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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemistry_of_coalification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemistry_of_coalification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Chemistry of coalification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemistry_of_coalification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Macerals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Types </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Composition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Electricity_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Electricity generation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Coke </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_of_chemicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_of_chemicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Production of chemicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_of_chemicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquefaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquefaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Liquefaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquefaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gasification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gasification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Gasification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gasification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Coal industry </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coal_industry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Coal industry subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Coal_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_traded_commodity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_traded_commodity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 As a traded commodity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_traded_commodity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Market trends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_to_human_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_to_human_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Damage to human health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damage_to_human_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damage_to_the_environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damage_to_the_environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Damage to the environment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Damage_to_the_environment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Damage to the environment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Damage_to_the_environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_fires" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_fires"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Underground fires </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_fires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution_mitigation_and_carbon_capture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution_mitigation_and_carbon_capture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Pollution mitigation and carbon capture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pollution_mitigation_and_carbon_capture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pollution mitigation and carbon capture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pollution_mitigation_and_carbon_capture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precombustion_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precombustion_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Precombustion treatment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precombustion_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post_combustion_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post_combustion_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Post combustion approaches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post_combustion_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbon_capture_and_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbon_capture_and_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Carbon capture and storage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbon_capture_and_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Clean_coal"_and_"abated_coal"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Clean_coal"_and_"abated_coal""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 "Clean coal" and "abated coal" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Clean_coal"_and_"abated_coal"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Economics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsidies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsidies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Subsidies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsidies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stranded_assets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stranded_assets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Stranded assets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stranded_assets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cultural usage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Coal</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 127 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-127" aria-hidden="true" > 127 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Steenkool" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="فحم حجري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحم حجري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Ածուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2rbuni" title="Cârbuni – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Cârbuni" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কয়লা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কয়লা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illima" title="K'illima – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="K'illima" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kömür" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="কয়লা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কয়লা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_arang" title="Batu arang – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Batu arang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B4%CD%98-tho%C3%A0%E2%81%BF" title="Thô͘-thoàⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thô͘-thoàⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вугаль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вугаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Вугаль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вугаль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कोइला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B0" title="Въглища – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглища" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugalj" title="Ugalj – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugalj" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaou" title="Glaou – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glaou" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3" title="Carbó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carbó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80_%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%C4%95" title="Çĕр кăмрăкĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕр кăмрăкĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%AD" title="Uhlí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glo" title="Glo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kul_(bjergart)" title="Kul (bjergart) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kul (bjergart)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl" title="Kohl – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Kohl" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohle" title="Kohle – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohle" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%A9k%C7%AB%CA%BC" title="Tsékǫʼ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsékǫʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivis%C3%BCsi" title="Kivisüsi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kivisüsi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82_(%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%BF)" title="Γαιάνθρακας (καύσιμο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαιάνθρακας (καύσιμο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2%E1%B9%85" title="Carbòṅ – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Carbòṅ" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrikatz" title="Harrikatz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harrikatz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="زغال‌سنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زغال‌سنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charbon" title="Charbon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charbon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjarbon" title="Cjarbon – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjarbon" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gual" title="Gual – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gual" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gual" title="Gual – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gual" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B2i-than" title="Mòi-than – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mòi-than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%ED%83%84" title="석탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Ածուխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोयला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोयला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_bara" title="Batu bara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu bara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Æвзалы – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9D" title="פחם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areng_watu" title="Areng watu – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Areng watu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ნახშირი (წიაღისეული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირი (წიაღისეული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D9%95%D9%86%D8%A0" title="ژٕنؠ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ژٕنؠ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80" title="Көмір – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көмір" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makaa_mawe" title="Makaa mawe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makaa mawe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chabon" title="Chabon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chabon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Көмүр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХъуручӀ – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="ХъуручӀ" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%96%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%99" title="ຖ່ານຫີນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຖ່ານຫີນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbo" title="Carbo – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbo" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akme%C5%86ogles" title="Akmeņogles – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akmeņogles" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akmens_anglis" title="Akmens anglis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akmens anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjteekoal" title="Sjteekoal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjteekoal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbun" title="Carbun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carbun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%91sz%C3%A9n" title="Kőszén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kőszén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Јаглен – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглен" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arintany" title="Arintany – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Arintany" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="കൽക്കരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൽക്കരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कोळसा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कोळसा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arang_batu" title="Arang batu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Arang batu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81" title="Нүүрс – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ကျောက်မီးသွေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျောက်မီးသွေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teconalli" title="Teconalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Teconalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steenkool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="कोइला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोइला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="ह्यंग्वा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ह्यंग्वा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%82%AD" title="石炭 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石炭" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Kööl – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kull" title="Kull – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kull" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%CA%BBmir" title="Koʻmir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koʻmir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕੋਲਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کوئلا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوئلا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ډبرين سکاره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډبرين سکاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gle_kopalne" title="Węgle kopalne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgle kopalne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carv%C3%A3o_mineral" title="Carvão mineral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carvão mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83rbune" title="Cărbune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cărbune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsa" title="K'illimsa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Угля – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Угля" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ископаемый уголь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ископаемый уголь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%85" title="Таас чох – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Таас чох" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qymyri" title="Qymyri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qymyri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravuni" title="Cravuni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cravuni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal" title="Coal – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coal" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhlie" title="Uhlie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premog" title="Premog – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Premog" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuxul_Dhagax" title="Dhuxul Dhagax – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Dhuxul Dhagax" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="خەڵووز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵووز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%99" title="Угаљ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угаљ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljen" title="Ugljen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batubara" title="Batubara – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Batubara" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivihiili" title="Kivihiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivihiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol_(br%C3%A4nsle)" title="Kol (bränsle) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol (bränsle)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_(bato)" title="Karbon (bato) – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon (bato)" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF" title="நிலக்கரி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலக்கரி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81" title="బొగ్గు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బొగ్గు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ถ่านหิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ถ่านหิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82" title="Ангишт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ангишт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%27ose" title="Ho'ose – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ho'ose" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kömür" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Вугілля – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вугілля" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84%DB%81" title="کوئلہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوئلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than_%C4%91%C3%A1" title="Than đá – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Than đá" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coal_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coal (disambiguation)">Coal (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Coal</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: #cddeff"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedimentary">Sedimentary rock</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bituminous_Coal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bituminous_Coal.JPG/258px-Bituminous_Coal.