record as a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Templar">Knight Templar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to his vast powers over Bosnian politics and essential <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> powers, the modern-day position of the <a href="/wiki/High_Representative_for_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina">high representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> has been compared to that of a viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ban_of_Croatia">Ban of Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ban of Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ban of Croatia</a></div> <p>From the earliest medieval period in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>, the position of viceroy was held by <a href="/wiki/Ban_of_Croatia" title="Ban of Croatia">Ban of Croatia</a> who acted as king's representative in Croatian lands and supreme commander of Croatian army. In the 18th century, Croatian bans eventually become chief government officials in Croatia. They were at the head of Ban's Government, effectively the first prime ministers of Croatia. The last ban held his position until 1941 and the collapse of Yugoslavia in World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_antecedents">Ancient antecedents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ancient antecedents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An equivalent office, called the <a href="/wiki/Exarch" title="Exarch">Exarch</a>, was created in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire</a> towards the end of the sixth century for governors of important areas too far from the imperial capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> to receive regular instruction or reinforcement. The chosen governors of these provinces were empowered to act in place of the monarch (hence <i>ex-</i> "outside", <i>arch</i> "ruler") with more discretion and autonomy than was granted other categories of governor. This was an extraordinary break from the centralized traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and was an early example of the principle of viceroyalty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-Western_counterparts">Non-Western counterparts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-Western counterparts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cultures all over the continent of Africa, the role of viceroy has been subsumed into a hereditary noble as opposed to strictly administrative position. In the Arabo-Berber north, for example, the title of <a href="/wiki/Khalifa" title="Khalifa">Khalifa</a> is often used by individuals who derive their authority to rule from someone else in much the same way as a viceroy would. Elsewhere, subordinate <i><a href="/wiki/Inkosi" title="Inkosi">inkosis</a></i> under the rule of a <a href="/wiki/Paramount_chief" title="Paramount chief">paramount chief</a> like the <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Zulu_Nation" title="King of the Zulu Nation">King of the Zulu Nation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> or subordinate <i><a href="/wiki/Baales" class="mw-redirect" title="Baales">baales</a></i> in the realms of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Oba_(ruler)" title="Oba (ruler)">obas</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> <a href="/wiki/Yorubaland" title="Yorubaland">Yorubaland</a> continue to occupy statutorily recognized positions in the contemporary countries of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> as the customary representatives of their respective principals in the various areas that are under their immediate control. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_empires">Indian empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Indian empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magadha_Empire">Magadha Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Magadha Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The viceroy in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magadha_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magadha Empire (page does not exist)">Magadha Empire</a> was called <a href="/wiki/Uparaja" title="Uparaja">Uparaja</a> (lit. vice king).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mughal_Empire">Mughal Empire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mughal Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> had a system of administration which involved both official governors appointed from the capital, and local feudal lords (<a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a>). <a href="/wiki/Subahdar" title="Subahdar">Subahdars</a> were the former, and can be seen as equivalents of viceroys, governing the provinces (<a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">subahs</a>) by appointment from the capital. <a href="/wiki/Mansabdar" title="Mansabdar">Mansabdars</a> were military governors who were also appointed to provincial government, but they were appointed for military rather than civilian government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> of Egypt, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali Pasha</a> (1805–1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's grandson, <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il Pasha">Ismail Pasha</a>, subsequently received the title of <a href="/wiki/Khedive" title="Khedive">Khedive</a> which was almost an equivalent to viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other titles, such as <a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a> (as in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a>), denoted hereditary rulers of Ottoman vassal states, under the Sultan's titles of <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khan">Great Khan</a>, respectively. </p><p>Titles such as <a href="/wiki/Pasha" title="Pasha">pasha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">bey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agha_(title)" title="Agha (title)">agha</a> denote officials who were, at least nominally, appointed to their positions by the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a> rather than hereditary privilege. <a href="/wiki/Pashas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashas">Pashas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">beylerbeys</a> were appointed to govern provinces called <a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>, until the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_Law" title="Vilayet Law">Vilayet Law</a> in 1867 ended the eyalet system, replacing it with more centrally-controlled <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a>. the beylerbey of the <a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a> was the only provincial governor entitled to a seat in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Council_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Imperial