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<span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bhutanese_GNH_index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bhutanese_GNH_index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bhutanese GNH index</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bhutanese_GNH_index-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bhutanese GNH index subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bhutanese_GNH_index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Implementation_in_Bhutan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation_in_Bhutan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Implementation in Bhutan</span> </div> </a> <ul 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</li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gross National Happiness</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_nasionale_geluk" title="Bruto nasionale geluk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruto nasionale geluk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سعادة قومية إجمالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سعادة قومية إجمالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Брутно национално щастие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Брутно национално щастие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicitat_Interna_Bruta" title="Felicitat Interna Bruta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Felicitat Interna Bruta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrub%C3%A9_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_%C5%A1t%C4%9Bst%C3%AD" title="Hrubé národní štěstí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hrubé národní štěstí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttonationalgl%C3%BCck" title="Bruttonationalglück – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bruttonationalglück" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicidad_nacional_bruta" title="Felicidad nacional bruta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Felicidad nacional bruta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malneta_enlanda_feli%C4%89o" title="Malneta enlanda feliĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malneta enlanda feliĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonheur_national_brut" title="Bonheur national brut – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bonheur national brut" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%B4%9D%ED%96%89%EB%B3%B5%EC%A7%80%EC%88%98" title="국민총행복지수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민총행복지수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Համախառն ներքին երջանկություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համախառն ներքին երջանկություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebahagiaan_Nasional_Bruto" title="Kebahagiaan Nasional Bruto – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebahagiaan Nasional Bruto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicit%C3%A0_interna_lorda" title="Felicità interna lorda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Felicità interna lorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%A8_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99" title="אושר לאומי גולמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אושר לאומי גולמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81l%C4%81_kop%C4%93j%C4%81_laime" title="Nacionālā kopējā laime – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālā kopējā laime" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9C%D0%B0" title="Бруто национална среќа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бруто национална среќа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruto_nationaal_geluk" title="Bruto nationaal geluk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bruto nationaal geluk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%B7%8F%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E9%87%8F" title="国民総幸福量 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民総幸福量" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szcz%C4%99%C5%9Bcie_narodowe_brutto" title="Szczęście narodowe brutto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szczęście narodowe brutto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicidade_interna_bruta" title="Felicidade interna bruta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Felicidade interna bruta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Валовое национальное счастье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валовое национальное счастье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95" title="सकल राष्ट्रीय सुख सूचकांक – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सकल राष्ट्रीय सुख सूचकांक" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0" title="Бруто национална срећа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бруто национална срећа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttokansanonnellisuus" title="Bruttokansanonnellisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bruttokansanonnellisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruttonationallycka" title="Bruttonationallycka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bruttonationallycka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ความสุขมวลรวมประชาชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความสุขมวลรวมประชาชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gayrisafi_mill%C3%AE_mutluluk" title="Gayrisafi millî mutluluk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gayrisafi millî mutluluk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%89%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F" title="Валове національне щастя – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валове національне щастя" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E5%B9%B8%E7%A6%8F%E6%80%BB%E5%80%BC" title="国民幸福总值 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="国民幸福总值" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q862253#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Guiding philosophy of the government of Bhutan</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png/220px-Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png/330px-Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png/440px-Four_pilars_of_Gross_National_Happiness.png 2x" data-file-width="2858" data-file-height="2904" /></a><figcaption>Four pillars of Gross National Happiness (GNH) in Bhutan</figcaption></figure><p><b>Gross National Happiness</b>, (<b>GNH</b>; <a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha language">Dzongkha</a>: <span lang="dz">རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་དགའ་སྐྱིད་དཔལ་འཛོམས།</span>) sometimes called <b>Gross Domestic Happiness</b> (<b>GDH</b>), is a <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> that guides the government of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>. It includes an index which is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of