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bituminous_Coal.JPG/387px-Bituminous_Coal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bituminous_Coal.JPG/516px-Bituminous_Coal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3072" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a>, the most common <a href="/wiki/Coal_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal grade">coal grade</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed">Composition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Secondary</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Coal" title="Category:Coal">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Sub-bituminus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sub-bituminus.jpg/100px-Sub-bituminus.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sub-bituminus.jpg/150px-Sub-bituminus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sub-bituminus.jpg/200px-Sub-bituminus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="430" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Economic use</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.75em;padding-right:0.75em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">Coal combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">Coal gas</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal in</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Canada" title="Coal in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Europe" title="Coal in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Poland" title="Coal in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_South_Africa" title="Coal in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Ukraine" title="Coal in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_Chile" title="Coal mining in Chile">in Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">in the UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_States" title="Coal mining in the United States">in the USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Coal-mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">in the USA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">Coal preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">Coal tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke (fuel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Externalities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">Coal mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">Coal refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">Coal slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues" title="Environmental issues">Environmental problems involving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">human health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_petroleum_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the petroleum industry">the petroleum industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrosulfuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_baron" title="Coal baron">Coal baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_oil" title="Coal oil">Coal oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">Coal phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">Coal pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">Coal-seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_lobby" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy lobby">Energy lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_coal" title="War on coal">War on coal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal_sidebar" title="Template:Coal sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal_sidebar" title="Template talk:Coal sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Coal is a <a href="/wiki/Combustible" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustible">combustible</a> black or brownish-black <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>, formed as <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">rock strata</a> called <a href="/wiki/Coal_seams" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seams">coal seams</a>. Coal is mostly <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> with variable amounts of other <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">elements</a>, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Coal is a type of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a>, formed when dead <a href="/wiki/Plant_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant matter">plant matter</a> decays into <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a> which is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over millions of years.<a href="#cite_note-EIA_Coal_Explained-2">[2]</a> Vast deposits of coal originate in former <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> called <a href="/wiki/Coal_forest" title="Coal forest">coal forests</a> that covered much of the Earth's tropical land areas during the late <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> times.<a href="#cite_note-ClealThomas2005-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-SahneyBentonFerry2010RainforestCollapse-4">[4]</a> Coal is used primarily as a fuel. While coal has been known and used for thousands of years, its usage was limited until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>. With the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a>, coal consumption increased.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2020, coal supplied about a quarter of the world's <a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">primary energy</a> and over a third of its <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEAstats2-6">[6]</a> Some <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>-making and other industrial processes burn coal. The extraction and burning of coal <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the coal industry">damages the environment</a>, causing premature death and illness,<a href="#cite_note-Heal-7">[7]</a> and it is the largest <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthropogenic" class="extiw" title="wikt:anthropogenic">anthropogenic</a> source of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> contributing to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Fourteen billion tonnes of carbon dioxide were emitted by burning coal in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-cebf-8">[8]</a> which is 40% of total fossil fuel emissions<a href="#cite_note-phys2018-9">[9]</a> and over 25% of total global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> As part of worldwide <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">energy transition</a>, many countries have <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">reduced or eliminated their use of coal power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Secretary_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Secretary General">United Nations Secretary General</a> asked governments to stop building new <a href="/wiki/Coal_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal plants">coal plants</a> by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Global coal use was 8.3 billion tonnes in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-record_levels-14">[14]</a> and is set to remain at record levels in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-iea-15">[15]</a> To meet the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> target of keeping <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> below 2 °C (3.6 °F) <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">coal use needs to halve</a> from 2020 to 2030,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> and "phasing down" coal was agreed upon in the <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Climate_Pact" title="Glasgow Climate Pact">Glasgow Climate Pact</a>. The largest consumer and importer of coal in 2020 was <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">China</a>, which accounts for almost half the world's annual coal production, followed by <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">India</a> with about a tenth. <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Indonesia#Coal" title="Energy in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Australia" title="Coal in Australia">Australia</a> export the most, followed by <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Russia" title="Coal in Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overland-2023-18">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> The word originally took the form col in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>, from reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> *kula(n), from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *g(e)u-lo- "live coal".<a href="#cite_note-etym-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a> cognates include the <a href="/wiki/Old_Frisian" title="Old Frisian">Old Frisian</a> kole, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> cole, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> kool, <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> chol, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> Kohle and <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> kol. <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> gual is also a cognate via the Indo-European root.<a href="#cite_note-etym-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_of_coal">Formation of coal</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg/220px-Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg/330px-Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg/440px-Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Example chemical structure of coal</figcaption></figure> The conversion of dead vegetation into coal is called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coalification" class="extiw" title="wikt:coalification">coalification</a>. At various times in the geologic past, the Earth had dense forests<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> in low-lying areas. In these wetlands, the process of coalification began when dead plant matter was protected from <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a>, usually by mud or acidic water, and was converted into <a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">peat</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Peat_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Peat bog">peat bogs</a>, which trapped immense amounts of carbon, were eventually deeply buried by sediments. Then, over millions of years, the heat and pressure of deep burial caused the loss of water, methane and carbon dioxide and increased the proportion of carbon.<a href="#cite_note-BGS-21">[21]</a> The grade of coal produced depended on the maximum pressure and temperature reached, with <a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">lignite</a> (also called "brown coal") produced under relatively mild conditions, and <a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">sub-bituminous coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite coal</a> (also called "hard coal" or "black coal") produced in turn with increasing temperature and pressure.<a href="#cite_note-EIA_Coal_Explained-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Of the factors involved in coalification, temperature is much more important than either pressure or time of burial.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Subbituminous coal can form at temperatures as low as 35 to 80 °C (95 to 176 °F) while anthracite requires a temperature of at least 180 to 245 °C (356 to 473 °F).<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Although coal is known from most geologic <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">periods</a>, 90% of all coal beds were deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> and <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> periods.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Paradoxically, this was during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Late Paleozoic icehouse</a>, a time of global <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">glaciation</a>. However, the drop in global sea level accompanying the glaciation exposed <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> that had previously been submerged, and to these were added wide <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">river deltas</a> produced by increased <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a> due to the drop in <a href="/wiki/Base_level" title="Base level">base level</a>. These widespread areas of wetlands provided ideal conditions for coal formation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGhee201888–92-26">[26]</a> The rapid formation of coal ended with the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event#Coal_Gap" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">coal gap</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, where coal is rare.<a href="#cite_note-Retallack1996-27">[27]</a> Favorable geography alone does not explain the extensive Carboniferous coal beds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGhee201899-28">[28]</a> Other factors contributing to rapid coal deposition were high <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> levels, above 30%, that promoted intense <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a> and formation of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> that was all but indigestible by decomposing organisms; high <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> levels that promoted plant growth; and the nature of Carboniferous forests, which included <a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">lycophyte</a> trees whose <a href="/wiki/Determinate_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Determinate growth">determinate growth</a> meant that carbon was not tied up in <a href="/wiki/Heartwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartwood">heartwood</a> of living trees for long periods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGhee201898–102-29">[29]</a> One theory suggested that about 360 million years ago, some plants evolved the ability to produce <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a>, a complex polymer that made their <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> stems much harder and more woody. The ability to produce lignin led to the evolution of the first <a href="/wiki/Trees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trees">trees</a>. But bacteria and fungi did not immediately evolve the ability to decompose lignin, so the wood did not fully decay but became buried under sediment, eventually turning into coal. About 300 million years ago, mushrooms and other fungi developed this ability, ending the main coal-formation period of earth's history.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Although some authors pointed at some evidence of lignin degradation during the Carboniferous, and suggested that climatic and tectonic factors were a more plausible explanation,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> reconstruction of ancestral enzymes by phylogenetic analysis corroborated a hypothesis that lignin degrading enzymes appeared in fungi approximately 200 MYa.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> One likely tectonic factor was the <a href="/wiki/Central_Pangean_Mountains" title="Central Pangean Mountains">Central Pangean Mountains</a>, an enormous range running along the equator that reached its greatest elevation near this time. Climate modeling suggests that the Central Pangean Mountains contributed to the deposition of vast quantities of coal in the late Carboniferous. The mountains created an area of year-round heavy precipitation, with no dry season typical of a <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> climate. This is necessary for the preservation of peat in coal swamps.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Coal is known from <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> strata, which predate land plants. This coal is presumed to have originated from residues of algae.<a href="#cite_note-Tyler1957-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mancuso1981-37">[37]</a> Sometimes coal seams (also known as coal beds) are interbedded with other sediments in a <a href="/wiki/Cyclothem" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclothem">cyclothem</a>. Cyclothems are thought to have their origin in <a href="/wiki/Glacial_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial cycle">glacial cycles</a> that produced fluctuations in <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>, which alternately exposed and then flooded large areas of continental shelf.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry_of_coalification">Chemistry of coalification</h3></div> The woody tissue of plants is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Modern peat is mostly lignin, with a content of cellulose and hemicellulose ranging from 5% to 40%. Various other organic compounds, such as waxes and nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, are also present.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Lignin has a weight composition of about 54% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 30% oxygen, while cellulose has a weight composition of about 44% carbon, 6% hydrogen, and 49% oxygen. Bituminous coal has a composition of about 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.<a href="#cite_note-Perry-40">[40]</a> The low oxygen content of coal shows that coalification removed most of the oxygen and much of the hydrogen a process called carbonization.