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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Crown Prince</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Crown_Prince-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Crown Prince subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Crown_Prince-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_wedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_wedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Royal wedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_wedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rural_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rural_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rural development</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Environmental preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decentralisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decentralisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Decentralisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decentralisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wangchuck's_state_visits_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wangchuck's_state_visits_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Wangchuck's state visits abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wangchuck's_state_visits_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomatic_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomatic_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Diplomatic expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomatic_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jubilee_and_abdication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jubilee_and_abdication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Jubilee and abdication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jubilee_and_abdication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wives_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wives_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Wives and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wives_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>National honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 55 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%8A_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83" title="جيغمي سينغي وانغشوك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيغمي سينغي وانغشوك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیقمه سینقیه وانقچوک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جیقمه سینقیه وانقچوک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95" title="জিগমে সিংয়ে ওয়াংচুক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জিগমে সিংয়ে ওয়াংচুক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%E2%80%99%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джыгме Сінг’е Вангчук – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джыгме Сінг’е Вангчук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BC%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%E2%80%99%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джыгмэ Сынг’е Вангчук – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джыгмэ Сынг’е Вангчук" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джигме Синге Вангчук – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джигме Синге Вангчук" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82" title="འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEigme_Sengge_Wang%C4%8Dhug" title="Džigme Sengge Wangčhug – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Džigme Sengge Wangčhug" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B5_%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BA" title="Γίγκμε Σίνγκγιε Βαντσούκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γίγκμε Σίνγκγιε Βαντσούκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جیگمه سینگیه وانگچوک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیگمه سینگیه وانگچوک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EB%AF%B8_%EC%8B%B1%EA%B2%8C_%EC%99%95%EC%B6%95" title="지미 싱게 왕축 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지미 싱게 왕축" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जिग्मे सिंघे वांगचुक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जिग्मे सिंघे वांगचुक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuk" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A6%27%D7%95%D7%A7,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%91%D7%94%D7%95%D7%98%D7%9F" title="ג'יגמה סינגייה ואנגצ'וק, מלך בהוטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יגמה סינגייה ואנגצ'וק, מלך בהוטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%94_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ჯიგმე სინგე ვანგჩუკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯიგმე სინგე ვანგჩუკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEigme_Singje_Vang%C4%8Duks" title="Džigme Singje Vangčuks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džigme Singje Vangčuks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ജിഗ്മേ സിംഗ്യേ വാങ്ചൂക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിഗ്മേ സിംഗ്യേ വാങ്ചൂക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जिग्मे सिंग्ये वांग्चुक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जिग्मे सिंग्ये वांग्चुक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%89_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%83" title="جيجمى سينجى وانجشوك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيجمى سينجى وانجشوك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95" title="जिग्मे सिङगे वाङचुक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जिग्मे सिङगे वाङचुक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B0%E3%83%9F%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%83%B3%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%82%AF" title="ジグミ・シンゲ・ワンチュク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジグミ・シンゲ・ワンチュク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_av_Bhutan" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck av Bhutan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck av Bhutan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джигме Сингье Вангчук – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джигме Сингье Вангчук" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Џигме Синге Вангчук – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џигме Синге Вангчук" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜிக்மே சிங்கே வாங்சுக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜிக்மே சிங்கே வாங்சுக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81" title="สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีชิกเม เซ็งเค วังชุก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมเด็จพระราชาธิบดีชิกเม เซ็งเค วังชุก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%27%D1%94_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Джігме Сінг'є Вангчук – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джігме Сінг'є Вангчук" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AF%D9%85%DB%92_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%86%D9%88%DA%A9" title="جگمے سنگھے وانگچوک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جگمے سنگھے وانگچوک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%EF%BC%89" title="辛格·旺楚克（不丹国王） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="辛格·旺楚克（不丹国王）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC%E6%97%BA%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B" title="辛格旺楚克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="辛格旺楚克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%A2%85%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%97%BA%E6%A5%9A%E5%85%8B" title="吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="吉格梅·辛格·旺楚克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cigme_Singje_Vangcuk" title="Čigme Singje Vangcuk – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Čigme Singje Vangcuk" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Jigme Singye Wangchuck<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_King_of_Bhutan,_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet,_at_the_Taschichhodzong,_in_Thimphu,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/220px-4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="438" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Wangchuck in 2008</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">King of Bhutan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">24 July 1972 – 9 December 2006</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 June 1974</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1955-11-11</span>) </span>11 November 1955<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 69)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Dechencholing_Palace" title="Dechencholing Palace">Dechencholing Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">1st consort: <a href="/wiki/Dorji_Wangmo" title="Dorji Wangmo">Dorji Wangmo</a><br />2nd consort: <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Pem" title="Tshering Pem">Tshering Pem</a><br />3rd consort: <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Yangdon" title="Tshering Yangdon">Tshering Yangdon</a><br />4th consort: <a href="/wiki/Sangay_Choden" title="Sangay Choden">Sangay Choden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chimi_Yangzom_Wangchuck" title="Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck">Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Dechen_Wangchuck_(born_1981)" title="Sonam Dechen Wangchuck (born 1981)">Sonam Dechen Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dechen_Yangzom_Wangchuck" title="Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck">Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kesang_Choden_Wangchuck" title="Kesang Choden Wangchuck">Kesang Choden Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigyel_Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck">Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Khamsum_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Khamsum Singye Wangchuck">Khamsum Singye Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_(born_1986)" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (born 1986)">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Euphelma_Choden_Wangchuck" title="Euphelma Choden Wangchuck">Euphelma Choden Wangchuck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck">Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Wangchuck">Wangchuck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kesang_Choden_(born_1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesang Choden (born 1930)">Kesang Choden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; padding:0.3em; background:lavender;"><span style="font-size:130%"> <a href="/wiki/Wangchuck_dynasty" title="Wangchuck dynasty">Bhutanese royal family</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">The Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King)</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jetsun_Pema" title="Jetsun Pema">The Druk Gyaltsuen (Dragon Queen)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck">The Druk Gyalsey (Dragon Prince)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck">Prince Jigme Ugyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Yangden_Wangchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Yangden Wangchuck">Princess Sonam Yangden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Fourth Druk Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorji_Wangmo" title="Dorji Wangmo">Queen Mother Dorji Wangmo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Dechen_Wangchuck_(born_1981)" title="Sonam Dechen Wangchuck (born 1981)">Princess Sonam Dechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigyel_Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck">Prince Jigyel Ugyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshering_Pem" title="Tshering Pem">Queen Mother Tshering Pem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimi_Yangzom_Wangchuck" title="Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck">Princess Chimi Yangzom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesang_Choden_Wangchuck" title="Kesang Choden Wangchuck">Princess Kesang Choden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck">Prince Ugyen Jigme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshering_Yangdon" title="Tshering Yangdon">Queen Mother Tshering Yangdon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dechen_Yangzom_Wangchuck" title="Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck">Princess Dechen