a population. Gross National Happiness Index is instituted as the goal of the government of Bhutan in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Bhutan" title="Constitution of Bhutan">Constitution of Bhutan</a>, enacted on 18 July 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The advent and concept of "Gross National Happiness" (GNH) germinated in the mind of <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a> <a href="/wiki/Druk_Gyalpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Druk Gyalpo">Druk Gyelpo</a>, the 4th King of Bhutan, <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Singye Wangchuck">Jigme Singye Wangchuk</a>, groomed with the evolution of "Gaki Phuensum" (Peace and Prosperity) and the modernization period of Bhutan during the reign of Druk Gyelpo, the 3rd King of Bhutan, <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuk</a>. </p><p>The term "Gross National Happiness" as conceptualized by the 4th King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in 1972 was declared as, "more important than Gross Domestic Product."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gnh_over_gdp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gnh_over_gdp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept implies that sustainable development should take a holistic approach towards notions of progress and give equal importance to non-economic aspects of wellbeing.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, The <a href="/wiki/UN_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="UN General Assembly">UN General Assembly</a> passed resolution 65/309, "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development", urging member nations to follow the example of Bhutan and measure happiness and well-being and calling happiness a "fundamental human goal."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, Bhutan's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jigme_Thinley" title="Jigme Thinley">Jigme Thinley</a> and the Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> convened the <i>High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm</i> to encourage the spread of Bhutan's GNH philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the meeting, the first <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> was issued. Shortly afterward, 20 March was declared to be International Day of Happiness by the UN in 2012 with resolution 66/28.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Tshering_Tobgay" title="Tshering Tobgay">Tshering Tobgay</a> proclaimed a preference for focusing on more concrete goals instead of promoting GNH when he took office,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but subsequently has protected the GNH of his country and promoted the concept internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Bhutanese officials also promote the spread of GNH at the UN and internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GNH is distinguishable from <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross Domestic Product</a> by attempting to be a more direct measure of collective happiness through emphasizing harmony with nature and select cultural values, as expressed in the 9 domains of happiness and 4 pillars of GNH.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Bhutanese government, the four pillars of GNH are:<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_development_theory" title="Social development theory">equitable</a> socio-economic development;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental conservation</a>;</li> <li>preservation and promotion of culture; and</li> <li>good governance.</li></ol> <p>The nine domains of GNH are psychological well-being, health, time use, education, cultural diversity and resilience, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience, and living standards.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-frame_gnh_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frame_gnh-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each domain is composed of <a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">subjective</a> (survey-based) and objective indicators. The domains weigh equally but the indicators within each domain differ by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bhutanese_GNH_index">Bhutanese GNH index</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bhutanese GNH index"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several scholars have noted that "the values underlying the individual pillars of GNH are defined as distinctly <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>," and "GNH constructs Buddhism as the core of the cultural values of the country (of Bhutan). They provide the foundation upon which the GNH rests."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GNH is thus seen as part of the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a>, where "happiness is accrued from a balanced act rather than from an extreme approach."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Implementation_in_Bhutan">Implementation in Bhutan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation in Bhutan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The body charged with implementing GNH in Bhutan is the Gross National Happiness Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNH Commission is composed of the Prime Minister as the Chairperson, Secretaries of each of the ministries of the government, and the Secretary of the GNH Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNH Commission's tasks include conceiving and also implementing the nation's 5-year plan and promulgating policies. The GNH Index is used to measure the happiness and well-being of Bhutan's population. A GNH Policy Screening Tool<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a GNH Project Screening Tool is used by the GNH commission to determine whether to pass policies or implement projects.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNH Screening tools are used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of GNH in Bhutan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the first Bhutanese GNH survey was conducted.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed by a second one in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third nationwide survey was conducted in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GNH survey covers all twenty districts (Dzonkhag) and results are reported for varying demographic factors such as <a href="/wiki/Gender" title="Gender">gender</a>, age, abode, and <a href="/wiki/Job" class="mw-redirect" title="Job">occupation</a>. The first GNH surveys consisted of long questionnaires that polled the citizens about living conditions and religious behavior, including questions about the times a person prayed in a day and other <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> indicators. It took several hours to complete one questionnaire. Later rounds of the GNH Index were shortened, but the survey retained the religious behavioral indicators.