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Carbonization proceeds primarily by <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">decarboxylation</a>, and demethanation. Dehydration removes water molecules from the maturing coal via reactions such as<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-etal-1992-42">[42]</a> <dl><dd>2 R–OH → R–O–R + H2O</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Decarboxylation" title="Decarboxylation">Decarboxylation</a> removes carbon dioxide from the maturing coal:<a href="#cite_note-hatcher-etal-1992-42">[42]</a> <dl><dd>RCOOH → RH + CO2</dd></dl> while demethanation proceeds by reaction such as <dl><dd>2 R-CH3 → R-CH2-R + CH4</dd> <dd>R-CH2-CH2-CH2-R → R-CH=CH-R + CH4</dd></dl> In these formulas, R represents the remainder of a cellulose or lignin molecule to which the reacting groups are attached. Dehydration and decarboxylation take place early in coalification, while demethanation begins only after the coal has already reached bituminous rank.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The effect of decarboxylation is to reduce the percentage of oxygen, while demethanation reduces the percentage of hydrogen. Dehydration does both, and (together with demethanation) reduces the saturation of the carbon backbone (increasing the number of double bonds between carbon). As carbonization proceeds, <a href="/wiki/Aliphatic_compound" title="Aliphatic compound">aliphatic compounds</a> convert to <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_compound" title="Aromatic compound">aromatic compounds</a>. Similarly, aromatic rings fuse into <a href="/wiki/Polyaromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyaromatic">polyaromatic</a> compounds (linked rings of carbon atoms).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The structure increasingly resembles <a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">graphene</a>, the structural element of graphite. Chemical changes are accompanied by physical changes, such as decrease in average pore size.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macerals">Macerals</h3></div> Macerals are coalified plant parts that retain the morphology and some properties of the original plant. In many coals, individual macerals can be identified visually. Some macerals include:<a href="#cite_note-KO-46">[46]</a> <ul><li>vitrinite, derived from woody parts</li> <li>lipinite, derived from spores and algae</li> <li>inertite, derived from woody parts that had been burnt in prehistoric times</li> <li>huminite, a precursor to vitrinite.</li></ul> In coalification huminite is replaced by vitreous (shiny) vitrinite.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Maturation of bituminous coal is characterized by bitumenization, in which part of the coal is converted to <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>, a hydrocarbon-rich gel.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Maturation to anthracite is characterized by debitumenization (from demethanation) and the increasing tendency of the anthracite to break with a <a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">conchoidal fracture</a>, similar to the way thick glass breaks.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG/220px-Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG/330px-Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG/440px-Sydney_Mines_Point_Aconi_Seam_038.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>Coastal exposure of the Point Aconi Seam in <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_Rank_USGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_Rank_USGS.png/300px-Coal_Rank_USGS.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_Rank_USGS.png/450px-Coal_Rank_USGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_Rank_USGS.png/600px-Coal_Rank_USGS.png 2x" data-file-width="2132" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>Coal ranking system used by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></figcaption></figure> As geological processes apply <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> to dead <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic material</a> over time, under suitable conditions, its <a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_grade" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphic grade">metamorphic grade</a> or rank increases successively into: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a>, a precursor of coal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a>, or brown coal, the lowest rank of coal, most harmful to health when burned,<a href="#cite_note-Heal-7">[7]</a> used almost exclusively as fuel for electric power generation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a>, whose properties range between those of lignite and those of bituminous coal, is used primarily as fuel for steam-electric power generation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a>, a dense sedimentary rock, usually black, but sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material. It is used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation and to make <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a>. Known as steam coal in the UK, and historically used to raise steam in steam locomotives and ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite coal</a>, the highest rank of coal, is a harder, glossy black coal used primarily for residential and commercial <a href="/wiki/Space_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Space heating">space heating</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a>, a difficult to ignite coal which is mostly used in pencils, or powdered for <a href="/wiki/Lubrication" title="Lubrication">lubrication</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannel_coal" title="Cannel coal">Cannel coal</a> (sometimes called "candle coal"), a variety of fine-grained, high-rank coal with significant hydrogen content, which consists primarily of <a href="/wiki/Liptinite" title="Liptinite">liptinite</a>. It is related to boghead coal.</li></ul> There are several international standards for coal.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The classification of coal is generally based on the content of <a href="/wiki/Coal_volatiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal volatiles">volatiles</a>. However the most important distinction is between thermal coal (also known as steam coal), which is burnt to generate electricity via steam; and <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">metallurgical coal</a> (also known as coking coal), which is burnt at high temperature to make <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hilt%27s_law" title="Hilt's law">Hilt's law</a> is a geological observation that (within a small area) the deeper the coal is found, the higher its rank (or grade). It applies if the thermal gradient is entirely vertical; however, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphism" title="Metamorphism">metamorphism</a> may cause lateral changes of rank, irrespective of depth. For example, some of the coal seams of the <a href="/wiki/Madrid,_New_Mexico" title="Madrid, New Mexico">Madrid, New Mexico</a> coal field were partially converted to anthracite by <a href="/wiki/Contact_metamorphism" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact metamorphism">contact metamorphism</a> from an igneous <a href="/wiki/Sill_(geology)" title="Sill (geology)">sill</a> while the remainder of the seams remained as bituminous coal.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiangong_Kaiwu_Coal_Mining.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Tiangong_Kaiwu_Coal_Mining.gif/170px-Tiangong_Kaiwu_Coal_Mining.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Tiangong_Kaiwu_Coal_Mining.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Chinese coal miners in an illustration of the Tiangong Kaiwu encyclopedia, published in 1637</figcaption></figure> The earliest recognized use is from the <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> area of China where by 4000 BC <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> inhabitants had begun carving ornaments from black lignite.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Coal from the <a href="/wiki/Fushun" title="Fushun">Fushun</a> mine in northeastern China was used to smelt <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> as early as 1000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, the Italian who traveled to China in the 13th century, described coal as "black stones ... which burn like logs", and said coal was so plentiful, people could take three hot baths a week.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In Europe, the earliest reference to the use of coal as fuel is from the geological treatise On Stones (Lap. 16) by the Greek scientist <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> (c. 371–287 BC):<a href="#cite_note-Mattusch-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Among the materials that are dug because they are useful, those known as anthrakes [coals] are made of earth, and, once set on fire, they burn like charcoal [anthrakes]. They are found in Liguria ... and in Elis as one approaches Olympia by the mountain road; and they are used by those who work in metals.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Theophrastus, On Stones (16) <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">Outcrop</a> coal was used in Britain during the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> (3000–2000 BC), where it formed part of <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britannicacoal-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>, with the exception of two modern fields, "the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Roman_Britain" title="Mining in Roman Britain">Romans</a> were exploiting coals in all the major coalfields in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> by the end of the second century AD".<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_322–324-60">[60]</a> Evidence of trade in coal, dated to about AD 200, has been found at the <a href="/wiki/Heronbridge_Roman_Site" title="Heronbridge Roman Site">Roman settlement at Heronbridge</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a>; and in the <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fenlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/East_Anglia" title="East Anglia">East Anglia</a>, where coal from the <a href="/wiki/English_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="English Midlands">Midlands</a> was transported via the <a href="/wiki/Car_Dyke" title="Car Dyke">Car Dyke</a> for use in drying grain.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Coal cinders have been found in the hearths of <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">villas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_forts" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman forts">Roman forts</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, dated to around AD 400. In the west of England, contemporary writers described the wonder of a permanent brazier of coal on the altar of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aquae_Sulis" title="Aquae Sulis">Aquae Sulis</a> (modern day <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a>), although in fact easily accessible surface coal from what became the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset coalfield">Somerset coalfield</a> was in common use in quite lowly dwellings locally.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Evidence of coal's use for <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>-working in the city during the Roman period has been found.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Eschweiler" title="Eschweiler">Eschweiler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, deposits of <a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">bituminous coal</a> were used by the Romans for the smelting of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith_1997,_322–324-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face,_Britain,_1942_D8263.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face%2C_Britain%2C_1942_D8263.jpg/220px-Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face%2C_Britain%2C_1942_D8263.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face%2C_Britain%2C_1942_D8263.jpg/330px-Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face%2C_Britain%2C_1942_D8263.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face%2C_Britain%2C_1942_D8263.jpg/440px-Men_of_the_Mine-_Life_at_the_Coal_Face%2C_Britain%2C_1942_D8263.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Coal miner in Britain, 1942</figcaption></figure> No evidence exists of coal being of great importance in Britain before about AD 1000, the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCC-64">[64]</a> Coal came to be referred to as "seacoal" in the 13th century; the wharf where the material arrived in London was known as Seacoal Lane, so identified in a charter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a> granted in 1253.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Initially, the name was given because much coal was found on the shore, having fallen from the exposed coal seams on cliffs above or washed out of underwater coal outcrops,<a href="#cite_note-TCC-64">[64]</a> but by the time of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, it was understood to derive from the way it was carried to London by sea.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1257–1259, coal from <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> was shipped to London for the <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">smiths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>-burners building <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TCC-64">[64]</a> Seacoal Lane and Newcastle Lane, where coal was unloaded at wharves along the <a href="/wiki/River_Fleet" title="River Fleet">River Fleet</a>, still exist.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> These easily accessible sources had largely become exhausted (or could not meet the growing demand) by the 13th century, when underground extraction by <a href="/wiki/Shaft_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaft mining">shaft mining</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adit" title="Adit">adits</a> was developed.<a href="#cite_note-Britannicacoal-58">[58]</a> The alternative name was "pitcoal", because it came from mines. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_(135852999).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135852999%29.jpg/220px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135852999%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135852999%29.jpg/330px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135852999%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135852999%29.jpg/440px-The_Harmsworth_atlas_and_Gazetter_1908_%28135852999%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6371" data-file-height="9573" /></a><figcaption>Coal production of the world in 1908 as presented by The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter</figcaption></figure> Cooking and home heating with coal (in addition to firewood or instead of it) has been done in various times and places throughout human history, especially in times and places where ground-surface coal was available and firewood was scarce, but a widespread reliance on coal for home hearths probably never existed until such a switch in fuels happened in London in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2020-68">[68]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Goodman_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Goodman (historian)">Ruth Goodman</a> has traced the socioeconomic effects of that switch and its later spread throughout Britain<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2020-68">[68]</a> and suggested that its importance in shaping the industrial adoption of coal has been previously underappreciated.<a href="#cite_note-Goodman-2020-68">[68]</a>: xiv–xix  The development of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> led to the large-scale use of coal, as the <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engine</a> took over from the <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">water wheel</a>. In 1700, five-sixths of the world's coal was mined in Britain. Britain would have run out of suitable sites for watermills by the 1830s if coal had not been available as a source of energy.<a href="#cite_note-Wrigley-69">[69]</a> In 1947 there were some 750,000 miners in Britain,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-70">[70]</a> but the last deep coal mine in the UK closed in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> A grade between bituminous coal and anthracite was once known as "steam coal" as it was widely used as a fuel for <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>. In this specialized use, it is sometimes known as "sea coal" in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Small "steam coal", also called dry small steam nuts (DSSN), was used as a fuel for domestic <a href="/wiki/Water_heating" title="Water heating">water heating</a>. Coal played an important role in industry in the 19th and 20th century. The predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, was based on the trading of this commodity.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Coal continues to arrive on beaches around the world from both natural erosion of exposed coal seams and windswept spills from cargo ships. Many homes in such areas gather this coal as a significant, and sometimes primary, source of home heating fuel.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2></div> Coal consists mainly of a black mixture of diverse organic compounds and polymers. Of course, several kinds of coals exist, with variable dark colors and variable compositions. Young coals (brown coal, lignite) are not black. The two main black coals are bituminous, which is more abundant, and anthracite. The % carbon in coal follows the order anthracite > bituminous > lignite > brown coal. The fuel value of coal varies in the same order. Some anthracite deposits contain pure carbon in the form of <a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>. For bituminous coal, the elemental composition on a dry, ash-free basis of 84.4% carbon, 5.4% hydrogen, 6.7% oxygen, 1.7% nitrogen, and 1.8% sulfur, on a weight basis.