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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologie" title="Sedimentologie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sedimentologie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8" title="علم الرواسب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الرواسب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Седиментология – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Седиментология" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologija" title="Sedimentologija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sedimentologija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouelezennouriezh" title="Gouelezennouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gouelezennouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologia" title="Sedimentologia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sedimentologia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologie" title="Sedimentologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedimentologie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologie" title="Sedimentologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sedimentologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentoloogia" title="Sedimentoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sedimentoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B6%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ιζηματολογία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιζηματολογία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentolog%C3%ADa" title="Sedimentología – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sedimentología" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologio" title="Sedimentologio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sedimentologio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologia" title="Sedimentologia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sedimentologia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="رسوب‌شناسی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رسوب‌شناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9dimentologie" title="Sédimentologie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sédimentologie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentolox%C3%ADa" title="Sedimentoloxía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sedimentoloxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%87%B4%EC%A0%81%ED%95%99" title="퇴적학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="퇴적학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologija" title="Sedimentologija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sedimentologija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologi" title="Sedimentologi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sedimentologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setlagafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Setlagafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Setlagafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologia" title="Sedimentologia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sedimentologia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="סדימנטולוגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סדימנטולוגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Шөгінді кендер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шөгінді кендер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentolo%C4%A3ija" title="Sedimentoloģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sedimentoloģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologija" title="Sedimentologija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sedimentologija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologi" title="Sedimentologi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sedimentologi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8ng-c%C3%A9k-h%C5%8Fk" title="Tèng-cék-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tèng-cék-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Седиментологи – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Седиментологи" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologie" title="Sedimentologie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sedimentologie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%86%E7%A9%8D%E5%AD%A6" title="堆積学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堆積学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologi" title="Sedimentologi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sedimentologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologi" title="Sedimentologi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sedimentologi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedymentologia" title="Sedymentologia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sedymentologia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologia" title="Sedimentologia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sedimentologia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologie" title="Sedimentologie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sedimentologie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Седиментология – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Седиментология" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sedimentology" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentol%C3%B3gia" title="Sedimentológia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sedimentológia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologija" title="Sedimentologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sedimentologija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Седиментологија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Седиментологија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologija" title="Sedimentologija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sedimentologija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologia" title="Sedimentologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sedimentologia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentologi" title="Sedimentologi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sedimentologi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentolohiya" title="Sedimentolohiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sedimentolohiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimantoloji" title="Sedimantoloji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sedimantoloji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Седиментологія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Седиментологія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7m_t%C3%ADch_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Trầm tích học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trầm tích học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentolohiya" title="Sedimentolohiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sedimentolohiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%89%E7%A7%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="沉积学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沉积学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q205768#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of natural sediments and their formation processes</div> <p><b>Sedimentology</b> encompasses the study of modern <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the processes that result in their formation (<a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a>), <a href="/wiki/Transportation_(sediment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation (sediment)">transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">sedimentary rocks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_structures" title="Sedimentary structures">sedimentary structures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sedimentary rocks cover up to 75% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s surface, record much of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">Earth's history</a>, and harbor the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil record">fossil record</a>. Sedimentology is closely linked to <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphy</a>, the study of the physical and temporal relationships between rock layers or <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">premise</a> that the processes affecting the earth today are the same as in the past is the basis for determining how sedimentary features in the rock record were formed. By comparing similar features today to features in the rock record—for example, by comparing modern <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dunes</a> to dunes preserved in ancient <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian</a> sandstones—geologists reconstruct past environments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sedimentary_rock_types">Sedimentary rock types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sedimentary rock types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triassic_Utah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/220px-Triassic_Utah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/330px-Triassic_Utah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Triassic_Utah.JPG/440px-Triassic_Utah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Middle <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> marginal marine sequence of siltstones and sandstones, southwestern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are four primary types of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary rocks">sedimentary rocks</a>: clastics, carbonates, evaporites, and chemical. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic rocks">Clastic rocks</a> are composed of particles derived from the <a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">weathering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> of precursor rocks and consist primarily of fragmental material. Clastic rocks are classified according to their predominant <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">grain size</a> and their composition. In the past, the term "Clastic Sedimentary Rocks" were used to describe silica-rich clastic sedimentary rocks, however there have been cases of clastic carbonate rocks. The more appropriate term is <a href="/wiki/Siliciclastic" title="Siliciclastic">siliciclastic</a> sedimentary rocks. <ul><li>Organic sedimentary rocks are important deposits formed from the accumulation of biological detritus, and form <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> deposits, and are typically found within <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">basins</a> of clastic sedimentary rocks</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate rocks">Carbonates</a> are composed of various <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate minerals">carbonate minerals</a> (most often <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>)) precipitated by a variety of organic and inorganic processes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporites</a> are formed through the evaporation of water at the Earth's surface and most commonly include <a href="/wiki/Halite" title="Halite">halite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gypsum" title="Gypsum">gypsum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Chemical sedimentary rocks, including some carbonates, are deposited by precipitation of minerals from aqueous solution. These include <a href="/wiki/Jaspilite" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaspilite">jaspilite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_sedimentary_rocks">Importance of sedimentary rocks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Importance of sedimentary rocks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UraniumMineUtah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/220px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/330px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/UraniumMineUtah.JPG/440px-UraniumMineUtah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Steen#Mi_Vida" title="Charles Steen">Mi Vida uranium mine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">redox</a> mudstones near <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab, Utah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Sedimentary rocks provide a multitude of products which modern and ancient society has come to utilise. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">Art</a>: <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, although a <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">metamorphosed</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, is an example of the use of sedimentary rocks in the pursuit of aesthetics and art</li> <li>Architectural uses: stone derived from sedimentary rocks is used for <a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone" title="Dimension stone">dimension stone</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> (metamorphosed <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Roofing_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Roofing material">roofing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> for load-bearing <a href="/wiki/Buttress" title="Buttress">buttresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a> and industrial materials: <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramics</a> including <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">lime</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geology" title="Economic geology">Economic geology</a>: sedimentary rocks host large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_exhalative_deposits" title="Sedimentary exhalative deposits">SEDEX</a> ore deposits of <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>-<a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, deposits of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a>, and many other precious minerals, <a href="/wiki/Gemstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstones">gemstones</a> and industrial minerals including <a href="/wiki/Heavy_mineral_sands_ore_deposits" title="Heavy mineral sands ore deposits">heavy mineral sands ore deposits</a></li> <li>Energy: <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">petroleum geology</a> relies on the capacity of sedimentary rocks to generate deposits of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> are found in sedimentary rocks. A large proportion of the world's <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> energy resources are hosted within sedimentary successions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a>: sedimentary rocks contain a large proportion of the Earth's groundwater <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifers</a>. Our understanding of the extent of these aquifers and how much water can be withdrawn from them depends critically on our knowledge of the rocks that hold them (the reservoir).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Basic_principles">Basic principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Basic principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg/220px-HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg/330px-HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg/440px-HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Heavy minerals (dark) deposited in a <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> beach <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India).</figcaption></figure> <p>The aim of sedimentology, studying sediments, is to derive information on the depositional conditions which acted to deposit the rock unit, and the relation of the individual rock units in a basin into a coherent understanding of the evolution of the sedimentary sequences and basins, and thus, the Earth's geological history as a whole.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The scientific basis of this is the principle of uniformitarianism, which states that the sediments within ancient sedimentary rocks were deposited in the same way as sediments which are being deposited at the Earth's surface today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Sedimentological conditions are recorded within the sediments as they are laid down; the form of the sediments at present reflects the events of the past and all events which affect the sediments, from the source of the sedimentary material to the stresses enacted upon them after <a href="/wiki/Diagenesis" title="Diagenesis">diagenesis</a> are available for study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Law_of_superposition" title="Law of superposition">principle of superposition</a> is critical to the interpretation of sedimentary sequences, and in older metamorphic terrains or fold and thrust belts where sediments are often intensely <a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">folded</a> or deformed, recognising <a href="/wiki/Younging_direction" class="mw-redirect" title="Younging direction">younging</a> indicators or <a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a> is critical to interpretation of the sedimentary section and often the deformation and metamorphic structure of the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Folding in sediments is analysed with the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">principle of original horizontality</a>, which states that sediments are deposited at their angle of repose which, for most types of sediment, is essentially horizontal. Thus, when the younging direction is known, the rocks can be "unfolded" and interpreted according to the contained sedimentary information. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">principle of lateral continuity</a> states that layers of sediment initially extend laterally in all directions unless obstructed by a physical object or topography. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_cross-cutting_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of cross-cutting relationships">principle of cross-cutting relationships</a> states that whatever cuts across or intrudes into the layers of strata is younger than the layers of strata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodology">Methodology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methodology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MudcracksCentripetal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MudcracksCentripetal.JPG/220px-MudcracksCentripetal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MudcracksCentripetal.JPG/330px-MudcracksCentripetal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/MudcracksCentripetal.JPG/440px-MudcracksCentripetal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Centripetal desiccation cracks (with a <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> footprint in the center) in the Lower <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> Moenave Formation at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.</figcaption></figure> <p>The methods employed by sedimentologists to gather data and evidence on the nature and depositional conditions of sedimentary rocks include; </p> <ul><li>Measuring and describing the outcrop and distribution of the rock unit; <ul><li>Describing the <a href="/wiki/Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">rock formation</a>, a formal process of documenting thickness, lithology, outcrop, distribution, contact relationships to other formations</li> <li>Mapping the distribution of the rock unit, or units</li></ul></li> <li>Descriptions of rock core (drilled and extracted from wells during <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">hydrocarbon exploration</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_stratigraphy" title="Sequence stratigraphy">Sequence stratigraphy</a> <ul><li>Describes the progression of rock units within a basin</li></ul></li> <li>Describing the <a href="/wiki/Lithology" title="Lithology">lithology</a> of the rock; <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrology" title="Petrology">Petrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrography" title="Petrography">petrography</a>; particularly measurement of <a href="/wiki/Rock_microstructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock microstructure">texture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_size" title="Particle size">grain size</a>, grain shape (sphericity, rounding, etc.), sorting and composition of the sediment</li></ul></li> <li>Analysing the <a href="/wiki/Geochemistry" title="Geochemistry">geochemistry</a> of the rock <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_geochemistry" title="Isotope geochemistry">Isotope geochemistry</a>, including use of <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>, to determine the age of the rock, and its affinity to source regions</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The longstanding understanding of how some <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> form has been challenged by geologists at <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_(Bloomington)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indiana University (Bloomington)">Indiana University (Bloomington)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. The research, which appears in the December 14, 2007, edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>, counters the prevailing view of geologists that mud only settles when water is slow-moving or still, instead showing that "muds will accumulate even when currents move swiftly." The research shows that some mudstones may have formed in fast-moving waters: "Mudstones can be deposited under more energetic conditions than widely assumed, requiring a reappraisal of many geologic records."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macquaker and Bohacs, in reviewing the research of Schieber et al., state that "these results call for critical reappraisal of all mudstones previously interpreted as having been continuously deposited under still waters. Such rocks are widely used to infer past climates, ocean conditions, and orbital variations."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerable recent research into <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a> has been driven by the recent effort to commercially produce hydrocarbons from them as <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_%26_gas)_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir">unconventional</a> reservoirs, in both the <a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">shale gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a> (or Light Tight Oil) plays.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent research by an Australian sedimentologist, <a href="/wiki/Adriana_Dutkiewicz" title="Adriana Dutkiewicz">Dutkiewicz</a>, has described how geocirculation is related to global temperatures and climate change. The research described carbon and water circulation, and impacts of heat on current and future capacity of carbon capture by the ocean. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rocks" class="mw-redirect" title="Clastic rocks">Clastic rocks</a> – Sedimentary rocks made of mineral or rock fragments<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a> – Combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a> – Scientific study of Earth's physical composition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy_of_Mars" title="Mineralogy of Mars">Mineralogy of Mars</a> – Overview of the mineralogy of Mars</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a> – Organic-rich fine-grained sedimentary rock containing kerogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_genesis" title="Ore genesis">Ore genesis</a> – How the various types of mineral deposits form within the Earth's crust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock formation">Rock formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_stratigraphy" title="Sequence stratigraphy">Sequence stratigraphy</a> – Study and analysis of groups of sedimentary deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation-induced_sedimentary_structures" title="Vegetation-induced sedimentary structures">Vegetation-induced sedimentary structures</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Siever, <i>Sand</i>, Scientific American Library, New York (1988), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-5021-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-5021-X">0-7167-5021-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Millot, translated [from the French] by W.R. Farrand, Helene Paquet, <i>Geology Of Clays - Weathering, Sedimentology, Geochemistry</i> Springer Verlag, Berlin (1970), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-412-10050-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-412-10050-9">0-412-10050-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary Nichols, <i>Sedimentology & Stratigraphy</i>, Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-632-03578-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-632-03578-1">0-632-03578-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donald R. Prothero and Fred Schwab, <i> Sedimentary Geology: An Introduction to Sedimentary Rocks and Stratigraphy</i>, W. H. Freeman (1996), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9">0-7167-2726-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Cameron J. Tsujita, <i>Earth, An Introduction to Physical Geology</i>, National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-121724-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-121724-0">0-13-121724-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juergen Schieber, John Southard, and Kevin Thaisen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5857/1760">"Accretion of Mudstone Beds from Migrating Floccule Ripples,"</a> <i>Science</i>, 14 December 2007: 1760-1763.<br />See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physorg.com/news116777974.html">"As waters clear, scientists seek to end a muddy debate,"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/PhysOrg.com" class="mw-redirect" title="PhysOrg.com">PhysOrg.com</a></i> (accessed 27 December 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joe H. S. Macquaker and Kevin M. Bohacs, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/318/5857/1734">"Geology: On the Accumulation of Mud,"</a> <i>Science</i>, 14 December 2007: 1734-1735.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert G. Loucks, Robert M. Reed, Stephen C. Ruppel, and Daniel M. Jarvie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwgeochem.com/resources/Loucks+et+al+nanopore+paper.pdf">"Morphology, Genesis, and Distribution of Nanometer-Scale Pores in Siliceous Mudstones of the Mississippian Barnett Shale"</a>, Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2009, v. 79, 848-861.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samacharcentral.com/global-warming-speeds-up-currents-in-the-oceans-abyss/">"Global warming speeds up currents in the ocean's abyss"</a>. <i>Samachar Central</i>. 2022-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samachar+Central&rft.atitle=Global+warming+speeds+up+currents+in+the+ocean%27s+abyss&rft.date=2022-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamacharcentral.com%2Fglobal-warming-speeds-up-currents-in-the-oceans-abyss%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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