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhutan GNH Index was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Bhutan_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre for Bhutan Studies">Centre for Bhutan Studies</a> with the help of Oxford University researchers to help measure the progress of Bhutanese society. The Index's function was based on the Alkire & Foster method of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ophi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ophi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the creation of the GNH Index, the government used the metric to measure national progress and inform policy.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bhutan GNH Index is considered by <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressive</a> scholars to measure societal progress similarly to other models such as the OECD <a href="/wiki/Better_Life_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Better Life Index">Better Life Index</a> of 2011, and SPI <a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a> of 2013. One feature distinguishing Bhutan's GNH Index from the other models is that the other models are designed for secular governments and do not include religious behavior measurement components. </p><p>The data is used to compare happiness among different groups of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ophi_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ophi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and changes over time.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a> 2019, Bhutan is 95th out of 156 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Harford_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harford-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The holistic consideration of multiple factors through the GNH approach has been cited as impacting <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Bhutan" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Bhutan">Bhutan's response</a> to the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissemination">Dissemination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dissemination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, a shortened version of Bhutan's GNH survey was used by the local government, local foundations and governmental agencies under the leadership of Martha and Michael Pennock to assess the population of Victoria.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">state of São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, Susan Andrews,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through her organization Future Vision Ecological Park, used a version of Bhutan's GNH at a <a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a> level in some cities.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle, Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, a version of the GNH Index was used by the Seattle City Council and Sustainable Seattle to assess the happiness and well-being of the Seattle Area population.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cities and areas in North America, including <a href="/wiki/Eau_Claire,_Wisconsin" title="Eau Claire, Wisconsin">Eau Claire, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creston,_British_Columbia" title="Creston, British Columbia">Creston, British Columbia</a> and the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, also used a version of the GNH Index.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state of Vermont's Governor declared April 13 (President Jefferson's birthday) "Pursuit of Happiness Day", and became the first state to pass legislation enabling development of alternative indicators and to assist in making policy. The University of Vermont Center for Rural Studies Vermont perform a periodic study of well-being in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a>, United States, a behavioral model of GNH based on the use of positive and negative words in <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> status updates was developed by Adam Kramer.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> launched its own GNH center.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The former king of Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej" title="Bhumibol Adulyadej">Bhumibol Adulyadej</a>, was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/King_Jigme_Singye_Wangchuck" class="mw-redirect" title="King Jigme Singye Wangchuck">King Jigme Singye Wangchuck</a>, and conceived the similar philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Sufficiency_economy" title="Sufficiency economy">sufficiency economy</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the concept of GNH has been lauded by various personalities, notably Philippine senator and UN Global Champion for Resilience <a href="/wiki/Loren_Legarda" title="Loren Legarda">Loren Legarda</a>, and former environment minister <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lopez" title="Gina Lopez">Gina Lopez</a>. Bills have been filed in the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives in support of Gross National Happiness in the Philippines. Additionally, Executive Director of Bhutan's GNH Center, Dr. Saamdu Chetri, has been invited by high-level officials in the Philippines for a GNH Forum.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other cities and governments have undertaken efforts to measure happiness and well-being (also termed "Beyond GDP"<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) since the High Level Meeting in 2012, but have not used versions of Bhutan's GNH index. Among these include the national governments of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s Office of National Statistics<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cities including <a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, Massachusetts</a>, United States,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also a number of companies which are implementing sustainability practices in business that have been inspired by GNH.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GNH has been described by critics as a <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> tool used by the Bhutanese government to distract from <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan">ethnic cleansing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">human rights abuses</a> it has committed.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_democracy" title="Bhutanese democracy">Bhutanese democratic</a> government started from 2008. Before then, the government practiced massive ethnic cleansing of the non-Buddhist population of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Nepali_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepali people">Nepalese</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> faith in the name of GNH cultural preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGO</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> documented the events.