Council (Ottoman Empire)">Imperial Council</a>, but only when a matter fell within his jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnamese_Empire">Vietnamese Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Vietnamese Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The post of Tổng Trấn (<i>governor of all military provinces</i>) was a political post in the early period of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_dynasty" title="Nguyễn dynasty">Nguyễn dynasty</a> (1802–1830). From 1802, under the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Gia_Long" title="Gia Long">Gia Long</a>, there were two <i>Tổng Trấn</i> who administered Vietnam's northern part named <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Bắc thành</a> with administrative center in <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> and the southern part <a href="/wiki/Southern_Vietnam" title="Southern Vietnam">Gia Định thành</a> with administrative center in <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Gia Định</a>, while Nguyen emperors ruled only the central region <a href="/wiki/Central_Vietnam" title="Central Vietnam">Kinh Kỳ</a> from capital <a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Huế">Phú Xuân</a>. <i>Tổng Trấn</i> is sometimes translated to English as viceroy.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1830, emperor <a href="/wiki/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Minh Mạng">Minh Mạng</a> abolished the post in order to increase the imperial direct ruling power in all over Vietnam. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_empires">Chinese empires</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Chinese empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy (China)">Viceroy (China)</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, there existed positions of viceroys having control over various provinces (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a> = <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a> = <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siam">Siam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Siam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Front_Palace" title="Front Palace">Front Palace</a></div> <p>In Siam before 1885, the title was used for the heir-apparent or heir presumptive (Thai: กรมพระราชวังบวรสถานมงคล) The title was abolished and replaced with that of the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince_of_Thailand" title="Crown Prince of Thailand">Crown Prince of Siam</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor" title="Governor">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">Governor-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicegerent" title="Vicegerent">Vicegerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naib" class="mw-redirect" title="Naib">Naib</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:faf0b636-cae2-4c01-872c-a6b35de0f928/download_file?safe_filename=Dunning_2018_les_roys_de.pdf&type_of_work=Journal+article">"Les roys de Engeltere: An illustrated genealogy for King Edward I (Cotton MS Vitellius A XIII/1)"</a>. <i>Les roys de Engeltere</i>. 1272–1307<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2024</span>. <q>The series of images of English kings from Edward the Confessor to Edward I in London, British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A. XIII/1 is widely familiar from television, textbooks, websites, and exhibitions. In spite of this, the origins and context of this set of four leaves are mysterious. The limited attention given to them has focused on the images rather than the Anglo-Norman captions attached to them, which forms a genealogy of the kings, derived from earlier sources. "<i>Sir Lowys fiz le Roy Phylippe de Fraunce en Engletere. Le Roy Jon regna .xvii. aunz e demy...</i>" "Sir Louis, the son of Philip king of France, came into England.... King John reigned for seventeen and a half years..."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+roys+de+Engeltere&rft.atitle=Les+roys+de+Engeltere%3A+An+illustrated+genealogy+for+King+Edward+I+%28Cotton+MS+Vitellius+A+XIII%2F1%29&rft.date=1272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Afaf0b636-cae2-4c01-872c-a6b35de0f928%2Fdownload_file%3Fsafe_filename%3DDunning_2018_les_roys_de.pdf%26type_of_work%3DJournal%2Barticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/viceroy">"viceroy"</a>. <i>www.collinsdictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>C16: from French, from vice3 + roy king, from Latin rex</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.collinsdictionary.com&rft.atitle=viceroy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fviceroy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruges1430–1440" class="citation web cs1">Bruges, William (1430–1440). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/catalogues/illuminatedmanuscripts/ILLUMIN.ASP?Size=mid&IllID=5334">"Roy Edward (Edward III) manuscript"</a>. <i>William Bruges’ Garter Book</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>Languages: Anglo-Norman "Edward III and Henry, Duke of Lancaster, of the Order of the Garter "Roy Edward"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=William+Bruges%E2%80%99+Garter+Book&rft.atitle=Roy+Edward+%28Edward+III%29+manuscript&rft.date=1430&rft.aulast=Bruges&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fcatalogues%2Filluminatedmanuscripts%2FILLUMIN.ASP%3FSize%3Dmid%26IllID%3D5334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoemer1888" class="citation web cs1">Roemer, Jean (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l05HAQAAMAAJ&q=le+roy+le+veult&pg=PA267">"roy"</a>. <i>Origins of the English People and the English Languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2023</span>. <q>...the kings of England have retained the custom of using the Old Norman language when they give the royal assent... as: Le roy le veult;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Origins+of+the+English+People+and+the+English+Languages&rft.atitle=roy&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Roemer&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl05HAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dle%2Broy%2Ble%2Bveult%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111113924/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/viceregal">"viceregal"</a>. <i>OxfordDictionariesOnline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/viceregal">the original</a> on 11 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionariesOnline.com&rft.atitle=viceregal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fviceregal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Viceroyal, a", <i>The Oxford English Dictionary</i>, 2nd ed. 1989, OED Online, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 4 April 2000 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50277245">http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50277245</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vicereine-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vicereine_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vicereine_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130113075444/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vicereine">"vicereine"</a>. <i>OxfordDictionariesOnline.