Yangzom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_(born_1986)" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (born 1986)">Prince Jigme Dorji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangay_Choden" title="Sangay Choden">Queen Mother Sangay Choden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khamsum_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Khamsum Singye Wangchuck">Prince Khamsum Singye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphelma_Choden_Wangchuck" title="Euphelma Choden Wangchuck">Princess Euphelma Choden</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Family of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Third Druk Gyalpo</a> (deceased)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kesang_Choden_(queen)" title="Kesang Choden (queen)">The Queen Grandmother</a> <ul><li>Princess Sonam Choden</li> <li>Princess Dechen Wangmo</li> <li>Princess Pema Lhaden</li> <li>Princess Kesang Wangmo</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px #aaa solid; padding-left:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Family of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Wangchuck">Second Druk Gyalpo</a> (deceased)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.2em;"> <ul><li>Princess Choki Wangmo</li> <li>Prince Namgyel</li> <li>Princess Deki Yangzom</li> <li>Princess Pema Choden</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bhutanese_royal_family" title="Template:Bhutanese royal family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bhutanese_royal_family" title="Template talk:Bhutanese royal family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutanese_royal_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bhutanese royal family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jigme Singye Wangchuck</b> (<a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a>: <span lang="dz">འཇིགས་མེད་སེང་གེ་དབང་ཕྱུག་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>jigs med seng ge dbang phyug</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-gov-early-life_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-early-life-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> born 11 November 1955) is a member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Wangchuck">House of Wangchuck</a> who was the king of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyalpo</a>) from 1972 until his abdication in 2006. </p><p>Under Wangchuk's reign, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan">ethnic cleansing in Bhutan</a> was initiated wherein in 1996 about 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a> people were stripped of their citizenship and expelled by the military out of Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his reign, he advocated the use of a <a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a> index to measure the well-being of citizens rather than <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:120%; background:#cbe; color:#000066; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaaaaa;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Kings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wangchuck_dynasty" title="Wangchuck dynasty">Wangchuck dynasty</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="line-height:150%;"> <table><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ugyen_Wangchuck,_1905_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/35px-Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/53px-Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg/70px-Ugyen_Wangchuck%2C_1905_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1242" /></a></span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Wangchuck">Ugyen</a><br />Reign: 1907–1926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg/35px-Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg/53px-Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg/70px-Bhutan-Jigme-Wangchuck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Wangchuck">Jigme</a><br />Reign: 1926–1952</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_%28cropped%29.jpg/35px-Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji</a><br />Reign: 1952–1972</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4th_King_of_Bhutan,_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet,_at_the_Taschichhodzong,_in_Thimphu,_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/35px-4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/53px-4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg/70px-4th_King_of_Bhutan%2C_HM_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_a_Royal_Banquet%2C_at_the_Taschichhodzong%2C_in_Thimphu%2C_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jigme Singye</a><br />Reign: 1972–2006</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg/35px-Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg/53px-Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg/70px-Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck_at_the_Enthronement_of_Naruhito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="711" /></a></span></td><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel</a><br />Reign: 2006–present</td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wangchuck_Kings_of_Bhutan" title="Template:Wangchuck Kings of Bhutan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wangchuck_Kings_of_Bhutan" title="Template talk:Wangchuck Kings of Bhutan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wangchuck_Kings_of_Bhutan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wangchuck Kings of Bhutan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jigme Singye Wangchuck was born in <a href="/wiki/Dechencholing_Palace" title="Dechencholing Palace">Dechencholing Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, on 11 November 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ashi_(title)" title="Ashi (title)">Ashi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Kesang_Choden_(born_1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesang Choden (born 1930)">Kesang Choden Wangchuck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bio4_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio4-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political officer of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> stationed in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a> and the representative of the Sikkimese government came soon after to offer felicitations to the royal parents and to pay their respect to the newborn prince. At the age of four, sometime in 1959, the young Crown Prince received the offerings of good wishes and respects by the public, monks, and officials for the first time in <a href="/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong" title="Tashichho Dzong">Tashichho Dzong</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Wangchuck received western and traditional learning in various institutions. He began studying at Dechencholing Palace, when he was six years old, in 1961. Soon afterwards, he went to study at <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling</a>, in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. In January 1965, he attended Summerfields School in St. Leonards, Sussex in England and then in 1966 <a href="/wiki/Heatherdown_School" title="Heatherdown School">Heatherdown School</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">Ascot</a> where he completed his studies in 1969. The next phase of his formal education took place at Namselling Palace in 1969. Finally, he attended Ugyen Wangchuck Academy at Satsham Choten in <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a>, which was established in 1970, along with a class of selected students from all over Bhutan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crown_Prince">Crown Prince</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Crown Prince"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971 Wangchuck's father appointed Wangchuck as the Chairman of National Planning Commission, charged with the planning and co-ordination of the five year development plan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, on 16 June 1972, he was made the Trongsa <a href="/wiki/Penlop" title="Penlop">Penlop</a> bestowing on him directly the <a href="/wiki/Kabney" title="Kabney">saffron scarf</a> or namza. The 3rd <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Bhutan" title="Five-Year Plans of Bhutan">Five-Year Plan</a> (FYP),<sup id="cite_ref-Third_FYP_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Third_FYP-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which spanned the period 1971–77, was in progress when his father died. Wangchuck was 16 at that time. 1972 to 1976 was the period of the 3rd FYP, and 1976 to 1981 was the period of 4th FYP.<sup id="cite_ref-Fourth_FYP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourth_FYP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As both King and the Chairman of the National Planning Commission, the clearing house for the programmes and projects, Wangchuck guided the planned activities first in broad terms and then increasingly in detail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_wedding">Royal wedding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Royal wedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a public ceremony, the Royal Wedding of Wangchuck was held in Dechog Lhakhang in <a href="/wiki/Punakha_Dzong" title="Punakha Dzong">Punakha Dzong</a> on 31 October 1988, corresponding with the Descending Day of <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Buddha</a>. The four queens, <a href="/wiki/Dorji_Wangmo" title="Dorji Wangmo">Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Pem" title="Tshering Pem">Tshering Pem Wangchuck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Yangdon" title="Tshering Yangdon">Tshering Yangdon Wangchuck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sangay_Choden" title="Sangay Choden">Sangay Choden Wangchuck</a> are daughters of <i>Dasho Yab</i> Ugyen Dorji, the descendant of both the mind and speech incarnations of <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a>, and <i>Yum</i> Thuiji Zam.<sup id="cite_ref-rainbows_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rainbows-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, they had married privately in 1979.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rural_development">Rural development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rural development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his Coronation Address on 2 June 1974, Jigme Singye stressed the need "to attain self-reliance and preserve Bhutan's sovereignty and independence." He also stressed that any development undertaking should be a genuine collaboration between the people and the government. During the 1970s, immediate aims for rural households unfolded in terms of intensive valley projects, cash crops cultivation, especially potatoes – irrigation, and resettlement. Enhancing the income and livelihood of the rural people were the main focus of the 3rd and 4th FYPs. Soon after he acceded to the throne, Jigme Singye launched the <a href="/wiki/Trashigang_District" title="Trashigang District">Trashigang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsirang_District" title="Tsirang District">Tsirang</a> Intensive Valley Development Projects in 1972. These projects were part of a larger vision of food self-sufficiency and income generation. </p><p>Encouraged by the achievements in the <a href="/wiki/Trashigang_District" title="Trashigang District">Trashigang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsirang_District" title="Tsirang District">Tsirang</a> Intensive Valley Projects, similar valley projects were replicated in <a href="/wiki/Mongar" title="Mongar">Mongar</a> and the newly created Shumar (Pemagatshel) districts. These projects were also sites of experimental and participatory decision making. It led to the formation of Dzongkhag Yargay Tshogchungs (DYTs), which brought the <span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="dz-Latn">chimis</span></span>, <a href="/wiki/Gup_(village_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gup (village chief)">gups</a> and officials to prepare plans together. By 1981, <a href="/wiki/Trashigang_District" title="Trashigang District">Trashigang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsirang_District" title="Tsirang District">Tsirang</a> had fully functional DYTs. </p><p>In higher altitude areas a new initiative by Wangchuck in early 1970s consisted of diffusing potatoes as cash crops, first tested in royal pastureland of Longtoed and Longmed, which had been converted to potato farms. Beginning with the large-scale production in <a href="/wiki/Khaling,_Bhutan" title="Khaling, Bhutan">Khaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chapcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapcha">Chapcha</a>, potatoes become a key export crop, reaching 60,000 tonnes, grown by over 10,725 households by 2006. </p><p>In southern Bhutan, the focus was on growing citrus fruits. For example, in 1977, the King encouraged the people of <a href="/wiki/Dagana_District" title="Dagana District">Dagana</a> to start <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a> plantations. Both of these cash crops are now major sources of rural income as 3,400 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, 55,558 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a> and 7,400 tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a> were produced in 2006 due to the initiatives taken first in 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Socio-economic_development">Socio-economic development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Socio-economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg/220px-Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg/330px-Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg/440px-Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Jigme Singye Wangchuck in 2007 with <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sauerbrey" title="Ellen Sauerbrey">Ellen Sauerbrey</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Kasho (royal decree) issued by King Jigme Singye in 1986 directed the Planning Commission<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to ensure that "the basis for the evaluation of the achievements of the Sixth Plan is to see whether the people enjoy happiness and comfort".