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Human Rights Watch, "Over 100,000 or 1/6 of the population of Bhutan <a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">of Nepalese origin</a> and Hindu faith were expelled from the country because they would not integrate with Bhutan's <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> culture."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Refugee Council of Australia stated that "it is extraordinary and shocking that a nation can get away with expelling one sixth of its people and somehow keep its international reputation largely intact. The Government of Bhutan should be known not for Gross National Happiness but for Gross National <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">Hypocrisy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers state that Bhutan's GNH philosophy "has evolved over the last decade through the contribution of western and local scholars to a version that is more <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and open. Therefore, probably, the more accurate historical reference is to mention the coining of the GNH phrase as a key event, but not the Bhutan GNH philosophy, because the philosophy as understood by western scholars is different from the philosophy used by the King at the time."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other viewpoints are that GNH is a process of development and learning, rather than an objective norm or absolute end point. Bhutan aspires to enhance the happiness of its people and GNH serves as a measurement tool for realizing that aspiration.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other criticism focuses on the standard of living in Bhutan. In an article written in 2004 in the <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist"><i>Economist</i> magazine</a>, "The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is not in fact an idyll in a fairy tale. It is home to perhaps 900,000 people most of whom live in grinding poverty."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in December 2023 Bhutan graduated from the UN's Least Developed Country List to Developing Country<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it has made significant improvements over the last few decades, in social and economic progress, including reduction in poverty levels, and improved education standards and life expectancy. <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other criticism of GNH cites "increasing levels of <a href="/wiki/Political_corruption" title="Political corruption">political corruption</a>, the rapid spread of diseases, and other woes; such as <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang" title="Gang">gang violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">abuses against women</a> and ethnic minorities, shortages in food/medicine, and economic woes."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_measures_of_economic_progress" title="Broad measures of economic progress">Broad measures of economic progress</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Development_Challenges_in_Bhutan" title="Development Challenges in Bhutan">Development Challenges in Bhutan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happiness_economics" title="Happiness economics">Happiness economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Planet_Index" title="Happy Planet Index">Happy Planet Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_economics" title="Humanistic economics">Humanistic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_satisfaction" title="Life satisfaction">Life satisfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_Happiness" title="Minister of State for Happiness">Minister of State for Happiness</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Values_Survey" title="World Values Survey">World Values Survey</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516192917/http://www.nationalcouncil.bt/assets/uploads/files/Constitution%20%20of%20Bhutan%20English.pdf">"The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Council</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bhutan%2C+2008+and+Beyond&rft.atitle=Gross+National+Happiness+%E2%80%93+Happy+in+Bhutan%3F&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2008.bhutan-360.com%2Fgross-national-happiness-happy-in-bhutan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+National+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Adler Braun, Alejandro. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110711131425/http://www.grossnationalhappiness.com/OtherArticles/GNHPaperbyAlejandro.pdf">Gross National Happiness in Bhutan: A Living Example of an Alternative Approach to Progress</a>,</i> 24 September 2009</li> <li>Confucious. <i>Analects</i> 13:16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/analects/zi-lu/">The Analects : Zi Lu - Chinese Text Project</a></li> <li>Diener, Ed and Robert-Biswas Diener. <i>Happiness – Unlocking the Mysteries of Psychological Wealth</i>. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008. 290 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-4661-6">978-1-4051-4661-6</a>.</li> <li>Eric Zencey, "GDP RIP," New York Times, 9 August 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/10/opinion/10zencey.html">Opinion | G.D.P. R.I.P.</a></li> <li>Eric Ezechieli, "Beyond Sustainable Development: Education for Gross National Happiness in Bhutan" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906230028/http://suse-ice.stanford.edu/monographs/Ezechieli.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20060906230028/http://suse-ice.stanford.edu/monographs/Ezechieli.pdf</a>, Stanford University, 2003</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammann1984" class="citation journal cs1">Kammann, R (1984). "The Analysis and Measurement of Happiness as a Sense of Well-Being". <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Indicators_Research" title="Social Indicators Research">Social Indicators Research</a></i>. <b>15</b> (2): 91–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf00426282">10.1007/bf00426282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189879996">189879996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Indicators+Research&rft.atitle=The+Analysis+and+Measurement+of+Happiness+as+a+Sense+of+Well-Being&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=91-115&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf00426282&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189879996%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kammann&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+National+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Layard, Richard (2005), <i>Happiness: Lessons from a New Science</i>, Penguin Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303701-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303701-3">0-14-303701-3</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiestroy,_IngeborgGarcía_Schmidt,_ArmandoEsche,_Andreas2013" class="citation book cs1">Niestroy, Ingeborg; García Schmidt, Armando; Esche, Andreas (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/our-projects/reinhard-mohn-prize/project-news/reinhard-mohn-prize-2013"><i>"Bhutan: Paradigms Matter", in: Bertelsmann Stiftung (ed.): </i>Winning Strategies for a Sustainable Future. Reinhard Mohn Prize 2013<i><span></span></i></a>. Verlag Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh. pp. 55–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86793-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86793-491-6"><bdi>978-3-86793-491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Bhutan%3A+Paradigms+Matter%22%2C+in%3A+Bertelsmann+Stiftung+%28ed.