<a href="#cite_note-Perry-40">[40]</a> This composition reflects partly the composition of the precursor plants. The second main fraction of coal is ash, an undesirable, noncombustable mixture of inorganic minerals. The composition of ash is often discussed in terms of oxides obtained after combustion in air: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ash composition, weight percent </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>SiO2</td> <td>20–40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Al2O3</td> <td>10–35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe2O3</td> <td>5–35 </td></tr> <tr> <td>CaO</td> <td>1–20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MgO</td> <td>0.3–4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">TiO2</td> <td>0.5–2.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na2O & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K2O</td> <td>1–4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO3</td> <td>0.1–12<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Of particular interest is the sulfur content of coal, which can vary from less than 1% to as much as 4%. Most of the sulfur and most of the nitrogen is incorporated into the organic fraction in the form of <a href="/wiki/Organosulfur_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Organosulfur compound">organosulfur compounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterocycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterocycle">organonitrogen compounds</a>. This sulfur and nitrogen are <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond" title="Covalent bond">strongly bound</a> within the hydrocarbon matrix. These elements are released as SO2 and NOx upon combustion. They cannot be removed, economically at least, otherwise. Some coals contain inorganic sulfur, mainly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Iron_pyrite" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron pyrite">iron pyrite</a> (FeS2). Being a dense mineral, it can be removed from coal by mechanical means, e.g. by <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a>. Some sulfate occurs in coal, especially weathered samples. It is not volatilized and can be removed by washing.<a href="#cite_note-KO-46">[46]</a> Minor components include: <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Average content </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Substance</th> <th>Content </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury</a> (Hg) </td> <td align="right">0.10±0.01 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a><a href="#cite_note-lab_hg-76">[76]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> (As) </td> <td align="right">1.4–71 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a><a href="#cite_note-usgs_fs2005-77">[77]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> (Se) </td> <td align="right">3 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a><a href="#cite_note-acs_env-78">[78]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> As minerals, Hg, As, and Se are not problematic to the environment, especially since they are only trace components. They become however mobile (volatile or water-soluble) when these minerals are combusted. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> Most coal is used as fuel. 27.6% of world energy was supplied by coal in 2017 and Asia used almost three-quarters of it.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Other large-scale applications also exist. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of coal is roughly 24 <a href="/wiki/Megajoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Megajoule">megajoules</a> per kilogram<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> (approximately 6.7 <a href="/wiki/Kilowatt-hours" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilowatt-hours">kilowatt-hours</a> per kg). For a coal power plant with a 40% efficiency, it takes an estimated 325 kg (717 lb) of coal to power a 100 W lightbulb for one year.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_generation">Electricity generation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">Coal-fired power station</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Gate_Power_Plant,_Utah_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg/220px-Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg/330px-Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg/440px-Castle_Gate_Power_Plant%2C_Utah_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2293" data-file-height="1439" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_Gate_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Gate Power Plant">Castle Gate Power Plant</a> near Helper, Utah, US</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg/220px-Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg/330px-Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg/440px-Ashtabulacoalcars_e2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Coal rail cars</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_(winter_2017).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg/220px-Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg/330px-Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg/440px-Komatsu_bulldozer_pushing_coal_in_Power_plant_Ljubljana_%28winter_2017%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4296" data-file-height="2352" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulldozer" title="Bulldozer">Bulldozer</a> pushing coal in <a href="/wiki/Ljubljana_Power_Station" title="Ljubljana Power Station">Ljubljana Power Station</a>, Slovenia</figcaption></figure> In 2022, 68% of global coal use was used for electricity generation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a>: 11  Coal burnt in <a href="/wiki/List_of_coal_power_stations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of coal power stations">coal power stations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generate electricity</a> is called thermal coal. It is usually pulverized and then burned in a furnace with a <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-World_Coal-83">[83]</a> The furnace heat converts boiler water to <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, which is then used to spin <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> which turn <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">generators</a> and create electricity.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamic_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermodynamic efficiency">thermodynamic efficiency</a> of this process varies between about 25% and 50% depending on the pre-combustion treatment, turbine technology (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_steam_generator" title="Supercritical steam generator">supercritical steam generator</a>) and the age of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> A few <a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">integrated gasification combined cycle</a> (IGCC) power plants have been built, which burn coal more efficiently. Instead of pulverizing the coal and burning it directly as fuel in the steam-generating boiler, the <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal is gasified</a> to create <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>, which is burned in a <a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">gas turbine</a> to produce electricity (just like natural gas is burned in a turbine). Hot exhaust gases from the turbine are used to raise steam in a <a href="/wiki/Heat_recovery_steam_generator" title="Heat recovery steam generator">heat recovery steam generator</a> which powers a supplemental <a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">steam turbine</a>. The overall plant efficiency when used to provide <a href="/wiki/Combined_heat_and_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined heat and power">combined heat and power</a> can reach as much as 94%.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> IGCC power plants emit less local pollution than conventional pulverized coal-fueled plants. Other ways to use coal are as <a href="/wiki/Coal-water_slurry_fuel" title="Coal-water slurry fuel">coal-water slurry fuel</a> (CWS), which was developed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_generator" title="Magnetohydrodynamic generator">an MHD topping cycle</a>. However these are not widely used due to lack of profit. In 2017 38% of the world's electricity came from coal, the same percentage as 30 years previously.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2018 global installed capacity was 2<a href="/wiki/Terawatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Terawatt">TW</a> (of which 1TW is in China) which was 30% of total electricity generation capacity.<a href="#cite_note-Cornot-Gandolfe_2018-89">[89]</a> The most dependent major country is South Africa, with over 80% of its electricity generated by coal;<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but China alone generates more than half of the world's coal-generated electricity.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Efforts around the world to reduce the use of coal have led some regions to switch to natural gas and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. In 2018 coal-fired power station <a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">capacity factor</a> averaged 51%, that is they operated for about half their available operating hours.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coke">Coke</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke (fuel)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg/220px-Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg/330px-Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg/440px-Coke_Ovens_Abercwmboi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3039" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Coke oven at a <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_fuel" title="Smokeless fuel">smokeless fuel</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, United Kingdom</figcaption></figure> Coke is a solid carbonaceous residue that is used in manufacturing steel and other iron-containing products.<a href="#cite_note-World_Coal_Steel-93">[93]</a> Coke is made when <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">metallurgical coal</a> (also known as coking coal) is baked in an oven without oxygen at temperatures as high as 1,000 °C, driving off the volatile constituents and fusing together the fixed carbon and residual ash. Metallurgical coke is used as a fuel and as a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agent</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> iron ore in a <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The carbon monoxide produced by its combustion reduces <a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">hematite</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>) to iron. <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 Fe2O3 + 6 CO → 4 Fe + 6 CO2</dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">Pig iron</a>, which is too rich in dissolved carbon, is also produced. The coke must be <a href="/wiki/Coke_strength_after_reaction" title="Coke strength after reaction">strong enough</a> to resist the weight of overburden in the blast furnace, which is why coking coal is so important in making steel using the conventional route. Coke from coal is grey, hard, and porous and has a heating value of 29.6 MJ/kg. Some coke-making processes produce byproducts, including <a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">coal tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, light oils, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">coal gas</a>. <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_coke" title="Petroleum coke">Petroleum coke</a> (petcoke) is the solid residue obtained in <a href="/wiki/Oil_refining" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil refining">oil refining</a>, which resembles coke but contains too many impurities to be useful in metallurgical applications. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_of_chemicals">Production of chemicals</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg/300px-Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg/450px-Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg/600px-Coal_to_chemicals_routes_diagram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Production of chemicals from coal</figcaption></figure> Chemicals have been produced from coal since the 1950s. Coal can be used as a feedstock in the production of a wide range of chemical fertilizers and other chemical products. The main route to these products was <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>. Primary chemicals that are produced directly from the syngas include <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, which are the chemical building blocks from which a whole spectrum of derivative chemicals are manufactured, including <a href="/wiki/Olefins" class="mw-redirect" title="Olefins">olefins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, and others. The versatility of <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a> as a precursor to primary chemicals and high-value derivative products provides the option of using coal to produce a wide range of commodities. In the 21st century, however, the use of <a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane" title="Coalbed methane">coal bed methane</a> is becoming more important.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Because the slate of chemical products that can be made via coal gasification can in general also use feedstocks derived from <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, the chemical industry tends to use whatever feedstocks are most cost-effective. Therefore, interest in using coal tended to increase for higher oil and natural gas prices and during periods of high global economic growth that might have strained oil and gas production. Coal to chemical processes require substantial quantities of water.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Much coal to chemical production is in China<a href="#cite_note-OILDRUM9371-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-ICIS022712-98">[98]</a> where coal dependent provinces such as <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> are struggling to control its pollution.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquefaction">Liquefaction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">Coal liquefaction</a></div> Coal can be converted directly into <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuels</a> equivalent to gasoline or diesel by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogenation" title="Hydrogenation">hydrogenation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbonization" title="Carbonization">carbonization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Coal liquefaction emits more carbon dioxide than liquid fuel production from <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>. Mixing in biomass and using <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">carbon capture and storage</a> (CCS) would emit slightly less than the oil process but at a high cost.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> State owned <a href="/wiki/China_Energy_Investment" title="China Energy Investment">China Energy Investment</a> runs a coal liquefaction plant and plans to build 2 more.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Coal liquefaction may also refer to the cargo hazard when shipping coal.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gasification">Gasification</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">Coal gasification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification" title="Underground coal gasification">Underground coal gasification</a></div> Coal gasification, as part of an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_gasification_combined_cycle" title="Integrated gasification combined cycle">integrated gasification combined cycle</a> (IGCC) coal-fired power station, is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Syngas" title="Syngas">syngas</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> (CO) and hydrogen (H2) gas to fire gas turbines to produce electricity. Syngas can also be converted into transportation fuels, such as <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a>; alternatively, syngas can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, which can be blended into fuel directly or converted to gasoline via the methanol to gasoline process.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Gasification combined with Fischer–Tropsch technology was used by the <a href="/wiki/Sasol" title="Sasol">Sasol</a> chemical company of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to make chemicals and motor vehicle fuels from coal.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> During gasification, the coal is mixed with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> while also being heated and pressurized. During the reaction, oxygen and water molecules <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidize</a> the coal into carbon monoxide (CO), while also releasing <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas (H2). This used to be done in underground coal mines, and also to make <a href="/wiki/Town_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Town gas">town gas</a>, which was piped to customers to burn for illumination, heating, and cooking. <dl><dd>3C (as Coal) + O2 + H2O → H2 + 3CO</dd></dl> If the refiner wants to produce gasoline, the syngas is routed into a Fischer–Tropsch reaction. This is known as indirect coal liquefaction. If hydrogen is the desired end-product, however, the syngas is fed into the <a href="/wiki/Water_gas_shift_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Water gas shift reaction">water gas shift reaction</a>, where more hydrogen is liberated: <dl><dd>CO + H2O → CO2 + H2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coal_industry">Coal industry</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main pages: <a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_companies" title="Category:Coal companies">Category:Coal companies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal by country">Coal by country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry in China">Coal industry in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry in Pakistan">Coal industry in Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry in India">Coal industry in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_companies_of_Australia" title="Coal companies of Australia">Coal companies of Australia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg/220px-Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg/330px-Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg/440px-Miners_at_the_Virginia-Pocahontas_Coal_Company_Mine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Coal miners in the <a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a> region in 1974</figcaption></figure> About 8,000 Mt of coal are produced annually, about 90% of which is hard coal and 10% lignite. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal&action=edit">[update]</a> just over half is from underground mines.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The coal <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining industry">mining industry</a> employs almost 2.7 million workers.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> More accidents occur during underground mining than surface mining. Not all countries publish <a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">mining accident</a> statistics so worldwide figures are uncertain, but it is thought that most deaths occur in <a href="/wiki/List_of_coal_mining_accidents_in_China" title="List of coal mining accidents in China">coal mining accidents in China</a>: in 2017 there were 375 coal mining related deaths in China.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Most coal mined is thermal coal (also called steam coal as it is used to make steam to generate electricity) but metallurgical coal (also called "metcoal" or "coking coal" as it is used to make coke to make iron) accounts for 10% to 15% of global coal use.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_traded_commodity">As a traded commodity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Art_work_of_Toledo,_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_(page_125)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Art_work_of_Toledo%2C_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_0a107364e8d8eb430ebc183d28c46463_%28page_125%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5659" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Extensive coal docks seen in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, 1895</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">China mines</a> almost half the world's coal, followed by <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_India" title="Coal in India">India</a> with about a tenth.<a href="#cite_note-BPReview2016-110">[110]</a> At 471 Mt and a 34% share of global exports, Indonesia was the largest exporter by volume in 2022, followed by Australia with 344 Mt and Russia with 224 Mt.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[111]</a> Other major exporters of coal are the United States, South Africa, Colombia, and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a>: 118  In 2022, China, India, and Japan were the biggest importers of coal, importing 301, 228, and 184 Mt respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a>: 117  Russia is increasingly orienting its coal exports from Europe to Asia as Europe transitions to renewable energy and subjects Russia to sanctions over its invasion of Ukraine.<a href="#cite_note-Overland-2023-18">[18]</a> The price of metallurgical coal is volatile<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> and much higher than the price of thermal coal because metallurgical coal must be lower in sulfur and requires more cleaning.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Coal futures contracts provide coal producers and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">electric power industry</a> an important tool for <a href="/wiki/Hedge_(finance)" title="Hedge (finance)">hedging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>. In some countries, new onshore <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> generation already costs less than coal power from existing plants.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> However, for China this is forecast for the early 2020s<a href="#cite_note-CarbTrk2018-116">[116]</a> and for southeast Asia not until the late 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In India, building new plants is uneconomic and, despite being subsidized, existing plants are losing market share to renewables.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In many countries in the Global North, there is a move away from the use of coal and former mine sites are being used as a tourist attraction.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Market_trends">Market trends</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">List of countries by coal production</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_production_by_region,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_production_by_region%2C_OWID.svg/400px-Coal_production_by_region%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_production_by_region%2C_OWID.svg/600px-Coal_production_by_region%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_production_by_region%2C_OWID.svg/800px-Coal_production_by_region%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Coal production by region</figcaption></figure> In 2022, China used 4520 Mt of coal, comprising more than half of global coal consumption. India, the European Union, and the United States, were the next largest consumers of coal, using 1162, 461, and 455 Mt respectively.<a href="#cite_note-:0-82">[82]</a>: 114  Over the past decade, China has almost always accounted for the lion's share of the global growth in coal demand.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Therefore, international market trends depend on <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Chinese energy policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IEA2018-121">[121]</a> Although the government effort to reduce air pollution in China means that the global long-term trend is to burn less coal, the short and medium term trends may differ, in part due to Chinese financing of new coal-fired power plants in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-Cornot-Gandolfe_2018-89">[89]</a> Preliminary analysis by <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> (IEA) indicates that global coal exports reached an all-time high in 2023. Through to 2026, the IEA expects global coal trade to decline by about 12%, driven by growing domestic production in coal-intensive economies such as China and India and <a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">coal phase-out</a> plans elsewhere, such as in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[111]</a> While thermal coal exports are expected to decline by about 16% by 2026, exports of metallurgical coal are expected to slightly increase by almost 2%.<a href="#cite_note-:1-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damage_to_human_health">Damage to human health</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Death_rates,_by_energy_source.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/220px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/330px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg/440px-2021_Death_rates%2C_by_energy_source.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Deaths caused as a result of fossil fuel use, especially coal (areas of rectangles in chart) greatly exceed those resulting from production of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> (rectangles barely visible in chart).<a href="#cite_note-OWID_SafestEnergy_2021-122">[122]</a></figcaption></figure> The use of coal as fuel causes health problems and deaths.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The mining and processing of coal causes air and water pollution.<a href="#cite_note-Hendryx-2020-124">[124]</a> Coal-powered plants emit nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulate pollution, and heavy metals, which adversely affect human health.<a href="#cite_note-Hendryx-2020-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coalbed_methane_extraction" title="Coalbed methane extraction">Coal bed methane extraction</a> is important to avoid mining accidents. The deadly <a href="/wiki/Pea_soup_fog#London" title="Pea soup fog">London smog</a> was caused primarily by the heavy use of coal. Globally coal is estimated to cause 800,000 premature deaths every year,<a href="#cite_note-Endcoal_health-125">[125]</a> mostly in India<a href="#cite_note-Economist2018-126">[126]</a> and China.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Burning coal is a major contributor to <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> emissions, which creates PM2.5 <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulates</a>, the most dangerous form of air pollution.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Coal smokestack emissions cause <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strokes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strokes">strokes</a>, reduced <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a> blockages, <a href="/wiki/Heart_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attacks">heart attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmias" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmias">cardiac arrhythmias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_poisoning" title="Mercury poisoning">mercury poisoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stenosis" title="Stenosis">arterial occlusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lung_cancer" title="Lung cancer">lung cancer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-psr_coal-damages-health-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Annual health costs in Europe from use of coal to generate electricity are estimated at up to €43 billion.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In China, early deaths due to air pollution coal plants have been estimated at 200 per GW-year, however they may be higher around power plants where scrubbers are not used or lower if they are far from cities.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> Improvements to China's air quality and human health would grow with more stringent climate policies, mainly because the country's energy is so heavily reliant on coal. And there would be a net economic benefit.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A 2017 study in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Journal">Economic Journal</a> found that for Britain during the period 1851–1860, "a one standard deviation increase in coal use raised infant mortality by 6–8% and that industrial coal use explains roughly one-third of the urban mortality penalty observed during this period."<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Breathing in <a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">coal dust</a> causes <a href="/wiki/Coalworker%27s_pneumoconiosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalworker's pneumoconiosis">coalworker's pneumoconiosis</a> or "black lung", so called because the coal dust literally turns the lungs black.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> In the US alone, it is estimated that 1,500 former employees of the coal industry die every year from the effects of breathing in coal mine dust.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Huge amounts of coal ash and other waste is produced annually. Use of coal generates hundreds of millions of tons of ash and other waste products every year. These include <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bottom_ash" title="Bottom ash">bottom ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a> sludge, that contain <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, along with non-metals such as <a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Around 10% of coal is ash.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal ash">Coal ash</a> is hazardous and toxic to human beings and some other living things.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Coal ash contains the radioactive elements <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>. Coal ash and other solid combustion byproducts are stored locally and escape in various ways that expose those living near <a href="/wiki/Coal_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal plants">coal plants</a> to radiation and environmental toxics.<a href="#cite_note-sa-coal-ash-more-rdactiv-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Damage_to_the_environment">Damage to the environment</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of the coal industry">Environmental impact of the coal industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_ash_slide_site_Dec_23_2008_TVA.gov_123002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photograph of the site of the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant" title="Kingston Fossil Plant">Kingston Fossil Plant</a> coal fly ash slurry spill taken the day after <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">the event</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_wastes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal combustion wastes">coal combustion wastes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> are causing major environmental damage.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Water systems are affected by coal mining.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> For example, the mining of coal affects <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">water table</a> levels and acidity. Spills of fly ash, such as the <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Fossil_Plant_coal_fly_ash_slurry_spill" title="Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill">Kingston Fossil Plant coal fly ash slurry spill</a>, can also contaminate land and waterways, and destroy homes. Power stations that burn coal also consume large quantities of water. This can affect the flows of rivers, and has consequential impacts on other land uses. In areas of <a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">water scarcity</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thar_Desert" title="Thar Desert">Thar Desert</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, coal mining and coal power plants contribute to the depletion of water resources.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> One of the earliest known impacts of coal on the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> was <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>. In 2014, approximately 100 <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_magnitude_(mass)#106_to_1011_kg" title="Orders of magnitude (mass)">Tg</a>/S of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> (SO2) was released, over half of which was from burning coal.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> After release, the sulfur dioxide is oxidized to H2SO4 which scatters solar radiation, hence its increase in the atmosphere exerts a cooling effect on the climate. This beneficially masks some of the warming caused by increased greenhouse gases. However, the sulfur is precipitated out of the atmosphere as acid rain in a matter of weeks,<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> whereas carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere for hundreds of years. Release of SO2 also contributes to the widespread acidification of ecosystems.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Disused coal mines can also cause issues. Subsidence can occur above tunnels, causing damage to infrastructure or cropland. Coal mining can also cause long lasting fires, and it has been estimated that thousands of <a href="/wiki/Coal_seam_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal seam fire">coal seam fires</a> are burning at any given time.<a href="#cite_note-Deep_underground-150">[150]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Brennender_Berg" title="Brennender Berg">Brennender Berg</a> has been burning since 1668, and is still burning in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-mineralienatlas-151">[151]</a> The production of coke from coal produces ammonia, coal tar, and gaseous compounds as byproducts which if discharged to land, air or waterways can pollute the environment.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Whyalla_steelworks" class="mw-redirect" title="Whyalla steelworks">Whyalla steelworks</a> is one example of a coke producing facility where liquid ammonia was discharged to the marine environment.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/330px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/495px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg/660px-1979-_Radiative_forcing_-_climate_change_-_global_warming_-_EPA_NOAA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption> The warming influence (called <a href="/wiki/Radiative_forcing" title="Radiative forcing">radiative forcing</a>) of long-lived greenhouse gases has nearly doubled in 40 years, with carbon dioxide being the dominant driver of global warming.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA_AGGI_2023-154">[154]</a></figcaption></figure> The largest and most long-term effect of coal use is the release of carbon dioxide, a <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> that causes <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Coal-fired power plants were the single largest contributor to the growth in global CO2 emissions in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-Gençsü_2019,_p._8-155">[155]</a> 40% of the total fossil fuel emissions,<a href="#cite_note-phys2018-9">[9]</a> and more than a quarter of total emissions.