<sup id="cite_ref-Sixth_FYP_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sixth_FYP-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social and economic indicators point towards sub-ordinate goals, not ultimate goals which was to be measured from a holistic, GNH<sup id="cite_ref-grossnationalhappiness.com_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grossnationalhappiness.com-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> point of view. Happiness and contentment became the ultimate yardstick of progress. </p><p>Data, which enables comparison of achievements over time starting from 1985 onwards, some 14 years after the king's ascension to the throne. </p><p>There is a lack of systematic quantitative information about the social and economic situation of Bhutan for the 1970s. The baselines for historical comparison available today were first collected in 1985 – the year when time series data was collected. Some information that date back to 1974 indicate the low base of infrastructure that existed at that time. There were 11 ill-equipped hospitals, staffed mostly by foreign doctors, and 45 basic health units in 1974, the year Jigme Singye's coronation was held. </p><p>Sparse networks of 1,332 km of roads had been built by 1974, compared to 4,544 by the end of his reign in 2006. In 1974, 24 wireless stations linked the rest of the country. Telephone connections, mostly for officials in <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a>, were limited to 480 in 1974 compared to 31,526 in 2006. </p><p>There were 13,410 students enrolled in schools compared to 151,260 or so in 2006. By 2006, school enrollment touched 90%, literacy 60%, and both were so mainly due to a free education policy (more information at <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Bhutan" title="Education in Bhutan">Education in Bhutan</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.bt">Ministry of Education Website</a>). </p><p>Health services, safe drinking water and better nutrition have led to a 66-year life-span and lower morbidity during this life span. One of the constraints in education and health was the lack of qualified people. In 1976, King Jigme Singye commanded the establishment of the Royal Institute of Health Sciences (RIHS) and the first batch of Health Assistants and Basic Health Workers passed out in 1986. There were 56 health establishments in 1974; by 2006 there were 715 resulting in 90% free primary health coverage. In 1985, there was nearly 50% health coverage. Infant mortality has fallen from 142 in 1985, to 60 in 2006. This was mainly due to the success of universal child immunisation and the supply of safe drinking water. There were 150 water supply schemes in 1985; this increased to 3,852 by 2006, giving 78% coverage of safe drinking water. Maternal mortality rate dropped from 7.7% in 1985 to 2.6% in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-AHB2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHB2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides these human development indicators, material prosperity rose remarkably. The distance between Bhutan and the outside world shortened because of motor road and air services. Wangchuck visited <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> in 1978 and during that visit he discussed the possibility of having air links with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to promote its trade and commerce. The discussion was fruitful and led to a Donier flight between <a href="/wiki/Paro_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paro Airport">Paro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> in 1983. By 2006, air services connected Bhutan to <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Druk_Air_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Druk_Air-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just four million units of electricity were generated in 1974, compared to 3.357 billion units by the end of his reign in 2006. In 1985, just around 10,000 households had electricity, and the number reached over 65,000 meter-point units by 2006. The connectivity of Bhutan increased in his reign through air services, internet, and surface transport. Internet reached Bhutan in 1999. The spread of faxes, telephones, satellite TVs, computers, and the Internet brought Bhutan into a transnational or globalized world. The national income of the country, as measured by <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>, was Nu 2.4 billion in 1985. This increased to Nu 36.9 billion in 2006, which was a 15-fold increase in 21 years. Bhutan's per capita income reached US$1,500 in 2006 by the end of his reign. In purchasing power parity terms, Bhutan's per capita income in 2006 was nearly US$4,085.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Accounts_Report_2007_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Accounts_Report_2007-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The king introduced an unconventional tourism policy of "high-value, low-volume".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after the Coronation, in October 1974, the first group of 20 tourists entered the country through <a href="/wiki/Phuntsholing" title="Phuntsholing">Phuntsholing</a>, as there was no air service then. By 2006, the number of tourists, flown in by <a href="/wiki/Druk_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Air">Druk Air</a> and who paid royalty, reached 17,344. </p><p>One of the landmark developments, soon after his coronation, was the signing of the Chukha Hydropower Project in March 1974. Construction began in 1983 and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">Ramaswamy Venkataraman</a> and King Jigme Singye inaugurated the Chukha Hydropower Project on 21 October 1988, nearly 13 years after the first discussion on it took place, in 1974. <a href="/wiki/Chukha_District" title="Chukha District">Chukha</a> improved the revenue situation and the financial capacity of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the industrial sphere, an early landmark project planned soon after his coronation was the development of a complete master plan for the construction of the Penden Cement Factory.<sup id="cite_ref-PCAL_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCAL-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual construction started in 1979 and the company was in production by 1983. The Penden Cement Authority<sup id="cite_ref-PCAL_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCAL-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> produced about half a million tonnes of cement every day, for instance in 2008. Manufacturing and mining spread, mostly in the southern towns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country strived to preserve major local languages, knowledge, beliefs, customs, skills, trades and institutions, and even species of crops and plants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (January 2017)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck#Dubious" title="Talk:Jigme Singye Wangchuck">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bhutanese society also remained cohesive because of promoting cultural identities under the Fourth King's reign. Wangchuck emphasized the distinctive characters of Bhutanese cultures. Wangchuck stated that it is the "distinct identity of our county", and not the nation's "wealth, weapons and armed forces", that is the vital instrument in securing the sovereignty of the nation. In the 34 years of Wangchuck's reign, the ten traditional cultural sciences (rignas) received considerable priority. Wangchuck cherished the importance of both the intangible and tangible aspects of Bhutanese culture. </p><p>As an example of Wangchuck's support to classical Bhutanese culture he had Tango Shedra built.<sup id="cite_ref-Tango_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tango-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tango Shedra became the apex of education according to classical system of cultural sciences, Rignas. Academic monks complete their long studies with bachelor's and master's degrees in <a href="/wiki/Tango_Monastery" title="Tango Monastery">Tango</a>. In 2008, 163 candidates – with 14 master's degrees and 149 bachelor's degrees –from Tango Shedra and Sangngag Chokhor Shedra in <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a> held their graduation ceremonies at Tango. </p><p>Zo rigpa was enhanced by Wangchuck when he opened the Kawajangsa Institution of Zorig (now known as National Institute for Zorig Chusum) in 1971. At first, this institute concentrated on traditional fine arts. A similar institution was opened in 1997 in <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Yangtse" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashi Yangtse">Tashi Yangtse</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Folk_Heritage_Museum" title="Folk Heritage Museum">Folk Heritage Museum</a> started by Her Majesty <i><a href="/wiki/Ashi_(title)" title="Ashi (title)">Ashi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Dorji_Wangmo" title="Dorji Wangmo">Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck</a> in Kawajangsa, <a href="/wiki/Thimphu" title="Thimphu">Thimphu</a> in 2001, drew attention to the heritage of lay people's sustainable products and their lifestyle. Likewise, in 2001, the first Textile Museum opened by Her Majesty <i><a href="/wiki/Ashi" title="Ashi">Ashi</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Sangay_Choden" title="Sangay Choden">Sangay Choden Wangchuck</a> drew attention to the weaving skills of Bhutan. Skilled artisans – painters, statue-makers, carpenters and masons proliferated in Wangchuck's reign not only because of these new institutions, but also by receiving on the job training in many new temples and <a href="/wiki/Dzong" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzong">dzongs</a> constructed in the country. </p><p>The profile of indigenous medicine also became higher under Wangchuck's reign. Indigenous medicine spread as a parallel health service due to support to Institute of Indigenous Medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-NITM_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NITM-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There probably were only about 2,000 monks in the state supported monasteries in 1972 when his reign started. By 2006, the number of monks subsisting on state allowances had increased to little over 6,000. In parallel to the increase in the number of monks and nuns, the monastic infrastructure that included tutors, lamas, temples, <span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="dz-Latn">gomdeys</span></span> (meditation centres), and shedras (Buddhist colleges), increased in Wangchuck's reign. Many new official dratshangs in district headquarters, which hitherto did not have any monastic body, were opened such as <a href="/wiki/Tsirang" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsirang">Tsirang</a>, Gaylegphug, <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Yangtse" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashi Yangtse">Tashi Yangtse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samtse" title="Samtse">Samtse</a>, Pema Gatshel, <a href="/wiki/Chukha_District" title="Chukha District">Chukha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bumthang_District" title="Bumthang District">Bumthang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhemgang" title="Zhemgang">Zhemgang</a>. Numerous affiliate monasteries to each dzongkhag rabdey were also opened throughout the country. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck at Paro International Airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg/220px-Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="335" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg/330px-Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg/440px-Picture_of_king_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_at_Thimpu_airport_Bhutan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2768" data-file-height="4214" /></a><figcaption>Picture of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck at <a href="/wiki/Paro_International_Airport" title="Paro International Airport">Paro International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By 2006, there were 13 shedras located in <a href="/wiki/Tango_Monastery" title="Tango Monastery">Tango</a>, Dodeydrag, Khothokha, Sanga Choekhor, Gontey, Tshangkha, Tharpaling, Nimalung, Talo Nalanda, Sewla, Ngatsang, Drametse, and Bartsham with a total enrolment of some 700 monks. There were over 24 <span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="dz-Latn">drubdeys</span></span> or meditation places, stretching from Singye dzong in the east to Tagchu goenpa in <a href="/wiki/Haa_District" title="Haa District">Haa</a>, enlisting 300 officially supported people who meditate on a long-term basis in 2006. These numbers were rolled as new meditation to succeed old ones upon their completion. There were over 45 monastic lobdras, where teachers received official stipends and where <span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="dz-Latn">gomchens</span></span> (young lay priests) studied. By 2006, there were also 10 nunneries, started on an organized basis, located in Jashar goenpa in Pema Gatshel in the east to Kila Goenpa in <a href="/wiki/Paro,_Bhutan" title="Paro, Bhutan">Paro</a> in the west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_preservation">Environmental preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Environmental preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wangchuck also enhanced the protection of natural resources such as forests and biodiversity. Wangchuck foresaw the potentially adverse impacts of both increased economic activity and increased population on the fragility of the mountain ecosystem. He raised the importance of preservation of environment during policy discussions, which resulted in vast areas of the country being devoted to parks and sanctuaries. </p><p>Among events of his reign: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_National_Park" title="Jigme Dorji National Park">Jigme Dorji National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khaling_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary">Khaling Wildlife Sanctuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phibsoo_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary">Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary</a> declared in 1974</li> <li>Environmental Studies started in schools, 1985</li> <li>Bhutan identified as a global hotspot, 1988</li> <li>National Environment Commission established in 1990<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bhutan Trust Fund for Environment established in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Toorsa Nature Reserve, <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck_National_Park" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park">Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park</a> (known earlier as Jow Durshing National Park), Thrumsengla National Park, <a href="/wiki/Sakteng_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary">Sakteng Wildlife Sanctuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomdeling_Wildlife_Sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomdeling Wildlife Sanctuary">Bomdeling Wildlife Sanctuary</a> established in 1993</li> <li>UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Convention on Biological Diversity signed in 1995</li> <li>Environment Assessment Act, 2000<sup id="cite_ref-environment_act_bhutan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-environment_act_bhutan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Bio-diversity Act of Bhutan, 2003<sup id="cite_ref-biodiversity_act_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biodiversity_act-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wangchuck and the people of Bhutan received the "Champions of the Earth" Award from UNEP, 2005<sup id="cite_ref-award_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decentralisation">Decentralisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decentralisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 4th FYP (1976–1981),<sup id="cite_ref-Fourth_FYP_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fourth_FYP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wangchuck extensively reviewed the successes and challenges of the previous four years of development, which also included the physical inspection of the field projects. Wangchuck envisioned different planning system for the 5th FYP (1981–86)<sup id="cite_ref-Fifth_FYP_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifth_FYP-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emphasising decentralisation. New dzongdags were appointed in all the 18 districts, with responsibilities of managing public finances and co-ordinating district development plans, in their capacities as chairmen of DYTs. Dzongdags were delegated broad powers to make decisions at the local level in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Gup_(village_chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gup (village chief)">gups</a> and <span title="Dzongkha-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="dz-Latn">chimis</span></span>. Wangchuck's strengthening of the governmental sectors went hand in hand with strengthening local bodies like Dzongkhag Yargye Tshogchung (DYT) that Wangchuck founded in 1981, and the Gewog Yargye Tshogchung (GYT) he founded in 1991. He increasingly devolved authority on them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wangchuck's_state_visits_abroad"><span id="Wangchuck.27s_state_visits_abroad"></span>Wangchuck's state visits abroad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wangchuck's state visits abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bhutanese participation in international organisations at various levels increased. Personally, Wangchuck attended the non-aligned and SAARC summits until 1997, travelling to <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a> in 1976 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit; <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> in 1979 for 6th Non-Aligned Summit; <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in 1983 for 5th SAARC Summit and 1995 for 8th SAARC Summit; <a href="/wiki/Harare" title="Harare">Harare</a> in 1986 for 8th Non-Aligned Summit; <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu" title="Kathmandu">Kathmandu</a> in 1987 for 3rd SAARC Summit; <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a> in 1988 for 4th SAARC Summit; <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> in 1989 for 9th Non-Aligned Summit; <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A9" title="Malé">Malé</a> in 1990 for 5th SAARC Summit, and <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a> in 1993 for 7th SAARC Summit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomatic_expansion">Diplomatic expansion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diplomatic expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wangchuck emphasised a two-fold foreign policy for Bhutan: to deepen Bhutan's relations with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and to create new bonds of friendship with fellow members of the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>. To diversify the sources of funding, Bhutan cultivated close relationships with the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>, ever since the visit of a UN Under-Secretary General in 1974. Relationships with other nations widened rapidly after 1974. The Coronation of 1974 brought a large numbers of foreign delegates. Representatives of some 18 nations attended the Coronation. Notably, a representative from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> also attended. Bhutan had supported China's seat in the United Nations in 1971 soon after Bhutan became a member of the <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a>. In parallel to the increase in development assistance, the decade between 1980 and 1990 was a period of enhanced diplomacy for Bhutan. In this decade, under the guidance of Wangchuck, Bhutan established diplomatic relations with 17 out of the existing 53 countries, and became associated with 12 out of 20 organisations of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> family. </p><p>In Wangchuck's reign, diplomatic links were developed with many other nations such as <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> in 1973; <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> in 1983; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> in 1983; <a href="/wiki/The_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Maldives">The Maldives</a> in 1984; <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in 1985; <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1985; <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in 1985; <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in 1985; <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1985; <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1986; <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 1986; <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> in 1987; <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> in 1987; <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> in 1989; <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> in 1991; <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> in 1992; <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in 2002; <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> in 2002 and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> in 2003. Wangchuck cultivated bonds of friendship with other countries and strengthened Bhutan-international relationships and diversified its sources of development assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jubilee_and_abdication">Jubilee and abdication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jubilee and abdication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">silver Jubilee</a> of Jigme Singye Wangchuck was celebrated in 1999 to mark 25 years since his coronation.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commemorative medal was also issued to mark the occasion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wangchuck abdicated the throne in favour of his son in 2006, in preparation for the country's transition from an absolute monarchy to a semi-constitutional monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In doing so, he stated: "The best time to change a political system is when the country enjoys stability and peace... Why wait for a revolution? Why crown an heir only when the nation is in mourning for a late king?"