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/vicereine">the original</a> on 13 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OxfordDictionariesOnline.com&rft.atitle=vicereine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fvicereine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>O Secretário dos despachos e coisas da Índia pero d´Alcáçova Carneiro</i>, p.65, Maria Cecília Costa Veiga de Albuquerque Ramos, Universidade de Lisboa, 2009 (In Portuguese) <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3387/1/ulfl080844_tm.pdf">http://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/3387/1/ulfl080844_tm.pdf</a>></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diffie, Bailey W. and George D. Winius (1977), "Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580", p.323-325, Minneapolis: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. David Tan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-0782-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-0782-6">0-8166-0782-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. J. R. Russell-Wood,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JTVH7PZU1hUC&dq=Portuguese+Viceroy%2C+Governor&pg=RA1-PA66">"The Portuguese empire, 1415–1808: a world on the move"</a>, p. 66, JHU Press, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5955-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5955-7">0-8018-5955-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boris Fausto, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HJdaM325m8IC&dq=Viceroyalty+of+Brazil+1763&pg=PA50">"A concise history of Brazil"</a>, p.50, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56526-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56526-X">0-521-56526-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Imperial Gazetteer of India</i> (new ed.), Vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909, vol 4, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Imperial Gazetteer of India</i> (new ed.), Vol. 4, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909, vol 4, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-capitalofIndia-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-capitalofIndia_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce1876" class="citation cs2">Pearce, William (1876), <i>History of India</i>, William Collins, Sons, & Company, p. 22, <q>This presidency comprises the lower basins of the Ganges and Mahanuddy. Its chief towns are Calcutta, on the Hooghly, an arm of the Ganges, the capital of India, its seat of government, and the residence of the governor-general;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=William+Collins%2C+Sons%2C+%26+Company&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nath, Aman, <i>Dome Over India</i>, India Book House Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7508-352-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7508-352-2">81-7508-352-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ViceroyofIndia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ViceroyofIndia_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1886" class="citation cs2">Hunter, William (1886), <i>The Indian Empire: Its People, History and Products</i>, London,UK: Trübner and Co., Ludgate Hill, p. 43, <q>all of them under the India-the Twelve orders of the supreme Government of India, consisting of Provinces, the Governor-General in Council. The Governor-General, who also bears the title of Viceroy, holds his court and government at Calcutta in the cold weather, and during summer at Simla, an outer spur of the Himálayas, 7000 feet above the level of the sea. The Viceroy of India, and the Governors of Madras and Bombay, are usually British states- men appointed in England by the Queen</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Empire%3A+Its+People%2C+History+and+Products&rft.place=London%2CUK&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+and+Co.%2C+Ludgate+Hill&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitlam2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam, Gough</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bQTtYL3KKgcC&pg=PA38"><i>The Truth of the Matter</i></a>. Melbourne University Publishing. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85212-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-85212-7"><bdi>978-0-522-85212-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+of+the+Matter&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-522-85212-7&rft.aulast=Whitlam&rft.aufirst=Gough&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQTtYL3KKgcC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:ru:ЭСБЕ/Наместники"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_">"Наместники" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a></i> (in Russian). 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M.E._Sharpe-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-M.E._Sharpe_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-M.E._Sharpe_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlyuchevskyDuddington1994" class="citation book cs1">Klyuchevsky, Vasily; <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Duddington" title="Natalie Duddington">Duddington, Natalie</a> (1994). <i>A course in Russian history—the seventeenth century</i>. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-317-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-317-2"><bdi>978-1-56324-317-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+course+in+Russian+history%E2%80%94the+seventeenth+century&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-317-2&rft.aulast=Klyuchevsky&rft.aufirst=Vasily&rft.au=Duddington%2C+Natalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarin2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Larin, Aleksandr (2004). <i>Государев наместник : историческая повестьо М.Н. Кречетникове</i> (in Russian). Kaluga: Золотая аллея. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-7111-0347-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-7111-0347-9"><bdi>978-5-7111-0347-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/83755197">83755197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%3A+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE+%D0%9C.%D0%9D.