<a href="#cite_note-cebf-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[note 1]</a> Coal mining can emit methane, another greenhouse gas.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In 2016 world gross <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_emissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dioxide emissions">carbon dioxide emissions</a> from coal usage were 14.5 gigatonnes.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> For every megawatt-hour generated, coal-fired electric power generation emits around a tonne of carbon dioxide, which is double the approximately 500 kg of carbon dioxide released by a <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>-fired electric plant.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> The emission intensity of coal varies with type and generator technology and exceeds 1200 g per kWh in some countries.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> In 2013, the head of the UN climate agency advised that most of the world's coal reserves should be left in the ground to avoid catastrophic global warming.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> To keep global warming below 1.5 °C or 2 °C hundreds, or possibly thousands, of coal-fired power plants will need to be retired early.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_fires">Underground fires</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">Coal-seam fire</a></div> Thousands of coal fires are burning around the world.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> Those burning underground can be difficult to locate and many cannot be extinguished. Fires can cause the ground above to subside, their combustion gases are dangerous to life, and breaking out to the surface can initiate surface <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>. Coal seams can be set on fire by <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">spontaneous combustion</a> or contact with a <a href="/wiki/Mine_fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine fire">mine fire</a> or surface fire. Lightning strikes are an important source of ignition. The coal continues to burn slowly back into the seam until oxygen (air) can no longer reach the flame front. A grass fire in a coal area can set dozens of coal seams on fire.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> Coal fires in China burn an estimated 120 million tons of coal a year, emitting 360 million metric tons of CO2, amounting to 2–3% of the annual worldwide production of CO2 from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pollution_mitigation_and_carbon_capture">Pollution mitigation and carbon capture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_(7315637538)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_%287315637538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_%287315637538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_%287315637538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_%287315637538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_%287315637538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Figure_1-_Sample_Layout_of_Emissions_Controls_at_a_Coal_Power_Plant_%287315637538%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Emissions controls at a <a href="/wiki/Coal_fired_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal fired power plant">coal fired power plant</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">Coal pollution mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a></div> Systems and technologies exist to mitigate the <a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">health and environmental impact of burning coal</a> for energy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precombustion_treatment">Precombustion treatment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></div> Refined coal is the product of a coal-upgrading technology that removes moisture and certain pollutants from lower-rank coals such as sub-bituminous and lignite (brown) coals. It is one form of several precombustion treatments and processes for coal that alter coal's characteristics before it is burned. <a href="/wiki/Thermal_efficiency" title="Thermal efficiency">Thermal efficiency</a> improvements are achievable by improved pre-drying (especially relevant with high-moisture fuel such as lignite or biomass).<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> The goals of precombustion coal technologies are to increase efficiency and reduce emissions when the coal is burned. Precombustion technology can sometimes be used as a supplement to postcombustion technologies to control emissions from coal-fueled boilers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post_combustion_approaches">Post combustion approaches</h3></div> Post combustion approaches to mitigate pollution include <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">flue-gas desulfurization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction" title="Selective catalytic reduction">selective catalytic reduction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitators" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic precipitators">electrostatic precipitators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">fly ash</a> reduction. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon_capture_and_storage">Carbon capture and storage</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage" title="Carbon capture and storage">Carbon capture and storage</a> (CCS) can be used to capture carbon dioxide from the <a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">flue gas</a> of coal power plants and bury it securely in an underground reservoir. Between 1972 and 2017, plans were made to add CCS to enough coal and gas power plants to sequester 161 million tonnes of CO 2 per year, but by 2021 98% of these plans had failed.<a href="#cite_note-:23-170">[169]</a> Cost, the absence of measures to address long-term liability for stored CO2, and limited social acceptability have all contributed to project cancellations.<a href="#cite_note-:122-171">[170]</a>: 133  As of 2024, CCS is in operation at only four coal power plants and one gas power plant worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-:21-172">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Clean_coal"_and_"abated_coal"">"Clean coal" and "abated coal"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acce-clean-coal-carolers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of seven lumps of coal in Christmas-themed attire, standing in an open doorway with songbooks, singing. A banner says "The Clean Coal Carolers"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Acce-clean-coal-carolers.jpg/220px-Acce-clean-coal-carolers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Acce-clean-coal-carolers.jpg/330px-Acce-clean-coal-carolers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/42/Acce-clean-coal-carolers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Coal industry groups promote the idea of "clean coal". In one video by the <a href="/wiki/American_Coalition_for_Clean_Coal_Electricity" title="American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity">American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity</a>, coal lumps are portrayed as characters singing carols with names like "Frosty the Coalman."<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></figcaption></figure> Since the mid-1980s, the term "clean coal" has been widely used with various meanings.<a href="#cite_note-:02-174">[173]</a> Initially, "clean coal technology" referred to scrubbers and catalytic converters that reduced the pollutants that cause acid rain. The scope then expanded to include reduction of other pollutants such as mercury.<a href="#cite_note-:02-174">[173]</a> Recently, the term has come to encompass the use of CCS to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG).<a href="#cite_note-:02-174">[173]</a> In political discourse, the phrase "clean coal" is sometimes used to suggest that coal itself can be clean.<a href="#cite_note-:02-174">[173]</a> This suggestion is false: Technologies to mitigate emissions are implemented in the plants where coal is processed and burned, but coal as a product is intrinsically dirty.<a href="#cite_note-:02-174">[173]</a> In discussions on greenhouse gas emissions, another common term is "abatement" of coal use. In the <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2023 United Nations Climate Change Conference</a>, an agreement was reached to phase down unabated coal use.<a href="#cite_note-:6-175">[174]</a> Since the term abated was not defined, the agreement was criticized for being open to abuse.<a href="#cite_note-:6-175">[174]</a> Without a clear definition, is possible for fossil fuel use to be called "abated" if it uses CCS only in a minimal fashion, such as capturing only 30% of the emissions from a plant.<a href="#cite_note-:6-175">[174]</a> The IPCC considers fossil fuels to be unabated if they are "produced and used without interventions that substantially reduce the amount of GHG emitted throughout the life-cycle; for example, capturing 90% or more from power plants."<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-177">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2></div> In 2018 US$80 billion was invested in coal supply but almost all for sustaining production levels rather than opening new mines.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> In the long term coal and oil could cost the world trillions of dollars per year.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> Coal alone may cost Australia billions,<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> whereas costs to some smaller companies or cities could be on the scale of millions of dollars.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> The economies most damaged by coal (via climate change) may be India and the US as they are the countries with the highest <a href="/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon" title="Social cost of carbon">social cost of carbon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Bank loans to finance coal are a risk to the Indian economy.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2018-126">[126]</a> China is the largest producer of coal in the world. It is the world's largest energy consumer, and <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">coal in China</a> supplies 60% of its primary energy. However two fifths of China's coal power stations are estimated to be loss-making.<a href="#cite_note-CarbTrk2018-116">[116]</a> Air pollution from coal storage and handling costs the US almost 200 dollars for every extra ton stored, due to PM2.5.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Coal pollution costs the €43 billion each year.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> Measures to cut air pollution benefit individuals financially and the economies of countries<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> such as China.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsidies">Subsidies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_subsidies" title="Fossil fuel subsidies">Fossil fuel subsidies</a></div> Subsidies for coal in 2021 have been estimated at US$19 billion, not including electricity subsidies, and are expected to rise in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> As of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal&action=edit">[update]</a> <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> countries provide at least US$63.9 billion<a href="#cite_note-Gençsü_2019,_p._8-155">[155]</a> of government support per year for the production of coal, including coal-fired power: many subsidies are impossible to quantify<a href="#cite_note-ClimateTransparency2019-190">[189]</a> but they include US$27.6 billion in domestic and international public finance, US$15.4 billion in fiscal support, and US$20.9 billion in state-owned enterprise (SOE) investments per year.<a href="#cite_note-Gençsü_2019,_p._8-155">[155]</a> In the EU state aid to new coal-fired plants is banned from 2020, and to existing coal-fired plants from 2025.<a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> As of 2018, government funding for new coal power plants was supplied by <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_China" title="Export–Import Bank of China">Exim Bank of China</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Urgewald_2018-192">[191]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Bank_for_International_Cooperation" title="Japan Bank for International Cooperation">Japan Bank for International Cooperation</a> and Indian public sector banks.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Kazakhstan#Coal" title="Energy in Kazakhstan">Coal in Kazakhstan</a> was the main recipient of coal consumption subsidies totalling US$2 billion in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey#Subsidies" title="Coal in Turkey">Coal in Turkey</a> benefited from substantial subsidies in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stranded_assets">Stranded assets</h3></div> Some coal-fired power stations could become <a href="/wiki/Stranded_assets" class="mw-redirect" title="Stranded assets">stranded assets</a>, for example <a href="/wiki/China_Energy_Investment" title="China Energy Investment">China Energy Investment</a>, the world's largest power company, risks losing half its capital.<a href="#cite_note-CarbTrk2018-116">[116]</a> However, state-owned electricity utilities such as <a href="/wiki/Eskom" title="Eskom">Eskom</a> in South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">Perusahaan Listrik Negara</a> in Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Energy" title="Sarawak Energy">Sarawak Energy</a> in Malaysia, <a href="/wiki/Taipower" class="mw-redirect" title="Taipower">Taipower</a> in Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/EGAT" class="mw-redirect" title="EGAT">EGAT</a> in Thailand, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Electricity" title="Vietnam Electricity">Vietnam Electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/E%C3%9CA%C5%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="EÜAŞ">EÜAŞ</a> in Turkey are building or planning new plants.<a href="#cite_note-Urgewald_2018b-196">[195]</a> As of 2021 this may be helping to cause a <a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">carbon bubble</a> which could cause financial instability if it bursts.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_climate_change" title="Politics of climate change">Politics of climate change</a></div> Countries building or financing new coal-fired power stations, such as China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, Turkey and Bangladesh, face mounting international criticism for obstructing the aims of the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cornot-Gandolfe_2018-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> In 2019, the Pacific Island nations (in particular <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>) criticized Australia for failing to cut their emissions at a faster rate than they were, citing concerns about coastal inundation and erosion.<a href="#cite_note-Guardian2018-202">[201]</a> In May 2021, the G7 members agreed to end new direct government support for international coal power generation.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_(25563929593).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_%2825563929593%29.jpg/220px-Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_%2825563929593%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_%2825563929593%29.jpg/330px-Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_%2825563929593%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_%2825563929593%29.jpg/440px-Coral_not_coal_protest_at_India_Finance_Minister_Arun_Jaitley_Visit_to_Australia_%2825563929593%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Protesting against damage to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">climate change in Australia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_usage">Cultural usage</h2></div> Coal is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_minerals,_rocks,_stones_and_gemstones" title="List of U.S. state minerals, rocks, stones and gemstones">official state mineral</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> and the official state rock of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> These <a href="/wiki/US_states" class="mw-redirect" title="US states">US states</a> have a historic link to coal mining. Some cultures hold that children who misbehave will receive only a lump of coal from <a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a> for Christmas in their <a href="/wiki/Christmas_stocking" title="Christmas stocking">stockings</a> instead of presents. It is also customary and considered lucky in Scotland to give coal as a gift on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>. This occurs as part of <a href="/wiki/First-footing" class="mw-redirect" title="First-footing">first-footing</a> and represents warmth for the year to come.