%29%3A+Winning+Strategies+for+a+Sustainable+Future.+Reinhard+Mohn+Prize+2013.&rft.pages=55-80&rft.pub=Verlag+Bertelsmann+Stiftung%2C+G%C3%BCtersloh&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-86793-491-6&rft.au=Niestroy%2C+Ingeborg&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa+Schmidt%2C+Armando&rft.au=Esche%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bertelsmann-stiftung.de%2Fen%2Four-projects%2Freinhard-mohn-prize%2Fproject-news%2Freinhard-mohn-prize-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGross+National+Happiness" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Powdyel, T.S. "Gross National Happiness, A Tribute," Gross National Happiness, Kinga, Sonam, et al. (eds) (1999), Thimphu: The Center for Bhutan Studies</li> <li>Priesner, Stefan (2004), Indigeneity and Universality in Social Science: A South Asian Response, SAGE Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-3215-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-3215-1">0-7619-3215-1</a></li> <li>Schroeder, Kent (2018), <i>Politics of Gross National Happiness: Governance and Development in Bhutan</i>, Cham (Switzerland): Palgrave Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-65387-7">978-3-319-65387-7</a></li> <li>Thinley, L. (October 1998). Values and Development: "Gross National Happiness." Speech presented at the Millennium Meeting for Asia and the Pacific, Seoul, Republic of Korea.</li> <li>Tideman, Sander G. (2016), Gross National Happiness: Lessons for Sustainability Leadership, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/SAJGBR-12-2014-0096">South Asian Journal of Global Business Research, Vol. 5 Iss 2 pp. 190 – 213</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gross_National_Happiness&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Gross_National_Happiness" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Gross National Happiness">Gross National Happiness</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>International Institute of Management – US based GHN research, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iim-edu.org/grossnationalhappiness/">GNH policy white paper</a></li> <li>Bhutan 2008 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081121215814/http://2008.bhutan-360.com/2007/11/25/gross-national-happiness/">Paeans to the King</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Sachs%20Writing/2012/World%20Happiness%20Report.pdf">World Happiness Report</a></li> <li>Nadia Mustafa, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406045104/http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1016266,00.html?promoid=rss_top">"What About Gross National Happiness?"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>, 10 January 2005</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajni_Bakshi" title="Rajni Bakshi">Rajni Bakshi</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/envirohealth/21083/">"Gross National Happiness"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725160344/http://www.alternet.org/envirohealth/21083/">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Resurgence</i>, 25 January 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jf9xrnUjpI">Bhutan, Gross National Happiness and Sustainable Development – YouTube</a> (12:31)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnhusa.org">Gross National Happiness USA</a> United States-based non-profit using GNH framing to spark dialogue and inform public policy.</li></ul> <div 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countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">Developed country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">Developing country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavily_indebted_poor_countries" title="Heavily indebted poor countries">Heavily indebted poor countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">Least developed countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">World Bank high-income economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three-world_model" title="Three-world model">Three/Four-World Model</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_World" title="First World">First World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World" title="Second World">Second World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_World" title="Fourth World">Fourth World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a> (GDP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Nominal_GDP_and_adjustments_to_GDP" title="Gross domestic product">Nominal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal)">past and projected</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_future_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by past and future GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product#Cross-border_comparison_and_PPP" title="Gross domestic product">Purchasing <br /> power parity</a> (PPP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_future_GDP_(PPP)_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by future GDP (PPP) estimates">future estimates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_future_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita_estimates" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by future GDP (PPP) per capita estimates">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_person_employed" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per person employed">per person employed</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">Gross national income</a> (GNI)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">Nominal per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_income" title="Real income">Real income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GNI (PPP) per capita">PPP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_per_capita_growth" title="List of countries by GNI per capita growth">Per capita growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_household_and_per_capita_income" title="Disposable household and per capita income">Disposable income</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of countries by average