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wives_and_children">Wives and children</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Wives and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1. <a href="/wiki/Dorji_Wangmo" title="Dorji Wangmo">Dorji Wangmo</a> (born 10 June 1955, first wife) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th colspan="2">Marriage</th> <th>Issue </th></tr> <tr> <td>Princess <i>Ashi</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Sonam_Dechen_Wangchuck_(born_1981)" title="Sonam Dechen Wangchuck (born 1981)">Sonam Dechen Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/04/hrh_ashi_sonam_dechan_wangchuck_marries_dasho_phub_dorji.gif">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1981-08-05</span>) </span>5 August 1981<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 43)</span></td> <td>5 April 2009</td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Phub W. Dorji<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Jigje Singye Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-facebook1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2009-12-03</span>)</span>3 December 2009) (age <span data-sort-value="7003547800000000000♠"></span>14 years) <p><i>Dasho</i> Jigme Jigten Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2013-08-23</span>)</span>23 August 2013) (age <span data-sort-value="7003411900000000000♠"></span>11 years) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince <i>Dasho</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigyel_Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck">Jigyel Ugyen Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509052416/http://www.bhutan2008.bt/files/images/dashojigyelugeyenwangchuck.gif">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1984-07-06</span>) </span>6 July 1984<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 40)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>2. <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Pem" title="Tshering Pem">Tshering Pem</a> (born 22 December 1957, second wife) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th colspan="2">Marriage</th> <th>Issue </th></tr> <tr> <td>Princess <i>Ashi</i><br /> <a href="/wiki/Chimi_Yangzom_Wangchuck" title="Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck">Chimi Yangzom Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://78.media.tumblr.com/56164e2be1abdb37b5c775adecfda220/tumblr_nj9asaND4S1r6jme9o1_500.jpg">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1980-01-10</span>) </span>10 January 1980<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 44)</span></td> <td>13 October 2005</td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Sangay Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck<br /> (ca. September 2006 (age 18))<br /> <p><i>Dasho</i> Jamyang Singye Wangchuck<br /> (2009 (age 14–15)) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Princess <i>Ashi</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Kesang_Choden_Wangchuck" title="Kesang Choden Wangchuck">Kesang Choden Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509061535/http://www.bhutan2008.bt/files/images/ashikesangchodenwangchuck.gif">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1982-01-23</span>) </span>23 January 1982<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 42)</span></td> <td>11 November 2008</td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Palden Yoser Thinley<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Jamgyel Singye Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-facebook1_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facebook1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <p><i>Dasho</i> Ugyen Junay Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Ashi</i> Tshering Tshoyang Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> (ca. January 2019 (age 5)) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince <i>Dasho</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck">Ugyen Jigme Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://raonline.ch/images/bt/rfam/rfam_ugyenjigme01.jpg">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1994-11-11</span>) </span>11 November 1994<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 30)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>3. <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Yangdon" title="Tshering Yangdon">Tshering Yangdon</a> (born 21 June 1959, third wife) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th colspan="2">Marriage</th> <th>Issue </th></tr> <tr> <td>King <i>Druk Gyalpo</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a></td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1980-02-21</span>) </span>21 February 1980<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 44)</span></td> <td>13 October 2011</td> <td><i>Ashi</i> <a href="/wiki/Jetsun_Pema" title="Jetsun Pema">Jetsun Pema</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Crown Prince <i>Druk Gyalsey</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> (<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2016-02-05</span>)</span>5 February 2016) (age <span data-sort-value="7003322300000000000♠"></span>8 years) <p>Prince <i>Dasho</i> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck">Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck</a> (<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2020-03-19</span>)</span>19 March 2020) (age <span data-sort-value="7003171900000000000♠"></span>4 years) </p><p>Princess <i>Ashi</i> <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Yangden_Wangchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonam Yangden Wangchuck">Sonam Yangden Wangchuck</a> (<span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">2023-09-09</span>)</span>9 September 2023) (age <span data-sort-value="7002450000000000000♠"></span>1 year 2 months) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Princess <i>Ashi</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Dechen_Yangzom_Wangchuck" title="Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck">Dechen Yangzom Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121227180353/http://www.bhutan2008.bt/files/images/ashidechanyangzomwangchuck.gif">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1981-12-02</span>) </span>2 December 1981<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 43)</span></td> <td>29 October 2009</td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Tandin Namgyel<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Ashi</i> Dechen Yuidem Yangzom Wangchuck<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><i>Dasho</i> Ugyen Dorji Wangchuck </p><p><i>Dasho</i> Jigme Singye Wangchuck </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prince <i>Gyaltshab</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck_(born_1986)" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (born 1986)">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509052259/http://www.bhutan2008.bt/files/images/Dashojigmedorjiwangchuck.gif">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1986-04-14</span>) </span>14 April 1986<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 38)</span></td> <td>17 October 2013</td> <td><i>Ashi</i> Yeatso Lhamo<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>Ashi</i> Decho Pema Wangchuck (2014 (age 9–10))<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>4. <a href="/wiki/Sangay_Choden" title="Sangay Choden">Sangay Choden</a> (born 11 May 1963, fourth wife) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Birth</th> <th colspan="2">Marriage</th> <th>Issue </th></tr> <tr> <td>Prince <i>Dasho</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Khamsum_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Khamsum Singye Wangchuck">Khamsum Singye Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2008.bhutan-360.com/uploads/2008/10/corontion_prince_khamsum.jpg">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1985-10-06</span>) </span>6 October 1985<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 39)</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Princess <i>Ashi</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Euphelma_Choden_Wangchuck" title="Euphelma Choden Wangchuck">Euphelma Choden Wangchuck</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i1235.photobucket.com/albums/ff431/PallasMoon/Bhutan/Newscom-sipaphotosthree329532.jpg">Photo</a>)</td> <td><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1993-06-06</span>) </span>6 June 1993<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 31)</span></td> <td>29 October 2020</td> <td><i>Dasho</i> Thinley Norbu<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles">Styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>11 November 1955 – 15 May 1972: <i>His Royal Highness</i> <i>Dasho</i> (Prince) Jigme Singye Wangchuck</li> <li>15 May 1972 – 15 July 1972: <i>His Royal Highness</i> <i>Trongsa Penlop Dasho</i> Jigme Singye Wangchuck, The Crown Prince of Bhutan</li> <li>15 July 1972 – 14 December 2006: <i>His Majesty</i> King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo, The King of Bhutan</li> <li>14 December 2006 – present: <i>His Majesty</i> King Jigme Singye, The Fourth Druk Gyalpo, The King Father of Bhutan</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_honours_of_the_Bhutanese_Royal_Family_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of honours of the Bhutanese Royal Family by country">List of honours of the Bhutanese Royal Family by country</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_honours">National honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> : <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg/70px-BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg/105px-BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg/140px-BHT_Royal_Order_of_Bhutan_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Bhutan" title="Royal Order of Bhutan">Royal Order of Bhutan</a> (24 July 1972).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg/70px-BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg/105px-BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg/140px-BHT_Druk_Wangyel_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Great_Victory_of_the_Thunder_Dragon" title="Order of Great Victory of the Thunder Dragon">Order of Great Victory of the Thunder Dragon</a> (29 September 1985).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg/70px-BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg/105px-BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg/140px-BHT_Druk_Ugyel_Ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kabney" title="Kabney">The Royal Saffron Scarf</a> (16 June 1972).</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif/70px-King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif/105px-King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif/140px-King_Jigme_Khesar_Investiture_Medal_2008.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> King Jigme Khesar Investiture Medal (6 November 2008).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> : <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/70px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/105px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg/140px-JPN_Daikun%27i_kikkasho_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Chrysanthemum" title="Order of the Chrysanthemum">Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum</a> (16 March 1987).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal"><img alt="Nepal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/33px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a> : <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_(Nepal)_-_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/70px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/105px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg/140px-Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya_%28Nepal%29_-_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Ojaswi_Rajanya" title="Order of Ojaswi Rajanya">Order of Ojaswi Rajanya</a> (5 October 1988).</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a> : <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_(Kuwait)_-_ribbon_bar.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/70px-Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/105px-Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif/140px-Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great_%28Kuwait%29_-_ribbon_bar.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Collar of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Mubarak_the_Great" title="Order of Mubarak the Great">Order of Mubarak the Great</a> (1990).</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> : <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif/70px-Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif/105px-Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif/140px-Wisam_al-Khalifa_1st_class.gif 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Order_of_Al_Khalifa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Order of Al Khalifa (page does not exist)">Order of Al Khalifa</a>, 1st Class (1990).</li></ul></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> : <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/70px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/105px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg/140px-Order_of_the_Seraphim_-_Ribbon_bar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> Knight of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Royal Order of the Seraphim</a> (1994).