+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5&rft.place=Kaluga&rft.pub=%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%8F&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F83755197&rft.isbn=978-5-7111-0347-9&rft.aulast=Larin&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukazatel/namestnik.html">"h<i>rono.ru</i>: namest``nik"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=hrono.ru%3A+namest%60%60nik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Forgan%2Fukazatel%2Fnamestnik.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> Тархов, Сергей, "Изменение административно-территориального деления России в XIII-XX в." (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthenia.ru/logos/number/46/03.pdf">pdf</a>), <i>Логос</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ruthenia.ru/logos/number/2005_01_46.htm">#1 2005 (46)</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0869-5377">0869-5377</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedonne2002" class="citation journal cs1">Ledonne, John P. (January–March 2002). "Administrative Regionalization in the Russian Empire 1802–1826". <i>Cahiers du Monde Russe</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 5–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174656">20174656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+du+Monde+Russe&rft.atitle=Administrative+Regionalization+in+the+Russian+Empire+1802%E2%80%931826&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-33&rft.date=2002-01%2F2002-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20174656%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ledonne&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-passed-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-passed_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Mitchell, <i>Handbook for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland</i>, 1888, p. 460. Google Print <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AenSXGLDulUC&dq=namiestnik+Poland&pg=RA9-PA460">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123090454/http://whp057.narod.ru/kavkaz.htm">"КАВКАЗ"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whp057.narod.ru/kavkaz.htm">the original</a> on 23 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%92%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%97&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhp057.narod.ru%2Fkavkaz.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richardot-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richardot_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichardot2019" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Richardot, Robin (2 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2019/08/02/l-ile-des-faisans-le-mini-royaume-des-vice-rois-d-espagne-et-de-france_5495709_4500055.html">"L'île des Faisans, le mini-royaume des vice-rois d'Espagne et de France"</a>. <i>Le Monde.fr</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%AEle+des+Faisans%2C+le+mini-royaume+des+vice-rois+d%27Espagne+et+de+France&rft.date=2019-08-02&rft.aulast=Richardot&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fm-le-mag%2Farticle%2F2019%2F08%2F02%2Fl-ile-des-faisans-le-mini-royaume-des-vice-rois-d-espagne-et-de-france_5495709_4500055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRMG1721017V-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRMG1721017V_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000035244034"><i>Loi PRMG1721017V du 2017-07-20 Avis de vacance d'un emploi de directeur départemental interministériel adjoint, délégué à la mer et au littoral (DDTM des Pyrénées-Atlantiques)</i></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judith Mary Upton-Ward, H. J. A. Sire. "24. The Priory of Vrana". <i>The Military Orders: On Land and by Sea</i>. p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magyar Országos Levéltár</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohr.int/interview-christian-schwarz-schilling-high-representative-for-bih-the-last-bosnian-viceroy-4/">"Interview: Christian Schwarz-Schilling, High Representative for BiH: 'The Last Bosnian Viceroy'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. 31 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Christian+Schwarz-Schilling%2C+High+Representative+for+BiH%3A+%27The+Last+Bosnian+Viceroy%27&rft.date=2006-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohr.int%2Finterview-christian-schwarz-schilling-high-representative-for-bih-the-last-bosnian-viceroy-4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55NPpA6EvyMC&pg=PA25&q=Viceroy">A Biographical Encyclopedia of Contemporary Genocide: Portraits of Evil and Good</a></i>, p. 25, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapar1961" class="citation web cs1">Thapar, Romila (16 April 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwJuAAAAMAAJ">"Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A%C5%9Boka+and+the+Decline+of+the+Mauryas&rft.date=1961-04-16&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwJuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296116/Ismail-Pasha/296116rellinks/Related-Links">Encyclopædia Britannica: Ismail Pasha, Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt and New Spain</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Taylor (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qzb3gdbSBksC&dq=Viceroy+of+Gia+Dinh&pg=PA36">Goddess on the rise: pilgrimage and popular religion in Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aznar, Daniel/Hanotin, Guillaume/May, Niels F. (dir.), À la place du roi. Vice-rois, gouverneurs et ambassadeurs dans les monarchies française et espagnole (XVIe-XVIIIe siècles). Madrid: Casa de Velázquez, 2014.</li> <li>Elliott, J. H., <i>Imperial Spain, 1469–1716</i>. London: Edward Arnold, 1963.</li> <li>Fisher, Lillian Estelle. <i>Viceregal Administration in the Spanish American Colonies</i>. Berkeley, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1926.</li> <li>Harding, C. H., <i>The Spanish Empire in America</i>. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Wikisource" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="wikisource:ru:ЭСБЕ/Наместники"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8">"Наместники" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a></i> (in Russian). 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft.btitle=Brockhaus+and+Efron+Encyclopedic+Dictionary&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AViceroy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Viceroy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Andrada (undated). <i>The Life of Dom John de Castro: The Fourth Vice Roy of India</i>. Jacinto Freire de Andrada. Translated into English by Peter Wyche. (1664) Henry Herrington, New Exchange, London. Facsimile edition (1994) AES Reprint, New Delhi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0900-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0900-X">81-206-0900-X</a>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/organ/ukazatel/namestnik.html">h<i>rono.ru</i>: namestnik</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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