<a href="#cite_note-Scotsman-207">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/28px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/42px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/56px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_energy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/29px-Crystal_energy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/44px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg/59px-Crystal_energy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="124" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Energy" title="Portal:Energy">Energy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">Biochar</a> – Lightweight black residue, made of carbon and ashes, after pyrolysis of biomass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbochemistry" title="Carbochemistry">Carbochemistry</a> – Branch of chemistry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_analysis" title="Coal analysis">Coal analysis</a> – Measurement of properties of coal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_blending" title="Coal blending">Coal blending</a> – Mixing of mined coal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">Coal homogenization</a> – Process of mixing coal to reduce variance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_measures" title="Coal measures">Coal measures</a> (stratigraphic unit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluidized_bed_combustion" title="Fluidized bed combustion">Fluidized bed combustion</a> – Technology used to burn solid fuels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a> – Gradual reduction of the use and production of fossil fuels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyttja" title="Gyttja">Gytta</a> – type of fine grained sedimentary mudPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Coal-mining region</a> – Basin with coal deposits</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountaintop_removal_mining" title="Mountaintop removal mining">Mountaintop removal mining</a> – Type of surface mining</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcoal" title="Subcoal">Subcoal</a> – Coal substitute made from recycled waste</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coal_Question" title="The Coal Question">The Coal Question</a> – Book by William Stanley Jevons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonstein" title="Tonstein">Tonstein</a> – Type of sedimentary rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FutureCoal" title="FutureCoal">FutureCoal</a> – international non-profit, non-governmental association based in London representing the global coal industryPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89pinac_coal_mine" title="Épinac coal mine">Épinac coal mine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> 14.4 gigatonnes coal/50 gigatonnes total </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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A History of Roman Britain. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280138-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280138-8"><bdi>978-0-19-280138-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Roman+Britain&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280138-8&rft.aulast=Salway&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Forbes, RJ (1966): Studies in Ancient Technology. 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London: John Murray. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5288-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5288-5"><bdi>978-0-7195-5288-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=London+Under+London%3A+A+Subterranean+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5288-5&rft.aulast=Trench&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Hillman%2C+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman-2020-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-2020_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-2020_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-2020_68-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman2020" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Goodman_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruth Goodman (historian)">Goodman, Ruth</a> (2020), The Domestic Revolution: How the Introduction of Coal Into Victorian Homes Changed Everything, Liveright, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1631497636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1631497636"><bdi>978-1631497636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Domestic+Revolution%3A+How+the+Introduction+of+Coal+Into+Victorian+Homes+Changed+Everything&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1631497636&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wrigley-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Wrigley_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrigley1990" class="citation book cs1">Wrigley, EA (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0521396573">Continuity, Chance and Change: The Character of the Industrial Revolution in England</a>. 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BBC News. 6 December 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306015837/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/551544.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+fall+of+King+Coal&rft.date=1999-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F551544.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-35803048">"UK's last deep coal mine Kellingley Colliery capped off"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 14 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=UK%27s+last+deep+coal+mine+Kellingley+Colliery+capped+off&rft.date=2016-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-york-north-yorkshire-35803048&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Funk_and_Wagnalls" class="mw-redirect" title="Funk and Wagnalls">Funk and Wagnalls</a>, quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"sea-coal". <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (2 ed.). 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Retrieved 25 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alaska+Public+Media&rft.atitle=Cost+of+Cold%3A+Staying+warm+in+Homer&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Bolton&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Homer%2C+KBBI-&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskapublic.org%2F2018%2F03%2F22%2Fcost-of-cold-staying-warm-in-homer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Combines with other oxides to make sulfates. </li> <li id="cite_note-lab_hg-76"><a href="#cite_ref-lab_hg_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYa._E._Yudovich,_M.P._Ketris2010" class="citation web cs1">Ya. E. Yudovich, M.P. 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Renewables Now. 19 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deal+reached+on+EU+energy+market+design%2C+incl+end+of+coal+subsidies+License%3A+CC0+Creative+Commons&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frenewablesnow.com%2Fnews%2Fdeal-reached-on-eu-energy-market-design-incl-end-of-coal-subsidies-637143%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Urgewald_2018-192"><a href="#cite_ref-Urgewald_2018_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coalexit.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/Regional%20Briefings%20CPDL_10-04-2018_final.pdf">"Regional Briefings for the 2018 Coal Plant Developers List"</a> (PDF). Urgewald. 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The Guardian. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Richest+nations+agree+to+end+support+for+coal+production+overseas&rft.date=2021-05-21&rft.aulast=Fiona&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fmay%2F21%2Frichest-nations-agree-to-end-support-for-coal-production-overseas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527221124/http://www.sos.ky.gov/kids/all/symbols/mineral.htm">"Kentucky: Secretary of State – State Mineral"</a>. 20 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sos.ky.gov/kids/all/symbols/mineral.htm">the original</a> on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kentucky%3A+Secretary+of+State+%E2%80%93+State+Mineral&rft.date=2009-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsos.ky.gov%2Fkids%2Fall%2Fsymbols%2Fmineral.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pioneer.utah.gov/research/utah_symbols/rock.html">"Utah State Rock – Coal"</a>. Pioneer: Utah's Online Library. Utah State Library Division. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111002183417/http://pioneer.utah.gov/research/utah_symbols/rock.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pioneer%3A+Utah%27s+Online+Library&rft.atitle=Utah+State+Rock+%E2%80%93+Coal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpioneer.utah.gov%2Fresearch%2Futah_symbols%2Frock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wvgs.wvnet.edu/www/faq/faq.htm">"WVGES Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. www.wvgs.wvnet.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wvgs.wvnet.edu&rft.atitle=WVGES+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvgs.wvnet.edu%2Fwww%2Ffaq%2Ffaq.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotsman-207"><a href="#cite_ref-Scotsman_207-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack2022" class="citation web cs1">Jack, Lauren (20 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/heritage-and-retro/heritage/what-is-first-footing-where-the-scottish-hogmanay-tradition-comes-from-and-common-first-footing-gifts-3960956">"What is First Footing? Where the Scottish Hogmanay tradition comes from and common first footing gifts"</a>. scotsman.com. National World Publishing, LTD. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scotsman.com&rft.atitle=What+is+First+Footing%3F+Where+the+Scottish+Hogmanay+tradition+comes+from+and+common+first+footing+gifts&rft.date=2022-12-20&rft.aulast=Jack&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fheritage-and-retro%2Fheritage%2Fwhat-is-first-footing-where-the-scottish-hogmanay-tradition-comes-from-and-common-first-footing-gifts-3960956&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreese2003" class="citation book cs1">Freese, Barbara (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coalhumanhistory00free_0">Coal: A Human History</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0400-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7382-0400-0"><bdi>978-0-7382-0400-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51449422">51449422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coal%3A+A+Human+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51449422&rft.isbn=978-0-7382-0400-0&rft.aulast=Freese&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoalhumanhistory00free_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurber2019" class="citation book cs1">Thurber, Mark (2019). Coal. Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1509514014" title="Special:BookSources/978-1509514014"><bdi>978-1509514014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coal&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1509514014&rft.aulast=Thurber&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxman2022" class="citation book cs1">Paxman, Jeremy (2022). Black Gold : The History of How Coal Made Britain. William Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780008128364" title="Special:BookSources/9780008128364"><bdi>9780008128364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Gold+%3A+The+History+of+How+Coal+Made+Britain.&rft.pub=William+Collins&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780008128364&rft.aulast=Paxman&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology">Historical Geology</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Historical_Geology/Peat_and_coal" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Historical Geology/Peat and coal">Peat and coal</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:High School Earth Science">High School Earth Science</a> has a page on the topic of: <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/High_School_Earth_Science/Nonrenewable_Energy_Resources#Coal" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:High School Earth Science/Nonrenewable Energy Resources">Coal</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Coal" class="extiw" title="commons:Coal">Coal</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/coal" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/coal">coal</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coaltransitions.org/">Coal Transitions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iea.org/fuels-and-technologies/coal">Coal – International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coalexit.org/">CoalExit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euracoal.eu/">European Association for Coal and Lignite</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcoal.com/">Coal news and industry magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalenergymonitor.org/projects/global-coal-plant-tracker/">Global Coal Plant Tracker</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energyandcleanair.org/">Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Coal">"Coal" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 574–93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coal&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E574-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Coal">"Coal" </a>. <a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coal&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Collier%27s_New_Encyclopedia_(1921)/Coal">"Coal" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Collier%27s_Encyclopedia" title="Collier's Encyclopedia">Collier's New Encyclopedia</a>. 1921.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Coal&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+New+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoal" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coal199" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coal" title="Template:Coal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coal" title="Template talk:Coal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coal199" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal types by grade (lowest to highest)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylit" title="Xylit">Xylit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-bituminous_coal" title="Sub-bituminous coal">Sub-bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_coal" title="Bituminous coal">Bituminous coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">Graphite</a>1</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coal_anthracite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/80px-Coal_anthracite.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/120px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coal_anthracite.jpg/160px-Coal_anthracite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="337" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal combustion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash_pond" title="Ash pond">Ash pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_brown_cloud" title="Asian brown cloud">Asian brown cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_coal_equivalent" title="Black coal equivalent">Black coal equivalent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Char_(chemistry)" title="Char (chemistry)">Char</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_combustion_products" title="Coal combustion products">combustion products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-fired_power_station" title="Coal-fired power station">fired power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_phase-out" title="Coal phase-out">phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_pollution_mitigation" title="Coal pollution mitigation">pollution mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_China" title="Coal power in China">power in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_power_in_the_United_States" title="Coal power in the United States">power in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_preparation_plant" title="Coal preparation plant">preparation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-seam_fire" title="Coal-seam fire">seam fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_tar" title="Coal tar">tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">Coking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_value_of_coal" title="Energy value of coal">Energy value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flue_gas" title="Flue gas">Flue gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly ash">Fly ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Smog_of_London" title="Great Smog of London">Great Smog of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">Greenhouse gas emissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_coal" title="Metallurgical coal">Metallurgical coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smog" title="Smog">Smog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_heavy_metal" title="Toxic heavy metal">Toxic heavy metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackdamp" title="Blackdamp">Blackdamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_lung_disease" title="Black lung disease">Black lung disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_dust" title="Coal dust">Coal dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coalfields" title="List of coalfields">Coalfields</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_gas" title="Coal gas">gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_homogenization" title="Coal homogenization">homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">liquefaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining_disasters_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Coal mining disasters in the United States">mining disasters in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">mining region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_refuse" title="Coal refuse">refuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_slurry" title="Coal slurry">slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_town" title="Coal town">town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental issues in Appalachia">Environmental issues in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_justice_and_coal_mining_in_Appalachia" title="Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia">Environmental justice and coal mining in Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">Firedamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_environmental_impact_of_the_coal_industry" title="Health and environmental impact of the coal industry">Health and environmental impact of the coal industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_effects_of_coal_ash" title="Health effects of coal ash">Health effects of coal ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coal_mining" title="History of coal mining">History of coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal-mining_region" title="Coal-mining region">Mining regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outburst_(mining)" title="Outburst (mining)">Outbursts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problems_in_coal_mining" title="Problems in coal mining">Problems in coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refined_coal" title="Refined coal">Refined coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitedamp" title="Whitedamp">Whitedamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Note: [1] Peat is considered a precursor to coal. Graphite is only technically considered a coal type.