wage">Average wage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_average_wage" title="List of European countries by average wage">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_employee_compensation_(per_hour)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by employee compensation (per hour)">Employee compensation (per hour)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by median wage">List of countries by median wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages by country">Minimum wages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_wages_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of minimum wages in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_minimum_wage" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by minimum wage">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="National wealth">Wealth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">Wealth per adult</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_distribution_in_Europe" title="Wealth distribution in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_financial_assets_per_capita" title="List of countries by financial assets per capita">Financial assets per capita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/National_accounts" title="National accounts">national accounts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">Research and development spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_stock_market_capitalization" title="List of countries by stock market capitalization">Stock market capitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">Patents, trademarks, and industrial design filing activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_development_(humanity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Human development (humanity)">Human development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_planetary_pressures%E2%80%93adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by planetary pressures–adjusted HDI">planetary pressures–adjusted HDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">Percentage living in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Capital_Index" title="Human Capital Index">Human Capital Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Household income">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ICT_Development_Index" title="ICT Development Index">ICT Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_broadband_Internet_subscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by number of broadband Internet subscriptions">Number of broadband Internet subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">Number of Internet users</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_smartphone_penetration" title="List of countries by smartphone penetration">Smartphone penetration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Net_international_investment_position" title="Net international investment position">Net international <br /> investment position</a> (NIIP)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creditor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of creditor nations by net international investment position per capita">Per capita (creditors)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_debtor_nations_by_net_international_investment_position_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of debtor nations by net international investment position per capita">Per capita (debtors)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bhutanese_society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bhutanese_society" title="Template:Bhutanese society"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bhutanese_society" title="Template talk:Bhutanese society"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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Bhutan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan"><img alt="Bhutan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Flag_of_Bhutan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Bhutan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Buddhism in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Bhutan" title="Hinduism in Bhutan">Hinduism in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon_in_Bhutan" title="Bon in Bhutan">Bon in Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Bhutan" title="Christianity in Bhutan">Christianity in Bhutan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dual_system_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual system of government">Dual system of government</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Freedom of religion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bhutan" title="Ethnic groups in Bhutan">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngalop_people" title="Ngalop people">Ngalop</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;">including <a href="/wiki/Kheng_people" title="Kheng people">Kheng</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;">Bumthang</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhotshampa" title="Lhotshampa">Lhotshampa</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Non-Resident_Nepali" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Resident Nepali">Nepali</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Gurung_people" title="Gurung people">Gurung</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharchops" title="Sharchops">Sharchop</a></li> <li>Tribal groups <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Brokpa" title="Brokpa">Brokpa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Koch_Rajbongshi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Koch Rajbongshi people">Koch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Layap" title="Layap">Layap</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Lhop_people" title="Lhop people">Lhop</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_people" title="Kurukh people">Oraon</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Toto_people" title="Toto people">Toto</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Bhutan" title="Law of Bhutan">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Bhutan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Bhutan">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Bhutan" title="Censorship in Bhutan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_democracy" title="Bhutanese democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driglam_namzha" title="Driglam namzha">Driglam namzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Bhutan" title="Elections in Bhutan">Elections and voting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gross National Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Bhutan" title="Human rights in Bhutan">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Bhutan" title="Immigration to Bhutan">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Bhutan" 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