</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa" title="Penlop of Trongsa">Penlop of Trongsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_Dordenma_statue" title="Buddha Dordenma statue">Great Buddha Dordenma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wangchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Wangchuck">House of Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashichho_Dzong" title="Tashichho Dzong">Tashichho Dzong</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gov-early-life-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gov-early-life_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutan2008.bt/dz/node/520">"Early life of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck"</a>. Bhutan Department of Information Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+life+of+King+Jigme+Singye+Wangchuck&rft.pub=Bhutan+Department+of+Information+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhutan2008.bt%2Fdz%2Fnode%2F520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/101east/2014/05/bhutan-forgotten-people-201452081049514496.html">"Bhutan's forgotten people"</a>. <i>www.aljazeera.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aljazeera.com&rft.atitle=Bhutan%27s+forgotten+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fprogrammes%2F101east%2F2014%2F05%2Fbhutan-forgotten-people-201452081049514496.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas2008" class="citation news cs1">Douglas, Ed (20 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/apr/20/2">"Refugees warn of Bhutan's new tide of ethnic expulsions"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7712">0029-7712</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Refugees+warn+of+Bhutan%27s+new+tide+of+ethnic+expulsions&rft.date=2008-04-20&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Douglas&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Fapr%2F20%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/bhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion/">"Bhutan's Dark Secret: The Lhotshampa Expulsion"</a>. <i>thediplomat.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thediplomat.com&rft.atitle=Bhutan%E2%80%99s+Dark+Secret%3A+The+Lhotshampa+Expulsion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediplomat.com%2F2016%2F09%2Fbhutans-dark-secret-the-lhotshampa-expulsion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/world/the-ethnic-cleansing-hidden-behind-bhutans-happy-face-918473.html">"The ethnic cleansing hidden behind Bhutan's happy face"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=The+ethnic+cleansing+hidden+behind+Bhutan%27s+happy+face&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe-ethnic-cleansing-hidden-behind-bhutans-happy-face-918473.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gross_National_Happiness" title="Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lham_Dorji/publication/262373968_WANGCHUCK_DYNASTY_100_Years_of_Enlightened_Monarchy_in_Bhutan/links/0deec5376bf6ebc25e000000.pdf">WANGCHUCK DYNASTY. 100 Years of Enlightened Monarchy in Bhutan. Lham Dorji</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio4-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bio4_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdpal_‘brug_zhib_‘jug_lte_ba2008" class="citation book cs1">dpal ‘brug zhib ‘jug lte ba (2008). <i><span></span>'brug brgyd 'zin gyi rgyal mchog bzhi pa mi dbang 'jigs med seng ge dbang pyug mchog ge rtogs rtogs brjod bzhugs so (The Biography of the Fourth King of Bhutan)</i>. Thimphu: The Centre for Bhutan Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99936-14-57-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-99936-14-57-9"><bdi>978-99936-14-57-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27brug+brgyd+%27zin+gyi+rgyal+mchog+bzhi+pa+mi+dbang+%27jigs+med+seng+ge+dbang+pyug+mchog+ge+rtogs+rtogs+brjod+bzhugs+so+%28The+Biography+of+the+Fourth+King+of+Bhutan%29&rft.place=Thimphu&rft.pub=The+Centre+for+Bhutan+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-99936-14-57-9&rft.au=dpal+%E2%80%98brug+zhib+%E2%80%98jug+lte+ba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/about-us/">Gross National Happiness Commission</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703191307/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/about-us/">Archived</a> 3 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thimphu, Bhutan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Third_FYP-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Third_FYP_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross_National_Happiness_Commission" class="citation web cs1">Gross National Happiness Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329074532/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/03fyp.pdf">"Third Five Year Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/03fyp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Five+Year+Plan&rft.au=Gross+National+Happiness+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnhc.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2F03fyp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fourth_FYP-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fourth_FYP_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fourth_FYP_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714121631/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/sailent-feature-of-4th-Plan.pdf">"Salient Features of 4th Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gross National Happiness Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/sailent-feature-of-4th-Plan.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salient+Features+of+4th+Plan&rft.pub=Gross+National+Happiness+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnhc.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2Fsailent-feature-of-4th-Plan.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rainbows-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rainbows_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshi_Dorji_Wangmo_Wangchuck_(Her_Majesty_the_Queen_Mother_of_Bhutan)1999" class="citation book cs1">Ashi Dorji Wangmo Wangchuck (Her Majesty the Queen Mother of Bhutan) (1999). <i>Of Rainbows and Clouds, The Life of Yab Ugyen Dorji as told to her Daughter</i>. London: Serindia Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0906026496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0906026496"><bdi>978-0906026496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Rainbows+and+Clouds%2C+The+Life+of+Yab+Ugyen+Dorji+as+told+to+her+Daughter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0906026496&rft.au=Ashi+Dorji+Wangmo+Wangchuck+%28Her+Majesty+the+Queen+Mother+of+Bhutan%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5tW0M829V5g/TnNpk90kV7I/AAAAAAAACDI/a_3m2jHyXlg/s1600/Apr21%252602.JPG">Queens of Bhutan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSonam_Tobgay" class="citation web cs1">Sonam Tobgay. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhc.gov.bt">"Gross National Happiness Commission"</a>. <i>gnhc.gov.bt</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnhc.gov.bt&rft.atitle=Gross+National+Happiness+Commission&rft.au=Sonam+Tobgay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnhc.gov.bt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sixth_FYP-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sixth_FYP_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross_National_Happiness_Commission" class="citation web cs1">Gross National Happiness Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130618151812/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/06fyp.pdf">"6th Five Year Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/06fyp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6th+Five+Year+Plan&rft.au=Gross+National+Happiness+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnhc.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2F06fyp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grossnationalhappiness.com-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grossnationalhappiness.com_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com">GNH</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHB2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AHB2006_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Health" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025420/http://www.health.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/ftps/annual-health-bulletins/bulletin2006.zip">"Annual Health Bulletin 2006"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.health.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/ftps/annual-health-bulletins/bulletin2006.zip">the original</a> on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Health+Bulletin+2006&rft.au=Ministry+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fftps%2Fannual-health-bulletins%2Fbulletin2006.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Druk_Air-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Druk_Air_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drukair.com.bt/">Druk Air Website</a>, Bhutan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annual_Accounts_Report_2007-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Annual_Accounts_Report_2007_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Statistics_Bureau" class="citation web cs1">National Statistics Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsb.gov.bt/publication/files/pub7nw7416on.pdf">"National Accounts Statistics 2000-2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Accounts+Statistics+2000-2006&rft.au=National+Statistics+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsb.gov.bt%2Fpublication%2Ffiles%2Fpub7nw7416on.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180311045444/http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-tcb/about-tcb">"About TCB"</a>. <i>tourism.gov.bt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tourism.gov.bt/about-tcb/about-tcb">the original</a> on 11 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tourism.gov.bt&rft.atitle=About+TCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourism.gov.bt%2Fabout-tcb%2Fabout-tcb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTshering_Pamo" class="citation web cs1">Tshering Pamo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219021502/http://www.drukgreen.bt/index.php/chp-menu/about-chp">"About Chhukha Hydropower Plant"</a>. <i>drukgreen.bt</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drukgreen.bt/index.php/chp-menu/about-chp">the original</a> on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drukgreen.bt&rft.atitle=About+Chhukha+Hydropower+Plant&rft.au=Tshering+Pamo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drukgreen.bt%2Findex.php%2Fchp-menu%2Fabout-chp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PCAL-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PCAL_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PCAL_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pendencement.com.bt/">Penden Cement Authority Ltd.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180811204408/http://www.pendencement.com.bt/">Archived</a> 11 August 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Gomtu, Bhutan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tango-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tango_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.himalayanart.org/search/set.cfm?setID=2869">Tango Shedra</a>, Bhutan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NITM-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NITM_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitm.edu.bt/">National Institute of Traditional Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714145401/http://www.nitm.edu.bt/">Archived</a> 14 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thimphu, Bhutan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nec.gov.bt/">Nec</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutantrustfund.bt/">Bhutan Trust</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-environment_act_bhutan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-environment_act_bhutan_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Government_of_Bhutan" class="citation web cs1">Royal Government of Bhutan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Environmental-Assessment-Act-of-Bhutan-2000English-version.pdf">"Environmental Assessment Act 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Assessment+Act+2000&rft.au=Royal+Government+of+Bhutan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foag.