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_energy_rankings450" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Energy_country_lists" title="Template:Energy country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Energy_country_lists" title="Template talk:Energy country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Energy_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Energy country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_energy_rankings450" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fossil Fuel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_by_country" title="Oil by country">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Usage and pricing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_by_country" title="Natural gas by country">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_recoverable_shale_gas" title="List of countries by recoverable shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracking_by_country" title="Fracking by country">Fracking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_reserves" title="List of countries by coal reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_production" title="List of countries by coal production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_exports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by coal exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_coal_imports" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by coal imports">Imports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uranium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium by country">All</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_production" title="List of countries by uranium production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_uranium_reserves" title="List of countries by uranium reserves">Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thorium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_thorium_resources" title="List of countries by thorium resources">Reserves</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_renewable_electricity_production" title="List of countries by renewable electricity production">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity#Hydro_power_by_country" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_by_country" title="Wind power by country">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_by_country#Global_use_figures" title="Solar power by country">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power#Utility-grade_stations" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_by_country" title="Electricity by country">Electricity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_production" title="List of countries by electricity production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_electricity_consumption" title="List of countries by electricity consumption">Consumption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Total energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_and_production" title="List of countries by energy consumption and production">Consumption and production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by energy consumption per capita">per capita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_energy_intensity" title="List of countries by energy intensity">Intensity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_exporters" title="Fossil fuel exporters">Summary of top fossil fuel exporters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electricity_delivery729" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electricity_delivery" title="Template talk:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity_delivery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electricity delivery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electricity_delivery729" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electricity_delivery" title="Electricity delivery">Electricity delivery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_generation_control" title="Automatic generation control">Automatic generation control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backfeeding" title="Backfeeding">Backfeeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Base_load" title="Base load">Base load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demand_factor" title="Demand factor">Demand factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droop_speed_control" title="Droop speed control">Droop speed control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">Electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_quality" title="Electric power quality">Electric power quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_fault" title="Electrical fault">Electrical fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_demand_management" title="Energy demand management">Energy demand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_code" title="Grid code">Grid code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_energy_storage" title="Grid energy storage">Grid energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Grid strength">Grid strength</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_energy_storage" title="Home energy storage">Home energy storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load-following_power_plant" title="Load-following power plant">Load-following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_order" title="Merit order">Merit order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate_capacity" title="Nameplate capacity">Nameplate capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_demand" title="Peak demand">Peak demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor" title="Power factor">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power-flow_study" title="Power-flow study">Power-flow study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repowering" title="Repowering">Repowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_frequency" title="Utility frequency">Utility frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_renewable_energy" title="Variable renewable energy">Variability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-to-grid" title="Vehicle-to-grid">Vehicle-to-grid</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Abspannportal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt"><img alt="Portal pylons of Kriftel substation near Frankfurt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/120px-Abspannportal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/180px-Abspannportal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Abspannportal.jpg/240px-Abspannportal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_station" title="Fossil fuel power station">Fossil fuel power station</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_current_power" title="Marine current power">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic_power" title="Osmotic power">Osmotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_power" title="Wave power">Wave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_biofuel" title="Sustainable biofuel">Sustainable biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Power_station_technology" title="Category:Power station technology">Generation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AC_power" title="AC power">AC power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cogeneration" title="Cogeneration">Cogeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_generator" title="Induction generator">Induction generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">Micro CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microgeneration" title="Microgeneration">Microgeneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankine_cycle" title="Rankine cycle">Rankine cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-phase_electric_power" title="Three-phase electric power">Three-phase electric power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_power_plant" title="Virtual power plant">Virtual power plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Transmission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">distribution</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand_response" title="Demand response">Demand response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_generation" title="Distributed generation">Distributed generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_demand_(electric_power)" title="Dynamic demand (electric power)">Dynamic demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_distribution" title="Electric power distribution">Electric power distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_system" title="Electric power system">Electric power system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_transmission" title="Electric power transmission">Electric power transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_busbar_system" title="Electrical busbar system">Electrical busbar system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">Electrical grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_substation" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical substation">Electrical substation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_retailing" title="Electricity retailing">Electricity retailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_direct_current" title="High-voltage direct current">High-voltage direct current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-voltage_shore_connection" title="High-voltage shore connection">High-voltage shore connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interconnector" title="Interconnector">Interconnector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_management" title="Load management">Load management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity_by_country" title="Mains electricity by country">Mains electricity by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overhead_power_line" title="Overhead power line">Overhead power line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">Power station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumped-storage_hydroelectricity" title="Pumped-storage hydroelectricity">Pumped hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-wire_earth_return" title="Single-wire earth return">Single-wire earth return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_grid" title="Smart grid">Smart grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_grid" title="Super grid">Super grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_system_operator" title="Transmission system operator">Transmission system operator</a> (TSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_tower" title="Transmission tower">Transmission tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Failure modes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_start" title="Black start">Black start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownout_(electricity)" title="Brownout (electricity)">Brownout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascading_failure" title="Cascading failure">Cascading failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">Power outage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_blackout" title="Rolling blackout">Rolling blackout</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Protective devices</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc-fault_circuit_interrupter" title="Arc-fault circuit interrupter">Arc-fault circuit interrupter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_breaker" title="Circuit breaker">Circuit breaker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth-leakage_circuit_breaker" title="Earth-leakage circuit breaker">Earth-leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_hexafluoride_circuit_breaker" title="Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker">Sulfur hexafluoride</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generator_interlock_kit" title="Generator interlock kit">Generator interlock kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_relay" title="Numerical relay">Numerical relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_system_protection" title="Power system protection">Power system protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protective_relay" title="Protective relay">Protective relay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual-current_device" title="Residual-current device">Residual-current device</a> (GFI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Economics and policies</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_factor" title="Availability factor">Availability factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacity_factor" title="Capacity factor">Capacity factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offsets_and_credits" title="Carbon offsets and credits">Carbon offsets and credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_subsidy" title="Energy subsidy">Energy subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Load_factor_(electrical)" title="Load factor (electrical)">Load factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigouvian_tax" title="Pigouvian tax">Pigouvian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">Renewable Energy Certificates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Payments" title="Renewable Energy Payments">Renewable Energy Payments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_spread" title="Spark spread">Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Statistics and production</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_energy_consumption" title="Electric energy consumption">Electric energy consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electricity_sectors" title="List of electricity sectors">List of electricity sectors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Electric_power_distribution" title="Category:Electric power distribution">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4031641-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85027307">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941871n">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11941871n">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570578">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116524&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal&oldid=1275481297">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal&oldid=1275481297</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal" title="Category:Coal">Coal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coal_mining" title="Category:Coal mining">Coal mining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_geology" title="Category:Economic geology">Economic geology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fuels" title="Category:Fuels">Fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sedimentary_rocks" title="Category:Sedimentary rocks">Sedimentary rocks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Solid_fuels" title="Category:Solid fuels">Solid fuels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fossil_fuels" title="Category:Fossil fuels">Fossil fuels</a></li></ul></div><div 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= 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrigley1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYa._E._Yudovich,_M.P._Ketris2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYin,_Ken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZagoruichyk2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhongShenYunChen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"Health_effects\"] = 1,\n [\"Ranks\"] = 1,\n [\"Sea_coal\"] = 1,\n [\"outcrop_coal\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 4,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 16,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 2,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Collier's\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 100,\n [\"Coal\"] = 1,\n [\"Coal sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 4,\n [\"Electricity generation\"] = 1,\n [\"Energy country lists\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox rock\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 10,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"OEtymD\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Rock type\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"US$\"] = 6,\n [\"USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 11,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 2,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"€\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","18.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","12.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","10.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","4.6"],["type","60","3.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::newTitle","40","2.3"],["[others]","540","31.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b65fffc7d-5wbdb","timestamp":"20250216113004","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Coal","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coal","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24489","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q24489","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-06T19:23:54Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T08:18:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a4\/Bituminous_Coal.JPG","headline":"combustible sedimentary rock composed primarily of carbon"}</script> </body> </html>