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F05%2FEnvironmental-Assessment-Act-of-Bhutan-2000English-version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biodiversity_act-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-biodiversity_act_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyal_Government_of_Bhutan" class="citation web cs1">Royal Government of Bhutan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nab.gov.bt/assets/uploads/docs/acts/2014/BiodiversityEng2003.pdf">"The Biodiversity Act of Bhutan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biodiversity+Act+of+Bhutan&rft.au=Royal+Government+of+Bhutan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nab.gov.bt%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fdocs%2Facts%2F2014%2FBiodiversityEng2003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-award-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-award_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115606/http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=430&ArticleID=4775&l=en">"First-Ever UNEP 'Champions of the Earth' Presented to Seven Environmental Leaders"</a>. <i>United Nations Environment Programme</i>. 19 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.asp?DocumentID=430&ArticleID=4775&l=en">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Environment+Programme&rft.atitle=First-Ever+UNEP+%27Champions+of+the+Earth%27+Presented+to+Seven+Environmental+Leaders&rft.date=2005-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unep.org%2FDocuments.Multilingual%2FDefault.asp%3FDocumentID%3D430%26ArticleID%3D4775%26l%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fifth_FYP-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fifth_FYP_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross_National_Happiness_Commission" class="citation web cs1">Gross National Happiness Commission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329074539/http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/05fyp.pdf">"5th Five Year Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhc.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/05fyp.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5th+Five+Year+Plan&rft.au=Gross+National+Happiness+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnhc.gov.bt%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2011%2F04%2F05fyp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190223/http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/OccasionalPublications/25YearsaKing.pdf">"25 Years a King"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>bhutanstudies</i>. National Seering Committee for the Royal Silver Jubilee Celebration. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bhutanstudies&rft.atitle=25+Years+a+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhutanstudies.org.bt%2FpublicationFiles%2FOccasionalPublications%2F25YearsaKing.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coleccionesmilitares.com/cintas/asia/butan1.gif">"Colecciones Militares"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colecciones+Militares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coleccionesmilitares.com%2Fcintas%2Fasia%2Fbutan1.gif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-dec-17-fg-briefs17.4-story.html">"King abdicates to make way for son"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 17 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=King+abdicates+to+make+way+for+son&rft.date=2006-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2006-dec-17-fg-briefs17.4-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2005/12/19/abdication-shocks-bhutanese">"Abdication shocks Bhutanese"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Abdication+shocks+Bhutanese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2005%2F12%2F19%2Fabdication-shocks-bhutanese&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/news/2009/bhutan-royal-marriage.html">Bhutan Majestic Travel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831080507/http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/news/2009/bhutan-royal-marriage.html">Archived</a> 31 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wedding news</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10160342035791124&set=a.10155266593741124&type=3&theater">Happy Birthday</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facebook1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-facebook1_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-facebook1_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/KingJigmeKhesar/photos/a.485878073259.272441.43817623259/10154693006648260/?type=3&theater">First son</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.facebook.com/vairotsanatulku/photos/a.134530977174480.1073741828.134523210508590/149700972324147/?type=3&source=54">Facebook</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raonline.ch/pages/bt/rfam/bt_royalfam03b3b.html">Raonline</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/news/2008/her-royal-highness-ashi-kezang-choden-wangchuck-married-to-dasho-palden-yoeser-thinley.html">Bhutan Majestic Travel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310122738/http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/news/2008/her-royal-highness-ashi-kezang-choden-wangchuck-married-to-dasho-palden-yoeser-thinley.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wedding news</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/KingJigmeKhesar/photos/a.485878073259.272441.43817623259/10154693009728260/?type=3&theater">Second son</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royaleventsintheword.blogspot.com/2019/01/breaking-bhutans-princess-kesang-choden.html">Bhutan's Princess Kesang Choden Wangchuck gives birth to a daughter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/article/world/royal-wedding-bhutan-king-weds-jetsun-pema-140791">"Royal Wedding: Bhutan King Weds Jetsun Pema"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a> online. 13 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Royal+Wedding%3A+Bhutan+King+Weds+Jetsun+Pema&rft.date=2011-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ndtv.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Froyal-wedding-bhutan-king-weds-jetsun-pema-140791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-35511645">"Bhutan's Queen Jetsun Pema gives birth to crown prince"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 6 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Bhutan%27s+Queen+Jetsun+Pema+gives+birth+to+crown+prince&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-35511645&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/news/2009/royal-marriage.html">Bhutan Majestic Travel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510081156/http://www.bhutanmajestictravel.com/news/2009/royal-marriage.html">Archived</a> 10 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Wedding news</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=79519">A book by youngest author launched</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019151540/http://www.kuenselonline.com/royal-wedding-at-domkhar-dzong/#.UmIKkoPnaP9">"Royal Wedding"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuenselonline.com/royal-wedding-at-domkhar-dzong/#.UmIKkoPnaP9">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Wedding&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuenselonline.com%2Froyal-wedding-at-domkhar-dzong%2F%23.UmIKkoPnaP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/KingJigmeKhesar/photos/a.485878073259.272441.43817623259/10154692955488260/?type=3&theater">Their daughter</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellomagazine.com/brides/2020102999968/royal-wedding-princess-euphelma-bhutan/">"Surprise royal wedding revealed for Princess Euphelma of Bhutan"</a>. <i>Hello Magazine</i>. 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hello+Magazine&rft.atitle=Surprise+royal+wedding+revealed+for+Princess+Euphelma+of+Bhutan&rft.date=2020-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellomagazine.com%2Fbrides%2F2020102999968%2Froyal-wedding-princess-euphelma-bhutan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/bhutan/data.html">Japan-Bhutan Relations</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1987/1987-3-1.htm">Japan's Relations with Each Country and Region</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_references">External references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhutan_Times2007" class="citation book cs1">Bhutan Times (2007). <i>Immortal Lines: Speeches of the 4th Druk Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuck</i>. Thimphu: Bhutan Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immortal+Lines%3A+Speeches+of+the+4th+Druk+Gyalpo+Jigme+Singye+Wangchuck&rft.place=Thimphu&rft.pub=Bhutan+Times&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Bhutan+Times&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingdom_of_Bhutan1999" class="citation book cs1">Kingdom of Bhutan (1999). <i>25 Years a King His Majesty King Jigme Singye Wangchuck 1974-1999</i>. Royal Government of Bhutan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+Years+a+King+His+Majesty+King+Jigme+Singye+Wangchuck+1974-1999&rft.pub=Royal+Government+of+Bhutan&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Kingdom+of+Bhutan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonchhen_Jigmi_Yoeser_Thinley2009" class="citation report cs1"><i>Lyonchhen</i> Jigmi Yoeser Thinley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723131142/http://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Annual%20Report%202009.pdf">State of the Nation Report 2009</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Cabinet Secretariat. p. 92. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Annual%20Report%202009.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=State+of+the+Nation+Report+2009&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cabinet+Secretariat&rft.date=2009&rft.au=%27%27Lyonchhen%27%27+Jigmi+Yoeser+Thinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinet.gov.bt%2Fannual_report%2FAnnual%2520Report%25202009.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonchhen_Jigmi_Yoeser_Thinley2010" class="citation report cs1"><i>Lyonchhen</i> Jigmi Yoeser Thinley (1 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723130648/http://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Annual%20Report%202010.pdf">The 2nd Annual Report of the Hon'ble Prime Minister to the Fifth session of the First Parliament on the State of the Nation</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Cabinet Secretariat. p. 92. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Annual%20Report%202010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+2nd+Annual+Report+of+the+Hon%27ble+Prime+Minister+to+the+Fifth+session+of+the+First+Parliament+on+the+State+of+the+Nation&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cabinet+Secretariat&rft.date=2010-07-01&rft.au=%27%27Lyonchhen%27%27+Jigmi+Yoeser+Thinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinet.gov.bt%2Fannual_report%2FAnnual%2520Report%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyonchhen_Jigmi_Yoeser_Thinley2011" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Thinley" title="Jigme Thinley"><i>Lyonchhen</i> Jigmi Yoeser Thinley</a> (1 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723123608/http://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Third%20anual%20nation%20Report.pdf">Third Annual Report of <i>Lyonchhen</i> Jigmi Yoeser Thinley to the Seventh Session of the First Parliament on the State of the Nation</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Cabinet Secretariat. p. 124. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cabinet.gov.bt/annual_report/Third%20anual%20nation%20Report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Third+Annual+Report+of+Lyonchhen+Jigmi+Yoeser+Thinley+to+the+Seventh+Session+of+the+First+Parliament+on+the+State+of+the+Nation&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Cabinet+Secretariat&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft.au=%27%27Lyonchhen%27%27+Jigmi+Yoeser+Thinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cabinet.gov.bt%2Fannual_report%2FThird%2520anual%2520nation%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJigme+Singye+Wangchuck" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQHiSHhiJU0">Ethenic cleansing of Bhutan by King Jigme Singye Wangchuk's Government- Video 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZuHdsZEVF4">2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905202259/http://2008.bhutan-360.com/2007/11/21/the-royal-family-of-bhutan/">The Royal Family of Bhutan</a> (archived 5 September 2008)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1975813_1975846_1976550,00.html">Time Magazine's 100 People Who Shape Our World 2006: King Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Jigme Singye Wangchuck </div><div><b>House of Wangchuck</b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 11 November 1955</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bhutan" title="List of rulers of Bhutan">King of Bhutan</a> </b><br />1972–2006 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">None</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bhutan" title="List of rulers of Bhutan">King Father of Bhutan</a> </b><br />2006–present </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> 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Tempa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalsey_Tenzin_Rabgye" title="Gyalsey Tenzin Rabgye">Tenzin Rabgye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedun_Chomphel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedun Chomphel (page does not exist)">Gedun Chomphel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngawang_Tshering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngawang Tshering (page does not exist)">Ngawang Tshering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umze_Peljor" title="Umze Peljor">Umze Peljor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druk_Rabgye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druk Rabgye (page does not exist)">Druk Rabgye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngawang_Gyamtsho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngawang Gyamtsho (page does not exist)">Ngawang Gyamtsho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mipham_Wangpo_(Bhutan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mipham Wangpo (Bhutan) (page does not exist)">Mipham Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khuwo_Peljor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khuwo Peljor (page does not exist)">Khuwo Peljor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngawang_Gyaltshen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngawang Gyaltshen (page does not exist)">Ngawang Gyaltshen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherab_Wangchuck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherab Wangchuck (page does not exist)">Sherab Wangchuck</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druk_Phuntsho&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druk Phuntsho (page does not exist)">Druk Phuntsho</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druk_Tenzin_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druk Tenzin I (page does not exist)">Druk Tenzin I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonam_Lhundub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonam Lhundub (page does not exist)">Sonam Lhundub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunga_Rinchen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunga Rinchen (page does not exist)">Kunga Rinchen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Singye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jigme Singye (page does not exist)">Jigme Singye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druk_Tenzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druk Tenzin (page does not exist)">Druk Tenzin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umzey_Chapchhab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umzey Chapchhab (page does not exist)">Umzey Chapchhab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonam_Gyaltshen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonam Gyaltshen (page does not exist)">Sonam Gyaltshen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Druk_Namgyel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Druk Namgyel (page does not exist)">Druk Namgyel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sangye_Tenzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sangye Tenzin (page does not exist)">Sangye Tenzin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umzey_Parob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umzey Parob (page does not exist)">Umzey Parob</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byop_Chhyoda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byop Chhyoda (page does not exist)">Byop Chhyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsulthrim_Daba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsulthrim Daba (page does not exist)">Tsulthrim Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Norbu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigme Norbu">Jigme Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yeshey_Gyaltshen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeshey Gyaltshen (page does not exist)">Yeshey Gyaltshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorji_Namgyel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorji Namgyel">Dorji Namgyel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sonam_Drugyel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sonam Drugyel (page does not exist)">Sonam Drugyel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenzin_Drukda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenzin Drukda (page does not exist)">Tenzin Drukda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhoki_Gyaltshen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chhoki Gyaltshen (page does not exist)">Chhoki Gyaltshen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorji_Namgyal" title="Dorji Namgyal">Dorji Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adab_Thinley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adab Thinley (page does not exist)">Adab Thinley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorji_Norbu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorji Norbu (page does not exist)">Dorji Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wangchuk_Gyalpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wangchuk Gyalpo (page does not exist)">Wangchuk Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jigme_Dragpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jigme Dragpa (page does not exist)">Jigme Dragpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chagpa_Sangye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chagpa Sangye (page does not exist)">Chagpa Sangye</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Damchho_Lhundrup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Damchho Lhundrup (page does not exist)">Damchho Lhundrup</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamyang_Tenzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamyang Tenzin (page does not exist)">Jamyang Tenzin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kunga_Palden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kunga Palden (page does not exist)">Kunga Palden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sherab_Tharchin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sherab Tharchin (page does not exist)">Sherab Tharchin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phuntsho_Namgyel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phuntsho Namgyel (page does not exist)">Phuntsho Namgyel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tshewang_Sithub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tshewang Sithub (page does not exist)">Tshewang Sithub</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsulthrim_Yonten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsulthrim Yonten (page does not exist)">Tsulthrim Yonten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kagyud_Wangchuk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kagyud Wangchuk (page does not exist)">Kagyud Wangchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsondul_Pekar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsondul Pekar (page does not exist)">Tsondul Pekar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Namgyal_(Bhutan)" title="Jigme Namgyal (Bhutan)">Jigme Namgyel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kitshab_Dorji_Namgyel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kitshab Dorji Namgyel (page does not exist)">Kitshab Dorji Namgyel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chhogyel_Zangpo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chhogyel Zangpo (page does not exist)">Chhogyel Zangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lam_Tshewang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lam Tshewang (page does not exist)">Lam Tshewang</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/Jigme_Khesar_Namgyel_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck">Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Bhutan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Bhutan" title="Template:History of Bhutan"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/Dual_system_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual system of government">Dual system of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongpen" title="Dzongpen">Dzongpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penlop" title="Penlop">Penlops</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Penlop_of_Trongsa" title="Penlop of Trongsa">Penlop of Trongsa</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche" title="Zhabdrung Rinpoche">Zhabdrung Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshogdu" title="Tshogdu">The Tshogdu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bumthang" title="Kingdom of Bumthang">Bumthang</a></li> <li>Kurtö</li> <li>Lhuentse</li> <li>Trashigang</li> <li>Zhemgang</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Bhutan" title="Provinces of Bhutan">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumthang_Province" title="Bumthang Province">Bumthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daga_Province" title="Daga Province">Daga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmaed_Province" title="Kurmaed Province">Kurmaed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurtoed_Province" title="Kurtoed Province">Kurtoed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paro_Province" title="Paro Province">Paro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punakha_Province" title="Punakha Province">Punakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thimphu_Province" title="Thimphu Province">Thimphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trongsa_Province" title="Trongsa Province">Trongsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangdue_Phodrang_Province" title="Wangdue Phodrang Province">Wangdue Phodrang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorji_family" title="Dorji family">Dorji family</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bhutan_House" title="Bhutan House">Bhutan House</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wangchuck_dynasty" title="Wangchuck dynasty">Wangchuck dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Namgyal_(Bhutan)" title="Jigme Namgyal (Bhutan)">Jigme Namgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Druk Gyalpo (King of Bhutan)</a> <a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Wangchuck" title="Ugyen Wangchuck">Ugyen Wangchuck</a></li> <li>Druk Gyalpo <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Wangchuck">Jigme Wangchuck</a></li> <li>Druk Gyalpo <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li> <li>Druk Gyalpo <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a></li> <li>Druk Gyalpo <a href="/wiki/Ugyen_Dorji" title="Ugyen Dorji">Ugyen Dorji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Bhutan" title="List of prime ministers of Bhutan">PM</a> <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Palden_Dorji" title="Jigme Palden Dorji">Jigme Palden Dorji</a></li> <li>PM <a href="/wiki/Sonam_Topgay_Dorji" title="Sonam Topgay Dorji">Sonam Topgay Dorji</a></li> <li>PM <a href="/wiki/Lhendup_Dorji" title="Lhendup Dorji">Lhendup Dorji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Bhutanese_history" title="Timeline of Bhutanese history">Historical events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Five_Lamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Five Lamas">Battle of Five Lamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutan War">Bhutan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bhutan" title="Military history of Bhutan">Military history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200273#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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